rev photo analysis lesson and materials

Name:TEACHINGAMERICANHISTORYPROJECT

TheGildedAge:APhotographicAnalysisofAmerica’sWorkingClassFromKristenDeBona

Grade–11thGradeU.S.HistoryLengthofclassperiod–(2)50minutes[Note:Ididthisactivityinoneperiodbutnexttimewilleithershortentheactivityorsetasidemoretimeinordertoallowforadeeperanalysisofthesources.]Inquiry–(Whatessentialquestionarestudentsanswering?)

HowdidthatlackofbigbusinessregulationduringtheGildedAgeaffecttheAmericanworkingclass?InthewordsofJacobRiishowdidthe“OtherHalfLive”?

Objectives(Whatcontentandskillsdoyouexpectstudentstolearnfromthislesson?)

ThestudentswillanalyzephotographstakenbyJacobRiisandLewisHinestoexaminetheworkingandlivingconditionsofAmericasworkingfamiliesduringtheGildedAge.

Materials(Whatprimarysourcesorlocalresourcesarethebasisforthislesson?)

StudentcopiesoftheHowtheOtherHalfLivesWorkingConditionsphotoanalysispacket. LargecopiesoftheWorkingConditionsPhotographswithPhotographerNotes Placecardsnumbered1‐11tomarkeachstation Handheldtimeroranonlinestopwatch(dependingonthetechnologyavailable)

Activities(Whatwillyouandyourstudentsdoduringthelessontopromotelearning?)

Initiation:Brieflyreviewthebackgroundinformationontheassignmentpacketandthedirections. Assignthestudentstoworkintosmallgroupsnobiggerthat3‐4. Instructthestudentsthattheywillbegivenroughly5minutestoworkateachstation(thisnumbercanbe

adjustedbasedonclasslengthandnumberofstationsused)andwhentheirtimeisuptheyneedtomovetotheirnextstationinnumericalorder.[Note:AlthoughitdoesnotmatterwhatnumberstationagroupstartsoffatIwouldrecommendthatthestudentsfollowthenumericalordertoavoidmultiplegroupsatonestation.]

Studentsshouldprogressfromstationtostationexaminingasmanysourcesaspossible,readingtheavailablecaptionsandansweringtheanalysisquestionsintheirpacket

Monitorthestudentsastheyprogressfromstationtostation,pointoutinterestingaspectswithinindividualphotographs,encouragestudentstoreadthecaptionsandaskquestionstohelpthestudentsanalyzeeachsetofsources.

Closure:Verballyclosethelessonbyaskinganddiscussingthefollowingquestions:o HowdomanyAmericanfamiliesliveandworkduringtheGildedAge?o Whatproblemsdidyounoticewhileexaminingthesources?o Whatchangesneedtobemadeandhowcanpeopleworktoachievethem?

Howwillyouassesswhatstudentlearnedduringthislesson?

Informal:Monitorandassessthestudents’analysisbyaskingthemquestionsduringtheactivity. Formal:Collectandgradethestudent’sanalysispacketsaswellasholdthemaccountableforthematerial

ontheunittest/quiz.

ConnecticutFrameworkGradeLevelExpectations

Analyzehowtheabundanceorscarcityofresourcesaffectsthenationandtheindividual.

Name: Analyzeandexplainmultipurposevisualmaterials Evaluateprimaryandsecondaryinterpretationsofahistoricalevent

HowtheOtherHalfLives…WorkingConditions

Background:

AftertheCivilWar,theavailabilityofnaturalresources,newinventions,andareceptivemarketcombinedtofuelanindustrialboom.Thedemandforlabortofillthesepositionsinmines,millsandfactorieswashigh,andbecausetherewassuchahugewaveofimmigrationduringthetime,asteadysupplyofworkerswasavailable.

Theseindustrieswereincrediblyprofitable,buttheworkerswhotoiledinthemdidnotenjoytheprofitsofindustrytothesamedegreeastheownersoftheindustries.Inadditiontoverylowwages,workers’complaintsincludedverylonghoursandunhealthyanddangerousworkingconditions.

Asyoucompletetheactivitytakenotethatmanyoftheworkersinthephotographsarechildren.In1895,theaverageincomeofanurbanmaleworkerwasonlyabout$400ayear,asuminsufficienttosupportafamily.Thelaboroftheirwivesandchildrenhelpedtosupplementthehouseholdincome.Childrenundertheageof16contributedabout20percentoftheincome.Thesechildrenworkednotbecausetheirparentswereheartless,butbecausetheirearningswereabsolutelyessentialfortheirfamily'swell‐being.

Directions:

AsaresultoftheworkofphotojournalistsJacobRiisandLewisHines,thereisalargephotographycollectionwhichdemonstratestheworkingconditionsofAmerica’spoorduringtheGildedAge.Yourjobistovisiteachofthefollowing11stations.Asyouapproacheachstationexamineallofthephotographsavailableandanswerthecorrespondingquestion(s).Bepreparedtodiscussyourfindingsattheendofclass.

Stations:

1. ImmigrationandtheAmericanDream2. FacesoftheLostYouth3. TheMill4. TheFactory5. TheSeafoodIndustry6. Newsies7. TheCoalMine8. SafetyConditions9. StabilityofWork10. PastimesandVices11. Education

Name:Station#1:Immigration

1. Subjects:Whatpeopleandobjectsdoyousee?Describetheirexpressionsandappearance.

2. Action:Whatarethesubjectsdoing?

3. Setting:Whatisgoingonaroundthesubjects?

4. SpecificQuestion:WhydoyouthinkimmigrantscontinuedtocometoAmericadespitetheharshconditions?

Station#2:FacesoftheLostYouth1. Subjects:Whatpeopleandobjectsdoyousee?Describetheirexpressionsandappearance.

2. Action:Whatarethesubjectsdoing?

3. Setting:Whatisgoingonaroundthesubjects?

4. SpecificQuestion:Whydoyouthinkthesepicturesaretitled“FacesoftheLostYouth”?Whatdotheirfutureslooklike?

Station#3:TheMill

1. Subjects:Whatpeopleandobjectsdoyousee?Describetheirexpressionsandappearance.

2. Action:Whatarethesubjectsdoing?

3. Setting:Whatisgoingonaroundthesubjects?Describetheworkingenvironmentandsafetyconditions.

4. SpecificQuestion:WhatdoeslifelooklikeforMillworkers?

Station#4:TheFactory

1. Subjects:Whatpeopleandobjectsdoyousee?Describetheirexpressionsandappearance.

2. Action:Whatarethesubjectsdoing?

3. Setting:Whatisgoingonaroundthesubjects?Describetheworkingenvironmentandsafetyconditions.

4. SpecificQuestion:WhatdoeslifelooklikeforFactoryworkers?

Name:Station#5:TheSeafoodIndustry

1. Subjects:Whatpeopleandobjectsdoyousee?Describetheirexpressionsandappearance.

2. Action:Whatarethesubjectsdoing?

3. Setting:Whatisgoingonaroundthesubjects?Describetheworkingenvironmentandsafetyconditions.

4. SpecificQuestion:WhatdoeslifelooklikeforSeafoodIndustryworkers?Station#6:Newsies

1. Subjects:Whatpeopleandobjectsdoyousee?Describetheirexpressionsandappearance.

2. Action:Whatarethesubjectsdoing?

3. Setting:Whatisgoingonaroundthesubjects?Describetheworkingenvironmentandsafetyconditions.

4. SpecificQuestion:WhatdoeslifelooklikeforNewsies?Station#7:TheCoalMine

1. Subjects:Whatpeopleandobjectsdoyousee?Describetheirexpressionsandappearance.

2. Action:Whatarethesubjectsdoing?

3. Setting:Whatisgoingonaroundthesubjects?Describetheworkingenvironmentandsafetyconditions.

4. SpecificQuestion:WhatdoeslifelooklikeforCoalMineworkers?Station#8:SafetyConditions

1. Subjects:Whatpeopleandobjectsdoyousee?Describetheirexpressionsandappearance.

2. Action:Whatarethesubjectsdoing?

3. Setting:Whatisgoingonaroundthesubjects?Describetheenvironmentandsafetyconditions.

4. SpecificQuestion:Whatchallengesdoworkersfaceintermsofworkplacesafety?Whatneedstochangeandhowcanthatchangebeachieved?

Name:Station#9:StabilityofWork

1. SpecificQuestion:DescribethestabilityofworkduringtheGildedAge.Whatproblemsexist?Howmighttheseproblemsimpactfamilies?

Station#10:PastimesandVices

1. Subjects:Whatpeopleandobjectsdoyousee?Describetheirexpressionsandappearance.

2. Action:Whatarethesubjectsdoing?

3. Setting:Whatisgoingonaroundthesubjects?Describetheenvironmentandsafetyconditions.

4. SpecificQuestion:WhatproblemsdothesephotosrevealaboutlifeforAmerica’sworkingclass?Station#11:Education

1. Subjects:Whatpeopleandobjectsdoyousee?Describetheirexpressionsandappearance.

2. Action:Whatarethesubjectsdoing?

3. Setting:Whatisgoingonaroundthesubjects?Describetheenvironmentandsafetyconditions.

4. SpecificQuestion:Whatroledoyoubelieveeducationplayedinthelivesofimmigrantfamilies?

Name:

FurmanOwens,12­years­old.Can'tread.Doesn'tknowhisA,B,C's.Said,"YesIwanttolearnbutcan'twhenIworkallthetime."Beeninthemills4years,3yearsintheOlympiaMill.Columbia,SouthCarolina.

Name:

AdolescentgirlsfromBibbMfg.Co.inMacon,Georgia.

Name:

Dofferboys.Macon,Georgia.

Name:

Ageneralviewofspinningroom,CornellMill.FallRiver,Massachusetts.

Name:

Amoment'sglimpseoftheouterworld.Saidshewas11yearsold.Beenworkingoverayear.RhodesMfg.Co.Lincolnton,NorthCarolina.

Name:

Someboysandgirlsweresosmalltheyhadtoclimbupontothespinningframetomendbrokenthreadsandtoputbacktheemptybobbins.BibbMillNo.1.Macon,Georgia.

Name:

OneofthespinnersinWhitnelCottonMill.Shewas51incheshigh.Hasbeeninthemilloneyear.Sometimesworksatnight.Runs4sides­48centsaday.Whenaskedhowoldshewas,shehesitated,thensaid,"Idon'tremember,"thenaddedconfidentially,"I'mnotoldenoughtowork,butdojustthesame."Outof50employees,thereweretenchildren

abouthersize.Whitnel,NorthCarolina.

Name:

Theoverseersaidapologetically,"Shejusthappenedin."Shewasworkingsteadily.Themillsseemfullofyoungsterswho"justhappenedin"or"arehelpingsister."Newberry,SouthCarolina.

Name:

9p.m.inanIndianaGlassWorks.

Name:

SomeoftheyoungknittersinLondonHosieryMills.London,Tennessee.

Name:

YoungcigarmakersinEngelhardt&Co.Threeboyslookedunder14.Laborleaderstoldmeinbusytimesmanysmallboysandgirlswereemployed.Youngstersallsmoke.Tampa,Florida.

Name:

Dayscene.WheatonGlassWorks.BoyisHowardLee.HismothershowedmethefamilyrecordinBiblewhichgavehisbirthasJuly15,1894.15yearsoldnow,buthasbeeninglassworkstwoyearsandsomenights.Millville,NewJersey.

Name:

RobKidd,oneoftheyoungworkersinaglassfactory.Alexandria,Virginia.

Name:

Oystershuckersworkinginacanningfactory.Allbuttheverysmallestbabieswork.Beganworkat3:30a.m.andexpectedtoworkuntil5p.m.Thelittlegirlinthecenterwasworking.Hermothersaidsheis"arealhelptome."

Dunbar,Louisiana.

Name:

Shrimppickers,includinglittle8­year­oldMaxontheright.Biloxi,Mississippi.

Name:

Johnnie,a9­year­oldoystershucker.ManwithpipebehindhimisaPadronewhohasbroughtthesepeoplefromBaltimoreforfouryears.Heisthebossoftheshuckingshed.Dunbar,Louisiana.

Name:

Manueltheyoungshrimppicker,age5,andamountainofchildlaboroystershellsbehindhim.Heworkedlastyear.UnderstandsnotawordofEnglish.Biloxi,Mississippi

Name:

Cuttingfishinasardinecannery.Largesharpknivesareusedwithacuttingandsometimeschoppingmotion.Theslipperyfloorsandbenchesandcarelessbumpingintoeachotherincreasetheliabilityofaccidents."Thesaltwater

gitsintothecutsandtheyache,"saidoneboy.Eastport,Maine.

Name:

HiramPulk,age9,workinginacanningcompany."Iain'tveryfastonlyabout5boxesaday.Theypayabout5centsabox,"hesaid.Eastport,Maine.

Name:

Newsiesoutaftermidnightsellingextras.Thereweremanyyoungboyssellingverylate.Youngestboyinthegroupis9yearsold.Harry,age11,Eugeneandtherestwerealittleolder.Washington,D.C.

Name:

FrancisLance,5yearsold,41incheshigh.Hejumpsonandoffmovingtrolleycarsattheriskofhislife.St.Louis,Missouri.

Name:

Newsie,DannyMercurioWashington,D.C.

Name:

Atthecloseofday.Waitingforthecagetogoup.Thecageisentirelyopenontwosidesandnotverywellprotectedontheothertwo,andisusuallycrowdedlikethis.ThesmallboyinfrontisJoPuma.SouthPittston,Pennsylvania.

Name:

ViewoftheEwenBreakerofthePennsylvaniaCoalCo.Thedustwassodenseattimesastoobscuretheview.Thisdustpenetratedtheutmostrecessesoftheboys'lungs.Akindofslave­driversometimesstandsovertheboys,

proddingorkickingthemintoobedience.SouthPittston,Pennsylvania.

Name:

AyoungdriverintheBrownMine.Hasbeendrivingoneyear.Works7a.m.to5:30p.m.daily.Brown,WestVirginia

Name:

Breakerboys,HughestownBoroughPennsylvaniaCoalCompany.OneoftheseisJamesLeonard,anotherisStanleyRasmus.Pittston,Pennsylvania.

Name:

Killingtime.MillboysandmenhangingaroundSwift'sPoolRoom.Saturdayp.m.Acommonsightanyday.Educationalinfluences;badstoriesandremarks­willnotbearrepetition.FallRiver,Massachusetts.

Name:

Messengersabsorbedintheirusualgameofpokerinthe"Denoftheterriblenine"(thewaitingroomforWesternUnionMessengers,Hartford,Connecticut).Theyplayformoney.Someloseawholemonth'swagesinadayandthenareafraidtogohome.Theboyontherighthasbeenamessengerfor4years.Beganat12yearsofage.Heworksallnightnow.Duringanevening'sconversationhetoldmestoriesabouthisexperienceswithprostitutestowhomhe

carriesmessagesfrequently.

Name:

Agroupofnewsiesplayingcrapsinthejailalleyat10p.m.Albany,NewYork.

Name:

11:00a.m.NewsiesatSkeeter'sBranch.Theywereallsmoking.St.Louis,Missouri.

Name:

JuvenileCourt.An8­year­oldboychargedwithstealingabicycle.St.Louis,Missouri.

Name:

Adolescentsworkingathome

Name:

BoycarryinghomeworkfromNewYorkSweatshop

Name:

Boylostarmrunningsawinboxfactory

Name:

ClimbingintoAmerica,ArrivalatEllisIsland

Name:

IcarusatopEmpireStateBuilding

Name:

ItaliansarrivingatEllisIsland

Name:

OldtimesteelworkeronEmpireStateBuilding

Name:

RivetingatthetopoftheMooringMastonEmpireStateBuilding

Name:

InaSweatShop

Name:

NightSchoolatSeventhAvenueLodgingHouse