science ppt

Made by: Shehraz Nayyar Nitanshi Jain Sahil Sahu Vineet Class- 9th ‘E’

classificationEarly Attempts at ClassificationOrganisms need to be grouped into

meaningful categoriesOver time categorization has become

much more specific and simplifiedNaming organismsJohn Ray - first to use the term

“species”SPECIES - Organisms that are similar

in shape/structure and they reproduce with each other to create viable offspring

evolutionevolutionEvolutionEvolution, or change , or change

over time, is the over time, is the process by which process by which modern organisms modern organisms have descended from have descended from ancient organisms.ancient organisms.

Charles Darwin first Charles Darwin first described this idea described this idea of evolution in 1859 of evolution in 1859 in his book origin in his book origin of species .of species .

Seven classification groups of living thingsKingdomPhylumClassOrder

FamilyGenusSpecies

MoneraThey don’t well defined body.Unicellular structureMode of nutrition

–heterotropes/autotropes

PROTISTA

Protist kingdomUnicellular; microscopicNucleus present

EukaryoticAutotrophic or heterotrophic

Fungus kingdom

EukaryoticMade up of hyphaeNo root, stem and leafNo chlorophyll

Saprophytic or parasitic

Reproduce by forming spores

Plant KingdomEukaryoticMost plants contains photosynthetic

pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesisAutotrophic

Can be divided into two groups:Non-flowering plantsFlowering plants

ThallophytaAquaticMay be unicellular or

multicellularNo root, stem or leafContain

photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis

BryophytaAmphibians of plant kingdom .Have stems & leaves of the structure.No tissues for water . E.g –finaria, marcantia

PTERIPHYTES

Well defined body.Specialised tissues present .Presence of naked embryos called as

spores.These have 2 types of plants –AngiospermsGymnosperms

Reproduction by producing seedsSeeds develop in

cones, not enclosed by fruits

naked seedsNeedle-shaped

leaves to reduce water loss

AngiospermsThese are called

flowering plants.These have two

types of plants -MonocotyledonsDicotyledonsWith flowers for

reproductionSeeds are

produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)

The Animal The Animal KingdomKingdom

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:Most complex of all kingdoms

Multicellular (made of many cells)

They obtain food from OUTSIDE SOURCES

They move from place to place to get food

They swallow their food and they digest food inside the body.

9 Phyla of the Animal kingdom9 Phyla of the Animal kingdomPorifera 6) Mollusca

Coelenterata 7) Echinoderm

Flatworms 8) Arthropoda

Roundworms 9) Chordata

Segmented worms

The Animal Kingdom The Animal Kingdom

Porifera:

Means “having pores”

Ex: sponges

The Animal The Animal KingdomKingdomCoelentrata:

Sac-like body

Have tentacles

Ex: hydras, jelly fish, coral, sea anemones

Plathy-helminthes

Bilateral symmetry of bodyTissue organisationsTriploblastic Lack of body cavityTypes : 1. free leaving – eg :planaria 2. parasitic –eg : tapeworms

Echinoderms:Means “spiny-skin”Star shapedSpinyEx: Starfish & Sea Urchin

Arthropoda:Makes up 75% of the animal kingdomBasic Characteristics:

hard external skeletonsegmented bodyjointed legs

Ex: beetle, milli & centipede, spider, crab

Chordata:VertebratesHave internal skeleton

Vertebral columnLimbs

Ex: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Molluska:Hard shell surrounding soft body parts

Live in water & damp places

Examples:Snail, & Sea Scallop

Only a few do not have shells: Octopus & Sea slug

NematodaBilaterally symmetricalTriploblasticPseudocoelumTissues present, no real organs presentNormal parasitic eg: ascariesFilaria worm

AnnelidaTriploplastic, well differentiatedTrue coelum presentWell organised bodySegmentedHabitat – soil, water eg : earthworm, leech

ProtochordataLong rod-like structure which separte the

nerve system from gutMuscles helps into movement attachBilaterally symmetricalTriploblasticBody cavity - eg : harmonia, aphiorus

VertabrataPresence of vertebral columnPresence of moto chordDorsel nerve chordTriploblastic Body cavity presentThese are grouped into 5 classes

PiscesAcquatic organismsStreamlined bodyRespiratory organ – gills Scales are presentTwo chambered heartSkeleton structure

AmphibiaOviporousScales presentMucus skin3 chambered heartRespiratory organ: lungs or gillsHabitate – water and landEg : toad, frog

ReptillaOviporous, lay egg in landTough skinRespiratory system : Lung 3 chambered heartEg : snake, cobra, flying lizards

AvesOviporous, lay egg in landSkin covered with feathersRespiratory organ: lung4 chambered heartEg : ostrich, crow, etc

MammalsViviporous, give birth to young onesRespiratory organ – lung4 chambered heartWarm blooded organismsPresence of sweet, oil, mammary glands – eg:

whale, dolphin.