shea chapter 8

8Bureaucracy

Video: The Big Picture

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8

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8

The Federal Bureaucracy

The Federal Bureaucracy

Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy

Changes since the 1960s

8.1

8.1Air Quality Standards

The Federal Bureaucracy

Development of the Federal Bureaucracy The First Departments The New Deal and its Aftermath A Response to Poverty

Growth in the Federal Bureaucracy

8.1

FIGURE 8.1: Growth in the size of the federal bureaucracy

8.1

8.1Works Progress Administration

Organization of Federal Bureaucracy

Departments Large organizations; broad policy realm

Independent Agencies Specific policy issues

Independent Regulatory Commissions

Government Corporations

8.1

TABLE 8.1: Cabinet Departments and Examples of other Agencies

8.1

Changes since the 1960s

Department of Energy Followed energy crisis of 1973

Department of Veterans Affairs Aging WWII veterans needed care

Department of Homeland Security Response to September 11, 2001 attacks

8.1

Lyndon B. Johnson 8.1

8.1 Which organization has a narrow focus on a specific policy issue?

a. Departments

b. Independent Agencies

c. Independent Regulatory Commissions

d. Government Corporations

8.1

8.1 Which organization has a narrow focus on a specific policy issue?

a. Departments

b. Independent Agencies

c. Independent Regulatory Commissions

d. Government Corporations

8.1

Departments and Independent Agencies

Departments

Political Appointees in the Bureaucracy

Independent Agencies, Independent Regulatory Commissions, and Government Corporations

8.2

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8.2

Departments

The President’s Cabinet Members are generally Department Heads

Policy divisions Smaller agencies housed within departments

Size and Scope Variation among Departments

8.2

National Park Ranger 8.2

TABLE 8.2: Departments in the executive branch of the federal government with selected subunits and total number of employees, 2012

8.2

FIGURE 8.2: Organization of the Department of Homeland Security

8.2

Political Appointees in the Bureaucracy

Policy Expertise Varies among political appointees

Political Loyalty Rewards for service to the president

Confirmation process Cabinet heads need Senate approval

8.2

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8.2

Independent Agencies Narrower scope and mission than departments

Independent Regulatory Commissions More autonomy

Government Corporations Independent boards; run like a business

8.2Organizational Entities in the Federal Bureaucracy

TABLE 8.3: Examples of Independent Agencies, Independent Regulatory Commissions, and Government Corporations, by Type.

8.2

8.2 Which best describes the policy realm of Departments?

a. Provide a specific service in a manner

similar to a private business

b. Regulatory authority over a specific issue

c. Broad expanse of policy area

d. Narrower field of policy area

8.2

8.2 Which best describes the policy realm of Departments?

a. Provide a specific service in a manner

similar to a private business

b. Regulatory authority over a specific issue

c. Broad expanse of policy area

d. Narrower field of policy area

8.2

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8.2

The Nature of Bureaucracy

The Image of Bureaucracy

The Advantages of Government Bureaucracy

The Problems of Government Bureaucracy

The Reform of Bureaucracy

8.3

Waiting for government services 8.3

The Image of Bureaucracy

Bureaucratic “Entitlements” Patronage System (Spoils System) Civil Service System “Red tape”

Negative Perception

8.3

The Advantages of Government Bureaucracy

Standardization and Expertise Services handled in a consistent fashion

Accountability and Coordination Services run more smoothly when there are budget

limits and clearly defined roles

Elimination of Spoils System Civil Service System ensures fairness and employee

protections

8.3

TABLE 8.4: The Hatch Act of 1939 8.3

The Problems of Government Bureaucracy

Increases in size and scope Citizens further removed from decision makers

Generous employee protections Difficult to remove incompetent workers

Initiative implementation Slow reaction times

8.3

TSA officers 8.3

Reform of the Bureaucracy

Decentralization Greater independence given to regional offices

Privatization Private businesses contracted to perform government

services

Senior Executive Service (SES) Outstanding leaders train others in the bureaucracy

8.3

8.3 Supporters of this method of reform say smaller agencies can be more responsive.

a. Privatization

b. Patronage

c. Civil Service System

d. Decentralization

8.3

8.3 Supporters of this method of reform say smaller agencies can be more responsive.

a. Privatization

b. Patronage

c. Civil Service System

d. Decentralization

8.3

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8.3

Explore the Bureaucracy: What Puts the "Big" in Big Government?

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8.3

The Lobbying Pathway and Policymaking

The Bureaucracy and Legislation

The Bureaucracy and Information

Regulations and Quasi-Judicial Processes

Oversight and Accountability

8.4

The Bureaucracy and Legislation

Iron Triangle

“Revolving Door”

Issue Networks Also called Policy Communities

8.4

Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood with President Obama

8.4

The Bureaucracy and Information

Information delivered Intended for Congress to use to craft and approve

legislation

Information withheld Appointees withhold information in order to further

president’s agenda

Whistleblowers Protection for those who speak out

8.4

Regulations and Quasi-Judicial Processes

Regulations Agency-created laws

Rule-making Describes how the regulations will be enforced

Hearings Examine evidence

8.4

TABLE 8.5: Applying for Social Security Disability Benefits

8.4

Oversight and Accountability

Presidential Oversight Supervisory authority of political appointees

Legislative Oversight Gather information Signal displeasure Budgetary controls

8.4

EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson 8.4

8.4 Which policy-making structure evolved following the decline of the Iron Triangle?

a. Quasi-Judicial Processes

b. Revolving Door

c. Issue Network

d. Regulations

8.4

8.4 Which policy-making structure evolved following the decline of the Iron Triangle?

a. Quasi-Judicial Processes

b. Revolving Door

c. Issue Network

d. Regulations

8.4

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8.4