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Cognitive strandDaniel Leahy | April 19, 2023
Presentation includes content from Rory Sobolewski and Dr Shona Darcy
Background
The goal of the cognitive strand is to identify and measure behavioural markers which lead to the decline of cognitive function in older people. Behavioural or electrophysiological markers are measurable behaviours or characteristrics of an older person. Knowledge of these markers help the investigators, clinicians or care-givers find ways to modify behaviour or in some way mitigate the problem.
Consequences of Cognitive Decline
The biggest limiting factor to independence in older people is impaired cognitive function and its consequences. Such consequences include:
Accident proneness - falls, burns, bruising and cuts,
Self-neglect - missed medication, not eating properly, failing to keep properly warm, poor hygiene, failure to notice or report medical signs and symptoms,
loss of initiative, diminished repertoire of activities and low mood.
Aging Population
In 1950 European countries had a population of age 65+ of some 45 million; in 1995 the
population of age 65+ had already more than doubled to 101 million; by 2050 Europe will have 173
million people age 65+.
The picture in the US is similar to that of Europe. As the figure below shows, the US population
growth of three age groups for 1975, 2000 and projected for 2025. The age 65+ segment is
increasing almost twice as fast as the rest of the population. (Source: US Census Bureau)
Cognitive Strand Projects
Engineered Alertness
Life mapping
Dear Diary
Cognitive Strand: Objectives and Focus
Dear Diary: a system for speech markers of mood and cognitive function.
Engineering Alertness: a
system to maintain alertness
so as to maintain
independence and avoid
accidents.
Lifemapping: a system for
measuring and augmenting
motivated engagement in
real life activities likely to
maintain or augment brain
function and independence.
Engineering Alertness
Improving attention of the elderly– Self-Alert Training study– Using Galvanic skin response (GSR) as
feedback mechanism.
– Developing experimental procedure for older adults
– Expand monitoring to include respiration and ECG
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Aim of Engineering Alertness
Monitoring alertness and attention – Find appropriate biomarkers of alertness that
can be monitored unobtrusively in the home.– Using these biomarkers to reduce accidents
associated with loss of alertness and lapses in attention.
Life mapping
Monitoring initiative and goal directed behaviour– Monitor physiological signals that are
influenced by changes in cognitive demand
– Sudoku engages cognitive effort– Provide information about different
brain states associated with successful and unsuccessful strategies
Aim of Life mapping
Develop a system that monitors physiological responses to provide feed back to re-enforce effective problem solving strategies
Increasing the level of difficulty of the game provides a training tool for older adults to improve their cognitive skills
Dear Diary
Heidi passage (Reading fixed passage of text) The fluent reader’s brain is free to use higher-level cognitive
skills [4] These higher-level cognitive skills include understanding, synthesizing, and thinking about the material [5] – Acoustic measurements
Fundamental frequency Formant frequencies Perturbation measurements; jitter
(frequency) shimmer (amplitude)– Lexical measurements
Mean pause/utterance duration, number of pauses, length of pauses/utterances, mean/variation energy per second, mean variation vocal pitch
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Analysis
Investigate feature values;– As a function of Age, gender, MMSE (Mini
Mental State Exam), years of education– Best classifier based on MMSE scores
Language analysis– Inspect fluency of read speech– Inspect spontaneous speech, e.g. richness of
language
Common challenges
Ethnographic input– Attitude of elderly users to technology– Attitude of elderly to their cognitive health
References
[1.] Katzman R, Terry R. Normal aging of the nervous system. In: Katzman R, Rowe JW, eds. Principles of geriatric neurology. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 1992,18-57.
[2.] Von Dras DD, Blumenthal HT. Dementia of the aged: disease or atypical accelerated aging? Biopathological and psychological perspectives.
g Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:285-94. [3.] Levy R. Aging-associated cognitive decline. Int Psychogeriatr 1994;6:63-8. [4.] Fuchs, et al., 2001. [5] Nathan & Stanovich, 1991.
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