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Teaching Staff Characteristics and Spendingsper Student in French Disadvantaged Schools
Asma Benhenda
University College London, Institute of EducationParis School of Economics
April 2019
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Introduction
Institutional Setting
Data
Middle School (Collège)
High School (Lycee general et technologique)
Vocational High School (Lycée professionnel)
Supplementary Analysis With Overtime and All Staff
Middle School After the 2015 Reform
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Research Questions
Focus on Middle Schools (Collège), High schools (lycée général ettechnologique) and Vocational High Schools (lycée professionel)
• How teaching staff observable characteristics are distributedacross secondary schools ? In particular betweendisadvantaged schools (Éducation prioritaire schools) andother schools ? How has it evolved since the early 2000s ?
• What is the wage gap of teaching staff between Educationprioritaire and other schools ?
• How does the lower student to staff ratio in Educationprioritaire compensate for this wage gap in terms of spendingper student (approximated by gross wage cost per student) ?
• What is the impact of the 2015 reform, which increased theEducation prioritaire bonus by 66 %, and updated the list ofEducation prioritaire schools ?
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Main Results – Middle Schools, Before the 2015 Reform
Before the 2015 reform :
• Teachers and Principals in Education prioritaire are more likelyto be contract staff, less likely to be agregés, and have onaverage 3 years of experience less than in other schools
• Thus, teachers and principals average gross wage (includingthe Education prioritaire bonus) is around 5-7% (depending ifwe include all staff + overtime) lower in RAR schools than innon Education prioritaire schools
• However, the student to staff ratio is around 22-38 %(depending if we include all staff + overtime) lower in RARschools than in non Education prioritaire schools
• Spendings per student (approximated by gross wage costs perstudent) in RAR schools are around 12 - 29 % (depending ifwe include all staff + overtime) higher than in non Educationprioritaire schools
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Main Results – Middle Schools, After the 2015 Reform
After the 2015 reform :
• Assuming that the structure of teacher characteristics remainsunchanged (2014 structure), teaching staff gross wage(including overtime bonus and Education prioritaire bonus) is3 % higher in REP + (ex RAR)
• This is thanks to the 66 % increase in the Educationprioritaire bonus in REP+ (ex RAR). Without taking intoaccount this bonus, gross wage in non Education prioritaire is9 % higher than in REP+
• Spendings per student (approximated by gross wage costs perstudent) in REP + schools are around 34 % higher than innon Education prioritaire schools (keeping the ratio student tostaff same as 2014’s)
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Main Results – High School and Vocational High SchoolsIn High schools and Vocational High schools, the Educationprioritaire is replaced by the Internat d’Excellence program from2009
• Teachers and School Principals are less likely to be contractstaff, equally likely to be agrégés and have on average 0.5years of experience more in Internat d’excellence than in otherschools
• This may be explained by the fact that in Internatd’excellence, teaching staff is recruited sur profil i.e.“hand-picked” by school principals outside of the standardcentralised assignment procedure
• Thus, teaching staff average gross wage is approximately thesame in Internat d’excellence and non internat d’excellence
• The student to staff ratio is approximately the same ininternat d’excellence and other schools
• The spendings per student (approximated by gross wage costsper student) is also approximately the same
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Introduction
Institutional Setting
Data
Middle School (Collège)
High School (Lycee general et technologique)
Vocational High School (Lycée professionnel)
Supplementary Analysis With Overtime and All Staff
Middle School After the 2015 Reform
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Education Prioritaire in Middle Schools
Middle School (Collège), two levels :
• Réseau Ambition Réussite (RAR) : very disadvantagedschools, with the lowest achievement levels and the highestshare of very low Socio economic status (SES) students
• Réseau Réussite Scolaire (RRS) : other disadvantaged schools• Teaching staff in RAR and RRS : annual bonus of 1,156 euros• Major reforms between 2015 and 2018 : update of the list of
the RAR (not called Rep +) and RRS (now called Rep)schools and increase of the bonus : up to 1746 euros in Repand up to 3479 euros in Rep+
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Education Prioritaire in High Schools
High Schools (Lycée général et technologique) and VocaltionalHigh Schools (Lycée professionnel) :
• Education prioritaire progressively replaced by the Internatd’Excellence program from 2009 (see Behaghel et al., 2013)
• Teachers recrutment process in Internat d’Excellence : surprofil, i.e. “hand-picked” by the school principal outside of thestandard centralised assigment system
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https://www.ipp.eu/en/publication/internats-dexcellence-les-enseignements-de-sourdun-2/
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Introduction
Institutional Setting
Data
Middle School (Collège)
High School (Lycee general et technologique)
Vocational High School (Lycée professionnel)
Supplementary Analysis With Overtime and All Staff
Middle School After the 2015 Reform
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Data (1/3)
Administrative Data on Teaching Staff and Students in SecondarySchool :
• Teaching Staff : Teachers and School Principals :• Middle School : 2004 - 2015• High School + Vocational High School : 2011 - 2015
• Students and their Schools :2008-2015• Caveats :
• lower bound approximation of labour costs because only grosswage (salaire brut, not super brut). Less precise than analysisof the Ministry of Education which uses different data (Compte de l’Education, I dont have access to this data), seeMinistry of Education Brief on Total Labour Costs
• does not include all the bonuses : includes the Educationprioritaire bonus but not overtime pay, the indemnité derésidence (up to 3 % ), family bonus (by number of children,up to 6 %), other ad hoc bonuses, up to 10 %, see Ministry ofEducation Report on Teacher Wages
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http://cache.media.education.gouv.fr/file/2016/52/1/depp-ni-2016-32-cout-education-2015_667521.pdfhttp://cache.media.education.gouv.fr/file/revue_92/08/2/depp-2016-EF-92-enseignants-public-sont-ils-mieux-payes-que-ceux-du_prive_686082.pdfhttp://cache.media.education.gouv.fr/file/revue_92/08/2/depp-2016-EF-92-enseignants-public-sont-ils-mieux-payes-que-ceux-du_prive_686082.pdf
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Data (2/3)
More precise data for 2014 only : Supplementary comprehensiveadministrative Data on Teaching Staff Hours in Secondary School :
• All Teaching Staff : Teachers, Principals, Hall Monitors(surveillants), Conseiller principal d’éducation, etc.
• Detailed information on their working hours and overtimehours
• Caveat : more precise than main analysis because includesovertime pay but still lower bound of the total labour costs +does not include all the other bonuses mentioned above
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Data (3/3)
Supplementary data available on the Ministry of Education websiteor Teacher unions websites :
• List of schools part of the Education prioritaire program after2015 (REP+ and REP)
• List of schools part of the Internat d’Excellence program(High Schools and Vocational Schools)
• Teaching Staff wage scale• Overtime hours pay scale
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Construction of the Main Variables
Labour costs = 75% of Educational Spendings. Focus on anapproximation of labour costs :
• Gross wage (not the labour cost) or traitement indiciaire brutcomputed using the certification level of the teacher (corps :Certifié, Agrégé, Contractuel) and her rank of the wage scale.We add to this the education prioritaire bonus, and for thesupplementary analysis with overtime hours, the overtimebonus
• Ratio student to staff : Number of Students divided by thenumber of staff in the school
• Spending per student : Sum of the Gross wages in the schooldivided by the number of student in the school
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Analysis by Percentile Rank of the Share of High SESstudents in the school
Definition of High SES students ; SES of main parent
• CEOs• Professional Occupations• Professors, scientists• Media and entertainment• Engineers
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Introduction
Institutional Setting
Data
Middle School (Collège)
High School (Lycee general et technologique)
Vocational High School (Lycée professionnel)
Supplementary Analysis With Overtime and All Staff
Middle School After the 2015 Reform
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Share of Contract Staff (Teachers & Principals) – MiddleSchool
.02
.04
.06
.08
.1.1
2Sh
are
of C
ontra
ct S
taff
2005 2010 2015Year
Non EP RARRRS
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-
Average Nb of Years of Experience (Teachers & Principals) –Middle School
1011
1213
1415
Aver
age
Num
ber o
f Yea
rs o
f Exp
erie
nce
2005 2010 2015Year
Non EP RARRRS
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Share of Agreges Staff (Teachers & Principals) – MiddleSchool
.035
.04
.045
.05
Shar
e of
Agr
eges
2005 2010 2015Year
Non EP RARRRS
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-
Ratio Student to Staff (Teachers and Principals) – MiddleSchool
1112
1314
Rat
io s
taff
to s
tude
nt
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Year
Non EP RRSRAR
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Average Monthly Gross Wage (Teachers and Principals) –Middle School
2400
2450
2500
2550
2600
Aver
age
Wag
e
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Year
Non EP RRSRAR
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Average Monthly Spending (Teachers and Principals) perStudent – Middle School
200
210
220
230
Aver
age
Spen
ding
per
Stu
dent
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Year
Non EP RRSRAR
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Share of Education Prioritaire Schools per Pctile Rk of Shareof High SES Students in the School – Middle School
0.2
.4.6
Shar
e of
sch
ools
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentile rank of share of student from high SES
RAR RRS
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Ratio Student to Staff (Teachers and Principals) per PctileRk of Share of High SES Students in the School – MiddleSchool
810
1214
16R
atio
Stu
dent
to S
taff
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentile rank of share of student from high SES
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Average Monthly Gross Wage (Teachers and Principals) perPctile Rk of Share of High SES Students in the School –Middle School
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
Mon
thly
Gro
ss W
age
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentile rank of share of student from high SES
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Average Monthly Spending (Teachers and Principals) perStudent per Pctile Rk of Share of High SES Students in theSchool – Middle School
200
250
300
350
400
Mon
thly
Spe
ndin
g pe
r Stu
dent
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentile rank of share of student from high SES
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-
Introduction
Institutional Setting
Data
Middle School (Collège)
High School (Lycee general et technologique)
Vocational High School (Lycée professionnel)
Supplementary Analysis With Overtime and All Staff
Middle School After the 2015 Reform
27 / 52
-
Share of Contract Staff (Teachers & Principals) – HighSchool
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
Shar
e of
Con
tract
Sta
ff
2011 2012 2013 2014Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'excellence
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-
Average Nb of Years of Experience (Teachers & Principals) –High School
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8
17Av
erag
e N
umbe
r of Y
ears
of E
xper
ienc
e
2011 2012 2013 2014Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'excellence
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Share of Agreges Staff (Teachers & Principals) – High School
.2.2
5.3
.35
.4Sh
are
of A
greg
es S
taff
2011 2012 2013 2014Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'excellence
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-
Ratio Student to Staff (Teachers and Principals) – HighSchool
1112
1314
15R
atio
Sta
ff to
Stu
dent
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'Excellence
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-
Average Monthly Gross Wage (Teachers and Principals) –High School
2880
2900
2920
2940
2960
Aver
age
Wag
e
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'Excellence
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-
Average Monthly Spending (Teachers and Principals) perStudent – High School
240
245
250
255
260
265
Aver
age
Spen
ding
per
Stu
dent
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'Excellence
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Ratio Student to Staff (Teachers and Principals) per PctileRk of Share of High SES Students in the School – HighSchool
1011
1213
14St
aff t
o St
uden
t Rat
io
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentile rank of share of student from high SES
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Average Monthly Gross Wage (Teachers and Principals) perPctile Rk of Share of High SES Students in the School –High School
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
Aver
age
Gro
ss M
onth
ly W
age
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentile rank of share of student from high SES
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-
Average Monthly Spending (Teachers and Principals) perStudent per Pctile Rk of Share of High SES Students in theSchool – High School
240
250
260
270
280
Aver
age
Spen
ding
per
Stu
dent
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentile rank of share of student from high SES
36 / 52
-
Introduction
Institutional Setting
Data
Middle School (Collège)
High School (Lycee general et technologique)
Vocational High School (Lycée professionnel)
Supplementary Analysis With Overtime and All Staff
Middle School After the 2015 Reform
37 / 52
-
Share of Contract Staff (Teachers & Principals) – VocationalHigh School
.07
.08
.09
.1.1
1Sh
are
of C
ontra
ct S
taff
2011 2012 2013 2014Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'excellence
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-
Average Nb of Years of Experience (Teachers & Principals) –Vocational High School
14.5
1515
.516
Aver
age
Num
ber o
f Yea
rs o
f Exp
erie
nce
2011 2012 2013 2014Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'excellence
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Share of Agreges Staff (Teachers & Principals) – VocationalHigh School
.1.1
1.1
2.1
3.1
4.1
5Sh
are
of A
greg
es S
taff
2011 2012 2013 2014Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'excellence
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-
Ratio Student to Staff (Teachers and Principals) – VocationalHigh School
1111
.512
Rat
io S
taff
to S
tude
nt
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'Excellence
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-
Average Monthly Gross Wage (Teachers and Principals) toStudent – Vocational High School
2600
2650
2700
2750
Aver
age
Wag
e
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'Excellence
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-
Average Monthly Spending (Teachers and Principals) perStudent – Vocational High School
266
268
270
272
274
276
Aver
age
Spen
ding
per
Stu
dent
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Year
Non Internat d'Excellence Internat d'Excellence
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-
Ratio Student to Staff (Teachers and Principals) per PctileRk of Share of High SES Students in the School – VocationalHigh School
89
1011
1213
Staf
f to
Stud
ent R
atio
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentile rank of share of student from high SES
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-
Average Monthly Gross Wage (Teachers and Principals) perPctile Rk of Share of High SES Students in the School –Vocational High School
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
Aver
age
Gro
ss M
onth
ly W
age
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentile rank of share of student from high SES
45 / 52
-
Average Monthly Spending (Teachers and Principals) perStudent per Pctile Rk of Share of High SES Students in theSchool – Vocational High School
220
240
260
280
300
320
Aver
age
Spen
ding
per
Stu
dent
0 20 40 60 80 100Percentile rank of share of student from high SES
46 / 52
-
Introduction
Institutional Setting
Data
Middle School (Collège)
High School (Lycee general et technologique)
Vocational High School (Lycée professionnel)
Supplementary Analysis With Overtime and All Staff
Middle School After the 2015 Reform
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Middle School (2014)
Non EP RRS RAR
Ratio student to staff 9.67 8.44 7.01(1.82) (1.39) (1.44)
Total Gross Monthly Wage 2,372 2,367 2,258(142) (132) (133)
includingWage w/o bonuses 2,332 2,231 2,125
(138) (130) (126)EP Bonus 0 96.33 96.33Overtime Bonus 39.47 39.38 36.35
(20.26) (21.07) (23.07)
Spendings per Student 258.77 288.49 335.59(89.40) (53.53) (72.93)
Nb of schools 4,154 781 321
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High School (2014)
Non Internat d’Excellence Internat d’Excellence
Ratio student to staff 9.34 9.03(1.72) (1.80)
Total Gross Monthly Wage 2,718 2,721(215) (220)
includingWage w/o bonus 2,659 2,654
(200) (196)Overtime Bonus 59.50 67.06
(34.82) (43.63)
Spendings per Student 301.64 313.01(22.69) (72.48)
Nb of schools 733 214
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Vocational High School (2014)
Non Internat d’Excellence Internat d’Excellence
Ratio student to staff 7.17 6.82(1.51) (1.48)
Total Gross Monthly Wage 2,448 2,402(213) (220)
includingWage w/o bonus 2,383 2,347
(197) (205)Overtime Bonus 65.7 54.7
(37.48) (36.39)
Spendings per Student 356.41 369.48(80.22) (95.42)
Nb of schools 1,245 255
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Introduction
Institutional Setting
Data
Middle School (Collège)
High School (Lycee general et technologique)
Vocational High School (Lycée professionnel)
Supplementary Analysis With Overtime and All Staff
Middle School After the 2015 Reform
51 / 52
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Middle School – After 2015 Reform, with the distribution ofteacher characteristics kept equal (2014 distribution)
Non EP REP REP+
Ratio student to staff 9.64 8.54 7.14(1.79) (1.39) (1.31)
Total Gross Monthly Wage 2,374 2,397 2,457(142) (122) (126)
includingWage w/o bonuses 2,334 2,215 2,132
(138) (121) (127.65)EP Bonus 0 144.5 289.91Overtime Bonus 39.29 38.23 34.82
(20.19) (18.95) (19.36)
Spendings per Student 259.52 287.78 350.17(89.51) (48.45) (72.93)
Nb of schools 4,146 712 353
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IntroductionInstitutional SettingDataMiddle School (Collège)High School (Lycee general et technologique)Vocational High School (Lycée professionnel)Supplementary Analysis With Overtime and All StaffMiddle School After the 2015 Reform
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