schaefer10e ppt ch04
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McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 1
SOCIOLOGYRichard T. Schaefer
Socialization4
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
4. Socialization
• The Role of Socialization • The Self and Socialization• Socialization and the Life Course• Agents of Socialization • Social Policy and Socialization
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
The Role of Socialization
– Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development• The Case of Isabelle• Primate Studies
• Social Environment:The Impact of Isolation
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
The Role of Socialization
• The Influence of Heredity– Studies of Identical Twins
• Intelligence tests show:
Similar scores when twins are reared apart in roughly similar social settings
Quite different scores when twins are reared apart in dramatically different social settings
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
The Self and Socialization
– Self: distinct identity that sets us apart from others
– Cooley: Looking-Glass Self• We learn who we are by interacting with
others• Our view of ourselves comes from
contemplation of personal qualities and our impressions of how others perceive us
• The self is the product of our social interactions with other people
• Sociological Approaches to the Self
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
The Self and Socialization
Continued...
• Sociological Approaches to the Self– Mead: Stages of the Self
Play Stage: children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs
Game Stage: children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously
Preparatory Stage: children imitate people around them.
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
The Self and Socialization
• Sociological Approaches to the Self– Mead: Stages of the Self
Symbols: gestures, objects, and language that form basis of human communication
Role Taking: process of mentally assuming the perspective of another
Generalized Others: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that child takes into account
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
The Self and Socialization
• As person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others
• Sociological Approaches to the Self– Mead: Stages of the Self
• Self begins as privileged, central position in a person’s world
Significant Others: Individuals most important in the development of the self
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Goffman’s view sometimes called Dramaturgical Approach: people resemble performers in actionFace-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction
The Self and Socialization
• Sociological Approaches to the Self– Goffman: Presentation of the Self
• Impression Management: individual learns to slant the presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
The Self and Socialization
– Freud• Self is a social product, however, natural
impulsive instincts in constant conflict with societal constraints
• Personality influenced by others (especially one’s parents
• Psychological Approaches to the Self
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
The Self and Socialization
• Piaget emphasized the stages humans progress through as the self develops.
• Cognitive theory of development identified 4 stages in development of children’s thought processes
• Social interaction key to development
• Psychological Approaches to the Self– Piaget
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Socialization and the Life Course
• Ceremonies mark stages of development in life course
• The Life Course– Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing
and validating changes in a person’s status
Life-course Approach: Looks closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
Socialization and the Life Course
• The Life Course– We encounter some
of the most difficult socialization challenges in later years
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
Socialization and the Life Course
Table 4-1. Theoretical Approaches to Development of the Self
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
Socialization and the Life Course
Table 4-2. Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood
Source: T. Smith 2003
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
Socialization and the Life Course
– Anticipatory Socialization: processes of socialization in which person “rehearses” future occupations and social relationships
– Resocialization: process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as transition in one’s life
• Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Degradation Ceremony: ritual where individual becomes secondary and rather invisible in overbearing social environment
Socialization and the Life Course
• Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization– Total Institution: institution—prison,
military, mental hospital, or convent—that regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Agents of Socialization
– Role of family in socializing a child cannot be overestimated
– Cultural Influences
– The Impact of Race and Gender
• Family
Gender Roles: expectation regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 19
Agents of Socialization
– Teach children values and customs of the larger society
– Traditionally socialized children into conventional gender roles
• Peer Group– As children grow older, peer groups
increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others
• School
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Agents of Socialization
Table 4-3. High School Popularity
Source: Suitor et al. 2001:445
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
Agents of Socialization
– Technology socializes families into multitasking as the social norm
• Mass Media and Technology
47% of parents reported at least one child has a TV in his/her bedroom
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Agents of Socialization
Figure 4-1. InternetUsage, Ages 10—17
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation/San Jose Mercury News 2003
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 23
Agents of Socialization
– Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is fundamental aspect of human socialization
• Socialization in workplace involves four phases:– Career choice– Anticipatory socialization– Conditioning– Continuous commitment
• Workplace
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Agents of Socialization
– Government and organized religion impacted life course by reinstituting some rites of passage
• Religion and State
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 25
Social Policy and Socialization
• In 2002, 55% of women who had given birth the previous year were back in the labor force
• 35% of all preschoolers with employed mothers attend group child care programs
• Child Care Around the World– The Issue
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 26
Social Policy and Socialization
• Finding the right kind of day care challenges parents and pocketbook
• Researchers found high-quality child care centers do not adversely affect socialization of children
• Child Care Around the World– The Setting
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 27
Social Policy and Socialization
• Studies assessing quality of child care outside of home reflect micro-level of analysis favored by interactionists
• Functionalists study child care from perspective of macro-level analysis of the family as a social institution
• Child Care Around the World– Sociological Insights
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 28
Social Policy and Socialization
• Feminist perspective raises questions about the low status and wages of day care workers
• Child Care Around the World– Sociological Insights
• Conflict perspective notes child care costs are an especially serious burden for lower-class families
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 29
Social Policy and Socialization
• Policies regarding child care outside of the home vary throughout the world
• When policymakers decide that child care is desirable, they must determine degree to which taxpayers should subsidize it
• Child Care Around the World– Policy Initiatives
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