senior design final
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SeniorDesign2015Designing a Sustainable Pump and Irrigation System
Britta Huibers, Alston Loper, Katie Love & Ingrid Petterson
http://www.ggardeningforgood.com/
Table of Contents1. Addressing the problem
a. Sustainable agriculture practices at the local level2. Project assessment
a. Defining goals, constraints, and consideration3. Literature review
a. Analyzing possible solutions4. Design and methodology
a. Rain captureb. Irrigationc. Pump
5. Sustainability measures
Addressing the Problem
The Problem: Agriculture and SocietyAgriculture accounts for 80% of America’s
consumptive water useCost of transport:
Economic: transportation accounted for 6.3 percent of retail tomato price
Energy: Fruits travel averaged 2,146 miles and 1,596 miles for vegetables (maryland)
Refocus on sustainable agriculture http://www.vegetablegardeninglife.com/
Greenville Community InitiativeLocal Community Gardens
~7500 ft2 gardenVegetable garden used for produce and education
Looking to expand but have following problems:Current pump system faultyIrrigation network not yet in place
GCI Community Garden
Google Earth
Survey of Plot
Project Assessment
Project Goals Mechanical:
Design a non-electric pump and irrigation networkEffectively pump available water into the system
Pressure gradientsStructural:
Reservoir/storage basinInverted roofBiological:Focus on sustainability
Maintain vegetation
www.liveorganicsolutions.com
ConstraintsLimited skills and experience
with farming and fabricationLocal community garden with
very limited budget - honors college grants
Space is limited for pump, reservoir, and system
Time and coordinating meetings with the farm directors
http://yourmoneymattersinc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/triple-constraint-copy-50x50.jpg
ConsiderationsSafety - water quality, water
leaksEthical - no use of fossil fuelsEcologically - farm runoff to
nearby water sources, pump washing away
Ultimate - sustainable method available for teaching
http://www.theenergycollective.com/sites/theenergycollective.com/files/pic2_839.jpg
http://kainos-partners.com/files/2013/08/hardhat.jpg
Questions Client
● How much will the pump cost?● How often should parts be replaced?● How long will the pump and irrigation system take to
assemble?User
● When does the system need to be flushed out?● How much water can be stored?● How do I operate the system?
Designer● How much space is available for the system?● What water supply is available?● What is the daily water usage of the farm?
Literature Review
IrrigationSprinkler
75-85% efficientSandy soils, faster water infiltrationNo pondingPump, mainline, laterals, and sprinkler9-24 meters apart
bad for small plotshigh evaporation
IrrigationCircular wetting pattern wettest at headOverlap of 65%
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s8684e/s8684e06.htm
Irrigation
http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/drip-irrigation-design-guidelines-basics-of-measurements-parts-and-more/
IrrigationDrip
Good for small plots95% efficient
small reservoir neededminimal evaporation
1-2 emitters per plant (8-24 in apart)System pressure required 4-15 psiFlow rate of 0.16 - 1 gallon/hrHigher cost and maintenance
Rain water CollectionGreenville has an average of 42.1
in/yrRain naturally provides water
Have funnel system into a basinSlanted roof designStore in a small elevated tank Use tank elevation for the
irrigationAn “in addition to” idea
http://www.kahrl.com/on-site-projects/rainwater-harvesting-on-a-farm-in-the-venice-lagoon/
Current System - Hand PumpDiaphragm pump
Head in 5-10m rangeAdvantages
high mechanical efficiencyself-primingfunction well with muddy or gritty water
Disadvantagesexpensiverequires specialized parts for
maintenance
Fraenkel, et al. Water lifting Devices (24)
Wind PumpKinetic energy from the wind is captured and turned into mechanical energy
Free & eco friendly form of energyTrusted method of pumping water for over a centuryTangible design for hands-on educationAesthetically pleasing
Inherent disadvantage: unreliability
http://fineartamerica.com/featured/12-water-pump-windmill-werner-lehmann.html
Hydraulic Ram PumpMechanical system that is powered
by the potential energy of the power supply
Allows water to be pumped from both a running and free-standing water supply, i.e. creek or rain barrel
Main components:a. header tankb. drive pipec. pump with impulse and delivery valvesd. air chambere. delivery pipe
http://www.rampumps.net/img/201203311800450181.jpg
Young, B. W. (7)
Spiral Coil PumpFirst invented in 1746 by H.A. Wirtz, the spiral pump is an old
method with many modificationsThe floating inclined coil pump was developed by David J Hilton in
1989
David J Hilton (15)
● The pump operates by intaking air and water alternately. The compressed air is then used as the driving force to lift the water.
● The floating drum allows the pump to rise and fall with the water level of the creek
Design Methodology
Rain Capture Design Easy pump supplement to store water
from rain events for later usage Slanted roof directs water into a gutter
protected by a gutter guard to reduce debris inflow into tank
Major design considerations:1. Structural stability2. Rainwater capture3. System economics
Katie Love
Structure: Roof design and CalculationsUsed batten scheme for roofing structure (with 24 inch spacing)15 degree slope Collar for structural support Greenville live wind load: 20 psfPine maximum bending force(FB): 1509.4 psi
National design specification for wood construction requires 70% of maximum for hot, wet conditions
Equations:W= 0.6D+0.6LR (ASCE-7)FB=(My/I)∑M=F d⊥Results:
Rafter size: 2 in. x 6 in. (6 in. height)Batten size: 2 in. x 4 in. (4 in. height)Collar Size: 2 in. x 4 in. (4 in. height)
Britta Huibers
Rainwater CaptureThe volume captured was calculated by multiplying the surface area of the
roof by the average inches of rainfall for each period analyzed. Due to an average efficiency of 80%, this number was then multiplied by 0.8
Surface area of roof: 63.2 ft2
Average annual rainfall: 42.1 in/yrTotal volume captured: 1325 gallons
The typical growing period for crops is March - November so the design parameters can be adjusted to focus on this time period
Average rainfall from March - November: 31.5 in/yrTotal volume captured: 988.8 gallons
System Economics
Prices from lowes.com
Irrigation Network - Equations ● Blaney Criddle equation was used to
calculate the evapotranspiration rate of tomatoes
● %slope = ∆elevation/length of plot *100
● All other soil and plot characteristics needed to satisfy the spreadsheet were found in literature
○ Cartecay and Toccoa soils○ Tomatoes
Irrigation Network
Equations
L = lateral length (ft)Pa = average emitter operating pressure
(psi)K = constant (-)LS = slope (%)
K = constant (-)D = diameter (in)q = lateral discharge rate (gpm/ft)
C = Hazen - Williams for PE pipeCf= head-loss adjustment factor
Irrigation - Summary16 laterals45 emitters per lateral
spaced 2’Discharge from pump:
64.8 gph16.2 gph per lateralPeak tomato summary1 set/day8.57 hours/set4 sets total555.3 gal/day
http://www.dripworks.com/category/half-inch-emitter-tubing
Irrigation Economics
Prices from lowes.com
Coil PumpOur specifications:
delivery head: ~ 20ftdistance from structure to top of stream bank: 10ftlength of slope down to water surface: 11ftdistance from edge of stream to deepest section of water: 12ft 8indeepest section of water: ~ 10 in
* measurement taken 1 week after stormtube diameter available: ~2.5 in
Major constraints:diameter of pumplength of tubing available delivery head
Coil Pump: number of coils● Modeled as a series of manometers
○ P=γh1+γh2+...γhn
○ PTOT=γnh● Bernoulli’s analysis of pipe flow
● Frictional head loss by Darcy-Weisbach
● Number of coils○ n=
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/moody-diagram-d_618.html
http://lurkertech.com/water/pump/belcher/fish/
Coil Pump: Pump DischargeFollowing Mortimer & Annabelle:
Qp=ωπdp2Lw.1
Lw.1=R*cos-1((R-d1)/R)Qp=
Buoyancy
SustainabilityEconomical
no energy usagecost reducing
Environmentalmaximizes water usageminimizes wastedoes not require
nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels
http://sites.psu.edu/zero/wp-content/uploads/sites/10619/2014/03/sustainability-smaller.png
Tentative Time Line
References(1) "USDA ERS - Irrigation & Water Use." USDA ERS - Irrigation & Water Use. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.(2) "Irrigation Tutorials." Irrigation Tutorials. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.(3) Best Management Guidelines for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture . Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry, 2000. Web.(4) Bachelor Degree Project In Mechanical Engineering, Level Ects, Spring Term 2010, and Sara
Salomonsson.WINDMILL DRIVEN WATER PUMP FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION AND DOMESTIC USE (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
(5) "CHAPTER 5. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION." CHAPTER 5. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Sept.
2015. (6) Pirog, Rich. "Food, Fuel, and Freeways: An Iowa Perspective on How Far Food Travels, FuelUsage, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions." (2001): n. pag. Iowa State University. (7) Young, B. W. "Design of Hydraulic Ram Pump Systems." ARCHIVE: Proceedings of the Institution of
MechanicalEngineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 1990-1996 (vols 204-210) 209.41 (1995): 313-22. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.(8) Smith, Bryan. "Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pump." Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pump. N.p., 22 July 2014. Web.
11 Sept. 2015. <http://www.clemson.edu/irrig/Equip/ram.htm>.(9) Rogers, Alison. "Wind Power: Are Vertical Axis Wiling Turbines Better?" Mother Earth News. N.p.,
Mar. 2008.Web. 13 Sept. 2015.(10) "UNL Extension Resources for Irrigation Systems: Subsurface Drip." Agricultural Irrigation
Systems: SubsurfaceDrip. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2015. <https://water.unl.edu/cropswater/subsurface-drip>.
References(11) Muller, Edward J. "Rafter Span Tables." Rafter Span Tables. Architectural Drawing and Light
Construction, n.d.
Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
(12) Mehta, Kishor C., and James Delahay. Guide to the Use of the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-02.
Reston, VA:
American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. Print.
(13) NDS: National Design Specification for Wood Construction. Washington, D.C.: American Forest & Paper
Association, 2001. Print.
(14) https://www.clemson.edu/sustainableag/rainwater_manual.pdf
(15) Hilton, David J. "Further Development of the Inclined Coil Pump." Waterlines 8 (1989)
(16) rain water efficiency http://www.nrdc.org/water/files/rooftoprainwatercapture.pdf
(17) "SoilWeb." SoilWeb. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2015.
<
http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/soil_web/ssurgo.php?action=explain_component&mukey=1895726&cokey=11165400
>.(18) Chapter 3. Place of Publication Not Identified: Stationery Office, 2006. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.
References(19) "CHAPTER 3: CROP WATER NEEDS." CHAPTER 3: CROP WATER NEEDS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/s2022e/s2022e07.htm>.(20) "When to Water Vegetables." The Old Farmer's Almanac. N.p., 27 Apr. 2009. Web. 16 Oct. 2015. <http://www.almanac.com/content/when-water-vegetables>.
(21) Jarret, Al. “Drip Irrigation”
(22) LINEDSGN.xml
(23) Sumner, M. E. Handbook of Soil Science. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC, 2000. Print.(24) Fraenkel, Peter, and Jeremy Thake. Water Lifting Devices: A Handbook for Users and Choosers. Rugby: Practical Action Pub., 2006. Print.
(25) Tailer, Peter. "The Spiral Pump: A High Lift, Slow Turning Pump." The Spiral Pump: A High Lift, Slow Turning Pump. N.p.,
1986. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.
(26) http://www.lowes.com/
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