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M u l t i - D o no r T r u s t F u n d f o r
S u s t ai n a bl e U r b a n D e vel o p me n t
PROGRESS
REPORT
J u l y 1 , 2 0 1 4 – J u n e 3 0 , 2 0 1 5
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
2
Contents
Foreword .......................................................................................................................................... 3
About the MDTF SUD ...................................................................................................................... 4
Focus Areas ................................................................................................................................. 4
Portfolio Highlights ........................................................................................................................... 5
Results ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Urbanization Reviews ................................................................................................................... 7
Operationalizing Urbanization Reviews ...................................................................................... 16
Research Partnerships for Urban Data and Spatial Development ............................................... 21
Global Partnerships and Data ..................................................................................................... 23
Spatial Development of Cities ..................................................................................................... 28
Other Analytic and Thematic Work ............................................................................................. 35
Financials ....................................................................................................................................... 41
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
3
Foreword
In a historic century for cities, 2015 has been an exceptional year. A new global development agenda is
being put forward, one that, for the first time, recognizes the critical role cities play in development. The
formulation of a new generation of development goals focused on sustainability – especially the
inclusion of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable – is a significant victory for those of us who have spent years building the evidence to
support urbanization.
As countries turn to implementing the new SDGs, how cities and countries respond to urbanization,
and manage their already large cities will determine whether these goals are achievable or not. This is
especially true in developing countries, where over 90 percent of urban growth is taking place.
For these cities to drive growth and provide a decent quality of life for their residents, they need to be
competitive, sustainable, and inclusive. And to get there they need, first and foremost, information –
how the city is growing, where people live, how they earn a living – so they can plan for the future.
This is why the work of the Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Sustainable Urban Development (MDTF SUD) is
so important. The MDTF SUD is pioneering innovative research and approaches to city-level data
collection that can be used to influence national policies and strategies, which in turn drive city
investments and performance. The financial services provided by the World Bank Group to cities
continue to grow and the MDTF SUD provides an important analytical basis.
It is also supporting a range of knowledge and analysis to help policy makers make the case for cities.
One example are the Urbanization Reviews, which now cover over 30 countries and 53 percent of the
world’s population.
Last but not least, the work of the MDTF SUD has become a valuable resource for a variety of units
within the World Bank working on other sectors and issues, who are using results from the
Urbanization Reviews and research program to strengthen the assessment of city challenges across a
wide range of analytics and project work.
We would like to thank the partners who have made this work possible with their generous support: the
Government of Norway, the UK Department for International Development, and Switzerland’s State
Secretariat for Economic Affairs. Partnerships such as this one are critical in moving the new urban
agenda forward and improving the quality of life in cities around the world by moving towards
eradication of extreme poverty and enhancing shared prosperity.
Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez
Senior Director
Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice
The World Bank
October 26, 2015
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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About the MDTF SUD
The Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Sustainable Urban Development (MDTF SUD) finances global,
national and regional initiatives through analytical work for project development, institutional
strengthening and knowledge partnerships on urban poverty and sustainable urban
development.
Based at World Bank headquarters in Washington, the MDTF SUD is a partnership of the Swiss State
Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), the UK Department for International Development, the
Government of Norway and the World Bank.
Focus Areas
The MDTF SUD partnership supports activities in five main focus areas:
Urbanization Reviews
These diagnostic tools offer a framework for policy makers to make tough decisions on
development in their cities by examining urbanization trends in a country, identifying policy
distortions, analyzing investment priorities, and proposing key policy changes.
Operationalizing Urbanization Reviews
These activities help operationalize the analytical findings of the Urbanization Reviews by
supporting the design and preparation of World Bank-led urban lending projects in countries
where an Urbanization Review has already been carried out, or where it is being carried out.
Global Partnerships and Data
Work in this area supports collecting and making publicly available urbanization-related data at
the global, regional and local scale, and supporting and strengthening activities under World
Bank-supported knowledge initiatives.
Spatial Development of Cities
This involves research on the spatial development of cities to support global information tools,
such as spatial databases. A second component uses the spatial data collected to provide a
description of the characteristics of select African cities.
Other Analytic and Thematic Work
The MDTF SUD also supports a variety of thematic analytical work to fill knowledge gaps, develop
knowledge partnerships, and support work to reduce the vulnerability of the urban poor to climate
change.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
5
Portfolio Highlights
The following charts provide a general overview of the overall MDTF SUD portfolio through the end of
FY 2015. The trust fund oversees more than 60 grants worth USD 13.25 million; of this, over USD 5
million was disbursed in FY 2015. Regional work and individual country findings have also supported
cross-regional learning.
Financial Sources (Actual) World Bank Budget Leveraged (Actual spent)
Cumulative Grants Disbursed
Urbanization Reviews 9,804,970 1,390,955
Operationalizing Urbanization Reviews 3,906,272 637,835
Global Partnerships and Data 544,626 1,179,848
Spatial Development of Cities 688,989 2,794,768
Other Analytic Work 11,460,347 2,936,196
Overall 26,405,204 8,939,602
18%
13%
17%29%
23%
Grants Allocated by Focus Area
Urbanization Reviews
Operationalizing UrbanReviewsGlobal Partnerships&Data
Spatial Dev of Cities
Other Analytic Work
29%
36%12%
4%5%
5%9%
Grants Awarded by Region
Global
AFR
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAR
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
Other Analytic Work UrbanizationReviews
Implementing UrbanReviews
Global Data &Partnership
Spatial Dev of Cities
Disbursement vs Grants Awarded
Grants Awarded FY15 Disbursement Cumulative Disbursement
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
6
Results
The MDTF SUD has been the main source of external support for World Bank urban work since the
trust fund was established by the Government of Norway in 2010 and joined by Switzerland SECO and
United Kingdom DFID in 2013.
The World Bank has used the more than USD 8.9 million
disbursed to date to leverage the considerable technical skills
and knowledge of World Bank urban staff to benefit clients in
over 30 countries and all six regions. It is also building a
knowledge base and providing global public goods that will
reverberate through the development community.
Nearly USD 3 million was disbursed for the original portfolio
of analytic work on themes such as land use planning,
affordable housing, risk resilience, and knowledge
dissemination activities. Outputs in FY 2015 included toolkits,
training programs for climate action and several country-level
housing diagnostics and plans.
When Switzerland joined the MDTF SUD partnership in 2013, increased focus was given to country-
level diagnostic tools that could be integrated into urban investment operations, focused around
country Urbanization Reviews. Through FY 2015, USD 2 million was disbursed for these country
diagnostics and projects for implementation, with over USD 5 million still to be disbursed. These
projects are linked to prospective investments estimated at nearly USD 3 billion.
An initiative on Global Partnerships and Data was also launched in 2013, disbursing USD 1.2 million
through FY15. And a major new research program was launched in 2013 when UK-DFID joined the
partnership – Spatial Development of Cities – to support cutting-edge research on the spatial evolution
of cities using satellite and other data, which can be used to assess policy issues of city development
and urban form. Several research papers and knowledge events have been produced to date, but the
bulk of the research outputs will be published in the coming year.
Fig. 1: A Framework for Achieving Results
Results include:
Urbanization Reviews that are
influencing urban policies
around the world and spawning
follow-up investments;
Cutting-edge spatial data
analysis; and
Valuable research to enrich the
World Bank’s knowledge
portfolio.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Urbanization Reviews
Urbanization Reviews undertaken to date cover over half of the world’s urban population,
helping shape policy for 1.6 billion new city dwellers by 2050.
The Urbanization Review is a tool that presents and analyzes key trends across a range of issues
related to cities: the pace and form of urbanization, opportunities and constraints, and priority
government policy options.
It provides diagnostics and data to help policymakers
think strategically about the opportunities presented by
urbanization, and to identify practical, effective policy
options for removing roadblocks to inclusive and
sustainable growth.
While the Urbanization Reviews all apply an analytical
approach based on Planning, Connecting and Financing –
the three main dimensions of urban planning – each
report is tailored to a country’s specific conditions.
The MDTF SUD has been the main source of funding for
Urbanization Reviews, but others, such as those for Nigeria and Kenya, have been funded from other
sources. These are also reflected in the map below as they contribute knowledge and experience that
inform the broader program.
Fig. 2: Map of Urbanization Reviews: Completed, Completed with Follow up, and Ongoing
37%
18%7%
18%
10%10%
Urbanization Reviews: Grant Allocation by Region
AFR
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAR
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Urbanization Reviews Completed in FY 2015
Burundi: Strategies for Urbanization and Economic Competitiveness
Burundi’s current development strategy, Vision 2025, centers around its growing cities and aims to
increase the country’s urbanization rate from 11 percent to 40 percent by 2025.
The report argues that, although the 40 percent target may be unrealistic, urbanization offers
considerable opportunities for both rural and urban areas. To capitalize on these opportunities, Burundi
needs to prioritize economic growth and job creation and strengthen the linkages between the rural and
urban areas.
Other recommendations include developing strategies in two key sectors, agribusiness and tourism;
improving spatial and land management; and strengthening institutional delivery capacity and
enforcement.
The report also suggests that Burundi would benefit from an overarching policy vision to guide
regulatory and investment interventions and create a strong coalition for effective, sustainable
urbanization.
Diversified Urbanization in Côte d’Ivoire
In Côte d’Ivoire, the economic predominance of Abidjan – as well as a succession of crises – has
limited economic activities in the country’s secondary cities. This report argues that Côte d’Ivoire
should focus on nurturing a balanced system of cities in order to spread out the benefits of urbanization
throughout the country.
It identifies three types of cities in Côte d’Ivoire, providing a framework that can inform the Territorial
Development Master Plan currently under development by the Ivorian government and tap into the
comparative advantage of each city:
Global Connector cities that generate
economies needed for innovation, increasing
return to scale, and global competitiveness;
Regional Connector cities that generate
localized economies needed for efficient
regional trade and transport; and
Domestic Connector cities that generate the
internal-scale economies needed to unleash
the agricultural potential of their regions.
The report has been finalized, and the French version
presented to the government on October 7, 2015. It
has already informed the World Bank’s Country Partnership Framework pillar on Sustainable
Development and will be used by the Ivorian government to organize a donor coordination meeting on
urban infrastructure funding.
The Ivorian government validated the Urbanization
Review at a seminar in Abidjan on July 9, 2015.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Urban Institutions for a Middle-Income Ethiopia
Ethiopia is committed to achieving middle-income status by 2025, and has already taken steps to make
informed decisions on managing its urban growth. The Ethiopia Urbanization Review provides a solid
base of evidence to contribute to the government’s efforts.
It identifies three core priorities for Ethiopian cities: job creation, infrastructure and services, and
housing. To tackle these three priorities, the report recommends critical reforms to urban policy and
institutions in the areas of urban financing and land management.
The Urbanization Review has been formally endorsed
by the Ethiopian government and is being published
as a joint World Bank Group-Government of Ethiopia
report.
The government has also added urbanization as one
of the seven strategic pillars of its medium-term
growth and development plan for 2015/16 – 2019/20
(the second Growth and Transformation Program, or
GTP II).
Looking ahead, the Government of Ethiopia has
requested additional diagnostics on topics identified in
the report: institutional strengthening and capacity
building, urban municipal finance and optimizing land-
based revenues, land and the development of a public registry, and urban housing, including an
independent technical assessment of the Integrated Housing Development Program. These issues are
now being studied under a separate World Bank project titled Ethiopia Urban Policy.
Rising Through Cities in Ghana
The Ghana Urbanization Review is directly linked to the Government of Ghana’s National Urban Policy,
providing data-driven evidence to help identify priorities and phasing for both the policy and an action
plan for implementation. It comprises a main report identifying overall urbanization trends in Ghana, as
well as two specialized reports on municipal financing and interjurisdictional cooperation.
The report focuses on four main areas, which are all core objectives of the National Urban Policy and
action plan:
Integrated land planning for effective urban development
Strategic infrastructure development and improved regulation of the transport sector to enhance
connectivity of urban areas to markets
Deepening fiscal decentralization and exploring innovative ways for financing urban
development
Institutional coordination to facilitate land, transport, and finance planning and connectivity
Recommendations in these areas include stronger land use management and planning in municipal
and metropolitan areas; fostering a modern land market under the effective authority of land use
planners; filling gaps in basic services; investing in mass transport; and providing institutional, financial
and legal options for more efficient coordination among jurisdictions and agencies.
Two workshops held in March 2015 created strong
government buy-in at the highest level for the
Ethiopia Urbanization Review.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Senegal Spatial Development: Urbanization Review
Senegal is in the process of developing and implementing its new growth strategy through 2035: the
Plan Sénégal Émérgent (PSE), an ambitious program that prioritizes diversification and exports. The
Urbanization Review aims to provide evidence to support the government in planning and
implementing the urban components of the PSE program.
The report finds that urban Senegal is largely dominated by the primacy of Dakar, and that there is a
strong need to diversify and develop inland cities, especially the fast-growing development corridors of
Dakar-Thiès-Touba, Dakar-Mbour-Kaolack and Dakar-Louga-Saint Louis.
One large obstacle to diversified economic growth is the
lack of a solid transportation network (road, rail, maritime
and air) to connect Senegal’s inland cities with Dakar and
beyond, and open up inland areas to agricultural and
mining development.
The report suggests that a railway line linking Dakar and
Bamako and the rehabilitation of seven regional airports
as part of the PSE will make a considerable impact.
It also notes that cities across Senegal face severe housing shortages, and that reforms of complex
land policies and legislation are needed to open up the sector.
The Urbanization Review recommends five key policy priorities for Senegal, which will also be
addressed as part of the ongoing national economic strategy:
Revise and update territorial planning tools
Focus on enhancing urban economy through targeted programs
Improve urban service provision and access
Advance territorial governance structures
Consider innovative strategies to finance the growing urban infrastructure stock
Establishing reliable and self-sufficient financial systems at the local level are key to improved
municipal authority and Senegal’s long-term economic development goals. To create long-lasting
impact, the Ministry of Local Governance and Development has requested the World Bank’s support to
focus on decentralization activities in selected cities around the country – an activity that is a direct
result of the Urbanization Review’s recommended policy priorities.
Dissemination of Tunisia Urbanization Review
This project focused on the dissemination of the Tunisia Urbanization Review, which was undertaken in
FY2014. The report found that Tunisia has significant regional disparities, with much of the country’s
wealth and industry concentrated near the coastal cities. Recommendations included public policies to
promote growth in previously underserved cities, helping spread prosperity more evenly.
As a direct result of the Senegal
Urbanization Review, the Ministry
of Local Governance and
Development has requested
World Bank support to focus on
decentralization activities in
select cities around the country.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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The Tunisia Urbanization Review was presented to various
ministries in February 2015. The government has applied its
findings to the development and implementation of two new
policies: decentralization to local governments, and transferring
state property to local governments (communalization).
The report’s analysis and recommendations are being applied
by the Ministry of Interior’s Direction General de Collectivité
Locales (DGCL), which is responsible for developing the
communalization policy.
As part of the dissemination of the Urbanization Review, the World Bank produced policy notes of key
areas to facilitate wider dissemination at the request of the Tunisian government.
Rise of the Anatolian Tigers: Turkey Urbanization Review
Over the past 70 years Turkey has experienced one of the world’s most dramatic demographic and
economic transformations, with urban and economic growth going hand-in-hand. Now, the country is in
the process of defining its second-generation urban agenda to help it transition from upper-middle-
income to high-income.
Released in April 2015, the Turkey Urbanization Review
provides valuable inputs to framing this second-
generation urban agenda. It chronicles Turkey’s process
of urbanization and focuses on options for further
strengthening the global competitiveness and
environmental sustainability of its cities – especially the
fast-growing secondary cities that will be a major part of
any urban agenda.
The Urbanization Review has been very well received in
Turkey. The Union of Municipalities distributed the report
to over 120 municipalities, and it has already gone into
its second printing. One of the key findings was the
need to strengthen municipal creditworthiness, and a
World Bank Creditworthiness Academy has been
programmed for December 2015.
MDTF SUD funds were primarily used to improve procedures for urban transformation, including social
engagement using Design Charrettes – intensive planning sessions in which citizens, designers and
others collaborate on a vision for development. These charrettes informed a companion report to the
Urbanization Review, the Guide to Urban Transformation, which the government is translating and
plans to issue as its official guide – setting standards and elaborating procedures for urban
transformation interventions.
Training materials have also been developed to promote active social consultations of affected
communities using a design charrette approach and innovative community engagement activity cards.
Fatma Sahin, Mayor of Metropolitan Municipality of Gaziantep, Turkey at a June 9 2015 workshop on the findings and recommendations of the Turkey Urbanization Review.
The Tunisia Urbanization
Review has influenced the
development and
implementation of two
national policies, one on
decentralization and a
second on communalization.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Fig. 3: The Turkey Urbanization Review found that new firms are being established in the central and eastern part of the country, rather than primarily along the western Aegean and Marmara Coast – providing the rationale for the report's title, Rise of the Anatolian Tigers.
Ukraine Urbanization Review
The Ukraine Urbanization Review piloted innovative analytical work to assess urban trends after the fall of the Soviet Union. The report used satellite imaging (night lights) to classify Ukraine’s cities by their level of economic, demographic and spatial growth or decline.
This work revealed important shifts in economic geography within the country: the west and central regions were much more dynamic, both in terms of economic and demographic growth. (Note: All of the data in the report was collected before the current conflict in Ukraine erupted.)
The Urbanization Review showed that populations in most Ukrainian cities are declining significantly, and that the country’s planning and financing systems are unprepared to deal with this shift or how to differentiate between growing and declining areas. It also found that while agglomerations are absorbing most of the economic growth in the country, public policies do not target or encourage them.
As a follow-up to the Urbanization Review and building on the methodology developed for it, the World Bank initiated a regional study in Europe and Central Asia to assess the scale and typology of urban shifts, and provide policy recommendations on possible responses. (This activity is also funded under the MDTF, but there were no disbursements in FY 2015).
The findings from this regional study have already generated considerable international interest among practitioners, academia and development organizations. The Ukraine Urbanization Review is expected to be disseminated widely in November 2015.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Technical Assistance on Affordable Housing in Vietnam
This project deepens findings of the Vietnam Urbanization Review, supporting the Government of
Vietnam in designing policies and programs that support resilient, competitive and inclusive cities. It
provides technical advisory services that aim to:
Improve integrated urban planning and management for resilient cities
Foster competitiveness and innovative financing instruments by assessing the possibility of
improving investment in municipal infrastructure in secondary provinces through the use of
market-based mechanisms and strengthened regulatory framework
Promote access to basic services, housing and social programs by designing policies and
programs that promote access to affordable housing for low- and middle-income households
The final report from the project, Vietnam Affordable Housing: A Way Forward, will be completed in the
coming year and will include a comprehensive housing sector assessment and related
recommendations.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Urbanization Reviews in Progress in FY 2015
Afghanistan Urbanization Review
The Afghanistan Urbanization Review is progressing as expected and is on track to meet its planned
delivery in FY 2016. Several interim reports have been completed as background studies for the
Urbanization Review, which focuses on generating employment and economic growth through industry
cluster analysis.
The Afghanistan Urbanization Review has been a
challenging activity due to worsening security
conditions, presidential elections, government
restructuring, and a lack of reliable local data in
the country.
In order to overcome those challenges, the review
team came up with innovative analytical solutions,
such as using Nighttime Light data, satellite
imagery land use data, direct data collection of
local revenue and expenditure of Afghanistan’s
six largest cities for the past three years, and a
business survey of informal manufacturing firms
in Kabul.
At the request of Afghan President Ashraf Ghani,
the Afghanistan Urban Review team and the
South Asia Region Urban team drafted an Afghanistan urban discussion note that builds on the main
findings of the ongoing Urbanization Review. Ming Zhang, Practice Manager of the World Bank’s South
Asia Region Urban Team, presented the note to President Ghani on February 9, 2015.
Mexico Urbanization Review
Over the past 30 years, many of Mexico’s cities have grown horizontally – large, single-use housing
developments built on the outskirts of cities. Concerned by this low-density urban sprawl, Mexican
policymakers have included compact development and densification of cities as key goals in the
national urban policy framework.
The Mexico Urbanization Review responds directly to this policy focus, and aims to contribute to the
government’s efforts to move Mexican cities on a more sustainable, inclusive development path. It
identifies how the patterns of city growth intersect with efficient and inclusive cities in Mexico, draws on
new analyses of spatial development patterns of Mexican cities, and examines the current performance
of Mexican cities in promoting productive and inclusive growth.
Much of the analysis and policy dialogue for the Urbanization Review was undertaken during FY 2015,
and it is near completion. Formal publication and dissemination is planned for FY 2016.
Spatial analysis of night time lights in Afghanistan.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Malawi Urbanization Review
Malawi is largely a rural country with persistent poverty in rural areas. For this reason, the Malawi
Urbanization Review focuses primarily on rural-urban linkages to better understand the role
urbanization can play in poverty reduction and overall
national development. It also examines three other priority
issues in Malawi – decentralization, intergovernmental
fiscal relations, and local government finance.
The bulk of the analysis and policy dialogue for the report
was undertaken in FY 2015, and it is in the final stages of
development.
The Urbanization Review complements an initiative by the
Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development to draft a National Urban Policy. A joint launch is
planned for both at the Malawi National Urban Forum in FY 2016 in order to create momentum for the
national urban agenda.
The report’s preliminary findings have been very well received by the Ministry, which plans to use the
Urbanization Review to strengthen its case for urban development to be included in the upcoming
Malawi Growth and Development Strategy III for 2017-2020. Previous strategies did not include cities,
as development in Malawi has largely focused on rural areas.
The Central America Urbanization Review
The Central America Urbanization Review covers six countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. All six have high rates of urbanization that are transforming their
economies both structurally and spatially, with major implications for strategies to reduce extreme
poverty and boost shared prosperity. They also share similar challenges – poverty, housing deficits,
violence, infrastructure gaps, weak urban planning and natural disasters.
The Urbanization Review aims to create an improved knowledge and analytical base on urbanization in
Central America, identify the challenges and opportunities associated with the region’s patterns of
urbanization, and provide policy advice on key issues identified. It will also serve as a tool for regional
knowledge and capacity building.
The development of the report is moving forward. The first regional workshop was held in Panama in May 2015, kicking off a regional dialogue on shared urban challenges, the role of cities in development, and policies that can promote economic growth and reduce poverty. A second workshop will be held in FY 2016.
The Ministry of Lands, Housing
and Urban Development is using
the Urbanization Review to
strengthen the case for cities to be
included in Malawi’s next national
growth strategy.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
16
Operationalizing Urbanization Reviews
Findings from completed Urbanization Reviews are informing integrated development projects around
the world. In FY 2015, grants of USD 1.8 million for preparatory activities linked to investment projects
estimated at over USD 1.3 billion were underway that would operationalize recommendations from
Urbanization Reviews, with 11 new activities in the works for FY 2016.
Implementing the recommendations in Urban China
MDTF resources have supported important sectoral work to investigate and address urbanization
challenges in China. This includes two critical reports on viability and sustainability of municipal finance
that focus on changing the role and responsibility of the central government. One report examined
China’s current shortcomings in the fiscal system, and a second one recommended measures to
reform its public finance system to accommodate an increasingly urbanized China.
These sectoral reports, together with the World Bank’s major 2014 report Urban China: Toward
Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization, contributed directly to the China Urbanization
Strategy for 2016-2020 announced by the State Council in spring 2015.
As a result, the World Bank team received requests from several provinces for analysis on how
subnational governments can facilitate fiscal reform at the local level. The MDTF SUD is supporting
analytical work in Shandong Province which could serve as a model for other provinces interested in
fiscal reform.
Transit-Oriented Development in China (Yinchuan-Xi’an Railway)
One of the findings of the 2014 China Urbanization Review was that while China’s coastal cities have
enjoyed economic growth and prosperity, many of its inland cities and rural areas have been left
behind. As a follow up, this activity supports the development of a direct rail link between the cities of
Yinchuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Xi’an in Shaanxi Province, passing through
Qingyang in Gansu.
The project is expected to improve connectivity for passengers and businesses along the Yinchuan-
Xi’an corridor, and promote economic growth in remote regions of Ningxia and Gansu. Passengers and
freight will be able to travel between Yinchuan and Xi’an in just over four hours, compared to the
20%
40%20%
20%
Implementing Urbanization Reviews: by Region
AFR
EAP
MNA
SAR
“This has been an extremely
valuable Trust Fund. It has
supported three projects under
preparation to bring in the lessons
learned from Urban China to real
implementation, and led to a
breakthrough methodology to align
land use planning and mass
transit.”
--Gerald Ollivier, World Bank Transport
Cluster Leader/Sr. Infrastructure
Specialist, Transport & ICT, Singapore
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
17
current 15.1 hours by rail or 13.5 hours by bus. The line will also connect the city of Xi’an with China’s
high-speed rail network, expanding growth opportunities.
A feasibility study has been completed and the line is expected to open to traffic in early 2020.
Sustainable Urbanization in Indonesia
Indonesia is currently undertaking its National Urban Development Project (NUDP), which aims to
improve planning and investments in several Indonesian cities. The Indonesia Urbanization Review
was a preliminary report to support the NUDP by identifying urban challenges. Its findings included that
Indonesia needs to do more to leverage urbanization for socio-economic development, and that cities
urgently need investments in infrastructure, improved land use planning, transit and traffic
management, and urban design solutions to reduce congestion.
As requested by the Government of Indonesia, the NUDP has
been modified into the larger Indonesia Sustainable
Urbanization program. This program aims to support the
Government of Indonesia through World Bank-executed
technical assistance activities to develop a suite of policy,
advisory, financing and program solutions to meet the
challenge of sustainable urbanization.
It will support the national government to develop policy and
financing frameworks to effectively channel advisory and
investment to Indonesian cities to meet pressing urban
infrastructure and management needs.
This program is an umbrella for a set of vertical national programs for each of the five priority urban
sectors: urban transport systems, water supply, slum upgrading, solid waste management, and disaster
risk management. It also addresses horizontal support to strengthen urban management on an ongoing
basis and will require technical assistance support targeted at both the local and national levels.
Activities include all the activities in the previous NUDP, with the addition of developing sustainable
domestic solutions for urban infrastructure finance. Spatial planning and urban development are still
one of the priorities in this program, as it was in the NUDP.
Funding from the MDTF SUD is supporting the City Planning Labs initiative, which provides technical
assistance on spatial planning to sub-national governments in Indonesia. The participating cities
include Denpasar, Semarang, and Surabaya, where the initiative is building the capacity of the local
planning agency (BAPPEDA) for integrated planning through two parallel interventions: the initiation of
spatial data infrastructure development, and implementation of spatial planning analytics.
These two components aim to develop data system models at the back end while building human
resource capacity within BAPPEDA at the front end to promote evidence-based policy making for
sustainable and inclusive urban planning. The work is carried out in close collaboration with city staff in
order to ensure long-term capacity building and buy-in from the clients.
Urban Development and Local Governance in Tunisia
The Tunisian Constitution approved in 2014 makes a clear commitment to decentralization and placing
municipalities at the heart of the urban development process. As a result, the Tunisian government has
formulated a program of financial support to help local governments implement their municipal
Funding from the MDTF
SUD is supporting the City
Planning Labs initiative,
which provides technical
assistance on spatial
planning to sub-national
governments in Indonesia.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
18
development plans. At the same time, the program aims to address some of the regional disparities in
socio-economic growth and investment identified in the Tunisia Urbanization Review.
This project provides support to the Tunisian government to implement the municipal program. It
focuses on two areas: strengthening local governments’ ability to deliver municipal infrastructure, and
improving access to services in targeted disadvantaged neighborhoods.
While FY 2015 was a transitional year for the program, the Tunisian government achieved several
initial milestones. It has launched a new e-portal that provides data on all 264 Tunisian local
governments and is accessible to the public. It has also developed a local government performance
assessment system.
Sri Lanka: Secondary Cities Development Assessment
This report provides diagnostics on the dynamic spatial transformation process in Sri Lanka, following
the 2004 Sri Lanka Urbanization Review. It finds that there has been a significant growth of
agglomerations stretching from the capital, Colombo, to the cities of Kandy and Galle – the area
responsible for the bulk of Sri Lanka’s economic growth – as well as around some of the eastern and
northern secondary cities. However, many of the country’s poorest and most vulnerable to poverty live
very near these agglomerations without benefitting from them.
The report argues that connecting these agglomerations to each
other will provide more balanced economic opportunities, reduce
poverty, and bolster overall economic growth. It will also
enhance the competitiveness of the Colombo Metropolitan
Region, which is critical to Sri Lanka’s economic success.
The analysis and data in the study have influenced the
government’s decision making in terms of prioritizing
interventions. Because of the study, the government decided to
select the cities of Kandy and Galle for participation in the World
Bank’s Sri Lanka Strategic Cities Development Project.
It has also provided a solid analytic foundation for the government’s National Development Policy,
which aims to foster rapid, socially inclusive economic development – in large part based on a strong
network of well-connected cities. Finally, the analysis will potentially support the government as it
prepares the first regional plan for the Colombo Metropolitan Region.
Turkey: Sustainable Cities Investment Project
The Turkey Urbanization Review identified secondary cities as a major focus area for the country’s
next-generation urban agenda. These cities face many challenges that threaten long-term
sustainability, including congestion, sprawl, and inefficient development patterns. This project aims to
help Turkey develop a multi-sector, integrated and comprehensive approach to resilient, sustainable
city development for the coming years.
The Sustainable Cities Project (USD 300 million in FY 2016) will support participating municipalities in
planning and investing in a sustainable future. It introduces a long-term planning tool, the Sustainable
Cities Action Plan, which helps cities identify investment and capacity building projects with a
sustainable dimension. The goal is for each participating city to adopt the Action Plan and incrementally
This study has influenced
the Sri Lankan
government’s decision
making in terms of
prioritizing interventions and
provides a basis for a
National Development
Policy.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
19
improve sustainability as measured by a Sustainable Cities Index. The Sustainable Cities Planning
Tool Guide was developed with support from the MDTF SUD.
In FY 2015, an initial list of cities and sub-project investments were identified. Feasibility studies are
now available for four municipality investment packages (including public transit system and mobility
improvements, water and wastewater efficiency investments, and a municipal solar field and retrofitting
of municipal buildings to improve energy efficiency), with the remaining investment packages expected
by the end of 2015.
Vietnam: Development of Northern Mountains Cities
The Vietnam Urbanization Review (2012) emphasized that for Vietnam to maximize the economic and
social benefits of urbanization, it must develop a strong system of cities to complement the growth
taking place in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
Within this framework, the Northern Mountains Urban Development project targets the Northern
Mountains region – a historically important but lagging area whose cities are becoming increasingly
unable to accommodate growing populations. It aims to strengthen the capacity of seven participating
cities to plan, implement, and sustain urban infrastructure. The project is also the first results-based
activity to operationalize Vietnam’s National Urban Development Program in the region.
Coordinated by the Ministry of Construction, the seven cities have undertaken activities including
strengthening project management units, beginning and planning civil works for infrastructure
investments, and collected data on their assets.
During FY 2015, MDTF SUD funds were used to provide technical assistance for preparing a program
operations manual, helping cities strengthen own-source revenue, and training workshops. MDTF SUD
also supported technical assistance for an integrated national urban development policy, which
included high-level South-South knowledge exchanges between Vietnam and Latin America to learn
about successful programs on urban planning, city management and housing, as well as land and
municipal finance.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Looking Ahead to FY16 – New Projects Linked to Urbanization Reviews:
PROJECT OBJECTIVE
Côte d'Ivoire: Infrastructure Renewal Project - Additional Financing
Support for translating the Urbanization Review policy recommendations into a set of concrete actions and developing a road map for operationalizing them.
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): Urban Development Project - Additional Financing
Ensure that recommendations from the upcoming Urbanization Review will inform additional financing for the Urban Development Project, including evidence-based selection of cities, investment strategies for cities, and capacity-building activities.
Kenya: Secondary Cities Project Operationalize findings from the Kenya Urbanization Review in a Secondary Cities Project, including evidence-based selection of cities, identifying possible investments and benefits, and establishing institutional capacity requirements
Tanzania: Zanzibar Urban Services Project - Additional Financing and the Tanzania Strategic Cities Project
Support to operationalize the Tanzania Urbanization Review recommendations into additional financing for the Zanzibar Urban Services Project and to implement the Tanzania Strategic Cities Project.
Senegal: Decentralization Support Program
Program preparation including translating recommendations from the Urbanization Review into an action plan, developing consensus on operationalization, and developing strategies and mechanisms to support future investments in target cities.
Ghana: Urban Resilience and Sustainable Services In Greater Accra Metropolitan Area
Project preparation, including translating policy recommendations from the Ghana Urbanization Review into action; developing a menu of investments, costs and expected benefits; and establishing options for effective management and oversight of the project.
Bolivia: Supporting Sustainable Urbanization
Support for the Ministry of Development Planning to advise on institutional arrangements for a potential National Urban Development Program, conduct economic analysis for priority cities, and identify challenges and potential projects.
Mexico: Support to Inner-City Affordable Housing Program
Contribute to preparation of a World Bank project with National Commission for Housing, including analysis of current bottlenecks for affordable housing in well-located areas of Mexican cities; and design of new instruments, strategies and approaches to resolve these challenges.
India: Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Project
Contribute to preparation of project with Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Company, including detailed sub-project reports for water and sanitation schemes in several cities, strategies for institutionalizing urban reforms, and institutional strengthening approaches.
India: Supporting India's National Urban Program 2015-2010
Support to the government of India for two programs: the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), which targets 500 cities; and the Smart Cities Mission, which targets 100 cities. This includes identifying reforms and cities for support and refining key technical elements.
Vietnam: Da Nang Connectivity Improvement and Urban Redevelopment Project (Tentative)
Support to Da Nang City and the Ministry of Transport to improve serviceability and access for Da Nang Railway transit, including a pre-feasibility study and bankable project concept.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Research Partnerships for Urban Data and Spatial Development
With support from the MDTF SUD, the World Bank has been collaborating closely with leading global
and regional research institutions on urbanization issues, leveraging its convening power, analytic
capacities and links to national policymakers and investment programs to improve data, analysis and
application of urban research.
A key impediment to urban policymaking and planning is a lack of reliable, cost effective and
disaggregated data about the economic, social and spatial dimensions of cities, human settlements
and the people who live in them. The MDTF SUD is supporting an ambitious program of applied
research and development of innovative research methodologies to address some of these
deficiencies.
The first substantial results from the program were seen during the past year, with much more to come.
A sophisticated algorithm and a methodology to translate high resolution satellite images into maps
identifying land cover was tested and released in open source, a global public good now available to
researchers around the world.
A survey methodology to measure various dimensions of living standards within cities was developed
and tested, with first results and datasets to be released publically in the coming year. Methodologies
for using “night lights“ and cell phone data were advanced, searching for efficient and effective ways to
gather data on spatial transformations, mobility patterns and other urban characteristics.
These and other results are presented in the sections below. Much of the research will feed into
national and city development projects and programs, or provide data and analysis that will be made
publically available through various dissemination channels. Others will feed into research papers and
policy notes. And a major subset of the research will inform a World Bank “flagship report” on Spatial
Development of Cities in Africa, scheduled for publication during 2016.
Fig. 4: Spatial Development of Cities in Africa
Program objectives
Better understand strengths and weaknesses of local and national
economies
Identify prospects and obstacles for growth and poverty reduction
Design and prioritize policy interventions
The program will meet these objectives by
Building integrated datasets
Undertaking research to systematically assess policy
issues
Bringing together leading researchers
Activities
Building a Global Database on Spatial Form of Urban
Development
Determinants and Consequences of Urban Structure (research +
background papers)
Priorities for Policy
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
22
A collaborative effort
The research program supported by MDTF SUD is forging new
partnerships and strengthening existing ones, both externally
and within the World Bank. The London School of Economics,
Oxford University and the European Space Agency are all
playing major roles, bringing their enormous analytical and
technical capacities to support the program. UK-DFID and
Switzerland SECO motivated the program and actively
contribute.
The program also engages research from the World Bank’s Asia
regions, the Development Economics (DEC) research
department, Global Practice for Transport and ICT (GTIDR), and
other internal partners. (See graphic below).
Fig. 5: Collaboration across regions and Global Programs
The program brings
together researchers from
throughout the World
Bank and globally to
develop common
understandings, for
example, of data
definitions and satellite
modeling.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
23
Global Partnerships and Data
This pillar of MDTF SUD focuses on strengthening evidence and analytic methodologies to examine
patterns of urbanization, and informing and motivating related policy and investment decisions on
urban productivity, living standards and sustainability.
It is structured along five key sub-pillars. The first four focus on tapping and developing new sources of
data, while the fifth concentrates on strengthening sub-national and urban finance.
1. Measuring living standards within cities through
new geo-referenced household surveys
2. Measuring the spatial footprint and form of cities
3. Measuring urban mobility with new data sources
4. Measuring solid waste management
5. Synthesizing lessons from ongoing Urbanization
Reviews
Measuring Living Standards Within Cities
National living standards surveys typically do not accurately gauge the actual costs of housing, transport,
utilities and other measures of living standards in cities. Often, samples are not representative at the city
level, and estimates can rarely be obtained for smaller areas within a city.
This project responds to these needs with a major data collection effort to address existing information
gaps in cities. It innovates by:
Designing spatially-detailed sampling strategies that
allow for city analysis; and
Addressing urban-specific questions on the cost of
living in metropolitan areas.
The work involves developing, designing and piloting geo-
referenced household surveys to measure living standards among neighborhoods within a city and
understanding how public investments and services intersect with welfare outcomes.
In FY 2015, surveys were completed in two cities: Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; and Durban, South Africa.
Data was collected between November 2014 and April 2015. The questionnaires and survey
instruments were designed through extensive internal consultations and reviews with a technical
advisory panel. The final questionnaires are multi-topic surveys aimed at collecting relevant information
for various audiences.
This was the first time the survey instruments were used, and the team is currently working on cleaning
the data, producing an initial analysis, and distilling lessons. A final report is expected to be completed
in FY 2016. Public datasets of survey data will be available through the World Bank’s micro data
catalog in accordance with its standard terms and conditions. A third survey is planned to begin in FY
2016, with the target city to be determined.
“This work provides the data and
analysis to understand how cities
are actually growing and to
evaluate how they might grow
better, in more sustainable and
inclusive ways.”
-- Ellen Hamilton, Lead Urban Specialist,
The World Bank
This pioneering work can
potentially become the gold
standard in measuring living
standards within cities
around the world.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Cross-support within the World Bank
The MDTF SUD team is working closely with the Tanzania Urbanization Review team to merge data
collection efforts and maximize cooperation between the Country Office and staff at World Bank
Headquarters in Washington. Lessons from this activity are also informing dialogue between the World
Bank and client countries for the delivery of urban poverty studies. Within the World Bank, innovations
and lessons learned from the activity were shared during the its Living Standards Measurement Study
core learning curriculum, which brings together World Bank experts to discuss the latest advances in
measuring poverty and inequality in the developing world.
Box 1: Measuring Living Standards within Dar es Salaam
This initiative innovates through designing spatially-detailed sampling strategies that allow for
within-city analysis. It also combines the use of satellite imagery and field data collection to
better understand living conditions within cities.
The first survey was implemented in Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania between November 2014 and April 2015. The
sample size of 2,400 households was selected in two
stages, with 200 Census Enumeration Areas in the first
stage, and 12 households per Enumeration Area in the
second.
In the first stage, Enumeration Areas were sorted into
four strata depending on their distance to the city center
and likelihood of being predominantly shanty areas.
The map (right) depicts the distribution of the four strata
in the urban extent of the city of Dar es Salaam: core,
core-shanty, consolidated city, and periphery.
Enumeration Areas were selected with probability
proportional to size – using the number of households
as a measure of size – and with implicit stratification by
the administrative units. Households were selected
using systematic, equal probability sampling from the
full list of households in the 200 Enumeration Areas.
Source: World Bank
Measuring the Spatial Footprint and Form of Cities
The aim of this component is to support and coordinate the development of a global urban spatial
database as a public good. The creation of a reliable, consistent database will allow more evidence-
based decision making on urban investments and policy interventions by the World Bank and its
clients.
The activity supports the development of this database in various ways. It directly supports the German
Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, or DLR) in completing, refining and
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
25
making public the Global Urban Footprints Layer – a high-
resolution map of built-up areas worldwide, on track for
completion in the first quarter of 2016.
The team is also working with partners to support the
development of two additional layers: the Global Human
Settlements Layer, produced by the European Commission’s
Joint Research Center, which allows analysis of trends in
urban built-up areas since 1975; and WorldPop, a high-
resolution population distribution layer that uses these built-
up area layers and other inputs.
The MDTF SUD team has worked with teams around the
Bank to help them make use of these new sources of data,
including in a study of urbanization in Argentina, the Haiti
Urbanization Review, and the Sri Lanka systematic country
diagnostic. It also supports the development of the European Space Agency’s Urban Thematic
Exploration Platform, which will allow easy and free access to the high-resolution and high-frequency
data that will soon be produced by the agency’s Sentinel fleet of satellites.
Applying a standard measure of urban areas
In addition to supporting the creation of these data sets on built-up areas and population distribution,
the activity uses them to develop and apply a standard measure of urban areas across the world.
Researchers at the World Bank and elsewhere have long called for such a measure, given that the only
reliable data currently available is from the United Nations, and it is based on definitions of urban areas
that vary significantly from one country to another – making comparisons of urbanization rates and
trends problematic.
Using a methodology based on population size and population
density thresholds first developed by the European
Commission, the team has applied a standardized approach to
measuring urban areas in 33 countries, including countries in
Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, East Asia Pacific, the Middle
East-North Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean, in
addition to the 27 European countries previously analyzed.
The results allow for a globally consistent comparison of
urbanization levels, which has previously been difficult or
impossible. Differences between these results and the United
Nations data that we have previously relied upon are already
changing our understanding of urbanization around the world.
In addition to the results and associated spatial data, the outputs of this analysis will involve a tool kit to
allow teams to independently repeat the analysis for any country, including Python scripts, interactive
Excel tables, and a step-by-step guide to conducting the analysis. These will be released together with
the Global Urban Footprints Layer in early 2016.
Fostering collaboration in research
The World Bank convened an initial workshop for urban spatial researchers to share their definitions of
urban areas and understand each other’s models, including strengths and weaknesses. Hosted by the
A map layer represents
geographic data, such as a
particular theme of data.
Examples of layers include
streams and lakes, terrain,
roads, political boundaries,
parcels, building footprints,
utility lines, and orthophoto
imagery. Each map layer is
used to display and work
with a specific dataset. Source: ArcGIS
The MDTF SUD team has
applied a standardized
approach to measuring
urban areas, making a global
comparison possible and
changing our understanding
of urbanization around the
world.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
26
European Space Agency, the workshop was very well received; participants noted that only the World
Bank could convene such an exchange on this issue.
The work done under this sub-pillar has also spurred greater collaboration among researchers, for
example feeding information into Urbanization Reviews.
Measuring Urban Mobility with New Data Sources
Work under this pillar aimed to develop new ways of analyzing urban mobility using “big data” – in this
case cell phone data – to see whether they offer new insights to the relationship between people and
their urban environments.
Led by the World Bank and world-renowned researchers, this research was completed by May 2015.
So far, it has been successful; a peer-reviewed paper on the use of cell phones and internet big-data
for transport modeling in selected Latin America-Caribbean cities has been produced, with others on
the way.
Measuring Solid Waste Management
This component aims to build a system of indicators on solid waste that can be used by cities for
benchmarking and measuring performance.
An initial data collection effort was conducted via desk review to fully assess the solid waste data
situation. Data was collected from 91 cities globally on a range of solid waste performance indicators,
revealing that there are some major inconsistencies in the way data is reported for this sector, both in
terms of the type of information collected and how the metrics are defined. This process allowed the
team to see which regions and types of data are especially hard to find, with financial data among the
most difficult.
The activity is ongoing and is expected to be completed in FY 2016. Plans are also underway to
produce a web platform that will allow cities to easily report data and see how they compare to other
cities.
Synthesizing Lessons from Urbanization Reviews
Work under this component aims to make it easier to operationalize urbanization diagnostics in country
strategies. It extends the diagnostic toolkit to explicitly include climate change, which can fundamentally
alter the contribution of cities to enhancing prosperity, reducing poverty, and fostering sustainability.
Capturing institutional memory on Urbanization Reviews
Undertaking an Urbanization Review is a complex process, and it is important for the World Bank to
capture the institutional memory obtained over the years in this area.
In FY 2015, an Urbanization Review Guidebook was completed to help World Bank Task Team
Leaders (TTLs) managing new Urbanization Reviews with tips, resources and advice based on past
experience. The Guidebook will be available online through the World Bank’s internal systems so that
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
27
TTLs can have easy access to it and update it as needed. The Guidebook has been finalized and is
pending approval.
In addition to the Guidebook, the MDTF SUD team has compiled a list of existing Terms of References
(ToRs) for Urbanization Reviews to support new teams working on new reviews. Plans include making
this valuable repository live so that TTLs can upload their own ToRs as a sort of community of practice.
Urbanization Review ToRs are available by country and areas of expertise:
Country Urbanization Reviews:
Brazil
Colombia
Côte d’Ivoire
Ethiopia
Georgia
Nigeria
Tanzania
Tunisia
Expertise:
Content Management
Demographics
Economic Geography and Urban Economics
Editors
Geospatial Analysis
Green Growth
Land and Housing
Macroeconomics
Municipal Finance
Outreach and Dissemination
Research Assistant
Transport and Connectivity
Urban Governance
Urban Land Management
Urban Planning
Urban Specialist
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Spatial Development of Cities
The work the MDTF SUD is supporting in spatial development is unique, using high-resolution
satellite imagery to classify urban areas and describe the evolution of city form over time,
which few studies have attempted.
The objectives of the MDTF SUD research program are to
assist developing countries to achieve sustainable
urbanization through diagnostic tools on policy and
investment constraints; the development of a knowledge
base and capacity to implement urbanization investments;
and collaboration on the most pressing urban challenges
and opportunities across geographic, sector and
organizational boundaries.
The Global Knowledge Partnership on Spatial
Development, initiated in FY2014, pursues those objectives
through a strategic program of activities centered on five
main components:
1. Building spatial databases by finding new ways to combine different sources of data that will
help inform researchers and decision makers. This data includes high resolution satellite images,
census information, city development plans, night lights, geographic characteristics and more.
2. Building the evidence for cities in Africa to provide a description of characteristics in select
cities based on data gathered. Characteristics include the evolution of urban form, population and
households, infrastructure, economic activity and residential developments, among others.
3. Rigorous analytical research that uses data collected to study key topics and driving policy
questions.
4. Capacity building program in developing countries to analyze the challenges of urbanization
and improve policy making. Activities include regional consultation workshops, dissemination
workshops, and participation in academic and policy conferences.
5. A World Bank report on the Spatial Development of Cities in Africa that will bring together
the lessons from the descriptive analysis of African cities and the analytical research to distill key
findings for Africa, and in turn inform policy recommendations.
Building Spatial Databases
This sub-pillar finds new ways to combine different sources of data that will help inform researchers
and decision makers. This data includes high resolution satellite images, census information, city
development plans, night lights, geographic characteristics and more.
In cities where spatial databases are not available, policymakers are left to take decisions in the dark.
Without knowing where people are locating, where residential areas are growing, and where informal
settlements may be expanding, they are likely to make inefficient decisions. However, putting together
25%
66%
3%
6%
Spatial Development Grant Allocation by Region
Global
AFR
ECA
SAR
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
29
different layers of data that describe all actors in the city is costly and time consuming. This work takes
a step forward by supporting the use of new data sources to inform city planning.
For many years, satellite imagery has been used to measure the footprints of cities. High resolution
imagery enables researchers to dig deeper and measure the various land cover types within, around
and between cities, and it is increasingly used as a rich source of information to provide evidence on
the spatial expansion and morphology of cities.
Only a few studies have attempted a thorough and systematic evaluation of city features with the
purpose of classifying or characterizing urban areas. New computational tools and methods
enable automated classification of satellite images, as well as the evolution of change.
This project supported the conversion of an existing algorithm to open source code that can be used by
any user to classify high resolution images. Combining these two elements – high resolution images
and an algorithm that allows semi-automatic classification into land cover classes – can help cities
plan. It can help them build a first layer to understand how the city is growing and where things are
happening. For example, it can be a first approximation at identifying where commercial or industrial
areas are growing, or where areas that look like shanty towns from above are spreading. Combined
with local knowledge, this information can guide policy makers on where specific interventions are
needed most.
An example of spatial data classification from Kigali is shown below:
Data sharing
Under the current proprietary agreement between the World Bank and the satellite imagery vendor,
access to the raw satellite data is granted for up to five users. These include policy makers at the
national and city level, as well as research institutions.
For instance, in the case of Dar es Salaam, the team identified key counterparts working in close
collaboration with the World Bank’s Country Office. Access to the raw satellite imagery was granted to
the Ministry of Lands, Housing, and Human Settlements Development, and to the Prime Minister’s
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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Office for Regional Administration and Local Development – encompassing the network of all local
governments in the country, including the Dar es Salaam metropolitan region.
The World Bank’s Legal Department is currently working on revising new standard terms and
conditions for the procurement and sharing of satellite imagery. While improving the accessibility of
these data to a broader community, it will likely increase the unit cost of satellite data in the future.
Box 2: A Spatial Database for South Asia Over the course of FY 2015 the Office of the Chief Economist for South Asia at the World Bank developed a new Spatial Database for South Asia, with MDTF SUD support. This database fills an important knowledge gap in the region, which is undergoing an extraordinary spatial transformation as its cities add an anticipated 315 million new residents by 2030. Many urban planners and scholars in South Asia have embraced geo-referencing data and using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to manage, interpret and present data, and there have been multiple initiatives in this area. However, efforts so far remain partial in their data coverage and disconnected from each other. The new spatial database brings together, in a single platform, data from censuses, surveys, administrative records, satellite imagery, and crowd-sourcing. It spans four administrative levels, from state or province to ward or village. Indicators are organized around a dozen themes – such as urban extent, jobs, education, and infrastructure – at two points in time (2001 and 2011). Users can build their own maps for every indicator, access information on the source and features of the data, run comparisons across places and over time, and download indicators and boundaries. The database was launched internally at the World Bank workshop on October 15, 2015, and it was very well received by the over 100 people attending the event. It remains a work in progress and is currently limited to World Bank staff, although there are plans to make the database public at a later date. The MDTF SUD provided financing for both the development and dissemination of the database.
Two screen captures from the Spatial Database for South Asia:
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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The evidence for cities in Africa
This sub-pillar provides a description of characteristics for select cities based on data gathered.
Characteristics include the evolution of urban form, population and households, infrastructure,
economic activity and residential developments, among others.
Collaborating with city leaders, ministries and local research institutions, city-level data collection is
underway in Addis Ababa, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Kampala, Kigali, Nairobi and other cities.
Numerous datasets are being compiled, from GIS data to GDP, industrial production and access to
water and sanitation. Satellite data has been procured for over 60 cities in Africa.
Urban policy narratives on the issues of institutions, policies and urban change are underway for three
of those cities, with others to come during FY 2016. These city narratives draw on the various data
collected though other components of the research program. They will be used to engage clients
around issues of spatial and economic development with an emphasis on how different urban policies
have influenced urbanization, particularly in terms of a city’s livability.
Rigorous analytical research
This sub-pillar uses collected data to study key topics and driving policy questions.
The research collaboration is producing a substantial set of Research Papers and Policy Notes, in
addition to the Africa flagship, which analyze and contextualize the data collected and generated
through the program. These reached draft stage during FY2015 and will be delivered in FY2016:
Policy Research Papers by World Bank Staff
World Bank staff produced these papers as part of the program:
“Jobs in the City: Explaining Urban Spatial Structure in Kampala”
“Jobs and Land Use within cities: A survey of evidence and policy”
“Correcting Overglow in Nighttime Lights Data”
“Enhancing accessibility to opportunities: what contribution of land use changes in Nairobi?”
“The Crowded City: Agglomeration and Mobility in Urban Development”
“The value of mixed land use: evidence from Addis Ababa”
“Synchronizing Public and Private Investment in Cities: Evidence from Addis Ababa, Dar es
Salaam, Kigali and Nairobi”
Several others are planned, including “Household and Spatial Drivers of Migration Patterns in Africa,”
“Morphology of African Cities,” “Adapting Equilibrium Sorting Models to the Developing World,” and a
set of papers on city-level policy and institutional research.
Research Consortium Papers
A consortium created between London School of Economics and Oxford University were awarded a
contract to partner with the World Bank to execute the research agenda under this program. The
consortium produced a substantial amount of research and data that are contributing to the program,
as well as the following papers that reached draft stage during the past year:
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
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“Measuring living standards across space in the developing world”
“The Developing City: urban form and urban function”
“Who lives where? Theory and evidence on the distribution of population in developing cities”
“Building the City”
“Urbanization after Apartheid”
“The effect of a transport improvement: the Kampala ring road”
“The Global Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity”
“China's Expressway and Growth”
“Subways and Urban Growth: Evidence from Earth”
“Urban Growth in Africa: Natural Resource Shocks”
“Flooded Cities”
City-specific ‘urban narratives’ were also in draft.
Box 3: Household and Spatial Drivers of Migration Patterns in Africa Viewing economic development from a medium to long-term perspective suggests that mobility is
crucial to achieving the structural change needed to construct a sustainable vibrant economy. The
overarching message that has emerged from the literature is that migration from low-productivity
agricultural work to higher productivity manufacturing is a necessary condition for structural change
(Collier and Dercon, 2014; McMillan and Headey, 2014).
However, employment opportunities outside agriculture may be limited without proactive policies or
foreign investment (Diao and McMillan, 2015). From a planning perspective, there are several areas
of particular concern: where are the sources of additional labor for the modern sector, how
transferable are workers’ skills across sectors, and how compatible is relocation to workers in terms
of secure employment opportunities and improvements in standard of living (de Brauw, Mueller, and
Lee, 2014).
This research uses recently published panel data from the World Bank’s Living Standards and
Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys for Agriculture (LSMS-ISA). The LSMS-ISA data includes
detailed migrant tracking protocols which are analyzed to provide greater insights into the motives,
opportunities and constraints of migration in five countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: Ethiopia, Malawi,
Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda.
The work involves describing the patterns of migration for each country, the profile of migrant
workers, and factors that drive their moves. It also reflects on how the policy environment –
education, land, market access, savings and the absence of insurance – can affect the proportion of
migrant workers, their skill profiles, and their destination.
This study is a joint work between the World Bank and the International Food Policy Research
Institute (IFPRI). A descriptive paper will be completed by December 2015, and a full paper by June
2016. The initial findings were presented at a World Bank seminar on urbanization in Africa, and an
updated version of the paper has been accepted for presentation at the Structural Transformation of
African Agriculture and Rural Spaces (STAARS) conference December 4-5 2015 in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
33
Capacity building program
This sub-pillar analyzes the challenges of urbanization, engages policymakers in shaping
research questions, and uses the lessons learned as inputs for policy-making.
Activities during the past year have included regional workshops on urbanization, GIS training
workshops for researchers on the algorithm developed to classify land use in high resolution satellite
images, a workshop on using night light data, and internal learning events for World Bank staff.
Preliminary results from the Spatial Development of African Cities were presented to finance and
planning ministers and other policymakers during the IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings in April 2015.
Titled “Harnessing Urbanization for Growth and Shared Prosperity in Africa,” the event highlighted the
importance of urbanization as a key economic and social issue for Africa’s development. (Watch videos
below.)
Consultation events also have been organized in collaboration with the International Growth Center in
Kigali, Kampala, and Addis.
A major workshop showcasing global research done by the London School of Economics, Oxford
University and World Bank researchers was held in July 2015 at World Bank headquarters in
Washington. The papers and video recordings of the sessions can be accessed at:
http://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2015/07/13/urbanization-and-spatial-development-of-countries.
View the event at the following link: http://live.worldbank.org/harnessing-urbanization-for-growth-and-shared-prosperity-in-africa
Watch at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tU9QA7RIO4
World Bank report on the Spatial Development of Cities in Africa
This sub-pillar brings together the lessons from the descriptive analysis of African cities and the
analytical research to distill key findings for Africa, and in turn inform policy recommendations.
A major policy report is being produced on the Spatial Development of African Cities that provides new
insights on urban development in the continent. It will feature a self-standing policy overview, a set of
chapters showcasing the evidence, and a documentary that visualizes the key messages from the
viewpoint of urban residents in Africa.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
34
The report will be launched in 2016, but several main messages are already emerging:
Spatial Development of African Cities Main Messages
1 African cities are (physically and economically) fragmented and costly; they need to become affordable for workers and their families
2 Making African cities affordable will deliver a double dividend for livability and economic competitiveness
3 Making African cities affordable will require “Urban Development at Scale” with coordinated investment across three structures – residential, industrial, and commercial.
4 Investment coordination requires developing common knowledge, enabling land markets, refining urban regulations, and managing vested interests
Fig. 6: African cities have high population density but low investment density – hampering livability and productivity
Source: Spatial Development of African Cities (forthcoming)
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
35
Other Analytic and Thematic Work
The MDTF SUD has also supported a variety of other analytical work to fill knowledge gaps, develop
knowledge partnerships, and support work to reduce the vulnerability of the urban poor to climate
change.
These activities are primarily thematic: risks and resilience of the urban poor, analytical work to scale
up policies and programs for slum upgrading and slum prevention, knowledge partnership activities,
social inclusion in cities’ cultural heritage regeneration, and food security in urban areas.
An independent assessment of these activities was conducted and a draft completed in October 2014.
The assessment found that most of the projects are achieving their intended objectives and likely to
have a strong impact in their respective areas – especially in the area of housing.
23%
35%7%8%
9%3%15%
Other Analytic Work Grant Allocation by Region
Global
AFR
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAR
0.00
200,000.00
400,000.00
600,000.00
800,000.00
1,000,000.00
1,200,000.00
Other Analytic Work Grant Allocation by Theme
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
36
The CURB: Urban Climate Action Planning Tool
The CURB tool is designed to help guide cities through the process of planning and implementing a
range of interventions to reduce energy use, save money, and cut local greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions. CURB was developed through collaboration between the World Bank Group, the C40 Cities
network, and AECOM Technology Corporation. It has a flexible and modular design that allows users
to select the information most relevant to their work and respond to local realities.
The MDTF SUD helped prove the concept of CURB through initial development, which has since been
further advanced into CURB Version 1.0 ready for deployment. The tool is currently being rolled out
and piloted in East Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
CURB has been developed in partnership with other international organizations – including C40 Cities
Leadership Network, AECOM Consulting and Bloomberg Philanthropies – and knowledge partners. In
coordination with the C40 Cities Leadership Network, the World Bank will be deploying CURB
systematically around the world. The tool has been designed to support cities with greenhouse gas
emissions inventories and is pre-populated with proxy data to maximize city use. As such, cities will be
able to understand actions that are in their control and how much of global and national emissions
reduction they will be able to contribute to.
The CURB tool is being recognized and promoted as the climate action planning tool for the Compact
of Mayors, which is the world’s largest coalition of city leaders addressing climate change. This
coalition includes the cities within the C40 Cities Leadership Network, ICLEI, and United Cities and
Local Governments among others, reaching thousands of cities.
Training Program for Low Carbon Cities
Local authorities routinely cite lack of staff experience as a key impediment to developing a climate
strategy. The World Bank’s City Climate Planner program aims to help fill this gap by supporting new,
standardized training methods and procedures related to addressing climate change, and one of its
main components is a training program focused on how to conduct an inventory assessing greenhouse
gas emissions from cities.
The MDTF SUD provided funding for the development of a high-quality draft curriculum for this training
program as well as a student handbook, an instructor guide, and a ten-module course – all of which
were delivered in FY 2015.
The draft curriculum and materials are in the process of being refined and adapted by subject matter
experts into final products. The curriculum will feed into a larger process of building city-level capacity
through training and certifying individual GHG emissions inventory specialists with an ISO-compliant
certification exam. The expectation is that this program will help to professionalize the field of local-
level emissions inventory-taking, encouraging professional development and a standardized approach
across the world. Eventually, this program expects that it will be self-sustaining and foster a community
of practice within the field that will further support quality climate planning at the local level.
South Asia: Spatial Analysis of the Development of South Asian Cities
Funding from the MDTF SUD was used to undertake research to develop detailed, high-resolution land
use maps for both circa 2000 and circa 2010 for a small sample of five South Asian cities. Using GIS
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
37
techniques, these maps were then combined with additional information, such as socio-economic data
drawn from national censuses and digitized land zoning maps to generate insights into the spatial
evolution of cities and spatial planning processes.
The results from this activity are featured in the World Bank’s flagship report Leveraging Urbanization
in South Asia: Managing Spatial Transformation for Prosperity and Livability, released in 2015.
References include:
A map of Kabul showing the growth of the city’s built-up area from 2003 to 2011, Fig 4.5 on p.
124 (see photo below)
Land use in Kanpur and Amritsar from satellite imagery analysis and ground surveys, Box 4.8
on p.135
Land use in balancing trade-offs in urban development, housing land supply, traffic, tourism,
cultural heritage, and environmental assets in Kandy, Box 4.9 on p.137
Work from this activity was also presented at the World Bank hosted 2015 Land and Poverty
conference hosted by the World Bank, and is expected to act as a template for similar work in Karachi,
Pakistan and Colombo, Sri Lanka.
An example of the work supported by MDTF SUD for the World Bank’s Leveraging Urbanization in
South Asia report:
Study: Greater Baku Affordable Housing Diagnostic
This diagnostic analysis of the housing sector in Greater Baku was prepared at the request of the
Azerbaijani Ministry of Economy and Industry to inform evidence-based decisions and policy reform in
the housing sector.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
38
Because there is very limited data available on housing in Baku, the study relied mainly on primary
data collected through a household survey, focus group meetings, secondary sources and discussions
with relevant government and non-government agencies
Recommendations for the government of Azerbaijan to consider as priority areas in housing sector
reform include establishing a new housing policy and implementation strategy, improving housing
management and quality of the housing stock, improving targeting of public funds for housing,
expanding housing finance instruments, and developing a regular rental market.
The study was released in July 2015.
Guatemala Urban Infrastructure Upgrading
For this activity, MDTF SUD funding was used to produce a report analyzing the spatial expansion of
the Guatemala City Metropolitan Area, with profiles of some of the main areas of informal settlements
and policy recommendations. It was requested by the Government of Guatemala as part of an overall
approach to address crime and violence in urban areas.
The study has been completed and is expected to have a positive impact on urban infrastructure
upgrading in Guatemala. The report has contributed to the preparation and appraisal of the Guatemala
Urban Infrastructure Project. When implemented, the project will have a significant impact in the
prioritized crime and violence ridden communities in the Guatemala City Metro area that are covered
by the project. The report has the potential to make a wider impact; it was presented at the Second
National Urban Forum in November, which was attended by Guatemalan mayors.
Study: Urban Planning and Affordable Housing Options in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
The city of Ulaanbaatar is undergoing a historic transformation toward market-driven urban
development, but its growth remains strongly influenced by city policy decisions that affect the supply
and location of land for public and private uses.
This activity supported the production of a study that provides policy recommendations for improving
the regulatory environment to create more effective, inclusive land markets and improve public service
delivery.
The study finds that because of the way land is allocated, there has been significant low-density urban
expansion along the fringes of the city that negatively impacts transportation and the city’s ability to
provide basic utilities. The city has begun undertaking land reforms, but they are constrained by
existing national laws and regulations about land as a designated public entitlement for public use.
The study was released in October 2014 and disseminated widely among all stakeholders, including
national and local policy makers.
Study: Rental Housing Voucher in Manila
This activity assesses the feasibility of rental housing voucher schemes as a transitory housing solution
for informal settler families living in hazardous zones in Metro Manila that are most vulnerable to
natural disasters and climate change impacts.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
39
It includes four main outputs, two of which were delivered in FY 2015: a literature review of
international experiences, focusing on Brazil and Haiti; and a survey of low cost rental housing supply
and rental demand of low income households. Two additional outputs – a comparative cost-benefit
analysis, and operational guidelines for a rental housing voucher program – are being produced with
funding from another Trust Fund.
The activity has already influenced the Philippine government’s approach to assistance for informal settler families. During the process of conducting the feasibility study, the World Bank team had a number of discussions on rental housing vouchers/subsidies with the Department of Interior and Local Government, which is the lead agency for the government’s flagship Oplan Likas program to move families out of harm’s way. As a result, the Department introduced a family assistance allowance for all informal settler families eligible under Oplan Likas. The allowance can be used to rent in-city accommodation while families wait for their resettlement units to be ready for occupancy. Both families and local government officials have widely welcomed the allowance, with some calling it a “game changer” that makes the Oplan Likas resettlement program much easier to implement and much more acceptable to the families. The output of the feasibility study has also provided direct input to the World Bank’s $500 million Metro Manila Flood Management Project Phase I, which aims to reduce flood risks for areas of the city by improving urban drainage, modernizing existing pumping stations, and constructing new ones in flood-prone drainage areas. The rental housing voucher feasibility study has helped shaped the design of a housing voucher scheme for part of the project that involves resettling people from areas that would constrain the pumping stations. Study: Financing Housing Consolidation in In-Situ Informal Settlement Upgrading Programs in
South Africa
This study released in August 2014 supports two of the South African government’s major urban
initiatives: the South African Cities Support Program, which supports the spatial transformation of the
country’s eight largest municipalities; and the National Upgrading Support Program (NUSP), which
focuses on upgrading informal settlements throughout the country.
The South African government is looking more and more at incremental approaches to upgrading, and
requested analytical work from the World Bank on housing consolidation within upgrading to inform its
activities. This study reviews current practices, subsidy instruments and sources of non-state finance
related to promoting and planning for incremental housing as part of in-situ upgrading. It also
recommends practical actions for consideration under NUSP.
Technical assessment and roadmap: Affordable Housing in Vietnam
This activity supported the government of Vietnam with a comprehensive technical assessment of the
housing sector. It also included a clear roadmap for housing policy reform to enable improved access
to affordable housing for low and middle-income households.
As a result of the activity, the Vietnamese government had a deeper understanding of housing supply,
demand, and affordability characteristics in Vietnam and market constraints to affordable housing
provision that could inform government policies and programs. It also strengthened the government’s
capacity to move forward with the development and implementation of effective housing policies and
programs.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
40
The technical assessment and roadmap were developed in collaboration with counterparts in the
government. The final report, titled Affordable Housing in Vietnam: A Way Forward, was formally
delivered in October 2015. The report is a starting point for moving forward with the recommended
program, and follow-up engagements to support implementation will be determined through further
consultation with the government of Vietnam.
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
41
Financials
Donor contributions of more than USD 17.2 million have been received through FY 2015, consisting of
approximately USD 3 million from Government of Norway, USD 9.8 million from Switzerland SECO,
and USD 4.4 million from UK-DFID. Additional contributions of approximately USD 3 million are
expected from UK-DFID during the coming year.
The contributions received have been allocated to USD 13.2 million in grants, most of which had been
made prior to FY 2015, and USD one million in Trust Fund administration fees, leaving nearly USD 3
million unallocated at end of the year. Most of this current balance is being allocated in FY 2016 for
projects that support implementation of Urbanization Review recommendations in World Bank lending
projects, and the additional funding to be received from UK-DFID will be allocated to the Research
Program on Spatial Development of Cities.
MDTF for Sustainable Urban Development (TF071544): Grant Allocations as of 30 June 2015
Grant Number
Grant Name Country Grant Closing Date
Grant Amount USD
FY15 Disburse-ments
Cumulative Disburse-ments
BUILDING THE EVIDENCE - URBANIZATION REVIEWS
TF015915 Cote d'Ivoire Urbanization Review Cote d'Ivoire 12/31/2015 220,000 27,186 156,623
TF015955 Ethiopia Urbanization Review Ethiopia 12/31/2015 150,000 34,684 130,099
TF016071 Senegal Spatial Development Senegal 3/30/2016 150,000 42,343 90,973
TF016072 Afghanistan Urbanization Review Afghanistan 6/30/2016 150,000 73,450 90,950
TF016171 MDTF China's Urbanization China 4/30/2016 225,000 56,915 56,915
TF016172 Malawi Urbanization Review Malawi 12/31/2015 150,000 56,370 122,107
TF016345 Technical Assistance on Affordable Housing Vietnam 6/30/2015 75,000 7,389 71,871
TF016577 Mexico Urbanization Review Mexico 12/30/2015 150,000 69,386 69,386
TF016578 Strengthening the Sustainable and Competitive Cities in Colombia Colombia 6/30/2015 75,000 45,047 74,969
TF016847 Ukraine Urbanization Review Ukraine 9/30/2015 150,000 119,519 122,172
TF018166
Tunisia Urbanization Review : Dissemination of UR findings and policy recommendations Tunisia 6/30/2016 75,000 14,013 14,013
TF018574 Affordable Housing in Vietnam Vietnam 9/30/2015 75,000 74,606 74,606
TF018676 Support to Morocco's Decentralization Framework Morocco 6/30/2016 150,000 9,494 9,494
TF019075 Burundi Urbanization and Economic Development Burundi 12/31/2015 50,000 8,763 8,763
TF019129 Support to the Central America Urbanization Review
Central America 8/31/2016 150,000 0 0
TF0A1326 Philippines Urbanization Review Philippines 8/31/2016 150,000 0 0
TF015914 Ghana Urbanization Review Ghana 9/15/2014 149,290 37,614 149,290
TF016007 Sustainable Urban Development for Vulnerable Populations in Turkey Turkey 12/31/2014 74,871 26,806 74,871
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
42
TF016008
LK - Robust Urban Wetland Management for a Sustainable Metro Colombo Sri Lanka 12/31/2014 73,852 49,781 73,852
2,443,012 753,367 1,390,955
IMPLEMENTING URBANIZATION REVIEWS
TF016344
Preparation and Implementation Support to Results-based National Urban Development Program - Northern Mountains Vietnam 6/30/2016 300,000 75,194 145,503
TF016360 Tunisia - Urbanization Review Operationalization Tunisia 6/30/2016 300,000 45,980 45,980
TF016369
Turkey Sustainable Cities Project - Urbanization Review Implementation Phase Turkey 6/30/2016 300,000 123,573 157,468
TF016461 Sri Lanka Land and Housing Sri Lanka 8/31/2016 300,000 39,174 75,056
TF016579
Transit Oriented Development: Coordinating urban land use planning, financing and transport investments in China China 3/30/2016 300,000 140,191 182,716
TF016811
Building Sustainable Indonesian Cities Through Integrated Planning Systems Indonesia 12/31/2015 300,000 31,112 31,112
1,800,000 455,223 637,835
GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS AND DATA
TF016355
Building the data foundations for measuring urbanization and city growth World 3/30/2016 2,200,000 1,032,480 1,179,848
2,200,000 1,032,480 1,179,848
RESEARCH PROGRAM ON SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
TF016522 Global Spatial Development of Cities World 6/29/2016 800,000 385,004 794,927
TF016538 Spatial Development of African Cities Africa 6/27/2016 2,500,000 1,572,197 1,928,731
TF019074 Labor Markets and Rural –Urban Migration World 6/30/2016 150,000 37,511 37,511
TF019197 Spatial Patterns of Development in SAR South Asia 6/30/2016 150,000 0 0
TF019317 Rural urban transformation in South Asia South Asia 6/30/2016 100,000 33,599 33,599
TF0A0251 Addressing Shrinking Cities in ECA ECA 6/30/2016 100000 0 0
3,800,000 2,028,310 2,794,768
OTHER ANALYTIC WORK
Integrated Land Planning
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
43
TF010018
Sustainable Urban Development in Mexican Cities: a hands-on approach Mexico 11/30/2012 74,168 0 74,168
TF010019
Livelihood Assessment of Flood-prone Low-Income Settlements in Colombo City Sri Lanka 3/31/2013 62,503 0 62,503
TF010147
Sustainable Urban Development Strategy for Kakheti Region, Georgia Georgia 6/29/2012 40,678 0 40,678
TF014859 Guatemala Urban Infrastructure Upgrading Guatemala 8/31/2014 152,149 58,425 152,149
TF099975
Arab Republic of Egypt: Building a platform for the Urban Upgrading in Greater Cairo Region (GCR)
Egypt, Arab Republic of 4/30/2013 70,743 0 70,743
TF099976
Spatial Dimensions of Urban Poverty in Vietnam and Urban-Rural Linkages Vietnam 6/29/2012 71,980 0 71,980
Affordable Housing/Slum Upgrading
TF010848 Improving Delivery of Affordable Urban Housing in Rwanda Rwanda 6/30/2012 65,970 0 65,970
TF011192
Ecosystems based adaptation and urban poverty reduction in South Asia region India 4/30/2013 69,190 0 69,190
TF013892 Urban Housing in Sub Saharan Africa Africa 6/30/2013 0 0 0
TF014021 Land Regulation and Housing Affordability in Ecuador Ecuador 6/30/2014 44,862 0 44,862
TF014430
Understanding and promoting affordable access to land and housing in contexts of rapid urban expansion in West and Central Africa Mali 8/15/2014 74,966 21,888 74,966
TF014516 Study on Housing in Africa Africa 11/30/2014 319,137 199,924 319,137
TF014619
Exploring the Feasibility for Rental Housing Voucher as a Transitory Housing Solution for Informal Settlers Living in Danger Zones in Metro Manila Philippines 8/31/2014 72,278 65,394 72,278
TF014643
Urban Planning and Affordable Housing Options in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Mongolia 8/31/2014 75,000 6,163 75,000
TF014742
Assessment of Subsidy Instruments for Housing and Informal Settlements South Africa 8/31/2014 67,913 34,531 67,913
TF014873 Housing sector review of Djibouti Djibouti 6/30/2014 74,224 0 74,224
TF015028
Urbanization and Access to Affordable Housing: A Comparative Assessment of South Asian Cities South Asia 8/31/2014 159,814 4,892 159,814
TF015805 Baku Affordable Housing Diagnostic Azerbaijan 8/29/2014 81,237 38,116 81,237
Governance
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
44
TF010849 Tunisia Socio-economic assessment of peri-urban areas Tunisia 3/31/2013 118,920 0 118,920
Risk Resilience
TF014481 Kochi Urban Risk Analysis India 8/30/2013 0 0 0
TF015996 Urban risk assessment in SAR South Asia 11/30/2014 98,530 88,340 98,530
TF016967 GPC Training Program World 8/31/2014 65,000 65,000 65,000
TF016968 Climate Action Planning Tool World 8/31/2014 59,991 59,991 59,991
TF099992
Enhance Municipal Capacity for Sustainable Resilience to Climate-related Impacts Mozambique 10/10/2012 63,837 0 63,837
Urban Sanitation
TF099973
Support development of Pro-poor Urban Sanitation Strategy, program design and implementation through improved targeting under KMRP for Greater Bangalore city India 6/30/2014 65,608 1,661 65,608
Economic Development
TF099974 Support for Tanzania's Urban Transition Tanzania 6/30/2013 160,791 0 160,791
Knowledge Partnerships
TF010171
Decoding Sptial Development of Gorwing Cities in Developing Regions (Integrated Spatial Development) World 12/31/2012 75,000 0 75,000
TF012791 Urbanization Knowledge Platform (UKP) event in MENA
Middle East and North Africa 12/31/2012 49,075 0 49,075
TF012970 Sixth Urban Research and Knowledge Symposium World 5/31/2013 191,916 0 191,916
Other
TF010267 State of Cities Report Knowledge Partnership in the Africa Region Africa 12/31/2012 70,707 0 70,707
TF011616 UKP event in Norway with NIKU Europe 12/31/2012 140,000 0 140,000
TF012538 Economics of Uniqueness Publication World 6/30/2013 44,947 0 44,947
TF013893
Concept Note Preparation for Window 2 Prioritized Grants (MDTF for Sustainable Urban Development) World 2/15/2013 10,272 0 10,272
TF014302 Global Lab on Metropolitan Strategic Planning
Multi-Regional 11/30/2014 130,792 101,680 130,792
Knowledge, Learning, Evaluation and Reporting
MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015
45
TF017179 Assessment of the Results of Norwegian Grants World 11/30/2014 14,000 7,000 14,000
Results Monitoring, Evaluation, and Knowledge Sharing World 8/31/2016 75,000 0 0
3,011,196 753,003 2,936,196
GRAND
TOTALS: 13,254,208 5,022,383 8,939,602
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