radiation can be fun….!!!! but r.e.s.p.e.c.t. it
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Radiation Can Be Fun….!!!!
But R.E.S.P.E.C.T. it.......
Radiation Safety TrainingRadiation Safety Training Nuclear Medicine Nuclear Medicine
TechnologistsTechnologists
SStaff Safetytaff Safety
PPatient Safetyatient Safety
GGeneral Safetyeneral Safety
OverviewOverview
Federal & State Regulatory ConcernsFederal & State Regulatory ConcernsNatural Sources of Radiation ExposureNatural Sources of Radiation ExposureOccupational Sources of Radiation ExposureOccupational Sources of Radiation ExposureRegulatory Exposure LimitsRegulatory Exposure LimitsBasic Radiation Safety PrinciplesBasic Radiation Safety PrinciplesBiological EffectsBiological EffectsUCHC Safety RequirementsUCHC Safety Requirements
Radiation vs. RadioactivityRadiation vs. Radioactivity
RadiationRadiation - Energy in transit in the form of high speed - Energy in transit in the form of high speed particles and electromagnetic waves.particles and electromagnetic waves.
Ionizing RadiationIonizing Radiation - Radiation with enough energy so - Radiation with enough energy so that during an interaction with an atom, it can remove that during an interaction with an atom, it can remove tightly bound electrons from their orbits, causing the tightly bound electrons from their orbits, causing the atom to become charged or ionized.atom to become charged or ionized.
RadioactivityRadioactivity - Spontaneous transformation of an - Spontaneous transformation of an unstable atom and often results in the emission of unstable atom and often results in the emission of radiation. This process is referred to as a transformation, radiation. This process is referred to as a transformation, a decay or a disintegration of an atom.a decay or a disintegration of an atom.
Beta DecayBeta Decay
NEUTRON
PROTON
NEUTRON
PROTON (Nuclear Transformation)
β+
(Nuclear Transformation)
β
Gamma DecayGamma Decay
GAMMA RAYS
X-RAYS
γ
External vs. Internal External vs. Internal Radiation ExposureRadiation Exposure
External exposureExternal exposure – x-rays, brachytherapy – x-rays, brachytherapy patients, iodine therapies, dose preparation and patients, iodine therapies, dose preparation and administrationadministration
Internal depositionInternal deposition – contamination from an – contamination from an iodine patient resulting in an ingestion of iodine patient resulting in an ingestion of radioactive materialsradioactive materials
§20.1201 Occupational dose limits for adults.
(a) The licensee shall control the occupational dose to individual adults, except for planned special exposures under §20.1206, to the following dose limits.
(1) An annual limit, which is the more limiting of -- (i) The total effective dose equivalent being equal to 5 rems (0.05 Sv); or(ii) The sum of the deep-dose equivalent and the committed dose equivalent to any individual organ or tissue other than the lens of the eye being equal to 50 rems (0.5 Sv).
(2) The annual limits to the lens of the eye, to the skin of the whole body, and to the skin of the extremities, which are:
(i) A lens dose equivalent of 15 rems (0.15 Sv), and(ii) A shallow-dose equivalent of 50 rem (0.5 Sv) to the skin of the whole body or to the skin of any extremity.
Radiation Exposure LimitsRadiation Exposure Limits Type of exposureType of exposure
Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) which is the sum of the Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) which is the sum of the deep-dose equivalent (for external exposures) and the deep-dose equivalent (for external exposures) and the committed effective dose equivalent (for internal exposures) for committed effective dose equivalent (for internal exposures) for the whole bodythe whole body
Sum of the deep-dose equivalent and the committed dose Sum of the deep-dose equivalent and the committed dose equivalent to any individual organ or tissue other than the lens equivalent to any individual organ or tissue other than the lens of the eyeof the eye
Eye dose equivalent (lens of the eye)Eye dose equivalent (lens of the eye)
Shallow dose equivalent to the skin or to any extremityShallow dose equivalent to the skin or to any extremity
Rem Per YearRem Per Year
5 or 5,000 5 or 5,000
mremsmrems
50 or 50,000 50 or 50,000
mremsmrems
15 or 15,000 15 or 15,000 mremsmrems
50 or 50,000 50 or 50,000
mrems mrems
Radiation Exposure LimitsRadiation Exposure Limits
Whole body; Head and trunk; Active Whole body; Head and trunk; Active blood-forming organs; Lens of eyes, blood-forming organs; Lens of eyes, or gonads.or gonads.
Hands and forearms; Feet and ankles.Hands and forearms; Feet and ankles.
Skin of whole body.Skin of whole body.
1.251.25
18.7518.75
7.57.5
((1,250 mrem)1,250 mrem)(5.0 rem/yr)(5.0 rem/yr)
(18,750 mrem)(18,750 mrem)(75 rem/yr)(75 rem/yr)(7,500 mrem)(7,500 mrem)(30 rem/yr)(30 rem/yr)
Rem Per Calendar Rem Per Calendar QuarterQuarter
Type of Exposure Type of Exposure
(State of Connecticut Administrative Regulations Sect. 19-24-5) (State of Connecticut Administrative Regulations Sect. 19-24-5)
FetusFetus 500 mrem Total Gestation500 mrem Total Gestation(0.5 rem)(0.5 rem)
Basic Radiation Safety PrinciplesBasic Radiation Safety Principles
TTimeime
DDistanceistance
SShieldinghielding
CContamination Controlontamination Control
Inverse Square LawInverse Square Law ((137137Cs Cs 192192Ir)Ir)
For a point source, the intensity varies inversely For a point source, the intensity varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source.as the square of the distance from the source.gamma gamma
radiationradiation
1 1 cmcm
10,0010,0000
2 2 cmcm
2,5002,500
5 cm5 cm 400400
10 cm10 cm100100
20 cm20 cm
2525
Radiation Exposure MonitoringRadiation Exposure Monitoring
Whole Body Whole Body Radiation BadgeRadiation Badge
Worn Underneath Worn Underneath Pb ApronPb Apron
Collar Radiation Collar Radiation BadgeBadge
Worn Outside Pb Worn Outside Pb Apron At Neck LevelApron At Neck Level
BLACK ICON RED ICON
Extremity Radiation Badge Extremity Radiation Badge
Worn on Primary Hand Worn on Primary Hand
Closest to Radiation SourceClosest to Radiation Source
ALARA Investigational Level IALARA Investigational Level I
Phosphorus-32 SynovectomyPhosphorus-32 Synovectomy
Within The same week for 131-IWithin The same week for 131-I Within 7 days 125-IWithin 7 days 125-I MDA about 0.0005 UCI, o.5 NCIMDA about 0.0005 UCI, o.5 NCI MDD, 131-i 0.5 mrem TODEMDD, 131-i 0.5 mrem TODE
Thyroid countsThyroid counts SignaturesSignatures SpillsSpills Package surveysPackage surveys Gloves in hot lab-monitoringGloves in hot lab-monitoring Access to the departmentAccess to the department Incorrect 99m-TC doseIncorrect 99m-TC dose
CONTAMINANT AVERAGE DPM/CM^2 DPM/100 CM^2
Beta/Gamma 22 2200
Alpha 2.2 220
T.I. = mrem/hr @ 1 meter from sufrace
TRANSPORT INDEX MAX. MR/HR SURFACE LABEL
0 (<= 0.05) < 0.5 mr/hr White I
0.05 to <= 1.0 0.5 to <= 50 mr/hr Yellow -II
1.0 to <= 10 50 to <= 200 mr/hr Yellow- III
> 10 200 to <= 1000 mr/hr Exc. Use!!!
Personnel protective equipment Personnel protective equipment required for entry required for entry
GlovesGloves DosimetryDosimetry Lab coatLab coat
PPE highly recommended when PPE highly recommended when enteringentering
PPE required if injectingPPE required if injecting PPE required if assistingPPE required if assisting PPE required if handling any possibly PPE required if handling any possibly
contaminated itemcontaminated item
PPE requiredPPE required Injecting rad matInjecting rad mat Handling/assisting patients who have Handling/assisting patients who have
been injectedbeen injected Handling items that may be Handling items that may be
contaminatedcontaminated
A survey of the hands and other body A survey of the hands and other body areas with documentationareas with documentation
Suggested very strongly to survey Suggested very strongly to survey shoesshoes
Report contamination to RSOReport contamination to RSO This is an NRC requirementThis is an NRC requirement
What label is required on a package What label is required on a package with the following monitoring results ?with the following monitoring results ?
10 MR/hr surface, 1 MR @ 1m, wipe 10 MR/hr surface, 1 MR @ 1m, wipe test BKG. 285 CPM, gross CPM of test BKG. 285 CPM, gross CPM of 1250 1250
Background 430 CPM, outside wipe 360 Background 430 CPM, outside wipe 360 CPM?CPM?
Background 310 CPM, outside wipe 349 Background 310 CPM, outside wipe 349 CPM?CPM?
Background 265 CPM, outside wipe 5500 Background 265 CPM, outside wipe 5500 CPM?CPM?
Nuclear Medicine Nuclear Medicine Diagnostic ProceduresDiagnostic Procedures
Radionuclides with short half lives (e.G., Radionuclides with short half lives (e.G., 99m99mtc @ 6 hrs)tc @ 6 hrs)
No significant external radiation No significant external radiation exposure hazard to staff or familyexposure hazard to staff or family
Contamination precautions and universal Contamination precautions and universal precautions should always be followedprecautions should always be followed
NRC requires a signed NRC requires a signed
declaration of pregnancy declaration of pregnancy
for occupational workers for occupational workers
to limit exposures to 500 to limit exposures to 500
mrem/9months or 50 mrem/9months or 50
mrem in any one month.mrem in any one month.
Pregnancy Pregnancy DeclarationDeclaration
The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission requires in the Code of Federal Regulations
Title 10, Chapter I, Part 20.1208, that special consideration be given to limitation of embryo/fetus
radiation exposure only in those instances where a woman has declared the pregnancy to the
appropriate representative of the employer (the UCHC). In cases where a pregnancy is not declared
in writing, the larger occupational exposure limit for the working mother is used as a maximum
permissible dose limit. The purpose of this form is to officially notify the employer, through the
Medical Director of Employee Health Services, that dose limitation to your embryo/fetus is
requested. The information contained on this form will be treated as confidential, and only those
directly involved in assessing the potential for embryo/fetal exposures will be informed. Please
sign the form where indicated and forward to:
PREGNANCY DECLARATIONConfidential Document
Marcia Trape-Cardoso, M.D., Medical Director Employee Health ServicesMC-6210
I, _________________________________ ______ , formally declare my pregnancy and request
dose limitation to my embryo/fetus such that my total radiation exposure during the gestational
period does not exceed 500 mrem, and if exposed, received at a uniform rate of no more than 50 mrem
per month. As required by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, my approximate date of conception
was __________________.
Signed: Date:
Department:
Telephone #:
c:\flw\pregwrk.pre ( rev. 10/2000 )
Emergency ProceduresEmergency Procedures
Follow radiation patient code procedures.Follow radiation patient code procedures.
If the patient should die or require If the patient should die or require emergency surgery, contact a member of emergency surgery, contact a member of the Radiation Safety Office immediately the Radiation Safety Office immediately at at X-2250X-2250..
Address medical emergency Address medical emergency firstfirst !! !!
Radiation Exposures from Radiation Exposures from Consumer Products Consumer Products 11
SSSooouuurrrccceee ### OOOfff PPPeeeooopppllleee iiinnn UUU...SSS... EEExxxpppooossseeeddd (((iiinnn mmmiiilllllliiiooonnnsss)))
AAAvvvggg... AAAnnnnnnuuuaaalll DDDooossseee EEEqqquuuiiivvvaaallleeennnttt tttooo
EEExxxpppooossseeeddd PPPooopppuuulllaaatttiiiooonnn
PPPaaarrrttt ooofff BBBooodddyyy
EEExxxpppooossseeeddd
TTTeeellleeevvviiisssiiiooonnn RRReeeccceeeiiivvveeerrrsss 222333000 <<< 111 mmmrrreeemmm WWWhhhooollleee BBBooodddyyy
VVViiidddeeeooo DDDiiisssppplllaaayyy TTTeeerrrmmmiiinnnaaalllsss 555000 <<< 111 mmmrrreeemmm WWWhhhooollleee BBBooodddyyy
LLLuuummmiiinnnooouuusss 333 HHH iiinnn WWWaaatttccchhheeesss aaannnddd CCCllloooccckkksss
111111 000...111 mmmrrreeemmm WWWhhhooollleee BBBooodddyyy
LLLuuummmiiinnnooouuusss 111444777 PPPmmm iiinnn WWWaaatttccchhheeesss aaannnddd CCCllloooccckkksss
888 000...000444 mmmrrreeemmm WWWhhhooollleee BBBooodddyyy
BBBuuuiiillldddiiinnnggg MMMaaattteeerrriiiaaalllsss 111222000 777 mmmrrreeemmm WWWhhhooollleee BBBooodddyyy
HHHiiiggghhhwwwaaayyy aaannnddd RRRoooaaaddd CCCooonnnssstttrrruuuccctttiiiooonnn MMMaaattteeerrriiiaaalllsss
555 444 mmmrrreeemmm WWWhhhooollleee BBBooodddyyy &&& GGGooonnnaaadddaaalll
DDDooossseee
1 Adapted from NCRP 95
Radiation Exposures from Consumer Radiation Exposures from Consumer ProductsProducts
SSSooouuurrrccceee ### OOOfff PPPeeeooopppllleee iiinnn UUU...SSS... EEExxxpppooossseeeddd (((iiinnn mmmiiilllllliiiooonnnsss)))
AAAvvvggg... AAAnnnnnnuuuaaalll DDDooossseee EEEqqquuuiiivvvaaallleeennnttt tttooo ttthhheee EEExxxpppooossseeeddd PPPooopppuuulllaaatttiiiooonnn
PPPaaarrrttt ttthhheee BBBooodddyyy
EEExxxpppooossseeeddd 222
TTTooobbbaaaccccccooo PPPrrroooddduuuccctttsss 555000 111666,,,000000000 mmmrrreeemmm BBBEEEDDDEEE
DDDooommmeeessstttiiiccc WWWaaattteeerrr SSSuuuppppppllliiieeesss 222333000 111555 --- 999000 mmmrrreeemmm BBBEEEDDDEEE
FFFeeerrrtttiiillliiizzzeeerrr PPPrrroooddduuuccctttsss 222000000 000...555 --- 555 mmmrrreeemmm WWWBBB aaannnddd IIIDDDFFF
NNNaaatttuuurrraaalll GGGaaasss HHHeeeaaattteeerrrsss 111666 222222 mmmrrreeemmm BBBEEEDDDEEE
NNNaaatttuuurrraaalll GGGaaasss CCCooooookkkiiinnnggg RRRaaannngggeeesss 111222555 555 mmmrrreeemmm BBBEEEDDDEEE
DDDeeennntttaaalll PPPrrrooottthhheeessseeesss 444555 777000000 mmmrrreeemmm BBBMMMDDDEEE
OOOpppttthhhaaalllmmmiiiccc GGGlllaaassssss 555000 444000000000 mmmrrreeemmm CCCGGGDDDEEE
GGGaaasss MMMaaannntttllleeesss 555000 000...222 mmmrrreeemmm WWWBBB aaannnddd SSSOOODDDEEE
1 Adapted from NCRP 95 1 Adapted from NCRP 95 22 BEDE = Bronchial Epithelial Dose Equivalent; WB = Whole Body; IDF = Ingestion Dose from Foods BEDE = Bronchial Epithelial Dose Equivalent; WB = Whole Body; IDF = Ingestion Dose from Foods
BMDE = Bronchial Mucosa Dose Equivalent; CGDE = Corneal Germinal Dose Equivalent; SODE = Selected Organ Dose EquivalentBMDE = Bronchial Mucosa Dose Equivalent; CGDE = Corneal Germinal Dose Equivalent; SODE = Selected Organ Dose Equivalent
11
Radiation Exposures From ?
Smoking a pack and a Smoking a pack and a half of cigarettes a day half of cigarettes a day
will add about 1,300 will add about 1,300 mrem/year to one's mrem/year to one's
effective doseeffective dose
Flying from New York to San Flying from New York to San Francisco results in the Francisco results in the absorption of an extra absorption of an extra
2-3 mrem of cosmic radiation2-3 mrem of cosmic radiation6-8 from NY to Japan 6-8 from NY to Japan
Radiation Exposures From ?
For the Skylab For the Skylab astronauts, astronauts,
2,000 to 8,000 2,000 to 8,000 mrem from mrem from
cosmic radiationcosmic radiation
Risks which Increase Chance of Risks which Increase Chance of Death by 1 in 1 millionDeath by 1 in 1 million aa
Smoking 1.4 cigarettes Cancer, Heart disease Drinking 1/2 liter of wine Cirrhosis of the liver Spending 1 hour in a coal mine Black lung disease Spending 3 hours in a coal mine Accident Living 2 days in New York or Boston Air pollution Traveling 6 minutes by canoe Accident Traveling 10 miles by bicycle Accident Traveling 300 miles by car Accident Flying 1000 miles by jet Accident Flying 6000 miles by jet Cancer from cosmic radiation Living 2 months in Denver on vacation from N.Y. Cancer from cosmic radiation Living 2 months in average stone or brick building Cancer from natural radioactivity One chest x-ray taken in a good hospital Cancer from radiation Living 2 months with a cigarette smoker Cancer, Heart disease
a B.L. Cohen and I.S. Lee, ”Catalog of Risks Extended and Updated”, Health Physics, Vol. 61, Sept. 1991.
More Risks which Increase Chance of More Risks which Increase Chance of Death by 1 in 1 millionDeath by 1 in 1 million aa
Drinking Miami drinking water for 1 year Cancer from chloroform
Drinking 30, 12 oz. cans of diet soda Cancer from saccharin
Living 5 years at site boundary of a typical nuclear power plant in the open
Cancer from radiation
Drinking 1000, 24 oz. soft drinks from banned plastic bottles
Cancer from acrylonitrile monomer
Living 20 years near PVC plant Cancer from vinyl chloride (76 standard)
Living 150 years within 20 miles of a nuclear power plant
Cancer from radiation
Eating 100 charcoal broiled steaks Cancer from benzopyrene
Risk of accident by living within 5 miles of a nuclear reactor for 50 years
Cancer from radiation
Eating 40 tablespoons of peanut butter Liver cancer from aflatoxin B
a B.L. Cohen and I.S. Lee, “Catalog of Risks Extended and Updated”, Health Physics, Vol. 61, Sept. 1991.
Remember !!!
Controlling Exposures
Minimizes Risk
The EndThe End
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