ppt engleska gramatika

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ENGLISH GRAMMER

BACK BONE OF ENGLISH

LANGUAGE



Definition of Grammar

The definition of grammar is as

follos!

Grammar a""lies r#les forstandard #se of ords and ho

their $om"onent "arts $om%ine to

form senten$es&

A grammar isalso a s'stem for $lassif'ing and

anal'(ing the elements of

lang#age in$l#ding infle$tions)

f#n$tions) r#les and relations in

the senten$e&



AL*HABETS



+OR,S

The gro#" of al"ha%ets



THE SENTENCE

A GRO-* OF +OR,S THATMAKE COM*LETE SENSE

GRO-* OF +OR,S !.

The east in rises the

s#n&

SENTENCE!.

The s#n rises in the

east&



STR-CT-RE OF A SENTENCE



5ERB

The senten$e has a

in it6 %#t a "hrase hasn4t&



E7AM*LE

SENTENCE!

I ill %e gi8ing 'o# a "resentation&

*HRASE!

For an ho#r&



E7AM*LE

SENTENCE!


*HRASE!

For an ho#r&5ERB

HAS NO 5ERB



E7AM*LE

SENTENCE!


*HRASE!

For an ho#r& 5ERB

HAS NO 5ERB

A 8er% is a ord hi$h sa's something a%o#t a s#%9e$t&

5ERB



KIN,S OF SENTENCES

,ECLARATI5E SENTENCES

INTERROGATI5E SENTENCES

IM*ERATI5E SENTENCES

E7CLAMATOR: SENTENCES



KIN,S OF SENTENCES


A SENTENCE THAT ,ECLARES

SOMETHING&



KIN,S OF SENTENCES


A SENTENCE THAT ,ECLARES E7AM*LE!;;

SOMETHING& /& The %o's ere simming in the

ri8er&

0& The s#n rises in the east&



KIN,S OF SENTENCES

INTERROGATI5E SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN ASK A E7AM*LE!;;

<-ESTION& /& +ho has %ro3en the glass=

0& +here is the aero "lane=



KIN,S OF SENTENCES


A SENTENCE THAT E7*RESSES

A COMMAN,) A RE<-EST OR

A ,ESIRE&



KIN,S OF SENTENCES


A SENTENCE THAT E7*RESSES E7AM*LE!;;

A COMMAN,) A RE<-EST OR /& *eter) sh#t the door&

A ,ESIRE& 0& *lease %ring me a glass of ater&

>& I ish to "la' $hess&



KIN,S OF SENTENCES


A SENTENCE CAN E7*RESS

SOME STRONG OR S-,,EN

FEELING&



KIN,S OF SENTENCES


A SENTENCE CAN E7*RESS E7AM*LE!;;

SOME STRONG OR S-,,EN /& Ho %ea#tif#l this rose is?

FEELING& 0& +hat a noise the' are ma3ing?



*ARTS OF A SENTENCE

S-B@ECT *RE,ICATE

THE *ERSON OR THING +E S*EAK ABO-T&



*ARTS OF A SENTENCE

S-B@ECT *RE,ICATE

+HAT IS SAI, ABO-T THE

S-B@ECT&



*ARTS OF A SENTENCE

S-B@ECT *RE,ICATE

The cow is grazing in the field.

we are talking about

cow



*ARTS OF A SENTENCE

S-B@ECT *RE,ICATE

The cow is grazing in the field.

we sa about cowthat it is grazing in

the field.



*ARTS OF S*EECH



THE PARTS OF SPEECH

E8er' name is $alled a NOUN) As field and fountain) street and town

In "la$e of no#n the PRONOUN stands As he and she $an $la" their hands

The ADJECT!E des$ri%es a thing) As ma"i# and and $ridal ring

The !ER% means a$tion) something done .To read) to write) to &um') to run

Ho things are done) the AD!ER%S tell) As (ui#)l*) slowl*) $adl*) well

The PREPOSTON shos relation) As in the street) or at the station

CONJUNCTONS 9oin) in man' a's)Senten$es) ords) or "hrase and "hrase



E7AM*LE



TENSES



T:*ES OF TENSES

SI!"LE "#ESENT

SI!"LE "AST

SI!"LE $UTU#E

"#ESENT %&NTINU&US"AST %&NTINU&US

$UTU#E %&NTINU&US

"#ESENT "#$E%T

"AST "E#$E%T

$UTU#E "E#$E%T

"#ESENT "E#$E%T %&NTINU&US

"AST "E#$E%T %&NTINU&US

$UTU#E "E#$E%T %&NTINU&US



SIM*LE *ERFECT TENSES

S+P,E TENSES

Sim'le 'resent Bill wal)s his dog&

Sim'le Past Bill wal)ed his dog&

Sim'le future Bill will wal) his dog&

PERFECT TENSES

Present Perfe#t Bill has wal)ed his dog&

Past Perfe#t Bill had wal)ed his dog&

Future Perfe#t Bill will ha-e wal)ed his dog&



CONTIN-O-S TENSES

CONTNUOUS TENSES

Present Continuous Tense Bill is wal)in" his dog&

Past Continuous Tense Bill was wal)in" his dog&

Future Continuous Tense Bill will $e wal)in" his dog&

PERFCT CONTNUOUS

Present Perfe#t Continuous

Tense Bill has $een wal)in" his

dog&

Past Perfe#t Continuous

Tense Bill had $een wal)in" his

dog&

Future Perfe#t Continuous

Tense Bill will ha-e $een wal)in"



ACTI5E 5OICE

A#ti-e -oi#e

In most English senten$es ith an a$tion 8er%) the s#%9e$t

"erforms the a$tion denoted %' the 8er%&

These eam"les sho that the s#%9e$t is doing the 8er%a$tion&

http://www.towson.edu/ows/verbs.htm

http://www.towson.edu/ows/nouns.htm





*ASSI5E 5OICE

One $an $hange the normal ord order of man' a$ti8e

senten$es 1those ith a dire$t o%9e$t2 so that the s#%9e$t is

no longer active) %#t is) instead) %eing acted upon %' the

8er% . or passive.

Note in these eam"les ho the s#%9e$t.8er% relationshi"has $hanged&





ACTI5E TO *ASSI5E

/& Mo8e the a$ti8e senten$es dire$t o%9e$t into the

senten$es s#%9e$t slot

0& *la$e the a$ti8e senten$es s#%9e$t into a "hrase %eginning ith the

"re"osition by

http://www.towson.edu/ows/prepositions.htm

http://www.towson.edu/ows/prepositions.htm



ACTI5E TO *ASSI5E

>& Add a form of the a#iliar' 8er% be to the main 8er% and $hange the

main 8er%s form





*ASSI5E TO ACTI5E

To $hange a "assi8e 8oi$e senten$e into an a$ti8e 8oi$e

senten$e) sim"l' re8erse the ste"s shon a%o8e&

/& Mo8e the "assi8e senten$es s#%9e$t into the

a$ti8e senten$es dire$t o%9e$t slot

0& Remo8e the a#iliar' 8er% be from the main 8er% and $hange main

8er%s form if needed



*ASSI5E TO ACTI5E

D >& *la$e the "assi8e senten$es o%9e$t of the "re"osition

by into the s#%9e$t slot&



NARRATION

Dire#t S'ee#h . /uoted S'ee#h

Sa'ing ea$tl' hat someone has said is $alled dire$t

s"ee$h 1sometimes $alled #oted s"ee$h2Here hat a "erson sa's a""ears ithin #otation mar3s

1&&&2 and sho#ld %e ord for ord&

For example:She said) Toda's lesson is on "resentations&

or

Toda's lesson is on "resentations) she said&



NARRATION

ndire#t S'ee#h . Re'orted S'ee#h

Indire$t s"ee$h 1sometimes $alled re"orted s"ee$h2)

doesnt #se #otation mar3s to en$lose hat the "ersonsaid and it doesnt ha8e to %e ord for ord&

+hen re"orting s"ee$h the tense #s#all' $hanges& This is

%e$a#se hen e #se re"orted s"ee$h) e are #s#all'

tal3ing a%o#t a time in the "ast 1%e$a#se o%8io#sl' the

"erson ho s"o3e originall' s"o3e in the "ast2& The 8er%s

therefore #s#all' ha8e to %e in the "ast too&



NARRATION

For example:



NARRATION

Tense #han"e

As a r#le hen 'o# re"ort something someone has said 'o# go %a$3 a

tense! 1the tense on the left $hanges to the tense on the right2!

Dire#t s'ee#h ndire#t s'ee#h

Present sim'le Past sim'le

She said) Its $old& She said it as $old&

Present #ontinuous Past #ontinuous

She said) Im tea$hing She said she as tea$hing English

English online& online&



NARRATION

Present 'erfe#t sim'le Past 'erfe#t sim'le

She said) I8e %een on the She said she had %een on

e% sin$e /& the e% sin$e /&

Present 'erfe#t Past 'erfe#t #ontinuous

#ontinuous

She said she had %een

She said) I8e %een tea$hing tea$hing English for se8enEnglish for se8en 'ears& 'ears&



NARRATION

Past sim'le Past 'erfe#t

She said) I ta#ght online She said she had ta#ght

'esterda'& online 'esterda'&

Past #ontinuous Past 'erfe#t #ontinuous

She said) I as tea$hing She said she had %een

earlier& tea$hing earlier&



NARRATION

Past 'erfe#t Past 'erfe#t

She said) The lesson had NO CHANGE . She said the

alread' started hen he lesson had alread' started

arri8ed& hen he arri8ed&

Past 'erfe#t #ontinuous Past 'erfe#t #ontinuous

She said) Id alread' %een NO CHANGE . She said

tea$hing for fi8e min#tes& shed alread' %een tea$hing

for fi8e min#tes&



NARRATION

Modal 8er% forms also sometimes $hange!


will would She said) Ill tea$h She said she o#ld tea$h

English online tomorro& English online tomorro&

#an #ould

She said) I $an tea$h She said she $o#ld tea$h

English online& English online&



NARRATION

must had to

She said) I m#st ha8e a She said she had to ha8e

$om"#ter to tea$h English a $om"#ter to tea$h Englishonline& online&

ma* mi"ht

She said) Ma' I o"en a She as3ed if she might o"en

ne %roser= a ne %roser&



NARRATION

Note . There is no $hange to6 $o#ld) o#ld) sho#ld) might

and o#ght to&


I might go to the $inema) He said he might go to the

he said& $inema&

:o# $an #se the 'resent tense in re"orted s"ee$h if 'o#ant to sa' that something is still true i&e& m' name has

ala's %een and ill ala's %e L'nne so!.



NARRATION


"My name is Lynne" ) She said her name was

she said& Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne.

:o# $an also #se the "resent tense if 'o# are tal3ing a%o#t a

f#t#re e8ent&Dire#t s'ee#h 0e1a#t (uote2 ndire#t s'ee#h 0not e1a#t2

"Next weeks lesson is on She said next weeks lesson

reported speech " ) she said& is on reported speech.



NARRATION

D Time #han"e

D If the re"orted senten$e $ontains an e"ression of time)

'o# m#st $hange it to fit in ith the time of re"orting&

D For eam"le e need to $hange ords li3e here and

yesterday if the' ha8e different meanings at the time and

"la$e of re"orting&

Toda* 3 45 hours 6 ndire#t s'ee#h

Toda's lesson is on She said 'esterda's lesson

"resentations& as on "resentations&



NARRATION

E1'ressions of time if re'orted on a different da*

this 1e8ening2 7 that 1e8ening2

toda' 7 'esterda' &&&

these 1da's2 7 those 1da's2

no 7 then

1a ee32 ago 7 1a ee32 %efore

last ee3end 7 the "re8io#s ee3end

here 7 there

net 1ee32 7 the folloing 1ee32

tomorro 7 the netfolloing da'



NARRATION

Re'ortin" !er$s

Said! told and asked are the most $ommon 8er%s #sed in

indire$t s"ee$h&

+e #se asked to re"ort #estions!.

For example: asked Lynne what time the lesson started.+e #se told ith an o%9e$t&

For example: Lynne told me she #elt tired.

There are man* other -er$s we #an use a'art from said8 told and

as)ed9

These in$l#de!.

a$$#sed) admitted) ad8ised) alleged) agreed) a"ologi(ed) %egged)

%oasted) $om"lained) denied) e"lained) im"lied) in8ited) offered)

ordered) "romised) re"lied) s#ggested and tho#ght&



NARRATION

Use of :That: in re'orted s'ee#h

In re"orted s"ee$h) the ord that is often #sed&

For example: $e told me that he lived in %reenwich.

Hoe8er) that is o"tional&

For example: $e told me he lived in %reenwich.

!Note . That is ne8er #sed in #estions) instead e often

#se if&For example: $e asked me i# would come to the party.

ppt engleska gramatika

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