rfid: technologies and application
Post on 06-May-2015
4.166 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
RFID: Technologies and Application
Luigi Battezzati Ph.D.Visiting Professor di Operations al Politecnico di Milano
Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID del Politecnico di Milano
Geneve, March, 16th 2005
2Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
RFID Applications:RFID Applications:RFID Applications:
Tagon product
TagTagon producton product
Tagon people
TagTagon peopleon people
RFID & LogisticsRFID & LogisticsRFID & Logistics
Trends andConclusionTrends andTrends andConclusionConclusion
3Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
• Identify individual items
• Line of sight not required
• Store and modify information on transponder
• Stable in variety of conditions
• Read through most non-metals
• RFID transponder cost 50 cents today (5 centstomorrow ?)
RFID technology is ready for changing the worldRFID Applications
4Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
1948Harry Stockman invents RFDI
with the publication of his paper "Communication by Means of
Reflected Power"
1940sRadar refined and used major World
War II effort
1950sEarly explorations
of RFID technology.
1960sDevelopment of the
theory of RFID.Start of applications
field trials.
1970sExplosion of RFID
development. Test of RFIDaccelerate.
Early adopter implementations of RFID
1980sCommercial applications
of RFID enter mainstream.
1950sD.B. Harris patents
"Radio transmission systems with modulable passive
responder"
1952F.L. Vernon's
"Application of the microwave homodyne"
1963- 1964R.F. Harrington advances theory with
"Field measurements using active scatterers" and"Theory of loaded scatterers"
1973Transponder system
and apparatus 1977
Electronic licenseplate for motor
vehicles
1980Electronic
identificationsystem
1985Electronic proximity
identificationsystem
Electronic tag identification
systemRemote passive
identification systemImplant
telemetrysystem
1978Identification system using coded passive
transpondersPassive encoding
microwave transponder
Identification system using coded passive
transpondersElectronic detection
and identification system
Passive transponder apparatus for use in
an interrogator responder system
1982Electronic
identification system
Apparatus and method for an
electronic identification, actuation and
recording system
1984Radar apparatus for
detecting and/or classifyingan agitated reflective target
Betteryless, portable, frequency divider useful as a
transponder of electromagnetic radiationElectronic identification
system with power input-output interlock and
increased capabilitiesAnimal feeding and monitoring system
1959Friend or Foe (IFF) long-range transponder
system reaches breadboard demonstration stage1975
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories (LASL) releases its RFIDresearch to public sector; publishes "Short-range radio-telemetery for
electronic identification using modulated backscatter"
1966Commercialization of EAS,
1-bit Electronic ArticleSurveilance technology:Checkpoint, Sersormatic
1976-1977LASL spinoffs Indentronix and
Amtech
1975-1978Large companies, e.g. Raytheon,
RCA, and Fairchild, develop electronic identification systems
1982Mikron founded(later purchases
by Philips)
1979First
implantableRFID tags
1982molded-neck
collar EID
1986Glass-encasedinjectible EID
First RFID tollcollection system
implemented in Norway
1990sEmergence of standards.
RFID widely deployed.RFID becomes a part of
everyday life.
1991TI establishes TIRIS, the first multinational
semiconductor company to develop
and market RFID
1993ISO EID standard
developed
1996City of L.A.adopts pet
tagging
2000sRFID revolution beginsWorldwide StandardsContact less payment
Auto-id and EPC
Over 350 direct-reference patents
Vast number of companies enter RFID marketplace
Modern successful commercial applications include
Supply Chain Management:Wal mart, MetroWar logistics: Gulf war of US ArmyTransportation/Distribution IndustrialSecurity and Access ControlAnimal IdentificationAutomated Library SystemsCheckpoint SystemsToll Road ControlHealthcareDigital Card MailToys
1991AAR adopts
RFID std
1994All USA railcars
equipped with RFID
1992-1995Multi-protocol traffic control and toll collection systems
implemented in Texas, Oklaoma, and Georgia
Wide-scaleelectronic toll
collection in US
1999-2003Auto-id Center
at MIT for developingEPC for FMCG
2004Near Field Communication
(NFC)for integration between Mobile phone and RFID
2005?ISO and EPC: UHF
standard
2000’Calypso std for ticketing
2000’HF ISO
standard:13,56 Mhz
* Tabella elaborata da Luigi Battezzati sulla base della RFID Timeline
5Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Several types of RFID transponder…
*Source SOFTWORK
RFID Applications
6Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
…antennas and readers*
Reader card Proximity Reader Portable Reader Mid Range Reader
Long Range Reader Antenna Mid e Long Range RFID Gate
*Source SOFTWORK
RFID Applications
7Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
The overview of RFID costs * shows the component values…..
(IC) Chip Antenna Assembly Case Total Cost
When ?
20 cents 5 cents 5 cents 20 cents 50 cents
30 cents
5 cents
1 cent
2001
2003 ?
2 cents 1 cent 1 cent 1 cent 2005 ??
0.5 cents 0.1cent 0.1cent 0.3cent 2010 ???
Plastic PrintedPrinted on Objects
0.1 cents ?*Source: Shoumen Datta MIT , 2003
RFID Applications
8Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
• Chip: • not critical component• commodity
• Antenna: • antenna –reader design is crucial• strong customization for any application
• Assembly: • the production quality is important • production plant focused on automation
• Case: • case design is critical due to environmental constraints• strong customization for any application
….but it does not show the component relevance for reaching the best RFID performances
RFID Applications
9Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Basically RFID changes material flows but it impacts on the information flows also: the MIS architectures could became really distributed and…
Centralized MIS architecturesItem identification coupled with object (ex bar code)Information in Database of MIS coupled with item identificationMIS reliability is necessary for capturing the data changes
…so you can saving money and improving MIS reliability in …so you can saving money and improving MIS reliability in the same time the same time
Distributed MIS ArchitecturesItem identification and transactions coupled with object (ex RFID transponder with memory)Information in Database of MIS up dated when it's possible and usefulMIS reliability is not necessary for capturing the data changes
RFID Applications
10Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
RFID researches are focused on• Technology• Individual applications
RFID applications • automation of existing activities • No impact on business processes re-design• No benchmark with best practices
But RFID is not a more intelligent bar code only• It is able to change totally the existing processes• It can improving dramatically the existing performances• It will create an intelligent and distributed environment
RFID technology assessment is not enough for taking decisions…
RFID Applications
11Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
So our focus are the business processes• activity evaluation• performance measurement• re-design for capturing every RFID potential benefits
RFID taxonomy gives us• a general RFID framework focused on business processes • common characteristics for RFID Benefits of different industrial
sectors• a possible benchmark with existing best practices• a methodology for evaluating the cost/benefits of RFID.
The object of RFID is first driver of our taxonomy• product: major characteristics are supply chain management
and end user utilization • people: major characteristics are the Human-RFID interaction
and Human Privacy Problem
…concerning RFID implementation benefitsRFID Applications
12Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
The life’s cycle is the cluster rule for classifying the RFID value for supply chain actors
Consumers
Manufacturers and Retailers
Long
life’s cycle
(utilisation)
Short
life’s cycle
(utilisation)
Fresh Products:YogurtFlowersBest seller: CD,
BooksNewspapers
Fashion Products:Prêt à PorterPersonal ComputerSeasonal Durable Goods
Durable Goods:Cars Home AppliancesApparel basic
products
FMCG:GroceryHealth & beauty Hardware
Long life’s cycleShort life’s cycle
RFID Applications
13Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Human RFID interaction is not natural but it could be
helped by a tool friendly for everybody: the mobile phone
SMS
MobilePhone
Network
RFID Reader
Interphace Tag RF-ID
Tag RF-ID
Tag RF-IDTag RF-ID
RFID Applications
14Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
15Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Finally the privacy is more and more critical for everybody
• The fear of total control is in the mind of everybody
• RFID on people is really an other tool for controlling the people behavior
• But we are already controlled by different way:– Credit card transaction– Video cameras in the towns– Other transaction activated electronically
• The key problem is not the additional control by RFID but the power for using and integrating the database of our transaction
• In any case the transponder can be put in “sleeping mode” after sales if the customer requested it
RFID Applications
16Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
RFID Applications:RFID Applications:RFID Applications:
Tagon product
TagTagon producton product
Tagon people
TagTagon peopleon people
RFID & LogisticsRFID & LogisticsRFID & Logistics
Trends andConclusionTrends andTrends andConclusionConclusion
17Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Several examples of applications and project pilots on durable goods
• Animal identification– Pet– Cows– Dolphins
• Automotive– Manufacturing: Ford, BMW, GM, Toyota etc– Electronic Immobilisation: Immobiliser
• Textile and luxury– Intelligent store of Prada– Intelligent supply chain of Benetton
• Home appliances– Electrolux:microwave oven, washing machine and refrigerator– Bticino: My Home
Tag on Product
18Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
The Auto-ID Center pushed the RFID application for FMCG
• In 1999 the Auto-ID Center was founded at MIT. The Center, in partnership with over 50 global organizations and companies is working on the realization of an RFID network for FMCG– developing new technologies that will lower the costs of the network– defining standardized protocols and languages – building of the infrastructure
This network will allow physical objects to communicate with each other seamlessly through the Internet. This architecture will– track every single manufactured item– significantly reduce the need of human intervention
• The Auto-ID Center is organizing Adoption Forums focusing on specific industries whose goal is to create consensus, awareness, and standards
Tag on Product
19Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Consistent Global Identification
An Example of How GTIN Integration Works With the EPC
EAN - 13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 8
3 1234567 89012 0000000123456
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 8
Company Prefix Item Reference Check Digit )
Illustrative Example (EAN-13): 12 34567 89012 8
Remove Check Digit
Header EPC Manager Number Object Class Number Serial Number
GTIN
EPC:
1 23 456 7 89 01 28 >
Tag on Product
20Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
EPC Information Service (PML)
ONS
Middleware
Readers
Tag Tag Tag
Enterprise Applications
Inte
grat
ion
Laye
r
• ERP• Warehouse Management Systems
• Inventory Management
• Data Warehouse• Merchandise Management
• Store Systems• Etc.
The EPC Network
RFID
• Inexpensive tags
• Minimum data on the tag
• Middleware between readers and information systems
• Information stored on EPC Information Services, and accessed through Object Name Service
Tag on Product
21Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Electromagnetic spectrum
ElectricWaves
RadioWaves
Infra-red VisibleLight
Ultra-Violet
X-Rays GammaRays
CosmicRays
9kHz 30kHz 300kHz 3000kHz 30MHz 300MHz 3000MHz 30GHz 300GHz 3000GHz
VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF Notdesignated
LongWave
MediumWave
ShortWave
VLF Very Low Frequency VHF Very High FrequencyLF Low Frequency UHF Ultra High FrequencyMF Medium Frequency SHF Super High FrequencyHF High Frequency EHF Extremely High Frequency
Radio Spectrum
125-134 kHz 13,56 Mhz 860-960 MHz
2,45 and 5,8 GHz
The “RFID” Frequencies
Tag on Product
22Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
RFID Applications:RFID Applications:RFID Applications:
Tagon product
TagTagon producton product
Tagon people
TagTagon peopleon people
RFID & LogisticsRFID & LogisticsRFID & Logistics
Trends andConclusionTrends andTrends andConclusionConclusion
23Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Several examples of applications and project pilots
• Transport– Railways and metro in Japan– Bus in Seoul (Korea)– Public transports (Germany)– Lufthansa Fidelity card
• Payments– Exxon– Toll Systems
• Health and Public Service– Malaysia: identity card– France: social security card
• Free time– Chicago Marathon– Ski pass– Football
Tag on People
24Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
RFID is growing for people transport
The public transport around half public involves all over the world million of people.
Also in this case the possibility to use different means with different tickets makes the management more complex.
In Europe the project is developed Calypso that has adopted a technology based on passive transponder RFID to 13,56 MHz according to the standard ISO 1545 that work with the objective to be a contactless card for payments.
In this way it is possible not only to manage the price of the trip in dynamic way but also to use the transponder for purchasing from the automatic equipment that distribute drinks or other products
Tag on People
25Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Tag on People
26Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
RFID Applications:RFID Applications:RFID Applications:
Tagon product
TagTagon producton product
Tagon people
TagTagon peopleon people
RFID & LogisticsRFID & LogisticsRFID & Logistics
Trends andConclusionTrends andTrends andConclusionConclusion
27Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
The transport has been the first application of transponder RFID
• The aerial sector has always been to the state-of-the-art for the active transponders – The first examples in the second world war – The following development in the civil aviation
• The railway transport has followed quickly – Transcore has labelled the totality of the means railway USA with technology UHF – The European situation is more complex
• The principal countries have made non homogeneous choices – The system Eurobalise S21 at the base of the European Train Control System (ETCS) with
inductive coupling to 27,115 MHz – In every case it is necessary to distinguish the management of the handling from the
management of the maintenance
• Finally the transport on car or truck has been touched by the RFID – The tolls systems are developed firstly in Americas by the Canadian highways and after in
Europe by Autostrade (Italian highways) with active technologies but passive transponders are coming now
– The management of the truck traffic and its effects (usury of the roads, safety) has pushed the German Government to the proposal of a revolutionary system that unites telephony cellular GPS: may be the traditional toll systems are enough and less expensive.
RFID & Logistics
28Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Container management is the best application of RFID in Logistics
• A container is reusable so the cost of the transponder is diluted in the time
• The more important system of containers in the world is the International Container Transport
– The sector of the international transports involves around 7 million containers. – The manual recognition is complex, expensive and not without errors. – From the end of the years '60 the containers are internationally identified according
to ISO 6346 that it foresees an alphanumeric code that identifies the owner and a number of register of the container
• Then a norm ISO has been created 10374 that it foresees to identify through the container an active transponder read-only that you can read up to 13 meters distance with 15 years of active life of the battery that it corresponds to the technical life of the container
RFID & Logistics
29Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
The case management is already interesting for FMCG• The most greater part of the applications of the transponders RFID indeed you realize in
the sector of the FMCG they currently concern containers or reusable systems of transport, for instance:
– Marks&Spencer has a line of fresh products shipped by recyclable trays, on which the 70% of the 120 million of wrappings that cross the supply chain travels. The use of the RFID has allowed to reduce the costs and the time of crossing improving the level of service.
– CHEP, in February 2002 has begun a project pilot in his center of distribution in Florida, whose purpose is that to trace the handling of 250 thousand pallets. The objectives of the project pilots are the followings: a best understanding of the handling, an improvement of the measurement of the times of the working cycles and the identification of the possible points of attention along the chain and the integration of the information RFID in the systems ERP
– Wal-mart has asked to his principals for 100 suppliers to be compatible RFID within January 2005 according to the followings principles
• Transponder on pallet and reusable containers only • Standard EPC of the Auto-id of the MIT
– Metro is developping same RFID project in Europe
RFID & Logistics
30Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
RFID Applications:RFID Applications:RFID Applications:
Tagon product
TagTagon producton product
Tagon people
TagTagon peopleon people
RFID & LogisticsRFID & LogisticsRFID & Logistics
Trends andConclusionTrends andTrends andConclusionConclusion
31Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Major trends on RFID technologies…
Passive Transponder Costs are reducingNew UHF standards EPC and ISO harmonizationSilicon Technology is matureFeasibility of Polymer Technology
Active TransponderTechnology of Long life battery Standards“de facto”Designing Tools for customized
MEMS
2005 2007 2008 2012
Passive TransponderPolymer Technology
diffusion for manufacturing low cost transponder
Active TransponderLong life battery diffusionStandard ISO based on
Standard “de facto” Cost reduction
Trends & Conclusions
32Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
…and the structure of demand and applications
ApplicationsRe-usableTransponderDurable GoodsLogisticsSecurityServices
DemandProject basedBest practices developmentEducation, training and change
management
2005 2007 2008 2010
ApplicationsFast Moving Consumer Goods at
item levelBusiness to ConsumerDistributed Intelligence
DemandRFID is product on the shelf”Standard “plug and play”Transponder “autonomous”
Trends & Conclusions
33Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
RFID is a building block of Distributed IntelligenceTrends & Conclusions
17711771 18251825 18861886 19391939 19771977 19971997
Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution
18001800
Information Evolution Information Evolution
18531853 19131913 19691969 20052005 20252025
RapidRapidAdoptionAdoption
IntroductionIntroductionofof
TechnologyTechnology
18531853 19131913 19691969 20252025 20612061 20812081
TextileTextile RailwayRailway AutoAuto ComputerComputer DistributedIntelligence Nanotech
Source: Norman Poire MIT
34Luigi Battezzati 2005
- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -
Conclusion
• The tag is not another kind of bar code label but a real killer application
• The automatic identification and the distributed data storage change the business processes
• The value of application of RFID doesn't impact on the same activities with the same weight.
• RFID is a building block of distributed intelligence
Trends & Conclusions
top related