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Data Center Application
Rack Centric - High Voltage Distribution
Randy Malik
Senior Technical Staff Member
Research Triangle Park Raleigh, North Carolina
Email: Rmalik@us.ibm.com
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation2 10/18/2007
Typical Data Center Energy End Use
33 UnitsDelivered
100 Units
35 Units
UPS
PDU
IT Racks
Chiller
CRAC
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation3 10/18/2007
Consumption: 10 to 100 times more energy per square foot than a typical office building
Electricity Used: 45 billion kWh in 2005 – about 1.2% of all retail U.S. Electricity Consumption
Power Demand : Expected to double in 10 years
Average Utilization : 20 – 25% of the capacity
Overall Efficiency = IT Power / Power Input = 30%
Carbon Footprint:Coal Fired Plants = 2 Lbs/KWh
Natural Gas = 1 Lb/KWh
Diesel = 2.19 Lbs/KWh
Some Facts about a Typical Data Center
Source: Emerson Corporation
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation4 10/18/2007
10.2
1.1 1.5
0.15
2.31.6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Servers Routers Storage WANSwitches
LANSwitches
HUBs
Electricity Use TWh/year
Source: Roth K. Goldstein, F. Kleinman J(2002) Energy Consumption by Office and Telecommunication Equipment
in Commercial Buildings
Energy Consumption by Office and Telecom Equipment in Commercial Buildings
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation5 10/18/2007
Power to Data Center
UPS
PDU
Cabling
Switches
Cooling
Lights
Generator
Switchgear
Power Path
to IT
Power To
Secondary Support
Data Center
NCPI
IT Equipment
Power to IT
Useful Output
Data Center Efficiency =Power to IT
Data Center Power IN
Data Center Efficiency considering NCPI Losses
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation6 10/18/2007
UPS, 9%
PDU, 3%
Lighting, 1%
Wiring, 1%
CRAC, 9%
Humidifier, 1%
Chiller, 28%Power Supplies, 23%
IT, 25%
UPS PDU Lighting Wiring CRAC Humidifier Chiller Power Supplies IT
Power Consumption in a Data Center
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation7 10/18/2007
Create a strategy for enhancing Tech utilization1.Server consolidation and virtualization
2.Grid Computing
3.High Efficiency Processors
4.High Efficiency Server Power Supplies
Size the Power System for Optimum Efficiency1. Modular Approach
Consider alternate distribution methods1. 600V AC to 208V AC to the racks
2. 480V AC direct to the racks
3. 415V AC to 240V AC to the racks
4. 480V AC to 380VDC within the racks
Power Pathway to Data Center Efficiency
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation8 10/18/2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Fraction of the Power Capacity Used
Effi
cien
cy
Efficiency
Efficiency of A typical Data Center
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation9 10/18/2007
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% Load of Full Power Rating
Effic
ienc
y
UPS Power System
Efficiency of UPS & Power System as a function of Load
UPS Source : Eaton Corporation
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation10 10/18/2007
0
50
100
150
Processor Activity
Power Consumption
Wat
ts
Note: Lower Activity by the processor does not mean lower power consumption
Power Consumption by a Processor during Active and Idle Mode
Modified Power Consumption
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation11 10/18/2007
Time of Day Work load
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
% T
raffi
c
Source: 2006/2007 Discussions with several NYC Financial Services firms
A typical Work Load for a Data Center for a 24 hour period
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation12 10/18/2007
Annual Electrical Cost of a 1 MW data center ( $0.10/kWh)
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
2
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Fraction of Power Capacity Used
Ann
ual E
lect
rical
Cos
t (M
$)
Annual IT Electrical Cost Annual NCPI Electrical Cost
IT Load
NCPI Load
Electrical Energy Cost of Powering a Data Center
Source: APC
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation13 10/18/2007
Drivers for Rack Centric - High Voltage Distribution
No UPS
No PDU
Modularity
Cooling
Cost
Efficiency
High Voltage
Drivers
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation14 10/18/2007
IT 480V AC
UPS
PDU
PDU
IT Racks9% 3%
208 /120V
208 /120V
Power Path for IT Racks in a Typical Data Center
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation15 10/18/2007
PDU - 1
PSU 3
PSU 1
PSU 3
PSU1
208V AC
PDU - 2
PSU 4
PSU 2
PSU 4
PSU 2
+12V-A
+12V-B
+12V-A
+12V-B
Server Blade ChassisSystem Rack
AC - DC
AC Distribution
Box
Typical Power Distribution for Blade Server Racks
208V AC
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation16 10/18/2007
High Voltage DC Distribution in a Data Center
Rectifier
Rectifier
Rectifier
Rectifier
480V AC
Battery Plant
IT Racks
380V DC
Source: Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation17 10/18/2007
High Voltage DC Distribution in the Rack
AC – DC
Rectifier
AC – DC
Rectifier
3 Phase 480V AC
3 Phase 480V AC
380V DC
Server Blade Chassis
Server Blade Chassis
Server Blade Chassis
Server Blade Chassis
Data Flow
380V – 12V Plug in Module
UPS = 9% PDU = 3% IT Rack480 AC 208/120 AC1%1%
IT Rack Arrangement
3 Phase 480V AC
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation18 10/18/2007
Three Phase Single Stage Series Resonant Cyclo Converter
Source: Tomasz Kotula Eaton Development Centre
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation19 10/18/2007
Source: Vicor Corporation, Andover, USA Power Density = 1000W/in3
380V - 12V Regulator
EMC Filter + Boost + Bulk Cap Chopper
380V – 12V DC = 100W/in3
Source: Astec/Artesyn380V – 12V
VRD
uP
uP
HDD
Memory
Server Blade
Plug in Module
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation20 10/18/2007
380V DC Bus A
AC – DC Rectifiers
Server Blade Chassis
Server Blade Chassis
3 Phase – 480V AC1
System Rack
3 Phase – 480V AC2
Server Blade Chassis
Battery Back Up 380V DC Bus B
AC – DC Rectifiers
AC – DC Rectifiers
Rack Centric High Voltage Distribution Bus Proposal
Blade Server
High Voltage Distribution Bus
© 2004 IBM Corporation21 10/18/2007
Lower Overall Cost
Higher Overall Efficiency
UPS, 9%
PDU, 3%
Lighting, 1%
Wiring, 1%
CRAC, 9%
Humidifier, 1%
Chiller, 28%Pow er Supplies, 23%
IT, 25%
UPS PDU Lighting Wiring CRAC Humidifier Chiller Power Supplies IT
Lighting, 1%Wiring, 1% CRAC, 9%Humidifier, 1%
Chiller, 28%
er Supplies, 23%Pow
IT, 38%
Lighting Wiring CRAC Humidifier Chiller Power Supplies IT
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