related literature and related studies

CHAPTER III

RELATED LITERATURE

AND STUDIES

Is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related. For instance, if the present study deals with drug addiction, literature to be reviewed or surveyed should be composed of materials that deal with drug addiction.

RELATED LITERATURE

These materials are usually printed and found in books, encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines, newspapers, and other publications.

RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE

These materials are classified as1. Local, if printed in the Philippines; and2. Foreign, if printed in other lands.

RELATED LITERATURE

Studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is relate or has some bearing or similarity. They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses, and dissertations.

RELATED STUDIES

RELATED STUDIES

They may be classified as:1. Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines; and2. Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands

RELATED STUDIES

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of

Related Literature and Studies

A survey or review of related literature and studies is very important because such reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of the proposed study. This is because related literature and studies guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture.

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

Reviewed literature and studies help or guide the researcher in the following ways:

1. They help or guide the researcher in searching for or selecting a better research problem or topic. By reviewing related materials, a replication of a similar problem may be found better than the problem already chosen. Replication is the study of research problem already conducted but in another place.

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

2. They help the investigator understand his topic for research better. Reviewing related literature and studies may clarify vague points about his problem.

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

3. They ensure that there will be no duplication of other studies. There is duplication if an investigation already made is conducted again in the same locale using practically the same respondents. This is avoided if a survey of related literature and studies be made first.

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

4. They help and guide the researcher in locating more sources of related information. This is because the bibliography of a study already conducted indicate references about similar studies.

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

5. They help and guide the researcher in making his research design especially in:a. the formulation of specific questions to be researched on;b. the formulation of assumptions and hypotheses if there should be any;

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

c. the formulation of conceptual framework;

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

Conceptual Framework

d. the selection and application of the methods of research;e. the selection and application of sampling techniques;

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

f. the selection and/or preparation and validation of research instruments for gathering data;

g. the selection and application of statistical procedures;

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

h. The analysis, organization, presentation, and interpretation of data;i. The making of the summary of implications for the whole study;j. The formulation of the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendation; and

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

6. They help and guide the researcher in making comparison between his findings of other researchers on similar studies with the end in view of formulating generalization or principles which are the contributions of the study to fund of knowledge.

Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies

Characteristics of Related

Literature and Studies

There are certain characteristics of related materials that make them of true value. Among these characteristics are:

1. The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible. This is important because of the rapid social, economic, scientific, and technological change. Findings several years ago may be of little value today because of the fast changing life style of the people.

Characteristics of Related Literature and Studies

There are exception, however. Treatises that deal on universals or things of more or less permanent nature may be still be good today. There are mathematical laws and formulas and statistical procedures that had been formulated a long, long time ago which are being use today with very, very little improvement. This is also true with natural and physical laws. Books on these, though written a long time ago, are still being cited today.

Another exception is when a comparison or contrast is to be made between the conditions of today and those of a remote past, say ten or twenty years ago. Naturally, literature and studies about that remote past have to be surveyed and reviewed.

2. Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased. Some materials are extremely or subtly one sided, either political, or religious, etc. Comparison with these materials cannot be made logically and validity. Distorted generalizations may result.

Characteristics of Related Literature and Studies

3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study. Only materials that have some bearing or similarity to the research problem at hand should be reviewed.

Characteristics of Related Literature and Studies

4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable. There are cases where fictitious data are supplied just to complete a research report (thesis or dissertation). Of course, this kind of deception is hard to detect and to prove. Thus, this is a real problem to honest researchers.

Characteristics of Related Literature and Studies

5. Reviewed materials must not be few or too many. They must only be sufficient enough to give insight into the research problem or to indicate the nature of the present investigation. The may also depend upon the availability of related materials.

Characteristics of Related Literature and Studies

Sometimes there is a paucity of such materials. Ordinarily, form ten to fifteen related materials re needed for a master`s thesis and from fifteen to twenty-five for a doctoral dissertation depending their availability, as well as their depth and length of discussions.

For an undergraduate thesis, from five to ten may do. The numbers, however, are only suggestive and not imperative nor mandatory. These are only the average numbers observed from theses and dissertation surveyed by this author.

Sources of Related

Literature and Studies

The sources of related literature and studies may include the following:

1. Book, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar references.

2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and other publications.

Sources of Related Literature and Studies

3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters, and diaries.4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.5. The Constitution, and laws and statues of the land.

Sources of Related Literature and Studies

6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from government offices and departments, especially from the Office of the President of the Philippines and the Department of Education, Culture and Sports.

Sources of Related Literature and Studies

7. Records from schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities.8. Reports from seminars educational or otherwise.

Sources of Related Literature and Studies

9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific, technological, political, etc. from the government and other entities.

Sources of Related Literature and Studies

Where to Locatethe Sources of

Related Literature

and Studies

Generally, the sources of related literature and studies are located in the following places:

Where to Locate the Sources ofRelated Literature and Studies

1. Libraries, either government, school, or private libraries.2. Government and private offices.

Where to Locate the Sources ofRelated Literature and Studies

3. The National Library4. The Library of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports.

Where to Locate the Sources ofRelated Literature and Studies

The last two are especially rich depositories of related materials, particularly unpublished master`s theses and doctoral dissertations.

More way to go, god bless to us!