ppt engleska gramatika
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ENGLISH GRAMMER
BACK BONE OF ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
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Definition of Grammar
The definition of grammar is as
follos!
Grammar a""lies r#les forstandard #se of ords and ho
their $om"onent "arts $om%ine to
form senten$es&
A grammar isalso a s'stem for $lassif'ing and
anal'(ing the elements of
lang#age in$l#ding infle$tions)
f#n$tions) r#les and relations in
the senten$e&
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AL*HABETS
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+OR,S
The gro#" of al"ha%ets
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THE SENTENCE
A GRO-* OF +OR,S THATMAKE COM*LETE SENSE
GRO-* OF +OR,S !.
The east in rises the
s#n&
SENTENCE!.
The s#n rises in the
east&
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STR-CT-RE OF A SENTENCE
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5ERB
The senten$e has a
in it6 %#t a "hrase hasn4t&
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5ERB
The senten$e has a
in it6 %#t a "hrase hasn4t&
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E7AM*LE
SENTENCE!
I ill %e gi8ing 'o# a "resentation&
*HRASE!
For an ho#r&
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E7AM*LE
SENTENCE!
I ill %e gi8ing 'o# a "resentation&
*HRASE!
For an ho#r&5ERB
HAS NO 5ERB
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E7AM*LE
SENTENCE!
I ill %e gi8ing 'o# a "resentation&
*HRASE!
For an ho#r& 5ERB
HAS NO 5ERB
A 8er% is a ord hi$h sa's something a%o#t a s#%9e$t&
5ERB
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KIN,S OF SENTENCES
,ECLARATI5E SENTENCES
INTERROGATI5E SENTENCES
IM*ERATI5E SENTENCES
E7CLAMATOR: SENTENCES
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KIN,S OF SENTENCES
,ECLARATI5E SENTENCES
A SENTENCE THAT ,ECLARES
SOMETHING&
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KIN,S OF SENTENCES
,ECLARATI5E SENTENCES
A SENTENCE THAT ,ECLARES E7AM*LE!;;
SOMETHING& /& The %o's ere simming in the
ri8er&
0& The s#n rises in the east&
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KIN,S OF SENTENCES
INTERROGATI5E SENTENCES
A SENTENCE CAN ASK A E7AM*LE!;;
<-ESTION& /& +ho has %ro3en the glass=
0& +here is the aero "lane=
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KIN,S OF SENTENCES
IM*ERATI5E SENTENCES
A SENTENCE THAT E7*RESSES
A COMMAN,) A RE<-EST OR
A ,ESIRE&
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KIN,S OF SENTENCES
IM*ERATI5E SENTENCES
A SENTENCE THAT E7*RESSES E7AM*LE!;;
A COMMAN,) A RE<-EST OR /& *eter) sh#t the door&
A ,ESIRE& 0& *lease %ring me a glass of ater&
>& I ish to "la' $hess&
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KIN,S OF SENTENCES
E7CLAMATOR: SENTENCES
A SENTENCE CAN E7*RESS
SOME STRONG OR S-,,EN
FEELING&
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KIN,S OF SENTENCES
E7CLAMATOR: SENTENCES
A SENTENCE CAN E7*RESS E7AM*LE!;;
SOME STRONG OR S-,,EN /& Ho %ea#tif#l this rose is?
FEELING& 0& +hat a noise the' are ma3ing?
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*ARTS OF A SENTENCE
S-B@ECT *RE,ICATE
THE *ERSON OR THING +E S*EAK ABO-T&
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*ARTS OF A SENTENCE
S-B@ECT *RE,ICATE
+HAT IS SAI, ABO-T THE
S-B@ECT&
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*ARTS OF A SENTENCE
S-B@ECT *RE,ICATE
The cow is grazing in the field.
we are talking about
cow
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*ARTS OF A SENTENCE
S-B@ECT *RE,ICATE
The cow is grazing in the field.
we sa about cowthat it is grazing in
the field.
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*ARTS OF S*EECH
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THE PARTS OF SPEECH
E8er' name is $alled a NOUN) As field and fountain) street and town
In "la$e of no#n the PRONOUN stands As he and she $an $la" their hands
The ADJECT!E des$ri%es a thing) As ma"i# and and $ridal ring
The !ER% means a$tion) something done .To read) to write) to &um') to run
Ho things are done) the AD!ER%S tell) As (ui#)l*) slowl*) $adl*) well
The PREPOSTON shos relation) As in the street) or at the station
CONJUNCTONS 9oin) in man' a's)Senten$es) ords) or "hrase and "hrase
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E7AM*LE
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TENSES
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T:*ES OF TENSES
SI!"LE "#ESENT
SI!"LE "AST
SI!"LE $UTU#E
"#ESENT %&NTINU&US"AST %&NTINU&US
$UTU#E %&NTINU&US
"#ESENT "#$E%T
"AST "E#$E%T
$UTU#E "E#$E%T
"#ESENT "E#$E%T %&NTINU&US
"AST "E#$E%T %&NTINU&US
$UTU#E "E#$E%T %&NTINU&US
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SIM*LE *ERFECT TENSES
S+P,E TENSES
Sim'le 'resent Bill wal)s his dog&
Sim'le Past Bill wal)ed his dog&
Sim'le future Bill will wal) his dog&
PERFECT TENSES
Present Perfe#t Bill has wal)ed his dog&
Past Perfe#t Bill had wal)ed his dog&
Future Perfe#t Bill will ha-e wal)ed his dog&
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CONTIN-O-S TENSES
CONTNUOUS TENSES
Present Continuous Tense Bill is wal)in" his dog&
Past Continuous Tense Bill was wal)in" his dog&
Future Continuous Tense Bill will $e wal)in" his dog&
PERFCT CONTNUOUS
Present Perfe#t Continuous
Tense Bill has $een wal)in" his
dog&
Past Perfe#t Continuous
Tense Bill had $een wal)in" his
dog&
Future Perfe#t Continuous
Tense Bill will ha-e $een wal)in"
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ACTI5E 5OICE
A#ti-e -oi#e
In most English senten$es ith an a$tion 8er%) the s#%9e$t
"erforms the a$tion denoted %' the 8er%&
These eam"les sho that the s#%9e$t is doing the 8er%a$tion&
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*ASSI5E 5OICE
One $an $hange the normal ord order of man' a$ti8e
senten$es 1those ith a dire$t o%9e$t2 so that the s#%9e$t is
no longer active) %#t is) instead) %eing acted upon %' the
8er% . or passive.
Note in these eam"les ho the s#%9e$t.8er% relationshi"has $hanged&
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ACTI5E TO *ASSI5E
/& Mo8e the a$ti8e senten$es dire$t o%9e$t into the
senten$es s#%9e$t slot
0& *la$e the a$ti8e senten$es s#%9e$t into a "hrase %eginning ith the
"re"osition by
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ACTI5E TO *ASSI5E
>& Add a form of the a#iliar' 8er% be to the main 8er% and $hange the
main 8er%s form
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*ASSI5E TO ACTI5E
To $hange a "assi8e 8oi$e senten$e into an a$ti8e 8oi$e
senten$e) sim"l' re8erse the ste"s shon a%o8e&
/& Mo8e the "assi8e senten$es s#%9e$t into the
a$ti8e senten$es dire$t o%9e$t slot
0& Remo8e the a#iliar' 8er% be from the main 8er% and $hange main
8er%s form if needed
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*ASSI5E TO ACTI5E
D >& *la$e the "assi8e senten$es o%9e$t of the "re"osition
by into the s#%9e$t slot&
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NARRATION
Dire#t S'ee#h . /uoted S'ee#h
Sa'ing ea$tl' hat someone has said is $alled dire$t
s"ee$h 1sometimes $alled #oted s"ee$h2Here hat a "erson sa's a""ears ithin #otation mar3s
1&&&2 and sho#ld %e ord for ord&
For example:She said) Toda's lesson is on "resentations&
or
Toda's lesson is on "resentations) she said&
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NARRATION
ndire#t S'ee#h . Re'orted S'ee#h
Indire$t s"ee$h 1sometimes $alled re"orted s"ee$h2)
doesnt #se #otation mar3s to en$lose hat the "ersonsaid and it doesnt ha8e to %e ord for ord&
+hen re"orting s"ee$h the tense #s#all' $hanges& This is
%e$a#se hen e #se re"orted s"ee$h) e are #s#all'
tal3ing a%o#t a time in the "ast 1%e$a#se o%8io#sl' the
"erson ho s"o3e originall' s"o3e in the "ast2& The 8er%s
therefore #s#all' ha8e to %e in the "ast too&
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NARRATION
For example:
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NARRATION
Tense #han"e
As a r#le hen 'o# re"ort something someone has said 'o# go %a$3 a
tense! 1the tense on the left $hanges to the tense on the right2!
Dire#t s'ee#h ndire#t s'ee#h
Present sim'le Past sim'le
She said) Its $old& She said it as $old&
Present #ontinuous Past #ontinuous
She said) Im tea$hing She said she as tea$hing English
English online& online&
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NARRATION
Present 'erfe#t sim'le Past 'erfe#t sim'le
She said) I8e %een on the She said she had %een on
e% sin$e /& the e% sin$e /&
Present 'erfe#t Past 'erfe#t #ontinuous
#ontinuous
She said she had %een
She said) I8e %een tea$hing tea$hing English for se8enEnglish for se8en 'ears& 'ears&
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NARRATION
Past sim'le Past 'erfe#t
She said) I ta#ght online She said she had ta#ght
'esterda'& online 'esterda'&
Past #ontinuous Past 'erfe#t #ontinuous
She said) I as tea$hing She said she had %een
earlier& tea$hing earlier&
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NARRATION
Past 'erfe#t Past 'erfe#t
She said) The lesson had NO CHANGE . She said the
alread' started hen he lesson had alread' started
arri8ed& hen he arri8ed&
Past 'erfe#t #ontinuous Past 'erfe#t #ontinuous
She said) Id alread' %een NO CHANGE . She said
tea$hing for fi8e min#tes& shed alread' %een tea$hing
for fi8e min#tes&
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NARRATION
Modal 8er% forms also sometimes $hange!
Dire#t s'ee#h ndire#t s'ee#h
will would She said) Ill tea$h She said she o#ld tea$h
English online tomorro& English online tomorro&
#an #ould
She said) I $an tea$h She said she $o#ld tea$h
English online& English online&
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NARRATION
must had to
She said) I m#st ha8e a She said she had to ha8e
$om"#ter to tea$h English a $om"#ter to tea$h Englishonline& online&
ma* mi"ht
She said) Ma' I o"en a She as3ed if she might o"en
ne %roser= a ne %roser&
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NARRATION
Note . There is no $hange to6 $o#ld) o#ld) sho#ld) might
and o#ght to&
Dire#t s'ee#h ndire#t s'ee#h
I might go to the $inema) He said he might go to the
he said& $inema&
:o# $an #se the 'resent tense in re"orted s"ee$h if 'o#ant to sa' that something is still true i&e& m' name has
ala's %een and ill ala's %e L'nne so!.
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NARRATION
Dire#t s'ee#h ndire#t s'ee#h
"My name is Lynne" ) She said her name was
she said& Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne.
:o# $an also #se the "resent tense if 'o# are tal3ing a%o#t a
f#t#re e8ent&Dire#t s'ee#h 0e1a#t (uote2 ndire#t s'ee#h 0not e1a#t2
"Next weeks lesson is on She said next weeks lesson
reported speech " ) she said& is on reported speech.
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NARRATION
D Time #han"e
D If the re"orted senten$e $ontains an e"ression of time)
'o# m#st $hange it to fit in ith the time of re"orting&
D For eam"le e need to $hange ords li3e here and
yesterday if the' ha8e different meanings at the time and
"la$e of re"orting&
Toda* 3 45 hours 6 ndire#t s'ee#h
Toda's lesson is on She said 'esterda's lesson
"resentations& as on "resentations&
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NARRATION
E1'ressions of time if re'orted on a different da*
this 1e8ening2 7 that 1e8ening2
toda' 7 'esterda' &&&
these 1da's2 7 those 1da's2
no 7 then
1a ee32 ago 7 1a ee32 %efore
last ee3end 7 the "re8io#s ee3end
here 7 there
net 1ee32 7 the folloing 1ee32
tomorro 7 the netfolloing da'
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NARRATION
Re'ortin" !er$s
Said! told and asked are the most $ommon 8er%s #sed in
indire$t s"ee$h&
+e #se asked to re"ort #estions!.
For example: asked Lynne what time the lesson started.+e #se told ith an o%9e$t&
For example: Lynne told me she #elt tired.
There are man* other -er$s we #an use a'art from said8 told and
as)ed9
These in$l#de!.
a$$#sed) admitted) ad8ised) alleged) agreed) a"ologi(ed) %egged)
%oasted) $om"lained) denied) e"lained) im"lied) in8ited) offered)
ordered) "romised) re"lied) s#ggested and tho#ght&
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NARRATION
Use of :That: in re'orted s'ee#h
In re"orted s"ee$h) the ord that is often #sed&
For example: $e told me that he lived in %reenwich.
Hoe8er) that is o"tional&
For example: $e told me he lived in %reenwich.
!Note . That is ne8er #sed in #estions) instead e often
#se if&For example: $e asked me i# would come to the party.
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