progressives ppt
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Progressives
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Progressives/Progressivism
Changes in America around 1900- Progressives seek to control these changes.Changes causing: uncertainty; poverty;crime; immigration; race issues; urbanproblems; changes in values
Some important issues: Industrialization/Monopolies/Trusts Corruption in government Urbanization
Rich/Poor gap
Technology/Rise of Science Immigration increased
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Optimism of the
Progressives
Progressives were very concerned about all of the problemsdescribed above, but they were very optimistic about the
possibility of solving them. They believed in the potential of thepeople, the government, and the scientific method. By applyingthe scientific method
to social problems (thus the origins of the
"social sciences") problems could be solved.
Shared values
Concern about effects of industrialization
Optimistic about human nature and potential for progress
Willing to intervene in others lives, either private charity orgovernment
Sense of evangelical Protestant duty and faith in the benefits of
science Commitment to improve all aspects of American life
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Friction
All of these issues are sources of FRICTION. Especiallysocio-economic class problems. Classes have very
different experiences in America.
Upper class: Life of leisure. Opulence.
Lower class: Struggle
Middle class: Caught in the middle
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Upper Classes
Typical great mansion required: Staff of about 24 servants andcost $200-300K /year ($6.7M 2004) to maintain.
JP Morgan-
great library-
exact value unknown. Likely
considered priceless when he died and now. (His made it apublic institution after the death of his father.)
1884, paid $24,750 for a 1459 Mainz Psalter (most ever paidfor a book at the time and for years). ($500,000 dollars in 2004dollars)
1899, paid $200,000 for a collection of manuscripts, booksfrom the early days of printing, works related to Shakespeare.($4.5M in 2004 dollars)
JD Rockefeller: Total worth-
$2 Billion (approx. $50 today). [Bill
Gates worth about $27 Billion.]
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Lower Classes
On the edge of survival: Low wages, lay offs, accidents, early death-
constant threats Avoided changing jobs because even a loss of a days pay couldhurt the family.
Incomes:
Wage workers: $435/yr ($9000/yr, 2004)Coal workers: $340/yr ($7,600/yr 2004)
Domestics: $240/yr ($5,368/yr 2004)
Agricultural laborers: $178/yr. + room and board. ($40002004)
Middle class clericals: $1,011 (for comparison) ($22,000 2004)
Cost of Living: In Buffalo, NY, cost approx $700 to supportfamily of 5, but laborers income was only approx. $300- $600/yr
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Lower Classes
People who went rags to riches lessrole models than freaks of nature tolower classes.
Working class children:
Grew up fast- entered work world earlyGrew up slow-
did not have enough $ to
develop autonomy. Tended to live w/parents longer than middle and upper class.
Farmers- felt loss of status in society.Economic pinch as well.
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Middle Class
Becomes the radical center- sought to haltfriction in society.
White collar jobsLived in comfort w/ limits
Women key to middle class progressivismThe task of running a home became less
demanding (w/ new inventions, electricity,etc.) and less fulfilling.
By 1900, 85,000 women in higher education.
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Middle Class
Face up to what rich wanted to deny-
existence of potentially dangerous classconflict. Rich and poor were alien to each other, butmiddle class, in the middle, saw each, and
had concerns
Self-Indulgence
Rich: mansions and extravagance
Poor: saloons, crime
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Middle Class
Tension between old concept ofindividualism and the newrealities:
individualism is the characteristic ofsimple barbarism, not republican
civilization.individualism means tyranny.
the community has become toooften the prey of individuals.
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Who are the Progressives?
Answer usually centers on the middle class. Broad based movement- virtually everyonefighting for the progressive label eventually.The way a whole generation of Americans
responded to the problems of America Diverse movement- many groups w/
competing objectives and who had little to dow/ each other.
women, blacks, protestant ministers, middle
class professionals.
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Ideals of the Progressives
Application of natural sciences to society
Social Sciences created in this time Ethical concerns high on the agenda ofearly social sciences- this a sign ofinfluence of progressives
Scientific method to study, analyzeand solve problems
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Social sciences-
role of environment
People are creatures of their environmentChange environment, change the person
Study and cause change in environmentand people will be improved
This is a challenge to conventionalwisdom of individualism.
Ideals of the Progressives
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Ideals of the Progressives
New definition of Individualism
In modern America the individual could not hopeto compete. Slowly realized that they were nolonger free.
Did not accept common notion of liberty that hadbeen held up to that point, which equated libertyw/ contract. Free to make contract
free to
Progressives- individuals could not freely contractw/ big business.
Wage Slavery
a term which began to be used.
d l f h
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Ideals of the Progressives
New definition of Individualism
Individual liberty needed to includesocial and moral considerations, not just supply and demand. Issue of fairliving wage came to dominateProgressive thinking
An American Standard of LivingCan workers afford the products theymake at work?
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Ideals of the Progressives
New definition of Individualism
Find an alternative vision- ideal is not accumulation of wealthand property more communitarian- COMMUNITY IS KEY
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Ideals of the Progressives
Faith in progress
Optimism
Faith that peoples abilities, through purposefulaction, can improve conditions of life and society. Can reform capitalism to make it more human dont have to get rid of capitalism
not socialist or communist
Intervene in economic and social affairs to controlforces (i.e. supply and demand) and impose ameasure of control on those forces.
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Ideals of the Progressives
Restrain big business
Scale: so large that big businesses werethreats to competition and efficiency. Endmonopoly power.
Compel business to care for employees. Compel business to consider safety of workenvironment and products. Recognize that big business here to stay, soneed to regulate since individual cannot
compete w/ it.
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Ideals of the Progressives
Use govt. as a tool for improving society
Nation/State becomes a moral agent whichshould set rules of conduct for a justsociety
Not anti-govt. (that govt. which governs bestgoverns least) Laissez faire anathema to liberty andprogressivism- just a means of oppression ofthe many by the few.
Government a necessity to set the socialconditions for freedom.
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Use govt. as a tool for improving society
Nation-state a moral actor (contd.)Big government is a counterbalance to bigbusiness Who else can control Standard Oil? J.P. Morgan?More faith in executive power thanlegislative legislatures a long history of corruption
executive commissions and agencies w/ experts
Ideals of the Progressives
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Ideals of the Progressives
Humanize Capitalism
more egalitarian
more power to ordinary people in
citizenry
civic harmony to replace friction
reject concepts of Social Darwinism
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Ideals of the Progressives
Efficiency
Apply Taylorism to society ingeneral Eliminate waste in govt.
Study to see what works
Dont waste human resources
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Ideals of the Progressives
Social Gospel
Concern about the impact ofurbanization and industrialization onmorality Destruction of family life in cities andw/ children working, for example
The conditions of life [in the city] arenot favorable to purity according toone RC Bishop. Red light districts, etc.
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Ideals of the Progressives
Social Gospel
Humanitarianism seek salvation by reaching out toothers in industrial America- inthe community
Contrast w/ indifference ofemployers to their employees
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Ideals of the Progressives
Social Gospel
Washington Gladden,AppliedChristianity: Moral Aspects of SocialQuestions: set a new style ofChristianity-
take on social ills.
Get involved in politics- dont leave it tothe corrupt.
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Ideals of the ProgressivesSocial Gospel
Charles M. Sheldon, In His Steps (novel),encouraged Christians to ask repeatedlyWhat would Jesus do?Not enough to preach at the poor-
need
to help themReligious folk must confront the
problems of society
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Ideals of the Progressives
Social Gospel
Walter Rauschenbush
(Baptist Minister)
Advocate for working people and unions Embrace the social aims of Jesus
and create the
Kingdom of God on Earth.
Economic justice is the proper work of all Christians.
Jesus asked, Is not a man more than a sheep? Ourindustry says, No. It is careful of its live stock and
machinery, and careless of its human working force.
Why should we demand of one of the lowest classes
an unselfish devotion to all society which the upperclasses have never shown?
It is the function of religion to teach the individual tovalue his moral integrity more than his income.
To teach society to value human life more than property,and to value property only insofar as it forms thematerial basis for hi her develo ment of human life.
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Ideals of the Progressives
Social Gospel
Evangelical Protestantism Help purge America from it sins Temperance Not just moral suasion- compel if necessary.Use govt.
Many churches/church organizationsbegan to see themselves as supplydepots to those in need
Knights of Columbus, YMCA
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The idea that social and moral
considerations, not simply the lawof supply and demand, should
determine the level of wages,became a staple of Progressive
thought.
Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, p. 144
Ideals of the Progressives
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Progressive Agenda
Sought a wide host of reforms-
a
bold effort to reawaken Americansto create a new people living by a
new code of conduct. Political, Social, Economic Reforms Muckrakers key in all areas: exposeinjustice where it exists to create
public pressure for reform
Jacob Riis
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Ida TarbellJacob Riis
Upton Sinclair
MUCKRAKERS
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Progressive Agenda: Political
Reform Progressives wanted government to
follow the public will Reform government
Reorganize for efficiency, effectiveness
New agencies address particular social
ills
Posts staffed with experts
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Interest Groups and the Decline
of Popular Politics
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Interest Groups and the Decline
of Popular Politics
Decline in voter participation
77% from 18761900 65% from 19001916 52% in the 1920s remained near 52% through 20
th
century
Interest groups got favorable legislationthrough lobbying
Progressives hope to change the trend and
increase democracy.
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Progressive Agenda: Political
Reform Australian (Secret) ballot Direct primaries Direct election of senators Initiative, referendum, recall more direct democracy
City managers/commissions
heads of city departments elected by thepeople Manager- an expert hired by the commissionto direct the work of various departments
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Progressive Agenda:
Political Reform
Professionalism civil service (as opposed
to spoils system) Regulatory agencies (Interstate
Commerce Commission, for example) Govt. control of public utilities Anti-corruption legislation Restrictions on lobbyists
Womens suffrage
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Womens Suffrage
Before 1920
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Progressive Agenda: Social
Reform Prohibition Settlement Houses- Jane Addams
part of changing environment=changing person
School reforms-
Dewey
Methodologies-
more authentic
Education should stress personal growth, free inquiry,creativity
Get kids out of factory and into school-
laws eliminating
child labor part of education reforms
had to fight resistance of both families and employers on
this
This a key method of changing the environment
d l
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Progressive Agenda: Social
Reform
Juvenile courts
Liberalized divorcelaws Safety regulations housing andfactories Reformingcriminals
not just punishing
Aid to economic
downtrodden Civil rights anti-lynching political rights
equality??
Promotion ofmorality stop prostitution limit hours of bars
P i A d
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Progressive Agenda:
Economic ReformMain goal: control excesses of the rich and of
big businesses; govt. restrains bigbusiness to prevent it from doing justanything it wishes
Anti-Trust legislation Progressive income taxExcessive wealth causing bad behavior among
rich- so give some to the poor. Environmental protectionRegulate industries to protect public
Food safety
Dru safet
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The Republican Roosevelt
Often defied convention Brought an exuberance to the
presidency Surrounded himself with able
associates
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Busting the Trusts
1902: Wave of trust-busting led by
suit against Northern SecuritiesCompany
1904: Northern Securities dissolved Roosevelt reputed a "trust-buster"
Comparatively few antitrust casesunder Roosevelt, Taft did almost
twice as many in half the time
"S D l" i h
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"Square Deal" in the
Coalfields 1902: United Mine Workers strike in
Pennsylvania threatened U.S.economy
U.M.W., companies to White House Roosevelt won company concessions
by threatening military seizure ofmines
Roosevelt acted as broker of interests
R lt P i i
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Roosevelt Progressivism
at Its Height 1904A four-way election
RepublicanTheodore Roosevelt
DemocratAlton B. Parker
SocialistEugene V. Debs
ProhibitionSilas C. Swallow
Roosevelt won 57% of popular vote,336 electoral votes
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The Election of 1904
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Regulating the Railroads
1903: Elkins Act prohibited railroad rebates,strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission
Widespread popular demand for further railroadregulation after Roosevelts reelection
1906: Hepburn Act further strengthened InterstateCommerce Commission
Membership from five to seven
May fix reasonable maximum rates
Jurisdiction broadened to include oil pipeline,express, sleeping car companies
Cl i U F d d
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Cleaning Up Food and
Drugs Upton Sinclairs The Jungle (1906) promptedfederal investigation of meatpacking industry 1906: Meat Inspection Act
Sets rules for sanitary meatpacking
Requires government inspection of meat products Samuel Hopkins Adams exposed dangers ofpatent medicines 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act
Required manufacturers to list certain ingredients
Banned manufacture and sale of adulterated drugs
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Conserving the Land
First comprehensive national conservation
policy Roosevelt worked with Gifford Pinchot, chiefof Forest Service Policy defined conservation as wise use ofnatural resources
Quadrupled acreage under federalprotection
N ti l P k d
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National Parks and
Forests
C h L d
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Conserving the Land
Roosevelts challenge
Attacked malefactors of great wealth Criticized conservatism of federal courts Agitated for pro-labor legislation Popular response Business leaders blamed for financialpanic Overwhelming majority support
Th O d l f
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The Ordeal of
William Howard Taft
Taft: Able administrator, poorpresident
Conservative Republicans resurgent
Taft lost support of Progressives
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The Election of 1908
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Party Insurgency
Tariff split Republicans
Progressives: high tariff favoredtrusts
Conservatives: high tariff protectedbusiness1909 Payne-Aldrich Act provoked
Progressives to break with Taft
Th B lli Pi h t
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The Ballinger-Pinchot
Affair Gifford Pinchot leading
conservationist, Rooseveltappointee
Pinchot accused Interior SecretaryRichard Ballinger of selling public
lands to friends Taft fired Pinchot
Progressives antagonized
Taft Alienates the
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Taft Alienates the
Progressives 1910: Taft successfully pushed Mann-
Elkins Act to strengthen ICC Empowers ICC to fix railroad rates
Progressive Republicans attacked Tafts
plan of a Commerce Court to hear ICCappeals
Progressives obstructed Tafts
negotiations 1910: Taft attacked Progressive
Republicans, Democrats gained Congress
Taft Alienates the
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Taft Alienates the
Progressives
Legislation protecting laborers
Sixteenth Amendment created incometax Taft a greater trustbuster thanRoosevelt Taft, Roosevelt attackd one anotherpublicly
1912: Taft renominated by Republicans,little chance for victory
Diff i Phil hi i th
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Differing Philosophies in the
Election of 1912 Roosevelt: Progressive ("Bull Moose")
New Nationalism
Federal regulation of economy
Wasteful competition replaced by efficiency
Woodrow Wilson: Democrat
"New Freedom" for individual
Restrain big business, government
Democrats won White House, Congress
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Woodrow Wilson's
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Woodrow Wilson s
New Freedom Woodrow Wilson: Former president
of Princeton, governor of New Jersey Progressive, intellectual, inspiring
orator One of America's most effective
presidents
The New Freedom in
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The New Freedom in
Action
1913: Underwood Tariff cut duties
1913: Federal Reserve Act reformedbanks, established stable currency 1914: Clayton Antitrust Act outlawedunfair trade practices, protected unions 1914: Federal Trade Commission
New Freedom in Action:
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New Freedom in Action:
Retreating from Reform November, 1914: Wilson announces "New
Freedom" has been achieved It was a time of healing because a time ofjust dealing Statement stunned many progressives
Wilson Moves Toward the
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Wilson Moves Toward the
New Nationalism Reasons for the move
Distracted by the outbreak of war inEurope Needed conservative Southern support
Republicans seemed to gain by
attacking his programs 1916: Presidential election
Wilson Moves Toward the
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Wilson Moves Toward the
New Nationalism Wilson renewed reform in reelection bid
Federal Farm Loan Act
Intervened in strikes on behalf of workers
Attempted to ban child labor
Increased income taxes on the rich
Supported womens suffrage
Program won Wilson a close election
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