russian colonialism
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Russian Colonialism
Approximate ethno-linguistic map of Kievan Rus in the 9th cen-
tury: The five Volga Finnic groups of the Merya, Mari , Muromi-
ans, Meshchera and Mordvins are shown as surrounded by the
Slavs to the west, the three Finnic groups of the Veps , Ests and
Chuds , and Indo-European Balts to the northwest, the Permians to the northeast the (Turkic ) Bulghars and Khazars to the south-
east and south.
Expansion of Kievan Rus , (IX-X)
Russian Colonialism describes a process that has
evolved in the course of over five centuries - in the wake
of military conquest and ideological and political unions
in four eras. Its starting point is believed to be 1477.
Ivan III and IV expanded Muscovy's (1283–1547) bor-
ders considerably by annexing Novgorod and settled the
annexed territories with Muscovite/Russian servitors and
peasants from the Kliazma-Suzdal region. After a period
of political instability the Romanovs came to power and
this expansion-colonization of the Tsardom continued.While western Europe colonized the new world, Tsardom
of Russia expanded overland to the east, north and south.
Principalities of Kievan Rus’, 1054-1132: Permic Udmurts
to the east, the (Lithuanian) Samogitians , ancient Latvians
or Latgalians , Finnic Karelians to the northwest, the Turkic
Pechenegs to the south.
This continued unceasingly; by the end of the 19th cen-
tury, the Russian Empire reached from the Black Sea
to the Pacific Ocean, and for some time even included
colonies in the Americas and a short-lived colony in
Africa.
The region was governed from Moscow, settled byRussians, and continued to grow under Soviet rule. Ar-
eas that were formerly part of the Russian Empire, and
others still that had been captured from the Nazis during
World War II were proclaimed as autonomous republics,
within the USSR.
1 Tsarist era
Main articles: Expansion of Russia 1500–1800, Russian
conquest of Siberia and Caucasian War
Before the year 1500 most of the land that is now part of
1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_1500%E2%80%931800https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagallohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagallohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgalianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzdalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klyazma_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgharshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peopleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chudhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepsianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Finnshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus
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2 2 IMPETUS FOR COLONIALISM
From 1500 to 1800 Russia expanded from the Oka River to theBlack Sea
Russia was occupied by non-Russian indigenous people
and many of them absorbed by Russians. Russia holds a
view that peoples of Siberia, Eastern Europe, Caucasus
and Central Asia except some peoples (Volga, Astrakhan
and Siberian Tatars, and some Caucasian peoples etc.),
peacefully joined Russia, and Russia’s policy saved in-
digenous peoples from local and foreign despotic regimes.
But these peoples deny this view.[1][2] From the 17th cen-
tury, after the start of the Russian conquest of Siberia,
Russians built many ostrogs to suppress harsh resistanceof indigenous peoples of Siberia.[3] Russian conquest of
the Chukchi people ended after 150 years of fierce fight-
ing. The 1857 Legal Code of the Russian Empire classi-
fied the Chukchi as “aliens not fully conquered”.[4]
1.1 Economic integration
In the late 19th century industrialization became a driv-
ing force behind Russian imperial policy, which rapidlydeveloped coal and iron-ore extraction in non-Russian ar-
eas like the Donets Basin, eventually eclipsing produc-
tion in the Urals. The planting of cotton began in Central
Asia. Cloth manufacturing from cotton was quite a new
concept for non-Russians. While industrial growth oc-
curred, it was one-sided, because finishing and manufac-
turing remained underdeveloped in non-Russian territo-
ries, except for Russian Poland and the Baltic provinces.
During the 1920s Soviet historians considered these poli-cies and actions colonialism.
In the 19th century, Russian settlers on traditional Kirghiz
landdrove a lot of the Kirghiz over the border to China.[5]
In Ukraine under Tsarist rule mercantile legislation (en-
acted in the 1720s in order to foster trade and commerce
in central and north-western Russia) effectively destroyed
Ukrainian urban manufacturing and merchants by the
19th century. Throughout the next century tariff pol-
icy benefited central-Russian producers at the expense of
non-Russian borderland producers. State-sponsored pro-
grams under the Tsarist and Soviet regimes developed ex-
tractive and heavy machine-building industries and pro-
moted agricultural exports. On the other hand, they ne-
glected the consumer manufacturing, finishing, and ser-
vice sectors. In 1900 Ukraine produced 52 percent of the
empire’s pig-iron and 20 percent of its iron and steel. Be-
tween 1900 and 1914 Tsarist Ukraine produced on aver-
age 75 percent of the empire’s grain exports. Meanwhile,
peasants still used earthenware utensils, wooden axles
and hinges, and straw-thatched roofs. Finished goods
were imported at excessively high prices set by Russia,
while the prices for Donets’ industrial products was low.[6]
Vladimir Lenin, in exile in 1914, stated in a speech that
"it [Ukraine] has become for Russia what Ireland was for England : exploited in the extreme and receiving nothing in
return."[7]
1.2 National assimilation
Russians, Ukrainians and other nationalities migrated to
the Siberian lands from the conquest onwards.
Under Emperor Alexander III (reigned 1881-1894) the
Russian administration increased efforts to assimilate
non-Russian peoples.[8]
2 Impetus for colonialism
Standard explanations for colonialism such as economic
exploitation and religious causes can also account for
much of Russian expansionism into colonisable areas.
Since the Russian Empire grew overland (with the excep-
tion of the Russian possession on the west coast of North
America: Alaska and Fort Ross), protection of border-
lands and settled areas from nomadic raiders and slavers
(especially in the south) also played a role.
Ethnic minority freedom movements:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave-tradershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ross,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Alaskahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaristhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_provinceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donets_Basinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Khanate_of_Sibirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kazanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_River
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3
• First Cheremis War or Kazan Rebellion of 1552–
1556, Mari people, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Chuvash
people and Volga Tatars, 1552 — 1556
• Second Cheremis War, Mari people, 1571 — 1574
• Third Cheremis War, Mari people, Udmurts,
Bashkirs and Volga Tatars, 1581—1585
• Bashkir Uprising (1704–11), Bashkirs
• Itelmen Uprising, 1706, 1731, 1741
• Russo-Circassian War, Circassians, 1763 — 1864
• 1767 Buryat Revolt, Buryats
• Pugachev’s Rebellion, headed by Yemelyan Pu-
gachev, participated Bashkirs, Udmurts, Kalmyks
and Tatars, 1773 — 1775
• Syrym Datov’s Revolt, Kazakhs, 1783 — 1797
• Caucasian War, Caucasian peoples, 1817–1864
• Kaiyp-Gali Yesimov’s Revolt, Kazakhs, 1826 —
1838
• Kenesary’s Revolt, Kazakhs, 1837 — 1847
• Isatay Taimanov’s Revolt, Kazakhs, 1837 — 1847
• 1841 rebellion in Guria, Georgians, 1841
• Yeset Kotibarov’s Revolt, Kazakhs, 1853 — 1857
• Jankoji Nurmukhammedov’s Revolt, Kazakhs,1856 — 58
• Mahtra War, Estonians, May — July 1858
• Mangyshlak Revolt, Kazakhs, 1870
• Andijan Revolt, Uzbeks, Kyrgyzs, 1898
• Sveaborg Rebellion, Finns, 30 July 1906
• Urkun, Kyrgyzs, 1916
• Middle Asian Revolt of 1916
• Zhetysu Revolt, Kazakhs, 1916
3 Soviet era
Main articles: Population transfer in the Soviet Union,
Political repression in the Soviet Union, Ideological
repression in the Soviet Union, Economic repression in
the Soviet Union and Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union
The USSR annexed Karelia from Finland, Kaliningrad
from Germany, the Kuril Islands and southern Sakhalinfrom Japan, Tuva (previously governed by Mongolia
and Manchu Empire) etc. In addition the ground was
Soviet Union Young pioneers in the Tajik SSR in 1983.
prepared for post-Soviet semi-colonial adventures in
Transnestria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Even the con-tinuing basis provided by Nagorno-Karabakh for inter-
ference by Russia in the internal affairs of Armenia and
Azerbaijan hark back to the USSR’s policies and activi-
ties.
On the eve of Ukrainian independence in 1991, eight of
Ukraine's thirteen political parties referred to the coun-
try as an exploited “colony” in their programs. After
1991 most Ukrainian historians described Ukrainians as
victims of colonialism while literary scholars drew atten-
tion to the nation’s “post-colonial” condition. Most Rus-
sian historians stressed that Ukrainians had also served
as agents of empire (compare the role of the Scots inthe British Empire) and characterized Ukraine’s histor-
ical status as “semi-colonial”. Whereas academics dis-
agree as to whether to label the central policies as “Rus-
sian”, tsarist, Soviet or intentionally “anti-Ukrainian”,
and whether the development that did occur was worth
the cost, most Russians and a minority of the popula-
tion in Ukraine regard that country’s historical associa-
tion with Russia favorably and do not see Ukraine as a
colonial victim of Russian imperial power.
One of the most important tasks imposed on Soviet his-
torians is to rehabilitate the old Russian colonial policy:[9]
"...Georgia was at that time faced with the alternativeeither of being conquered by the Persian Shah and the
Turkish Sultan or coming under the protectorate of Rus-
sia . . . . They do not perceive that the latter prospect
was the lesser evil”.[9]
The theory of “the lesser evil” was at once universally
adopted in Soviet literature. [9]
The chief one prescribed for them in recent years has
been to expound a positive view of the process of Rus-
sian colonial expansion under the Tsars, the period when
what is today the “Soviet East” was integrated into the
great Russian Empire. The history of the peoples of the
present-day Soviet East must henceforth be depicted as“the history of their friendship with the great Russian
people.[10]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaziahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnestriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_SSRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_All-Union_Pioneer_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningradhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_repression_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_repression_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhetysuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urkunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andijanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangyshlakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahtra_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1841_rebellion_in_Guriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmykshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemelyan_Pugachevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemelyan_Pugachevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugachev%2527s_Rebellionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryatshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Circassian_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itelmenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_Uprising_(1704%E2%80%9311)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_Rebellion_of_1552%E2%80%931556https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_Rebellion_of_1552%E2%80%931556
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4 3 SOVIET ERA
For example, Professor M. V. Nechkina wrote that “The
Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaidjan, after their an-
nexation to Russia, were incorporated into the economic
life of Russia, which was on a higher level than their
own”.[10]
Kazakh khan Kenesary’s revolt (1837—1847) was thesubject of a major historical work, “Kazakhstan in the
Period from the 1820’s to the 1840’s,” published in Alma-
Ata in 1947 by E. Bekmakhanov, a Kazakh. He portrayed
Kenesary as a fighter for national liberation and national
unity. On December 26, 1950, Pravda published an anni-
hilating article on the errors committed by the historians
who had dealt with the history of Kazakhstan. Nothing
was left of Bekmakhanov’s entire conception: “Instead
of revealing the profoundly progressive significance of
Kazakhstan’s annexation to Russia, Bekmakhanov sees in
it nothing but colonial oppression . . . The emergence of
the Kasymovs (Kenesary and his brother), which stood in
the way of annexation, was contrary to the aspirations ofthe progressive section of the Kazakh people. . . This
was a reactionary movement, which dragged the Kazakh
people backward . . . Khan Kenesary was a typical feudal
bandit. . . Kenesary’s revolt, which was not supported by
the Kazakh people, was a reactionary, feudal-nationalist
movement, aided by forces abroad which were hostile to
Russia”.[9]
And A. Daniyalov in "Voprosy Istorii ", (Problem of his-
tory) September 1950, asserted that “objectively, Rus-
sia filled the role of liberator of the Caucasian peoples
from the cruel and arbitrary oppression of the Iranian and
Turkish bandits”[11]
The Soviet Union, which replaced the empire, proclaimed
that the goal of its national policy was to forge a new na-
tional entity, the "Soviet people".
Soviet scholarship declared that Leninist national policy
had been successfully implemented as the final solution of
the nationality problem, resulting in the friendship, equal-
ity and unity of all the nations of the USSR.[12] Though it
was still claimed that all nationalities were treated equally,
, by the late 1930s, reference to the “leading role” of
the Russian people in the Soviet society had become
common.[13][14] From World War II on, the Russianswere
called the “elder brother” in the Soviet family of na-
tionalities. Before Stalin’s rule ended, Soviet historians
were to depict the conquest of Non-Russian nationalities
by the Russians as historically progressive and to claim
that a great friendship between the peoples of the So-
viet Union existed since the establishment of the earliest
contacts among them.[14][15] Mixed marriage is regarded
as an indicator of friendship between ethnic groups and
emphasizing ethnic diversity was prohibited in the Soviet
Union.[16]
Campaigns against the tsar society continued well into the
Soviet Union’s history. One of these criticisms was accu-
sation of hindering development in minority areas.[12][16]
Vladimir Lenin noted that: “national minorities in Tsarist
Russia suffered extra oppression, social and ethnic”.[16]
The Tsarist Russian Empire was dubbed the “prison of
the nations” by Lenin.
Russia is a prison of peoples, not only
because of the military-feudal character of
tsarism and not only because the Great-Russian
bourgeoisie support tsarism, but also because
the Polish, etc., bourgeoisie have sacrificed the
freedom of nations and democracy in general
for the interests of capitalist expansion...We
demand freedom of self-determination, i.e., in-
dependence, i.e., freedom of secession for the
oppressed nations, not because we have dreamt
of splitting up the country economically, or
of the ideal of small states, but, on the con-
trary, because we want large states and the
closer unity and even fusion of nations, only
on a truly democratic, truly internationalist ba-sis, which is inconceivable without the free-
dom to secede. Just as Marx, in 1869, de-
manded the separation of Ireland, not for a split
between Ireland and Britain, but for a subse-
quent free union between them, not so as to
secure “justice for Ireland”, but in the inter-
ests of the revolutionary struggle of the British
proletariat, we in the same way consider the re-
fusal of Russian socialists to demand freedom
of self-determination for nations, in the sense
we have indicated above, to be a direct betrayal
of democracy, internationalism and socialism.[17]
The expression “prison of the peoples” was first applied
to pre-revolutionary Tsarist Russia in the 1840s by De
Custine's critical book La Russie en 1839. It was later
taken up by Alexander Herzen, and the goal of demolish-
ing this “prison of the peoples” became one of the ide-
als of the Russian Revolution. The same expression was
adopted decades later by the dissident movement against
the Soviet Union.
Ethnic minority separatist states:
• Crimean People’s Republic, 1917–1918
• Republic of Aras, 1918–1919
• Alash Autonomy, 1917–1920
• Kingdom of Lithuania (1918), 1918
• Ukrainian State, 1918
• Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918), 1918
• First Republic of Armenia, 1918–1920
• Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, 1918–1920
• Kingdom of Finland (1918), 1918–1919
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armeniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alash_Autonomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Arashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_People%2527s_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Post%E2%80%93Russian_Empire_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissidenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Custinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Custinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Leninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity_of_peopleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity_of_peopleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravdahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaidjanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine
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5
• Balagad state, 1919–1926
• North Caucasian Emirate, 1919–1920
• Republic of Latvia (1919–1940), 1919–1940
• Republic of Central Lithuania, 1920–1922
• Centrocaspian Dictatorship, 1918
• Democratic Republic of Georgia, 1918–1921
• Idel-Ural State, 1917–1918
• Kingdom of Lithuania (1918), 1918
• Moldavian Democratic Republic, 1917–1918
• Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus,
1917–1920
• North Ingria, 1919–1920
• Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk, 1930
• Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic,
1918
Ethnic minority freedom movements:
• Basmachi movement, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Kazakhs,
Kyrgyzs and Turkmens, 1916–1942
• Yakut Revolt (1918), Yakuts, 1918
• Latvian War of Independence, Latvians, 5 Decem-ber 1918 – 11 August 1920
• Lithuanian Wars of Independence, Lithuanians,
1918–20
• Lithuanian–Soviet War, December 1918 – August
1919
• Estonian War of Independence, Estonians, 28
November 1918 – 2 February 1920
• 1920 Ganja revolt, Azerbaijani people, 1920
• Pitchfork Uprising, Tatars and Bashkirs, February 4- mid-March, 1920
• 1921 Svanetian Uprising, Georgians, 1921
• Yakut Revolt, Yakuts, September 1921-16 June
1923
• East Karelian Uprising and Soviet–Finnish conflict
1921–22, Karelians, November 6, 1921 - March 21,
1922
• Tungus Revolt, Evenks and other indigenous small-
numbered peoples of tundra, 1924—1925
• Arsk Uprising, Tatars,October 25 - November 10,
1918
• Kakhet–Khevsureti Rebellion, Georgians, 1921
• August Uprising, Georgians, 28 August – 5 Septem-
ber 1924
• 1927 Buryat Revolt, Buryats, 1927
• Tahtakupyr Revolt, Kazakhs, 1929
• Alakat Revolt, Crimean Tatars, 1929–30
• 1930 Kalmyk Revolt, Kalmyks, 1930
• Khnov Revolt, Dagestans, 1930
• Batpakkarinsk Revolt, Kazakhs, 1929
• Sozak Syrdarinsk Revolt, Kazakhs,1930
• Irgizsk raion Revolt, Kazakhs,1930
• Sarysuisk raion Revolt, Kazakhs, 1930
• Abralinsk Revolt, Kazakhs, 1931
• Aday Revolt, Kazakhs, 1929–32
• Kazym rebellion, Khanty people and Nenets people,
1931–34
• Baltic Entente, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, 1934
• Mandalada (Yamal Revolt), Nenets people, 1934,
1943
• 1940–44 insurgency in Chechnya, Chechens and
Ingush people, 1940–44
• June Uprising in Lithuania, Lithuanians, 1941
• Guerrilla war in the Baltic states, Estonians,
Latvians and Lithuanians, 1944–1956
• Latvian independence movement, Latvians, 1940-
1991
• 1956 Georgian demonstrations
• 1958 Grozny riots, Chechens
• Shymkent Unrest, Kazakhs, 1967. In June 1967
workers in Shymkent demonstrated after police beata taxi-driver to death. The demonstrators attacked
and burned down the police headquarters and a lo-
cal police station. Tanks were sent in to suppress the
uprising and dozens of workers were killed.
• Self-immolation protest by the Lithuanian man,
1967
• Tselinograd demonstrations, Kazakhs, 1979
• Jeltoqsan, Kazakhs, December 16–19, 1986
• Singing Revolution, Estonians, Latvians,
Lithuanians, 1987-1991
• Zvartnots Airport clash, Armenians, July 5, 1988
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvartnots_Airport_clashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeltoqsanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_Kalantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-immolationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shymkenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Grozny_riotshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_independence_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9344_insurgency_in_Chechnyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamal_Peninsulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Ententehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazym_rebellionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_j%C3%BCzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmykshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmykiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryatshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryatiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakhet%E2%80%93Khevsureti_Rebellionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsk_Uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Karelian_Uprising_and_Soviet%E2%80%93Finnish_conflict_1921%E2%80%9322https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Karelian_Uprising_and_Soviet%E2%80%93Finnish_conflict_1921%E2%80%9322https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_Revolthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Svanetian_Uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Ganja_revolthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_Revolt_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmachi_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmykiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ingriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idel-Ural_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrocaspian_Dictatorshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Lithuaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Latvia_(1919%E2%80%931940)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasian_Emiratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizhinginsky_District
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6 4 POST SOVIET ERA
• Revolutions of 1989
• 1989 Sukhumi riots, Georgians and Abkhaz people
• Baltic Way, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Au-
gust 23, 1989
• 1989 Moldova civil unrest, Moldovans
• 1990 Tuva Revolt, Tuvans, 1990
• 1990 Dushanbe riots, Tajiks
• The Barricades, Latvians, 13–27 January 1991
• January Events (Lithuania), Lithuanians, January
11–13, 1991
4 Post Soviet Era
Main articles: Ethnic groups in Russia, Human rights in
Russia, Demographics of Russia, List of ethnic groups
in Russia, Secession in Russia, Languages of Russia, List
of languages of Russia and List of endangered languages
in Russia
Russian Federation is a multi-national state with over
185 ethnic groups designated as nationalities. Among 85
subjects which constitute the Russian Federation, there
are 21 national republics (meant to be home to a spe-
cific ethnic minority), 4 autonomous okrugs (usually with
substantial or predominant ethnic minority) and an au-tonomous oblast. There are 148 endangered languages in
the Russian Federation.
Although Russian colonialism partially ended in 1991
with the political independence of the former Soviet Re-
publics, in practice Russian capital still dominates those
territories and can be said to maintain a neo-colonial re-
lationship to them. Russian settlers who arrived in Soviet
times still tend to identify culturally and intellectually
with Moscow and Russia, rather than the nations they
live in. Many ethnic Russian people, including Presi-
dent Vladimir Putin,[18][19] consider that Soviet President
Mikhail Gorbachev's action to dismantle Soviet Unionwas a wrong decision.[20][21] Russians think that dissolu-
tion of the Soviet Union, social, economic and political
changes since 1991 resolved ethnic problem.
The country has an abundance of natural resources, in-
cluding oil, natural gas and precious metals, which make
up a major share of Russia’s income. Most of its nat-
ural resources exist in the ethnic minority areas such
as North Caucasus, Komi Republic, Volga-Ural region
and Siberia but living conditions of national minorities
poor.[22][23][24] From Russian point of view, Russians,
which consist majority of population and founded Rus-
sian state, have more rights.
In this country small nationalities and ethnic minorities
are integrated into the common social, cultural, economic
and political life of the whole state, which is dominated
by one nation - the Russians.[12] Under conditions of a
comprehensive unification of the way of living, inflation
of ethnic-cultural values and the so-called “international-
ization” of many peoples, there is a real threat to small
nations of losing their native language, their culture, and
finally - of complete assimilation.[12]
The non-Russians of Russia are mostly national minori-
ties in their national-state units, finding themselves in the
position of minority on their own land.
The possibilities of free development of the language and
national culture in the independent states (for example
Finland, Poland separated from Russia) differ a lot from
the same possibilities in the autonomous republics of
Komis, Yakuts, Karelians, Maris etc., within Russia.[12]
Russian policy always and everywhere had the purpose to
assimilate native population and to provide the superior-
ity in number of settlers who belonged to the predomi-
nating nation in the State.[12]
Moreover more than half of Chuvashes and Maris, 3/4
Mordvins and Tatars,1/3of Udmurts live outside the bor-
ders of their republics. The Karelians in Tver province,
Komis in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, Mordvins
in Orenburg province etc. are also separated from their
main ethnic mass and homeland.[12] Such a scatter of sep-
arate ethnic parts practically deprives them of opportu-
nities for national development and regular contact with
their national culture and mother tongue, and dooms them
to assimilation with the surrounding population (Russian
first of all).[12]
Many linguists deny the necessity of creating new special-
ized terminology in the native languages.[12]
In 2012 President Vladimir Putin has signed a contro-
versial new law on education. The law text officially
recognizes the right to education in languages of Rus-
sia’s ethnic minorities, but does not make it mandatory
of completely guarantee such education. [25][26] New
law would allow parents in ethnic republics to decide
if their children should study indigenous languages at
school.[27] When the draft of the law was under con-
sideration in the State Duma, it sparked protest rallies
in several regions, including Tatarstan, Bashkortostan,and Chuvashia.[28] Critics said it would accelerate the de-
cline of indigenous languages.[29] The issue gained na-
tionwide attention when some ethnic Russian residents
in Tatarstan protested against the mandatory teaching of
Tatar in the republic’s Russian schools. Drafting com-
mission head Vyacheslav Mikhailov says the new policy
aims to strengthen a single identity for the entire country,
to develop its ethnic diversity, and to strength civic unity
and interethnic harmony.[29] Tatarstan historian Rafael
Mukhametdinov says you can see the real aim of the pol-
icy by looking closely at the language.[29] “It says there
is a Russian nation and that it is compulsory to know the
Russian language in Russia. As soon as it comes to non-
Russians, the text becomes very complicated. It becomes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvashiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Dumahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg_Oblasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk_Oblasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver_Oblasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Elhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Kareliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(sociology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_(region)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Russians_in_post-Soviet_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-colonialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barricadeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Dushanbe_riotshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Moldova_civil_unresthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Wayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Sukhumi_riotshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989
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7
hard to understand what they mean. I think this is done
on purpose.”[29] Russia offers no higher-education oppor-
tunities in languages other than Russian and the state en-
trance exams for universities are given only in Russian.
On January 2015 Estonian President Toomas Hendrik
Ilves has accused Russia of suppressing the culture of itsFinno-Ugric minorities by decreasing education in their
traditional languages. On January 7, 2015, Ilves said that
“Russia has stopped or limited the provision of educa-
tion in the national languages of the Finno-Ugric peoples,
which accelerates assimilation and the disappearance of
their culture.”[30]
According to Russian position, the minority nationali-
ties unable to create own independent state due to small
population, low culture and absence of statehood tradi-
tion. But many ethnic minorities founded own state be-
fore Kievan Rus, for example, Sarir state of the Caucasian
Avars (5th – 12th centuries), Tsahur Khanate (7th – 16th
centuries), Zirikhgeran state of the Dargin and Kubachi
peoples (6th – 15th centuries), Gazikumukh Shamkha-
late of the Lak people (734–1642), Kaitag state of the
Dargin people (6th century – 1813) etc. Hundred years
of colonial policy, assimilation, deportations, massacres,
repressions and other actions against ethnic minorities se-
riously decreased their population and destroyed ethnic
development.
Images of Russia as the main liberator, natural leader,
civilizer, protector of oppressed people is central to Rus-
sian ideology.[31][32] In 2012 Vladimir Putin said joining
civilizations is a great mission of Russians. [33]
In December 2010, German Sterligov, a Russian sheep-
herder, sent open letter Vladimir Putin and Dimitry
Medvedev, and proposed a suggestion to sell Siberia
and Russian Far East to other countries after transfer-
ring ethnic Russians to European Russia.[34] According
to poll carried by "Levada Center" in 2013, about 1/4
of respondents supported separation of North Caucasus
republics.[35]
Russia is divided between ethnic Russian territory or
Central Russia (European Russia) and Siberia, North
Caucasus, Arctic and Volga-Ural region (Idel-Ural,
land east of the Volga River) of indigenous people.Mari El, Mordovia, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Tatarstan,
Bashkortostan, Perm Krai, Komi Republic and Caucasian
republics separate ethnic Russian and minority territories.
When indigenous people travel to Moscow and Saint Pe-
tersburg, they get beat or killed by Russian racists and
nationalists (fascists), because they entered ethnic Rus-
sian territory. By 500 AD most of Central Russia includ-
ing Moscow and Saint Petersburg, was populated by the
Finno-Ugric peoples. The Slavs lived west of the Volga
and Don Rivers. Before being conquered by the Grand
Duchy of Moscow, in the16th century, Volga-Ural region
was dominated by native Uralic and Turkic tribes. Rus-
sians consider that after hundred years of settlement in
Siberia and other minority areas they became indigenous
East Slavic tribes and peoples , 8th and 9th centuries
Territorial development of the Muscovy between 1390 and 1530
to these lands and Russia is not colonial power.[36][37]
Media dominated by the Russians considerably restricts
information about ethnic problem, provides false
information and falsifies their history.[38] Andrei
Sakharov, director of the Institute of Russian History of
the Russian Academy of Sciences said “Differing views
should not be confused with falsification of history”.[39]
Russian media and government call Causasian separatist
groups “bandits”. There is steady rise in xenophobic so-
cietal violence and discrimination against minorities.[38]Some of Russians, for example Vladimir Zhirinovsky,
Dimitry Medvedev demand to rename autonomous areas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitry_Medvedevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_censorship_of_Chechnya_coveragehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_Slavic_tribes#East_Slavshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peopleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_fascismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_Kraihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvashiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurtiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordoviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Elhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idel-Uralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountainshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levada_Centerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitry_Medvedevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitry_Medvedevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargin_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak_people_(Dagestan)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazikumukh_Shamkhalatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazikumukh_Shamkhalatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubachi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubachi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargin_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakhur_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Avarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Avarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia
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native traditions to occupy a subsidiary niche, as ethno-
graphic remnants rather than active social forces. It was
accompanied by an economic policy which emphasized
the development of transport and heavy industry, and
the assimilation of outlying regions into a single imperial
economy.
[9] Solomon M. Schwarz “Revising the History of Russian
Colonialism”
[10] Voprosy Istorii, April 1951.
[11] A. Daniyalov, “Distortions in the Examination of
Muridism and the Shamil Movement,” Voprosy Istorii,
September 1950.
[12] Xenophont Sanukov, Human rights problems in Russia:
The situation of non-Russian peoples
[13] Frederick C.Barghoorn “Soviet Russian nationalism”,
New York, Oxford University Press, 1956
[14] Alfred B. Evans “Soviet Marxism-Leninism: The Decline
of an Ideology”, 1993
[15] Lowell Tillett, The Great friendship: Soviet historians on
Non-Russian nationalities” University of North Carolina
Press, 1969
[16] А.Ненароков, А.Проскурин, "Решение
национального вопроса в СССР", 1983; A.Nenarokov,
A.Proskurin “Ethnic problem in the Soviet Union”, 1983
[17] V.Lenin “The Revolutionary Proletariat and the Right of
Nations to Self-Determination”
[18] Владимир Путин: Нельзя было допускать развала
СССР, 2011
[19] Во всём виноват распад СССР
[20] Russian MPs call for Mikhail Gorbachev to be prosecuted
for 'allowing' the collapse of the Soviet Union, 10 April
2014
[21] The Moscow Times: Lawmakers want Gorbachev inves-
tigated over collapse of Soviet Union
[22] Коренные жители Югры отказываются предоставить
нефтяникам свою землю
[23] Чем больше добываем – тем больше разливаем?
[24] Коренные народы Севера против нефтяного освоения
Арктики
[25] New law discriminates indigenous languages
[26] Window on Eurasia: Putin Law Likely to Kill Off 70 Per-
cent of Russia’s Indigenous Languages
[27] Tatar Congress Adopts Resolution To Protect Language,
Culture
[28] Putin Signs Controversial Education Law
[29] Rumblings In The Republics:New Russian Nationalities
Policy Sparks Outcry
[30] President Says Russia Accelerating Finno-Ugric Assimi-
lation
[31] Eric Shiraev, Eero Carroll, Vladimir Shlapentokh “The
Soviet Union: Internal and External Perspectives on Soviet
Society” 2008
[32] Astrid S. Tuminez, Russian Nationalism Since 1856: Ide-ology and the Making of Foreign Policy, 2000
[33] В.Путин: Русский народ является
государствообразующим, а великая миссия русских -
объединять цивилизацию, 23.01.2012
[34] Открытое письмо Президенту Медведеву и Премьер-
министру Путину от овцевода Стерлигова
[35] Большинство россиян согласились отделить Чечню от
России
[36] Освоение новых земель сибири, переселенцы
[37] Proof that Russians are Natives of Siberia and North Asia
[38] RUSSIA 2013 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT - US De-
partment of State
[39] Andrei Sakharov, “Differing views should not be confused
with falsification of history”
[40] Жириновский предлагает отказаться от названий
национальных республик
[41] В блоге Медведева предлагают отменить
национальные автономии, 2011
[42] Прохоров предлагает упразднить национальные
республики в составе России, 5.11.2012
[43] Русский национализм (программный документ)
7.12.2013
[44] Убивать чеченцев это не преступление
[45] Wary Of Russian Aggression, Vilnius Creates How-To
Manual For Dealing With Foreign Invasion
[46] Homogenisation and the 'New Russian Citizen'- A road to
stability or ethnic tension?
[47] Различают ли националисты нерусских?
[48] Пресс-конференция Президента России ВладимираПутина (полная версия)
[49] Путин ответил на вопросы
• Iavorsky, M. Ukraina v epokhu kapitalizmu Kiev:
Derzhavne Vydavnytstvo Ukrainy, 1924.
• Koropeckyi, I. Development in the Shadow (New
York, 1990)
• idem, ed. Ukrainian Economic His-
tory(Cambridge MA, 1991)
• Krawchenko,B. Social Change and National Con-sciousness in Twentieth Century Ukraine (NewYork,
1985)
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10 7 EXTERNAL LINKS
• Martin, Virginia. Law and custom in the steppe: the
Kazakhs of the Middle Horde and Russian colonial-
ism in the nineteenth century. Richmond: Curzon,
2001
• Serbyn, Roman. Lenine etla question ukrainienne en
1914. Pluriel no. 25, 1981.
• Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-
0-8020-5808-9.
• Velychenko, Stephen, The Issue of Russian Colonial-
ism in Ukrainian Thought.Dependency Identity and
Development , AB IMPERIO 1 (2002) 323-66
• Forsyth, James. “A History of the Peoples of
Siberia: Russia’s North Asian Colony 1581-1990”
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7 External links
• Russian Federation Overview - Minority Rights
Group International
• The Edge of Extinction. Ethnic Survival Among
the Yukaghirs of Northern Yakutia, Biomapping In-
digenous Peoples
• Galina Diatchkova Indigenous Peoples of Russia and
Political History
• Generations? Andrey Petrov, Indigenous Population
of the Russian North in in the Post-Soviet Era
• Who are the indigenous peoples of Russia
• Free Siberia
https://www.facebook.com/FreeSiberia1http://firstpeoples.org/wp/who-are-the-indigenous-peoples-of-russia/http://www.canpopsoc.ca/CanPopSoc/assets/File/publications/journal/CSPv35n2p269.pdfLosthttp://www.canpopsoc.ca/CanPopSoc/assets/File/publications/journal/CSPv35n2p269.pdfLosthttp://www3.brandonu.ca/library/CJNS/21.2/cjnsv21no2_pg217-233.pdfhttp://www3.brandonu.ca/library/CJNS/21.2/cjnsv21no2_pg217-233.pdfhttp://www.academia.edu/6670764/The_Edge_of_Extinction._Ethnic_Survival_Among_the_Yukaghirs_of_Northern_Yakutia_Biomapping_Indigenous_Peoples_S._Berthier-Foglar_S._Collingwood-Whittick_S._Tolazzi_eds._Rodopi_Amsterdam-New_York_2012_pp._233-253http://www.academia.edu/6670764/The_Edge_of_Extinction._Ethnic_Survival_Among_the_Yukaghirs_of_Northern_Yakutia_Biomapping_Indigenous_Peoples_S._Berthier-Foglar_S._Collingwood-Whittick_S._Tolazzi_eds._Rodopi_Amsterdam-New_York_2012_pp._233-253http://www.academia.edu/6670764/The_Edge_of_Extinction._Ethnic_Survival_Among_the_Yukaghirs_of_Northern_Yakutia_Biomapping_Indigenous_Peoples_S._Berthier-Foglar_S._Collingwood-Whittick_S._Tolazzi_eds._Rodopi_Amsterdam-New_York_2012_pp._233-253http://www.minorityrights.org/2492/russian-federation/russian-federation-overview.htmlhttp://www.minorityrights.org/2492/russian-federation/russian-federation-overview.htmlhttp://abimperio.net/cgi-bin/aishow.pl?state=showa&idart=222&idlang=1&Code=http://abimperio.net/cgi-bin/aishow.pl?state=showa&idart=222&idlang=1&Code=http://abimperio.net/cgi-bin/aishow.pl?state=showa&idart=222&idlang=1&Code=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5808-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5808-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orest_Subtelny
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8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
8.1 Text
• Russian Colonialism Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20Colonialism?oldid=653950934 Contributors: Lysy, Irpen, Ben-
der235, Zscout370, Ghirlandajo, Bobrayner, Rjwilmsi, Atrix20, Russavia, Alex Bakharev, Tony1, Rwalker, Petri Krohn, SmackBot,
Hmains, Bluebot, Hibernian, Yakym, RomanSpa, CmdrObot, Yalens, Johnpacklambert, TomLis, Goustien, EoGuy, Niceguyedc, Arjayay,
SchreiberBike, Pirags, Dthomsen8, Addbot, Jarble, Greyhood, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Citation bot, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT,DITWIN GRIM, FrescoBot, I42, Trust Is All You Need, Winterst, Deguef, Ladislaw, Dinamik-bot, FelixtheMagnificent, EmausBot, Lab-
noor, ClueBot NG, Piast93, Cj005257, Marcocapelle, Shokioto22, Khazar2, Spirit of Eagle, Mogism, Pugachov, Hillbillyholiday, Rosspw,
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