social capital in esds data jo wathan esds, government
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Social Capital in ESDS Data
Jo WathanESDS, Government
In this hour…
• ESDS social capital resources• How is social capital measured in
government surveys• What data are available?• Research potential & how have the data
been used in research
ESDS Government:Social capital resources
• Social capital theme guide & web pages• Joint workshop with ONS• Research conference (with ESDS
longitudinal)• Social capital sections in the Scottish data
guide (& forthcoming NI guide)• Social capital teaching dataset based on
GHS 2000 Social Capital Module – coming soon
How is social capital measured in the social
surveys?
• Contentious, multifaceted, multifarious • Focus on the ONS harmonised question set• More data contains measures which could
be used as indicators of social capital, rather than full sets
Little fluffy cloud• Loosely defined nebulous concept• Putnam (2001) identified at least 6
‘inventions’ of ‘social capital’. Inc.:– Hanifan(1916): support and social intercourse– Jacobs (1960s): neighbourliness– Bourdieu & Schlicht (1980s): social and
economic resources embodied in social networks
• Concept is– Both individual and collective– Directly experienced but with indirect results– Covers a range of different aspects of social
interaction and participation
Most large scale surveys suitable for secondary
analysis are collected for policy purposes…
• Should always ask why data was collected
• Policy interest in social capital associated with social exclusion & 3rd way policy agenda
• Potential influence of policy issues on the manner in which concepts and operationalised
• Social exclusion unit has adopted the OECD definition of social exclusion – so has ONS
The OECD definition
Networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate cooperation within or
among groups
OECD, 2001
ONS view of social capitalcont’d...
• Bonding (Inclusive) - pulls tight, communities together, dense ties, ‘sociological superglue’ – Putnamgood for getting by – de Souza Briggs
• Bridging (Exclusive) – weaker ties across groups,‘sociological WD-40’ - Putnam better for getting ahead – de Souza Briggs
• Linking – linkages across levels of hierarchy
5 main aspects in ONS approach
• Civic participation (voting, taking action)• Social networks/support (contact with
friends/relatives)• Social participation (involvement with
groups/voluntary activities)• Reciprocity & trust (giving/receiving
favours, trust in other people)• Views about the local area
(satisfaction / problems with the area)
ONS harmonised question set(HQS)
• Closest thing we have to a ‘standard’ measure within surveys of this type at the moment?
• Run in GHS ’04, • will be run in HOCS ’07, SEH, HSE (older
people module ’05), FACS ’05 as well as local surveys (e.g. Liverpool and Camden LAs)
• Result of considerable methodological work• Available in a range of formats for use in a
range of survey types
• (AreaLive) How long have you lived in this area?• (SatLive) How satisfied are you with this area as a place to live?• (Nbackg) To what extent do you agree or disagree that this
neighbourhood is a place where people from different backgrounds get on well together?
• (NTrust) Would you say that Most of the people in your neighbourhood can be trusted...
• (SLost) Suppose you lost your (purse/wallet) containing your address details, and it was found inthe street by someone living in this neighbourhood. How likely is it that it would be returned to you with nothing missing?
• (Drunk) How much of a problem are people being drunk or rowdy in public places?
• (AntiNgh) How much of a problem are troublesome neighbours?• (SolvLP) In the last 12 months have you taken any of the following
actions in an attempt to solve– a problem affecting people in your local area?– SHOWCARD– 1. Contacted a local radio station, television station or
newspaper– 2. Contacted the appropriate organisation to deal with the
problem, such as the council– 3. Contacted a local councillor or MP– 4. Attended a public meeting or neighbourhood forum to discuss
local issues– 5. Attended a tenants’ or local residents’ group– 6. Attended a protest meeting or joined an action group...
HQS - examples
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/socialcapital/downloads/harmonisation_steve_5.pdf
Not the only approach though….
• Surveys prior to 2004 may have social capital components using other question combinations
• However most surveys only pick up elements of social capital– Experience of crime – Contact with friends/family– Participation in political/voluntary organisation
Social capital: major sourcesSurvey When E,W,S,N Sample size Other topics Support
General Household Survey *
Soc cap mod2004,2000
GB only c. 10k households (only 1 int. per hhd for module)
Wide-rangingInc.Health, consumer durables
ESDS Government
Continuous Household Survey
Soc cap mod2003/42005/6
NI c.2.7k households
Wide-ranging akin to GHS
ESDS Government
British Household Panel Study
Panel 1991-different elements each wave
UK, with NIHPS NI boost
Original n: 5.5k hhds, + 2k hhds NI
Micro change: household, employment, education etc.
ESDS Longitudinal
Home Office Citizenship Survey *
Every 2 years from 01
England & Wales only
2003: core c. 10k + boosts of young & eth minorities
Employment racial prejudice, charitable giving
ESDS general – UK Data Archive
Omnibus Survey
Oct 03Nov 03Feb 04
GB Sums to 3712 with 483 16-24yo
Varies by month - classificatory
ESDS Government
Other Social Capital DataSurvey E, W, S, N Sample size Soc Cap topics Support
British Crime Survey
England & Wales
’02: c 36k inds in main + eth minority boost
Fear of crimeAnti-soc’l behvrSoc cap module since 01
ESDS Government – special conditions
British Social Attitudes Survey,
GB c. 3k respondents in ‘02
Political participationSocial trust
ESDS Government
Northern Ireland Life & Times
NI c. 2k in ‘03 01- social networks88- Crime/fear of crime
ESDS Government
Survey of English Housing
England c. 20k in 01/02 Local area satisfaction
ESDS Government
Time Use Survey
UK c. 6.5k in 00/1 Volunteering, caring, social activities
ESDS Government
More data sources in social capital guide
Focus on Northern Ireland
• Sample sizes for UK-wide surveys are generally not large enough unless boosted.– Largest sample sizes are on datasets which do not
have minimal use for social capital analyses on their own
– Time Use Survey only has 307 cases in NI in 00
• NI boosts and variants– BHPS variant is known as the NIHPS, separate
analyses undertaken by ARK since 2001– NILT, is successor to Northern Ireland Social Attitudes
Survey. NILT is supported by the Northern Ireland Social and Political Archive www.ark.ac.uk
Research potential
• Microdata means you can use the data flexibly to apply explore definitions/operationalisation
• And apply multivariate techniques• Largish sample sizes means you can
identify and work with subpopulations• Merge years of data if n is not large enough
– Large samples, but still subject to sampling error
• Heirarchical data allows you look within families/households
Hierarchical data: conceptually
Household 1North West
Social rented
Household 2Wales
Owner occupier
Person 1HoH
Female28
GCSEP/T WorkNo LTILL
Person 2Son of HoH
Male12N/AN/A
No LTILL
Person 1 HoHMale33
DegreeF/T Employee
No LTILL
Person 2Spouse of HOH
Female31
DegreeP/T Employee
No LTILL
Person 3Parent of HoH
Female 72
No qualsEcon Inactive
LTILL
Neighbouring in later lifePerren et.al (2004) Sociology 38:5 965ff
• Looking at impact of gender and household composition on social relations with neighbours
• GHS 2000 • Draws on household
composition information• ‘Core’ GHS asked of all
members of the household• Social capital module only
asked of 1 person in the household
• Concludes that older people who are materially disadvantaged, also less likely to receive fewer favours
(1) Women living with others is the referencecategory (odds = 1.0).
Controls for: tenure, car, health, age, time at address
Source: General Household Survey, 2000 (authors’ analysis)
Young People and Social Capital Deviren & Babb (2005)
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/articles/nojournal/Social_capital_young_people.pdf
• Questions appropriate to all adults may not pick up on young peoples’ activity
• Alternative question set on Omnibus Survey
• Finds that young people have wider, more active social circles – but have lower levels of civic engagement than their elders
Who would you talk to if/when you were really upset
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Spous
e*
Family
mem
ber*
Broth
er/s
ister
*
Boyfri
end/g
irlfrie
nd*
Paren
t or g
uard
ian*A fr
iend
*
percentageAge 16-24
Age 25 and over
• Health Survey for England 1993-95 – 3 years of data merged to give large enough n
• Social support based on 7 questions responses combined into a single scale to distinguish: no lack, some lack and severe lack of social support
• Socio-economic indicators are the most associated with physical ill-health indicators
• Lack of social support most associated with psychiatric morbidity (ie. Poor GHQ scores)
Health Inequalities in the older population: the role of personal capital,
social resources and socio-economic circumstances
Grundy & Sloggett (2003) Soc Sci & Med 56, 935ff
Summary• Nebulous concept• ONS moving towards harmonised question
set that will be the standard in many datasets
• Wide range of data available• Many datasets have component indicators
if not Soc Cap Modules• Data suited to flexible, multivariate
analyses on populations or subpopulations• Some data suited to hierarchical analyses• ESDS Social Capital theme pages
www.esds.ac.uk/government/themes/socialcapital/
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