resources and development

RESOURCESAND

DEVELOPMENT

RESOURCES

WHAT ARE RESOURCES?

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs,

provided, it is technologically accessible, economically

feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as

‘Resource’.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES

These resources can be classified in the following ways –

1. On the basis of origin

2. On the basis of exhaustibility

3. On the basis of ownership

4. On the basis of status of development

RESOURCES

NATURALHUMAN

RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLE

STRUCTURES & INSTITUTIONS

QUANTITY AND QUALITY

FLOW (eg – Wind) BIOLOGICAL

RECYCLABLE NON-RECYCLABLE

NATURAL VEGITATION WILDLIFE

On the Basis of Origin

Biotic ResourcesThese are obtained from biosphere

and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries,

livestock etc.

Abiotic Resources All those things which are

composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals.

ON THE BASIS OF EXHAUSTIBILITY

The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or

mechanical processes are known as renewable resources. For example, solar and wind energy,

water, forests and wildlife, etc.

Renewable Resources

Non-Renewable ResourcesThese occur over a very long geological time.

Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be

recycled and get exhausted with their use.

On the Basis of Ownership

Individual Resources These are also owned privately by individuals. In

villages there are people with land ownership. Urban people own plots, houses and other property.

Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources ownership by

individuals.

Community Owned ResourcesThere are resources which are accessible

to all the members of the community. Village commons and public parks, picnic

spots, playgrounds in urban areas are accessible to all the people living there.

National ResourcesTechnically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (19.2 km) from the coast resources therein belong to the nation.

International ResourcesThere are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200

nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise

these without the concurrence of international institutions.

ON THE BASIS OF THE STATUS OF

DEVELOPMENT

Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example, the

western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly.

Potential Resources

Developed Resources Resources which are surveyed and their quality

and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their

feasibility. For eg :- Petroleum

StockMaterials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human

beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are included among stock. For

example, water is a compound of two inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen,

which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the required technical ‘know-how’ to use them for this purpose.

Hence, it can be considered as stock.

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES

It is the process of developing the resources in order to make them useful

for satisfying human wants. Some resources cannot be used directly. They

have to be processed to make them useful for satisfying our wants. Ex: Land

has to be cleared and ploughed for growing crops. Water has to be taken

to the field to irrigate.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The economic development which does not damage the environment and at the same time takes care of

the needs of the future generations is called sustainable

development

RIO DE JANEIRO EARTH SUMMIT – 1992

It was firstly celebrated in 1992 at brazil. Its motive was to address

urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic

development at the global level.

RESOURCE PLANNING

WHAT IS RESOURCE PLANNING?

It means planning of resources distribution from one place of

access resources to the place of less resources.

IMPORTANCE OF RESOURCE PLANNING

It is necessary because there are some regions which have acute

shortage of resources as compared to that which are considered self

sufficient in terms of availability of resources.

Wastage of resources can be avoided by resource planning.

Environmental pollution can be reduced by resource

planning.

Over exploitation of resources can be avoided by

resource planning.

CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES

It is a practice to protect, preserve or renew natural

resources in a manner that will ensure their highest economic

or social benefits

IDEA OF GANDHI JI ABOUT CONSERVATION

OF RESOURCES

ACCORDING TO GANDHI JI –

“THERE IS ENOUGH FOR ONE’S NEED, NOT FOR ONE’S

GREED”

LAND AS A RESOURCE

LAND IS ALSO A RESOURCE AS IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR

US. IT HAS TOO MUCH IMPORTANCE IN THE LIVES OF HUMAN BEINGS. TAKE AGRICULTURE AS AN Eg.

LAND UTILISATION

LAND RESOURCES ARE USED FOR THE

FOLLOWING PURPOSES.

FORESTS

Land not available for cultivation

(a) Barren and waste land(b) Land put to non-agricultural

uses, e.g. buildings etc.

Other uncultivated land

Permanent pastures and grazing land.

Land under miscellaneo- -us tree crops groves.

Cultruable waste land

Fallow landsCurrent fallow land

Other than Current fallow land

Net sown area

LAND UNDER DIFFERENT RELIEF

FEATURES IN INDIA

MOUNTAINS 30%

PLATEAUES 27%

PLAINS 43%

LAND USE PATTERN IN

INDIA

43.41% OF THE LAND AREA IS NET SOWN AREA.

FORESTS OCCUPY 22.57% OF LAND AREA.

6.29% OF THE LAND IS WASTE LAND.

7.92% OF THE LAND IS USED FOR NON AGRICULTURAL

PURPOSES.

3.45% OF THE LAND IS PASTORAL LAND.

1.10% OF THE LAND IS TREE CROPS.

4.41% OF THE LAND IS CULTIVABLE WASTE.

3.82% OF THE LAND IS FALLOW OTHER THAN CURRENT FALLOW.

7.03% OF THE LAND IS CURRENT FALLOW.

LAND DEGRADATION

Land degradation is a process in which the value of

the biophysical environment is affected by one or more

combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land.

Large scale soil erosion caused by running water and wind.

Dumping of waste materials from mining centers and industrial units.

Over irrigation leads to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.

Over grazing by animals and deforestation by man.

Waste water from the industrial units pollute the lands.

Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soap stone for ceramic

industry creates a lot of dust. This dust is deposited in the neighbouring land.

LAND CONSERVATION

MEASURE

Soil erosion can be prevented by ending deforestation, controlling grazing, encouraging afforestation and practicing terrace farming in

hilly areas.

Preparation of shelter belts of plants and stabilizing of sand dunes by growing

thorny bushes will help to prevent land degradation in deserts.

Mining activities should be controlled. New technology which reduces

wastage can be adopted .

Industrial waste should be chemically treated to remove the

harmful substances.

Urban waste should be used for the production of bio- gas

and bio-manure.

Over irrigation should be stopped and new method of irrigation

should be followed.

SOIL

The upper most layer of the earth’s crust which is loose , broken and useful

for plants is called soil .

Soil consists of mineral matt er such as sand and clay and Organic matt er such as humus, bacteria and earth worms.

FORMATION OF SOIL

Soil is formed mainly due to the process of weathering. As a result of weathering a layer of loose rock materials is formed on the land

surface. If this layer remains undisturbed for a long period of time, chemical, physical and

organic changes take place in it. These changes lead to the formation of soil.

TYPES OF SOIL

THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF SOIL :- 1.ALLUVIAL SOIL2.BLACK SOIL3.RED AND YELLOW SOIL4.ARID SOIL5.LATERITE SOIL6.FOREST SOIL

ALLUVIAL SOIL

Alluvial soil is the most fertile and wide spread soil found in India. It is formed due

to the deposition of fine silt called alluvium by the rivers. It consists of sand, silt and clay. It is divided into khadar and

Bangar. It contains soil nutrients .

OCCURRENCEIt is found in the northern

plains, Gujarat plains and the coastal plains.

CROPS

SUGERCANE RICE(PADDY)

WHEAT PULSES

BLACK SOIL

The soil is called black cotton soils because they are black in colour and are

very good for cotton cultivation. It has the capacity to hold moisture for a long time. This soil is sticky. It is formed due to the

weathering of volcanic rocks. It is very rich in potash, calcium carbonate, magnesium

and lime.

OCCURRENCEIt is found in the Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and

Chhattisgarh.

CROPS

SUGERCANE COTTON

TOBACCO CEREALS

RED AND YELLOW

SOIL

The soil develop reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in

crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in

hydrated form.

OCCURRENCEIt is found in the Tamil nadu,

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

CROPS

TOBACCO GROUND NUT

RICE(PADDY)POTATOES

LATERITE SOIL

The word laterite is derived from Latin word later which means

brick. It contain humus in very low quantity. It is high temperature and

high rainfall receiving.

OCCURRENCEIt is found in the Kerala,

Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Assam.

CROPS

PADDY

TEA COFFE

COCONUT

ARID SOIL

It range from red to brown colour. It is sandy in texture and saline in

nature. It receives high temperature and has dry climate.

It consist of kankar layer.

OCCURRENCEIt is found in the dry area

like Rajasthan and Gujarat.

CROPS

CACTUS DATE PALM

FOREST SOIL

Forest soils are found in hilly and mountainous regions. They are loamy and

silty in valleys and coarse in the upper slopes. In Himalayas they suffer

denudation and are acidic with low humus content. The soils found in the lower

slopes of the valley are fertile.

OCCURRENCEIt is found in the Himalayas,

Southern hills and peninsular region.

HIMALYAS

CROPS

TEA COFFE

SPICES TROPICAL FRUITS

SOIL EROSION

Removal of top soil from one place to another by natural agencies is called soil

erosion. It is caused by running water and wind. Deforestation, over grazing

and unscientific agricultural practices are responsible for large scale soil erosion.

SOIL CONSERVATION

MEASURES

Contour ploughing reduces the fl ow of water and prevent

soil erosion.

In hilly areas terraced farming should be followed.

Strip farming helps to reduces the force of winds.

Shelter belts of plants around the fields reduce soil erosion.

Afforestation should be practiced on a large scale and deforestation

should be stopped.

Over grazing by animals should be avoided.

ANKUR AMBA

X-CR.NO.- 23