public transport reform in latin america
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Public transport reform in Latin America!
EMBARQ helps cities make sustainable transport a reality.!
! Presented at the World Bank Sustainable Development Network “Transport Days” on Feb. 27, 2013!
! Dario Hidalgo, PhD!! Director Research and Practice!! EMBARQ!
From “The War of the Penny”
To “Individual Commuter Pain”
Huge difficulties, e.g. Bogotá ! Congestion – 64.8 min per trip, ~ 6.96 million
hours lost per day ~ USD $3.9 billion per year
! Air Pollution ~500 premature deaths per year
! Road Un-safety – 500 deaths, 3,000 severely injured y 18,000 injured per year
! Physical Inactivity – 13.5% between 18 and 64 years old are overweight
Filename/RPS Number
But integrated policies for “Avoid-Shift-Improve” over the last 15 years
Fuen
te: E
ncue
sta
Anu
al “B
ogot
á ¿C
ómo
Vam
os?”
Distribución por modos de viaje With remarkable impact on modal share and externalities
Key Component of the Strategy: Public Transport Reform
Structural change in transit provision, not just building and operating BRT corridors
Traditional Operation Transformed Operation
Individual private operators affiliated to companies with
route permits and very weak supervision by government
New private companies managing bus fleet under concession contracts and with strong supervision of
government (through new agencies)
Traditional Operation Transformed Operation
Competition in the market
(“guerra del centavo” penny war)
Competition for the market
(bidding process with priority for the existing private
operators)
0!
25!
50!
75!
100!
125!
150!
0!
5!
10!
15!
20!
25!
1970! 1975! 1980! 1985! 1990! 1995! 2000! 2005! 2010!
Cum
ulat
ive
Num
ber o
f Citi
es!
New
Citi
es!
2010: Guangzhou, Hefei, Yancheng, Zaozhuang – China;!Jaipur - Índia; Bangkok - Tailândia; East London Transit
– UK; Barranquilla, Bucaramanga – Colômbia;!Ecatepec- México; Lima - Peru; Brampton – Canadá; …!
2000: Bogotá (TransMilenio),
Colombia!
1974: Curitiba!
Bogotá was a tipping point – sparked “global” transit reform!
source: BRTdata.org, January, 2013!
Six Cities in Colombia !
http://www.metroenbogota.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/transmilenio-hasta-el-aeropuerto-el-doraro.jpg
Portal Eldorado Troncal Calle 26 Terminal – Opened June 2012
Evolution of Bus Systems in México
237,000 Pax/día
497,000 Pax/día
552,000 Pax/día
814,000 Pax/día
1,114,000 Pax/día
2003 2005 2008 2009 2011
Optibus Leon, Guanajuatio Length: 26 km Fleet: 61
+Metobus Insurgentes Mexico DF Length: 46 km Fleet: 156
+ Metrobus Insurgentes Sur Length: 55 km Fleet: 216
+Macrobus Guadalajara Length: 92 km Fleet: 330
+Mexibus Mexico State Length: 128 km Fleet: 472
1,164,000 Pax/día
2012
+ Metrbus Line 4 Length: 156 km Fleet: 526
Photo: CTS EMBARQ Mexico
Metrobus Line 4 – Opened April 2012
31 Cities in Brazil with BRT and Bus Corridors
Belo Horizonte, Blumenau, Brasília, Campinas, Campo Grande, Caxias do Sul, Criciúma, Curitiba, Diadema - São Paulo, Feira de Santana, Fortaleza, Goiania, Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Joinville, João Pessoa, Juiz de Fora, Londrina, Maceió, Mauá – Diadema, Natal, Niteroi, Olinda, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Santos, Sorocaba, Sumaré, São Paulo, Uberlândia
Photo: EMBARQ Brasil Transoeste Rio de Janeiro May 2012
Bus systems and busways in the world!! daily demand per region (M pax/day)!
Latin America and the Caribbean!50 cities!153 corridors!15.76 M pax/day!
Europe!43 cities!
52 corridors!1.66 M pax/day!
Asia!26 cities!26 corridors!6.14 M pax/day!
USA and Canada!20 cities!27 corridors!0.85 M pax/day!
Africa!3 cities!3 corridors!0.24 M pax/day!
Oceania!7 cities!
7 corridors!0.33 M pax/day!
source: BRTdata.org, January, 2013!
http://www.embarq.org/en/modernizing-public-transportation
Transit reform through bus systems have been successful
! Quality and performance are better than in the systems they replaced
! Main achievement: travel time reduction and increased safety and reliability ! Efficiency gains - reduced
energy consumption and air pollutants and CO2 emissions
! Reduced traffic fatalities
! Improved urban environments
19
What Went Wrong
Filename/RPS Number
• Rushed implementation – several components incomplete at launch
• Very tight financial planning – non technical user fares
• Very high occupancy levels (160 pax/bus standard for articulated buses is not accepted by the users)
• Early deterioration of infrastructure (lack of road surface reinforcement or problems in design/construction)
• Glitches in IT systems, specially fare collection
• Insufficient user education
Common problems
The main structural problems are institutional or regulatory
! Cash flow issues – absence of operational subsidies - financial stress
! Expansion has proven difficult after initial corridors ! Opposition from existing operators – high cost of making the
reform possible ! Change in political leadership and local priorities – “rail debates”
! Lack of integration with normal bus services (integrated systems are now progressing after Santiago → Bogotá, Cali, Medellin, México)
21 Fotos: D. Hidalgo 2006, 2007
Megabús – Pereira
Metrovía - Guayaquil Transantiago - Santiago
The transit to integrated public transport continues Leadership + Capacity + Funding
EMBARQ helps cities make sustainable transport a reality.!
! Presented to the World Bank Sustainable Development Network!
! More information at:!! EMBARQ.org!
! Questions? Comments? Contact us at embarq@wri.org!! Follow us on Twitter: @EMBARQnetwork!
Public transport reform in Latin America!
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