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SCIENCE AS AN INVENTION November, 2016

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AGENDA

1. TRIZ basic concepts

1. Principles of TRIZ

2. Ideality

3. Inventive problem. Contradiction

4. Engineering case study

2. Research as Invention

1. Scientific method

2. Scientific revolutions

3. Paradigm. S-curve. Paradigm shift.

4. Scientific problem solving strategies

5. Research case study

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TRIZ BASIC CONCEPTS

Nov. 2016

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2016

3500 BC 2000 BC8000 BC 1883

1946

REINVENTING

THE WHEEL

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TRIZ PRINCIPLES

Genrich Altshuller (1926 –1998)

created the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving

(TRIZ is Russian acronym)

1. Engineering systems evolve

according to objective laws and

regularities.

2. Problems appearing during the

engineering system evolution

can be solved by the

elimination of contradiction.

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Valu

e

Time

Current system

New system

Requirements

Inventive

problem

Incremental innovation

Disruptive

innovation

SYSTEM EVOLUTION. S-CURVE

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Is designed and developed in order

to create value

Useful system

appears by itself. It «produces"

undesirable effects

Harmful system

USEFUL & HARMFUL SYSTEM

Value

Undesirable effects

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A system evaluates through the

increasing of the degree of ideality

The law of increasing ideality

IDEALITY

Degree

of Ideality =Useful system

Harmful system

1930` Today track Track concept

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IDEALITY. EVOLUTION OF SMARTPHONE KEYBOARD

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INVENTIVE PROBLEM

Suitable

solution

Known

solutions

Inventive

Problem

Deep

Web

Inventive Problem – a situation,

when a person (engineer) does not

know a suitable solution to the

problem.

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Inventive ThinkingEngineering Thinking

CONTRADICTION CONCEPT

Contradiction is a situation when usage (with improvement)

of known solution allows to meets some requirement(s), but

generates harmful or undesirable effect(s).

In business systems a contradiction appears as a conflict of

stakeholder interests.

Suitable

solution

improvement

Requirements

meets

Undesirable

effect(s)

causes

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CONTRADICTION RESOLUTION ROADMAP

Existing solution

option 1

Achieved requirement

Undesirable effect

Existing solution

option 2

Non-achieved

requirement

Eliminated harmful

effect

Selected solution

option

Property = (+)

Property = (-)

Ideal final result &

property contradiction

Inventive problem with

contradiction in requirements

Operational

Time

Operational

space

Property +

Pro

pert

y -

Resources &

solution

Resources

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Inventive problem case study

Nov. 2016

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HOTEL GROUP. CONTRADICTION

Hotel owners

started to

complain

These hotels

disappeared from the

recommended list

Personalization

engine selects most

preferable hotels

for customers

Customers

receive most

preferable hotels

Occupancy of

these hotels

decreased

Customers get

offers that

correspond to their

preferences

All hotels are presented

in recommendation lists

CtP = full

= partial

CtP - Correspondence to Preferences

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RESOURCE ANALYSIS

CtP = full

CtP = partial

Time

Time period

before selection

A moment, when

personalization

engine selects a

hotel for customer

Time period

after selection

CtP = partial

CtP = full

Personalization engine matches hotel

options to customer’s preferences

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

O

O

O

O

O

Customer’s preference

Hotel option

O

O

O

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SOLUTION IDEAS

Personalization engine can generate report containing attributes and data on why

some hotels are losing to selected hotels.

1

This data can be used by hotel owners to improve their value proposition for

customers.

2

This data can be used by Hotel Group to involve new customers who will prefer

options provided by unloaded hotels

3

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Research as Invention

Nov. 2016

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1. The scientific method is a body

of techniques for

investigating phenomena, acquiring

new knowledge, or correcting and

integrating previous knowledge.

[Garland, Jr., Theodore. The scientific

method as an ongoing process.]

2. The scientific method is a method or

procedure that has characterized

natural science since the 17th century,

consisting in systematic observation,

measurement, and experiment, and the

formulation, testing, and modification

of hypothesis.

[Oxford Dictionaries]

Scientific method

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS

Heliocentric world

•Copernicus, heliocentricworld

•Kepler, laws of planetary motion

Mechanical world

•Galileo, the principle of inertia

•Descartes, coordinate system, analytic geometry

•Newton, the laws of mechanics, the fundamentals of theoretical physics

Dialectical world

•Kant, the dialectic

•Darwin, The Origin of Species

•Lomonosov, the law of conservation of energy & substance

Relativistic world

•Rutherford, Bohr, model of the atom

•Einstein, Theory of Relativity

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1 2 3 4

MODERN SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES

PHYSICS

• violation of the law of conservation of matter

• the dimension of the universe

• speeds above the speed of light

BIOLOGY

• junk DNA in the human genome

• evolutionary gaps between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens

CONSCIOUS

• the phenomenon of consciousness during clinical death

• Paranormal phenomena: they are fixed, they are, but they do not fit into the existing scientific concepts

• mental viruses (mems)

• Artificial conscious

HISTORY

• new artifacts did not fit into the official history paradigm (the interpretation is always given from the standpoint of the current government)

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A paradigm is a distinct set of concepts

or thought patterns, including theories,

research methods, postulates, and

standards for what constitutes legitimate

contributions to a field

Paradigm

Paradigm shift

A paradigm shift, as identified by

American physicist and philosopher

Thomas Kuhn, is a fundamental change

in the basic concepts and experimental

practices of a scientific discipline.

PARADIGM & PARADIGM SHIFTSolu

tions

Time

Current paradigm

New paradigm

Unsolved problems

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PARADIGM SHIFT EXAMPLE

П.К. Энгельмейеръ. Теорiя творчества.

Спб, «Образованiе», 1910.

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Level 1. Using known

concepts (existing

model) in new

conditions

Level 4. Paradigm shift

LEVELS OF SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS

Solu

tions

Time

Current paradigm

Level 2. Using most

appropriate model. We use

old concepts but expand

their interpretation

Level 3. Contradiction

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SCIENTIFIC SOLUTION EXAMPLES

Scientific solution Example

1 Using known concepts (existing model) in

new conditions

Watching some star revolves around “emptiness”

in a circle, we can explain this fact by using the

concept of a “black hole”.

2 Using most appropriate model. We use the

same concepts but expand interpretation

of these concepts

To explain the alpha particles diffusion,

Rutherford used the most suitable model: a

planetary model of the atom with heavy nucleus,

which accumulate all the mass of an atom

3 Usage of well-known models and theories

leads to the violation of compliance

between them and reality, i.e., rise to

contradictions. At the third level re-solving

the contradiction leads to changes in the

conceptual apparatus of the theory.

Photoelectric effect. Light transmits power

continuously since it is a wave process. In other

cases, the light energy must pass

instantaneously, because it is not a wave

process. The resolution of this contradiction has

led to change of understanding of light concept.

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EXAMPLE. SUPERFLUIDITY EFFECT

В 1935 г. Виллем Кеезон обнаружил, что, теплопроводность

гелия 2 (при Т ниже 2,2 К) в узких капиллярах в миллион раз

больше, чем у самого теплопроводного металла – серебра. Но

другие опыты показали, что вязкость гелия в тысячу раз

меньше, чем у воды, а при переходе от гелия-1 к гелию-2

было замечено дополнительное уменьшение вязкости. Как

это объяснить?

Противоречие: чтобы иметь высокую теплопроводность,

слои атомов должны быть сильно связанны друг с другом

и, чтобы иметь низкую вязкость, они должны быть слабо

связаны друг с другом.

Виллем Хендрик Кеезом

(1876—1956)

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In a system or process takes place an unique or

repeated harmful or useful phenomenon. We have to

establish the cause of the phenomenon and its action

mechanism.

In particular case we have to detect the cause of a

fault in the system or process.

Engineering detective

Research

Research is characterized in that the causes of the

phenomenon under investigation are not related to a

human activity.

RESEARCH PROBLEM TYPES IN TRIZ

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SCIENTIFIC -> INVENTIVE PROBLEM

How to explain the causes of

phenomenon?

How to ensure the emergence of

the phenomenon?

How to find the fault in the

system?

How to break the system?

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REASEARCH PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES IN TRIZ

The research problem is different from the inventive one in that we can not add new resources to the system under investigation.

We have to find a solution using only the resources existing in the system.

In many cases, the solution of a research problem depends from the availability of a specific resource.

Is there right resource or a resource have to be obtained from other resources in the right place at the right time?

The most frequent strategy in the research problem solving is to find hidden changes of existing resources.

Generally, the hidden change of existing resources differs the system in which a phenomenon occurs, from the system where this phenomenon was not observed.

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RESEARCH PROBLEM SOLVING CASE

Почему лев не кусает дрессировщика?

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THANK YOU!

Andrei KURYAN, TRIZ trainer

andrei_Kuryan@epam.com