science invention. paper| · 2017. 12. 13. · science and invention. work of (ho world's busy...

SCIENCE AND INVENTION.Work of (ho World's Busy Brains in Discovering, Inventing and_ /

Creating.THE SEIjDEN PATENT.

A big fight is brewing in the automo¬bile trade. In 1895 George B. Seldenreceived a broad patent for the inven¬tion of "a road locomotive or horselesscarriage propelled by a liquid hydro¬carbon gas-engine of the compressiontype, having ©ne or more power cylin¬ders, using an intermediate clutch or

disconnecting device for the separationof the engine from the propelling wheel,using a power shaft running at a great¬er speed than the propelling wheel andusing a suitable receptacle for liquidfuel." As is well known, the PatentOffice issues a patent upon prima facieevidence of a new and useful invention,and allows the questions to be connect¬ed with it to be fought out in thecourts. That is, a patent is not conclu¬sive evidence, and it only becomes a

thorough monopoly when the courtshave decided that it covers the case

and excludes all others. The Seldenpatent has never been looked upon bypatent lawyers as a strong and conclu¬sive award. They have regarded it as

full of loop-holes. As soon as the man¬ufacture of automobiles began to as¬

sume any importance the leading manu¬facturers ran up against the Seldenpatent, and without testing Its validityagreed among themselves to accept itand maintain it against others. Mr.Selden assigned his patent to the Elec¬tric Vehicle Company in considerationof royalties. The manufacturers formedan association for mutual protection inlitigation and other matters, and inJuly, 1900, began an amicable suit toconfirm the Selden patent. The suitwas against the Winton Motor Car¬riage Company, and the Winton Co.made no defense. A decree was enteredagainst the company pro confesso, andits example was followed by other auto¬mobile manufacturers until there wereSO in the association. They enteredinto an agreement that every one shouldtake out a license from the Vehicle Co.,and pay a royalty of 1 % per cent uponthe retail price. Three-fifths of theroyalties were to be retained by theVehicle Co. and two-fifths to be paidback to the Association for the pay¬ment of expenses. A!1 entering intothis syndicate bound themselves not toissue any licenses except with the con¬sent of the Association, which was tomanage all litigation. Each member ofthe Association paid an initiation fee of$2,500, and the foundations were laidfor the biggest monopoly in the coun¬

try. The automobile manufacturersoutside of the Association were general¬ly scared into paying tribute to it andtaking out licenses; but one of the larg¬est of these, the Ford Motor Co., ofDetroit, has fought the Association fromthe start. Mr. Ford took the aggressive.He bantered the Association to applyfor an injunction against him, and final¬ly offered, if they would sue him, to letthem choose any Jurisdiction in thecountry. The Association sued the FordMotor Co., sued John Wanamaker, whowas the Ford agent in New York, andthey sued O. J. Gude as an owner anduser, but the cases have never beenbrought to trial, and Ford accuses theAssociation with designedly obstructingthe proceedings. Ford gives a bondwith every machine he sells, promising jto defend the purchaser in all litigationand to pay all possible damage in¬curred. Mr. Ford says that Selden didnot discover the engine, and that every¬body has a perfect right to use any oldgasoline engine and carry it on a vehiclein any old way with any old and well-known means of applying the powerand disconnecting it. In short, Mr. Sel¬den never advanced the automobile in

dustry in any way, and its conditionwould be the same if he had neverbeen born. The Ford Co. has paid 100per cent dividends this year and anoth¬er is due. It is very prosperous, andexpects to remain so, in spite of theNational Association of AutomobileManufacturers. As the -Selden patenthaa but seven years more to run, itlooks as if Ford will win out in theend by :he failure of the cases to come

to fial, if by no other means. Whathas brought the matter more promi¬nently before the public is the attemptof the National Association of Auto¬mobile Manufacturers to embarrass theimportation of foreign machines and tolevy a tax of 5 per cent upon every ma¬chine imported. They have detectiveswho are following up all foreign ma¬

chine.--. and have already discovered atleast 800 in the country which have notpaid tribute. The purcnasers of for¬eign machines complain bitterly againstthis "legal blackmail," but most ofthem prefer to pay rather than to be¬come involved in costly litigation. ^TtyeNational Association of Automobile jManufacturers secured the MadisonSquare Garden for automobile shows,leasing it for two years arid prohibitingthe exhibition of any but licensed ma¬

chines. Mr. Job E. Hedges, who is thecounsel for the Ford Co., has organizedan association of unlicensed manufac¬turers, and they are giving a show inNew York, to which all machines willbe admitted, at the new 69th RegimentArmory.

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MAKING I'SK OF Ml RUBBERS.

The London Lancet has started an

interesting discussion as to the advisa¬bility of using convicted murderers,whose lives have been forfeited, for theadvancement of science. It is proposedto turn these men over to the physiciansto experiment upon. The qualificationis made that they consent to this as analternative to being hanged. It seemsto us that it would be better to havethis made compulsory, and a man whowas sentenced to be hanged might haveIt qualified by being kept in prison forthe use of surgeons. This would lendan additional terror to the sentence, because most ignorant men, and of thisclass murderers are generally com¬

posed, have a much greater fear of thesurgeon's knife than they have for thehangman's noose. Among the sugges¬tions are those of testing the tubercu¬losis and cancer germs. Of course, therewill be a howl from the "professionalhumanitarians," but the public has be¬come pretty tired of these slushy sen¬

timentalists, who would, if their planscould be carried out, have every manwho ccmmlts a crime be made a publicpet and attended at the penitentiary bya valet, with all the comforts of refine¬ment and elegance. A brute who com¬mits a willful murder and is so ad-

judged by a jury of hie peers hil norights that a surgeon need respeot. Ifhe can be made use of to humanity Inany way he should be forced to makethat compensation to society.

FOREIGN PATENTS.The following table gives the cost of

obtaining patents and trade-marks Inall the countries of the world. It isan interesting study, because it showsmany features that are difficult to un¬derstand. The first is that the chargein the smaller countries Is so exceed¬ingly higher than that in the great ones.For example, it costs $200 to obtain a

patent in Santo Domingo, where themarket for any patentable inventionmust be very meager, and it is difficultto see how a patentee can realize fromthe sale of his invention anything likethe sum charged. It costs $150 to geta patent in Wei-Hai-Wei and $150 forone In Gibraltar. Very few thingswould sell in any of these places to anextent to reimburse the patentee. Theprobable reason is that most of thetrade in the smaller countries Is in theshape of monopolies, from which theGovernment derives the most of itsrevenue, and therefore It must make allof them pay very roundly for the privil¬ege of selling. In the larger countriesthe tariff for patents and trade-marksseems quite reasonable. It only costs$15 to obtain a patent in Belgium,where there are about 7,000,000 active,industrious, fairly-paid people, whowould be large purchasers of any arti¬cle which pleased them. The FalklandIslands, Lagos, Leeward Islands andLiberia each charge $250, and the mar¬ket for a patented article must be verysmall. The Bermuda Islands, whichhave only 17,535 population, of whombut 0,383 are whites, charge $275 for a

patent, with $50 for a trade-mark. Thehighest charge of all, $300, is made bySierra Leone, a British Colony in Af¬rica adjoining Liberia. The country isa peninsula 26 miles long and 12 milesbroad, with an area of about 300square miles, or hardly that of a good-sized western County. A small stripof adjacent coast is a dependency of theColony, but the whole area is only4,000 square miles, with a populationof 76,655, of whom but 44 4 are whites.It has a trade in rice, palm kernels andkola nuts. It would be worth whileknowing how a man who would pay$300 for a Sierra Leone patent expectedto get his money back.Here is the table:

Pat- Trade-en t*. marks.

Argentine, 5 years. $75. 15years, $260 and 10 years $110 $ 80

Australia. Commonwealth of,tax paid 7 years 64 ....

Austria, tax paid 1 year 45 28Bahama Islands, tax paid 7years 150 50

Barbados, tax paid 7 years 75 45Belgium, tax paid 1 year 15 25Bermuda Islands 275 50 jBolivia, all paid 200 60Brazil, tax paid 1 year 80 60British East Africa 175 ....

British Guiana, tax paid 7years 200 75

British New Guinea, tax paid4 years 75 55

British North Borneo, all paid 100 50British Honduras, all paid.... 125 55Bulgaria 45Canada, tax paid 6 years.... 40 30Cape Colony or Cape of GoodHope, tax paid 3 years 95 45

Central Africa Protectorate 150 100Ceylon, all paid 125 50Channel Islands 75 35Chili, all paid 200 45China 120 100Colombia, term 5 years 120 50Consro Free State, all paid... 110 60Conpro Independent State .... 150 100Costa Rica, all paid 200 60Cuba, all paid 70 40Curacao 50Cyprus ; 150 100Danish West Indies, all paid. 75 ....

Denmark, taxe paid 1 year.... 45 25Dominican Republic, all paid. 450 150Dutch East Indies 45East Africa Protectorate, tax

paid 4 years 100Ecuador, all paid 200 75Ecypt 125 50Falkland Islands 250 50Finland, tax paid 1 year 100 45France, tax paid 1 year 45 25Fiji Islands, all paid 175 60Germany, tax paid 1 year.... 45 30Gambia (British) 110 75Gibraltar 150 50Gold Coast Colony, tax paid

4 years 125 50Great Britain, tax paid 4 years 45 25Greece 20050Grenada, tax paid 4 years.... 100 50Guatemala, all paid 400 75Holland 30Honduras, tax paid 3 years... 220 50Hon* Konsr. all paid 125 140Hungary, tax paid 1 year 35 25Iceland, all paid 60 ....

India, tax paid 4 years 45 35Italy. 6 years, $45, term 1 year 35 25Jamaica, all paid 150 70Japan, tax paid 1 year 4H 38I-agos 250 65Leeward Islands, tax paid 3

Vears 250 70Liberia. all paid 250 ....

Luxembourg, tax paid 1 year. 25 25Malta and Go?o, tax paid 1^ar 75 55

Mauritius, all paid 200 70Mrtxiro, all paid ...'. 40 SOMontenegro 35 30Mysore 100Natal, tax paid 3 years 95 65Negri -Sembllan, tax paid 7years 145

New Foundland, all paid 95 60New South Wales 25New Zealand, tax paid 4 years 40 .»<»

Nicaragua, tax paid 1 year... 200 60Northern Nijceria 150 100Norway, tax paid 1 year 45 25Oman 150 pjOOrange River Colony, tax paid

3 years 125 75Pahang, tax paid 7 years 145 ....

Panama, tax paid 3 years.... 200 106Paraguay, all paid 220 60Perak, tax paid 7 years 145 ....

Peru, all paid 250 120Phlllipine Islands. Registra¬

tion 30Porto Rico, Registration .... 5 45Portugal, tax paid 1 year 45 30PortuRuese Colonies 40Queensland 22Rhodesia, tax paid 3 years... 145 110Russia, tax paid 1 year 48 35Koumariia 35Salvador, all paid 225 60Santo Domingo 200 50St. Lucia, tax paid 4 years.... 100 55St. Helena, all paid 150 ....

St. Vineent, tax paid 4 years.. 100 55Selangor, tax paid 7 years.... 145 ....

Servla 100Seychelles 150 100Slam, all paid 250 100Sierra Leone 3r>0 100Somallland Protectorate 150 100South Australia 20Southern Nigeria 150 100Spain, tax paid 1 year 35 30Straits Settlement, all paid... 120 50Sudan V 1&0 I.Surinam or Dutch Guiana 60Swaziland, tax paid 3 years.. 200Sweden, tax paid 1 year 45 25Switzerland, tax paid 1 year. . 35 25Tasmania 20Transvaal, tax paid 3 years.. 75 38Trinidad, all paid 125 50Tunis, tax paid 1 year 75 50Turkey, tax paid 1 year 90 85Uruguay, tax paid 1 year 260 125United States, all paid 55 30Venezuela, 5 years, $150, ten

years, $200, 15 years 280 60Victoria 25Wel-Hai-Wel 150 100Western Australia ;16Zanzibar, tax paid 4 years.... 100 ....

Zululand 150 100

There were three non-reflllable bot¬tle patents issued for the week endedOct. t.

ACCESS TO PATENT APPLICATIONS.Th* Patent Office publishes the fol¬

lowing as Rule 18:"Rule 18..Before any attorney, orig¬

inal or associate, will be allowed to in¬spect papers or take action of any kind,his power of attorney must be filed.But general powers given by a princi¬pal to an associate cannot be consid¬ered. In each application the writtenauthorization must be filed. A powerof attorney purporting to have beengiven to a firm or copartnership will notbe recognized, either in favor of thefirm or of any of Its members, unlessall Its members shall be named in suchpower of attorney."WORK OF THE PATENT OFFICE.For the week ended Oct. 3, 1905, the

Patent Office issued 579 patents, twodesigns, 105 trade-marks, one label andone reissue; making a totai of 688. Ofthese 524 patents and 106 trade-marks,etc., went to citizens of the UnitedStates, and 57 patents to citizens offoreign countries.

Door Holder.Miles E. Bever, Kansas City, Mo., has

patented a door-holder which has a

pawl working with ratchet teeth and aspring to thrust under the bottom of adoor and hold It firmly from being op¬ened. ,

I.awn Sprinkler.Barney Brown, Longbeach, Ca'., has

received a patent for a sprinkler-headfor lawns consisting of a sheet of metal

bent into a tubular form, arched aboveand flat below, with perforations toconvert it into a sprinkler and a meansfor attaching the hose.

Folding Egff-Caae.Luther P. Brown, North Adams,

Mass., has patented a foldable box for

carrying eggs and admitting of beingstored in a compact shape for return.

CtiNpldor Carrier.William B. Tscharner and Charles C.

Looney, La Crosse. Wis., have patented

a cuspidor carrier consisting of ptvotedtongs worked by handles which auto¬matically close upon and lift the spit¬toon.

Expense Reeorder.Adolph G. Carlson, Chicago, 111., has

patented a device for keeping track ofone's expenditures, which consists of awatch-like device in which there are a

printing wheel with type characters, arecord sheet and a connection for mov¬ing the index finger and printing uponthe sheet the amounts expended fromtime to time.

Mall-Bag Catcher.Hazelius S. Bostlan, Chinagrove, N.

C., has received a patent for a newform of a mail-bag catcher which has

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a metal head or socket to fasten to thedoor of the car and a handle workingwith a spring projecting to catch themail-bag and hold it securely.

Log Haft.Two patents were issued last week

for methods of making log rafts. Oneof these, to John A. Campbell, Seattle,Wash., Is a method of binding the logs

together with encircling chains so as toform a body of large beam. The other

to the same man for a cradle whichis a floating platform the entire lengthand width of the raft and forming thefoundation of the same.

Frult-Corln* Maehlae.Albert J. Burns, Rochester, X. Y.,

has patented a fruit-coring machine

which has a carrier with recedes forthe fruit which carry the same over toa coring knife to remove the corps ofthe fruit. -

*t > Harness.Albion D. Carpenter. Woodbrldge. N.

J., has patesgtecka combination of a sad¬dletree, * (phefik-hook and a saddle,

| with tho saddletree having a groove andthe check-hook and saddle each a pro¬jection to fit into the groove.

Rubber Horseshoe.William Downs, Toronto, Canada, has

patented a rubber horseshoe which con¬sists of a rubber pad molded to conformto the shape of the bottom of the horse's

hoof. The rubber Is molded around ametal plate with a series of lugs stamp¬ed out of said metal plate and extend¬ing down into the rubber pad.

Nalllfu Horseshoe.John JX. Jordan, Eureka Springs,

Ark., has patented a horseshoe in which

the sole member is provided with strapsfrom the sides to extend over the horse'shoof and be tightly fastened to it.

Hame.Edward E. Bull, Whitwell, Tenn.,«

has patented a hame formed of tele¬

scopic sections which permit the ad¬justment to any size of collar.Combined Hopple and Tall Holder.John G. Connell, Hoqulam, Wash.,

has patented a device for making a cow*

stand still and holding her tail at milk¬ing time* It is a device for graspingher legs and has a lateral loop for hold¬ing the tail.

Egg Carrier.

Daniel B. Replogle, Los Angeles,Cal., has patented an egg carrier con-

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structed from a sheet of metal, with aholding-clip cut from the body of theplate and tapering to its outer end.

Antl-Sllpplng Deviee.

William J. Smith, Canastota, N. Y.,has patented an antl-sllpping device

for tires, whictodiafc clips engaging therim and snap-hooks to catch and holda chain having &£1g-zag course over thetread of the fire. <.

VelgjIjrJ^ Heater.Theodore B. i Woodward, Norway,

Pa., hay patentod'a device by which thebottom of a bugfey or other vehicle may

be heated by means of .an oil stove,with pipes to convey the gas and odorsfrom those in the vehicle.

Fralt Picker's Saek.Elam Harter, Riverside, Cal., has

patented a foldable sack having areinforced mouth and a freely flexibleopen bottom# for, the use of fruit pick-

jers.. ..

Edward B. James. Thomasville. Ga.,has patented a plow foot with a saddlehaving lugs spaced from the edges, andengaging the foot and provided with

vertical slots and moans for connectingthe lugs with the plow foot, and a sweepconnecting by means of the verticalslots with the saddle.

Heating Attachment for Lamps,Cyrus Plummer, Flemingsburg, Ky.,

has patented a heating device for small

quantities of liquid over a lamp. It isa conical vessel with legs of flexiblemetal to engage .the top of a lampchimney.

Buttonhole Sewing-Machine.George S. Hill, Bradford, Mass., has

received a patent for a machine to sew

button-holes, which has the usualstitch-forming mechanism with a de¬vice for producing the motion of sew¬

ing around the buttonhole, completingit.

Cotton-Picking Machine.

Henderson P. Childress, Brooklyn, N.Y., has received four patents for a very

elaborate cotton-picking machine, the,description of which occupies nearly 14columns in the Official Gazette.

Machine for Cleaning Old Brick.

Joseph M. Moroney and Albert E.McCarty, St. Louis. Mo., have receiveda patent for a machine for cteaning old

brick, which consists of a platformhaving a revolving disk, the face ofwhich strikes the brick and cleans themof the old mortar.

Egg Preserving Compound.Est a A. Makepeace, Eldorado, Kan.,

has patented a compound for preservingeggs. It is as follows:"A compound for preserving eggs,

made up of one part each of magnesia,borax and tartrate of potash, two partsof chlorid of sodium, four parts of oxidof calcium, and 24 parts of water."

Folding Stool.

George V. McConnell, -Heed City.Mich., has patented a folding stool ofsimple design which ends in castors forthe pivoted legs.

IndigestionStomach trouble Is not really a sickness, but a symp

tom. It is a symptom that a certain set of nerves isailing. Not the voluntary nerves that enable you to

walk and talk and act.but the automatic stomach

nkbvkh over which your mind has no control.I have not room herH to explain how these tender,

tiny nerves control ami operate the stomach. Howworry breaks tbein down and causes Indigestion. Howmisuse wears them out and causes dyspepsia. Howneglect may bring on kidney, heart, and other trou¬bles through sympathy. I have not room to explainhow these nerves may be reached and strengthenedand vitalized and made stronger by a remedy I spentyears In perfecting.now known by physicians andDruggists everywhere as I)r. tfhoop's Kestoratlve,(Tablets or Liquid.) I have not room to explain howthis remedy, by removing the cause, usually puts a

certain end to indlse.stion, belching, heartburn, Insom¬nia, nervousness, dyspepsia. All of th<?se things are

fully explained In the book I will send you Tree whenyou write. Do not fall to send for the book. It tellshow the solar plexus governs digestion and a hundredother things every one ought to know.for all of us,at some time or other, have indigestion. With thebook I will send free my "Health Token".an In¬tended passport to good health.

For the free book andthe "Health Token" youmust address Dr. Shoop.Box 1531, Itaclne, Wis.State which book youwant.

Book 1 on DyspepsiaBook 2 on the HeartBook 3 on the KidneysBook 4 for WomenBook 5 for MenBook 6 on Bheumatlsm.

Dr. Shoop'sRestorativePrepared In both Liquid and Tablet form. For sale

at forty thousand drug store* Mild cases are oftenreached by a ¦Lngle-Package.

Thousands of Readers of This Paper|flare tlnadf eat out lb# following ooupon. if jmm kmmi yet 4om m,m iketM by AllBttnido'oatonct. Do not pot It off, yog may forget It or Umy If too lata. neb one aand-tsc in tj'». ooipoo secures » eoatract certificate for from VI00JO to MOjOO In one of tM »o.prefliil'aenttrpriSM la the world. 8och an offer was probably Mrer awte bafere and yoaoaaooir afford to bIm it. Bvery reader of tbls paper oaa and^boald take advantage of tt now.

CUT THIS OUT1

$1,000.00 A YEAR AS LONG ASYOU LIVE.

Do yoa want an Income of from flOOjOO to ffljOOO.® a year for life? If en, retain tM*conpon pronif*ly. Yoa take absolutely no rule or any knd. If upon examination too arenot thoroughly convinced thai this l« one of the »BEATE*T ©PPOBTl'MITIKU ofyonr li fm to pwnrm a *teady, permanent Income, a* Ion* m mm lire, yoa are underno obligation to make any payment* whatever, so dont delay, bat km in coopoo at ooos.

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Please reserve Share* for me.arnd me oertifloate, booklet, reports and allInformation: If I am fully convinced that it Is an enterprise of the soundest character andwill prove K\0K*01'm,V profitable, I will pay for ume at the rate of fioo per shareper month until folly paid. Ms am tbaa .bares reserved far aay mm* per.a.CONTINENTAL COMMERCIAL COMPANY, MtFutlerton Building. ST. LOUIS. MO.

QEAIITIFIII kl Rllkl CDCCI An e egant Souvenir Pbotorraph Album containing a Dumber ofDLAU I llUL ALDUM I flCCS very lntereetin* view* will be aent fire* to all returning thl* coupon.

WHEN TO FELL TREES.

Mnrked Superiority of Timber Cat !. De¬cember.

Le Bois describes the results of ex¬periments conducted to ascertain themost advantageous period for fellingtrees for timber. Four beautiful pinesof the same age were selected, grow¬ing on the same soil and equallyhealthy; they were cut down in thesame way. one at the end of December,another at the end of January, a thirdat the end of February, and a fourthat the end of March. They were squaredin the same manner, made into similarbeams, and dried under identical con¬ditions. When examined for their re¬sistance to flexion, it was found that thepine felled in December supported,

without change of form, a load twice asheavy as the one felled in March.There was the same difference in thedurability. Piles made of branches cutin December were still healthy at theend of 16 years, while others, made ofsimilar branches cut in March, brokewithout effort at the end of three orfour years. The wood felled In Decern-

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ber was also less porous, allowing lessmoisture to penetrate. Of four oaksfelled successively in December, Janu¬ary, February, and March, four identicaldisks were taken for forming the bot¬tom of vessels of the same dimensions.The four vessels were filled with waterto the same height; but while at the

end of two hours water filtered throughthe oak disk of the tree cut in March,the disk of the December oak did notallow a drop of water to pass. Thesame experiment was conducted withoak casks. At the end of a year theone had lost only 40 cubic centimeters,while the other had allowed 71* litersto pass. It is therefore desirable tofell wood in December, and to selectfor purchase Winter wood in preferenceto Spring wood. Winter wood is read¬ily recognized from its containing par¬ticles of starch, which have the prop¬erty of becoming blue on contact withtincture of iodine. A little of the tinc¬ture is spread on a sample, and if thewood retains its color, or if it merely be¬come darker with the application of theiodine, it is Spring or Summer wood; if,on the contrary, it become blue, it isWinter wood.

New Uses for Aabeatoa.

The finest asbestos known comesfrom the Grand Canyon of the Color¬ado. It has long fibers that can bespun and woven into various fireprooffabrics. The latest adaptation of as¬bestos is to the making of shingles forthe purpose of making fireproof roofsfor buildings. It is stated that theseare not only fireproof, but are farlighter than slate, and by their non¬conducting character they keep thehouse cooler in Summer and warmerin Winter than other shingles. Someday we may have the entire building,frame and all, of asbestos, and thushave a really fireproof house.

Solder for Alanilmnm.

What is reported to be the most suc¬cessful solder for aluminum yet se¬cured. consists of tin 64 parts by weight,zinc 30 parts, lead 1 part and alumi¬num 1 part, to which add a small por¬tion of resin. To solder, clean the sur¬faces and face with the solder. Nochemical is used, but the surfaces ofthe parts to be soldered should be gen¬tly heated to assist in making a goodadhesion.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.*

The largest public bath in Europe islocated at Vienna. It is 58 7 feet long,156 feet wide and accommodates 1,300people. It is patronized by thousandsof the poor.

Lightning killed one man and injuredtwo others in a mine 1.00S feet in theground in Michigan recently. The boltstruck a cable and ran down into themine, - prtmaturely setting off twocharges of dynamite.

In some parts of Europe and Asiathere is a peculiar custom of saltingnew born babies. When a baby is bornamong the Armenians of Russia thenurse takes the infant and covers theentire skin with very fine salt* Thissalt is left on the baby (or three hours

or more, and then the child Is washedwith warm water. In Asia Minor ther«is a tribe of people living In the moun<tains who do even worse than this.They salt their new born babies andleave the salt on them for 24 hours.The modern Greeks sprinkle salt ontheir babies. This practice of saltingbabies is an ancient custom. It has itsrise in superstition, of course. Themothers think that salting insures theirchildren's health and strength, andthat it will keep evil spirits away fromthem. Even In some parts of Germanysalt is still used on the child at birth.To copper the surface of brass arti¬

cles, all that is required is to wind apiece of wire round them, and dip themin dilute sulphuric acid. The zinc isdissolved from the surface of the brass,but the copper remains undissolved, andthe article will appear as if coated onthe surface with a layer of pure copper.An Interesting hygrometer Is made

by dipping a strip of calico in a solu¬tion of one part of cobalt chloride, 76of nickel oxide and 20 of gelatine in200 of water. The strip is green infine weather, fading as moisture ap¬pears.The Carnegie Steel Works, consisting

of three plants, the Duquesne, the Ed¬gar Thompson and the Homestead SteelWorks, are all located in AlleghanyCounty, Pa., and are the largest in theworld. The "Thompson" produces700.000.000 tons of steel rails in a year,the Duquesne produces the same quan¬tity of ingots, and the Homestead works500,000 tons of Bessemer steel ingots,besides 1,500,000 tons of open-hearthsteel ingots.

Professional men in the ArgentineRepublic must hold diplomas from thenational schools and universities. Bylaw enacted In June all civic and me¬chanical engineers, architects, chemistsand surveyors must pass an examina¬tion as strenuous as those passed bydoctors or dentists.As the result of experiments extend¬

ing over several months, it has beendecided to abandon hard wood for streetpaving purposes in Ix>ndon. Hard woodnot only severely damages the concretefoundation, but wears unevenly. Theedges of each block wear away beforethe center, and the result is a corduroy-like ridge, which makes a very roughsurface for driving over. Soft wood, onthe other hand, wears evenly; the ex¬ternal pressure tends to spread thewood at the edges, thereby Ailing upthe interstices between the blocks, andgiving a perfectly even, homogeneoussurface. The life of a soft-wood pave¬ment is about 10 years, and It has theadditional advantage of wearing rightdown.The commercial power of the world

is largely due to the invention of steelrails. Wheji the roads were built ofiron rails the whole system had to berenewed every 18 months.

GOOD BOYS COST $110 PER YEAR.Estimate Gives by mm Ohi* Iastltattoa

for the Preveatloa of Crime.(Everybody's.)

"It costs the State of Ohio about $160a year for each boy. A useful, capableman is worth to society, on the aver¬age, $10,000. These 11,000 boys costthe State of Ohio then, say, $2,000,000.Say 7,000 of them were rescued. Thatis $70,000,000 recovered to society onthe investment of $2,000,000. It hasbeen figured that every criminal doesabout $2,000 damage a year, leavingentirely out of the estimate what it coststo maintain our plant for the detection,prevention, and punishment of crime.Each man will be a criminal not lessthan 20 years. That's $40,000 damagesmultiplied by 7,000 boys, or $280,000,-000 damages saved, not counting thecost of the anti-criminal plant. Has itpaid to run this Boys' Industrial Schoolat Lancaster?"And even if it hadn't paid financial¬

ly, isn't It worth while?"

The Yiddish Dialect.

Yiddish is an archaic and corruptform of German extensively spoken byJews in many countries besides Ger¬many itself. An instance of its popular¬ity is given by a writer. In Jerusalemhe met "a worthy man who denouncedme for being unable to converse withhim in Yiddish. 'You are no Jew,' heprotested, 'for you do not know theJewish language.' I answered that He¬brew was the Jewish language, and thatI was quite willing to try to speak tohim In it. His rejoinder was: 'I haveno patience with this new-fangled ideaof speaking Hebrew in Jerusalem.' "

Aa EnellNhmanN Pussle.

Congressman A. P. Gardner, of Mas¬sachusetts, tells of a little shootingparty he attended. One of the guests,an Englishman, showed such unfamil-iarity with his gun as to make the restof the party somewhat nervous. Noth¬ing happened, however, until Mr. Gard¬ner felt something poking him in theribs. He turned and found the noviceprodding him with the muzzle and fum¬bling with the hammers of his gun."Before we get on the birds," said theEnglishman, "you might show me howto get these hammers down."

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