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POWER POINT PRESENTATION

ON

POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

2017 - 2018

II B. Tech I semester (IARE-R16)

MAHESH THATI, Assistant Professor

THERMAL POWER PLANT

INTRODUCTION

In India 65% of total power is generated by the Thermal Power Stations.Yamunanagar Thermal Power Project i.e D.C.R.T..P.P(Deen ChotuRam Thermal Power Plant) is a project of Haryana

Bandhu Power

Generation Corporation limited (HPGCL). It is situated at village Kalanorat present with twoIn Yamunanagar. Its total capacity is 600 MW as

units working with capacity.Having two unit of 2 x 300 MW = 600 MW

MECHANICAL DESIGN

Boiler.

Furnace.

Turbine.

Super Heater & Re- Heater.

PA,FD & ID Fan.

Cooling Tower

1.COAL FLOW

2.STEAM FLOW

3.WATER FLOW

4.ASH HANDLING

FUNCTION HELD IN PLANT

OPERATIONAL FEATURES

INSIDE THE POWER PLANT

HRH

PA FAN MILLCRH

GENERATOR

COAL

SH RH

ECONO-

MISOR

HPT IPT

DEARATOR

CONDENSOR

LPT

CEP

OIL

FURNACE

DRAFT LPH

BFP

HOT SEC AIR

COLD AIR

TO PA FANS

FD FAN

ID FAN

CHIMNEY

BOILER DRUM

APH HPH

1

2

3

4

5

STEAM FLOW

R.H.

S.HEATER H.P I.PL.P

c

o

ndenser

WATER FLOW

STEAM

B.F.P

C

O

N

D

E

N

S

E

R

HOT WATER

COOLING

TOWER

COOL WATER

B

O

I

L

E

R

ECONOMIZERD.M.

PLANT

TURBINES AUXILIARIES

•VACUUM SYSTEM:-

CONDENSER

EJECTORS

CW PUMPS

CONDENSAT DEAERATORE SYSTEM:-

CONDENSATE EXTRACTION PUMPS (CEP)

LP HEATERS

DEAERATOR

FEED WATER SYSTEM

HIGH PRESSURE HEATERS

BOILER FEED PUMP (BFP)

FEED REGULATING STATIOIN

DRIP & DRAIN SYSTEM

BOILER & IT’S ACCESSORIES

•BOILER DRUM

SUPER HEATERS

AIR HEATERS

SUPRING LOADED SAFETY VALVES

PRIMARY AIR CYCLE

IGNITERS

ECONOMIZER

SUPER HEATERS

REHEATERS

Nuclear Power

In the US, 20% of our electricity is produced by nuclear power.There are 103 US nuclear power plants.

California related reactors

Diablo Canyon, two reactors

San Onofre, two reactors

⅓ of Palo Verde 1, 2, & 3 in Arizona

California Nuclear energy

• Each of the five reactors produces about 1,100 million watts (megawatts) of electricity

• This is enough to power one million homes per reactor

• Each reactor’s production is equivalent to 15 million barrels of oil or 3.5 million tons of coal a year.

• The total 5,500 reactor produced megawatts is out of a peak state electrical power of 30,000 – 40,000 megawatts.

Worldwide Nuclear Power Reactors

• There are 440 nuclear power reactors in 31 countries.

• 30 more are under construction.

• They account for 16% of the world’selectricity.

• They produce a total of 351 gigawatts (billion watts) of electricity.

World Nuclear Power Plants

Nuclear Electricity Production by Countries and Regions in Gigawatts (World Total 350 Gigawatts) and

percent of electricity

US 97 Trend: declining

North America Region 109

France 63 Increasing

Germany 21 Being phased out

U. K. 12

Western Europe Region 126

Japan 44 Increasing

Asia Region 66 Increasing

Eastern Europe Region 11

Former Soviet U. Region 34

How a Nuclear Reactor works

• 235U fissions by absorbing a neutron and producing 2 to 3 neutrons, which initiate on average one more fission to make a controlled chain reaction

• Normal water is used as a moderator to slow the neutrons since slow neutrons take longer to pass by a U nucleus and have more time to be absorbed

• The protons in the hydrogen in the water have the same mass as the neutron and stop them by a billiard ball effect

• The extra neutrons are taken up by protons to form deuterons

• 235U is enriched from its 0.7% in nature to about 3% to produce the reaction, and is contained in rods in the water

• Boron control rods are inserted to absorb neutrons when it is time to shut down the reactor

• The hot water is boiled or sent through a heat exchanger to produce steam. The steam then powers turbines.

Nucleons more tightly bound in Fission Product Nuclei– Gives 200 Mev Energy per Fission

Nuclear Fission from Slow Neutrons and Water Moderator

Inside a Nuclear Reactor

• Steam outlet

• Fuel Rods

• Control Rods

Energy Taken out by Steam Turbine

Production of Plutonium (Pu) in Nuclear Reactors

• 239Pu is produced in nuclear reactors by the absorption of a neutron on 238U, followed by two beta decays

• 239Pu also fissions by absorbing a thermal neutron, and on average produces 1/3 of the energy in a fuel cycle.

• 239Pu is relatively stable, with a half life of 24 thousand years.

• It is used in nuclear weapons

• It can be bred for nuclear reactors

Nuclear Weapons to Reactor Fuel

• We are buying highly enriched uranium (20%235U) from the former Soviet Union’s nuclearweapons for 20 years from 1993--2013

• Converting it to low enriched uranium (3%235U) for reactor fuel

• It will satisfy 9 years of US reactor fuel demand

• It comes from 6,855 Soviet nuclear warheadsso far

Nuclear Plant Future

• The countries of the world are each planning their own course of nuclear plant development or decline

• Nuclear power is competitive with natural gas

• It is non-polluting

• It does not contribute to global warming

• Obtaining the fuel only takes 5% of the energy output

• Plant licenses have been extended from 20 years to an additional 20 years

Nuclear Plant Future

• Newer designs are being sought to make them more economical and safer

• Preapproval of a few designs will hasten development

• Disposal of high level radioactive waste still being studied, but scientists believe deep burial would work

• Because they are have large electrical output, their cost at$2 billion is hard to obtain and guarantee with banks

• Replacing plants may be cheaper using the same sites and containment vessels

Nuclear Problems and Solutions

• Three Mile Island 1979– 50% core meltdown, stuck valve with no indicator released

water, but containment vessel held– More sensors added, better communication to experts in

Washington, don’t turn off emergency cooling– 28 year US safety record since accident

• Chernobyl 1986– Human stupidity turned off cooling system– Poor steam cooling reactor design allowed unstablesteam

pocket to explode– Graphite caught fire– Design not used in other countries

Yucca Mountain Project: Nuclear Fuel and High Level Waste Repository

• Much more secure repository than leaving high level waste at 60 reactorsites around the country.

• On old atomic bomb testing base, inside amountain.• The storage is above the water table.• The Yucca Mountain site would be 60% filled by present waste.• US has legal commitment to the reactorindustry.• Site has been studied extensively by scientists for over 20 years.• Will store waste during its 10,000 year decay time.• Questions of how to deflect dripping water around and under the storage

vessels.• Questions of radioactive decay weakening storagecontainers.• A solution would be to build containers that can be opened and reincased,or

to which surrounded casings could be added.

Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor

• Uses the fast neutrons from 235U fission on surrounding238U to produce 239Pu

• In 10-20 years, enough Pu is produced to power another reactor

• No moderators are allowed• No water, must use liquid sodium coolant• U must be at 15%-30% enrichment to generate power

with fast neutrons while breeding Pu• This is at weapons grade enrichment, however• Super-Phenix in France has operated for 20 years

Nuclear Power Proposed Solution?

• Richard Garwin , MIT and industry propose:• If 50 years from now the world uses twice as much energy, and half comes

from nuclear power• Need 4,000 nuclear reactors, using about a million tons of Uranium a year• With higher cost terrestrial ore, would last for 300years• Breeder reactors creating Plutonium could extend the supply to 200,000 years• Nonpolluting, non-CO2 producingsource• Need more trained nuclear engineers and sites• Study fuel reprocessing, waste disposal, and safer designs.• While nuclear reactors have to be on all day and night, and power use is less at

night, they could be used to charge up electric cars.• Until electric cars or a hydrogen generation economy, they might only be used

for the 40% of generation used at night, up from the present 20% that they generate.

Fusion Reactors

• Fusion easiest for Deuteron (D) + Tritium(T):

D(p,n) + T(p,nn) → 4He(pp,nn) + n

in a high temperature plasma.

• Replacement T created from Li blanket aroundreactor

n + 6Li → 4He + T

• Fusion reactors

– International ITER in 2012 for research for a decade, costing $5 billion

– Current stalemate over siting in France or Japan

– Followed by DEMO for a functioning plant, taking another 10 years.

– Design and completion of a commercial plant not until 2050.

• US Lithium supply would last a few hundredyears.

• Still would be a radioactive waste disposal problem.

International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)

Gas Turbine Technologies for Electric Generati

SMALL HYDRO POWER SYSTEMS

CLASSIFIED AS MINI, MICRO, AND SMALL

DEPENDING ON CAPACITY OF PLANT.

•MATURE TECHNOLOGY

• HIGHEST PRIME MOVING EFFICIENCY

• SPECTACULAR OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY

• FIRST PLACE AMONGALL RENEWABLESOURCES

CLASSIFICATION POWER RATING

MICRO-HYDRO < 100 kW

MINI-HYDRO 100 kW – 3MW

SMALL-SCALE HYDRO 3 MW – 25 MW

CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING ON THE HEAD

ULTRA LOW HEAD BELOW 3 METRES

MEDIUM HEAD FROM 30–75 METRES

HIGH HEAD ABOVE 75 METRES

TYPICAL LAYOUTS

•RUN –OFF- THE RIVER SCHEMES OR DAM BASED SCHEMES.

•SMALL HYDRO POWER POWER PROJECTS USUALLY RUN- OFF-THE RIVER SCHEMES.

RUN OFF THE RIVER LAY OUT

CONCEPT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER

▪HYDRO SYSTEM MAKES USE OF FALLING

WATER IN A STREAM OR RIVER OR STORAGE DAM BETWEEN TWO POINTS TO GENERATE MECHANICAL POWER THROUGH A TURBINE WHICH IS CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL POWER THROUGH A GENERATOR ATTACHED TO TUBINE IN A POWER HOUSE.

•AMOUNT OF WATER FLOW DIVERTED FROM

STREAM OR RIVER OR DAM CALLED

DISCHARGE’Q’(in Lit/Sec) AND DIFFERENCE IN

ELEVATION BETWEEN TWO UPSTREAM AND

DOWNSTREAM POINTS CALLED GROSS HEAD

‘H’(in meters)

•AFTER FLOW AND GROSS HEAD BETWEEN TWO POINTS

MEASURED - HYDRAULIC POWER CALCULATED AS BELOW

•NET HEAD AFTER ALLOWING FOR FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN

WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM AND PENSTOCKS CALCULATED

USING FORMULAE

• FRICTION LOSS TAKEN AS 25% OF GROSS HEAD. NET HEAD

(h) = GROSS HEAD – FRICTION LOSSES

•MECHANICAL POWER CALCULATED USING

TURBINE EFFICIENCY. FOR SMALL SHP - 65%

•USEFUL ELECTRICAL POWER CALCUALTED USING

GENERATOR EFFICIENCY -GENERALLY 80% FOR SMALL SIZE

GENERATORS (INDUCTION GENERATORS SUITABLE FOR

DIRECT DRIVE)

TYPICAL CALCULATION OF POWER

OUTPUT FROM SMALL HYDELPLANT

➢DISCHARGE Q = 390 LPS (0.35 CUMECS)

➢GROSS HEAD (H) = 9 M

➢HYDRAULIC POWER = 390X9X9.81 =

34433 WATTS =34.43 KW

➢FRICTION LOSS = 0.25X9 = 2.25M

➢NET HEAD (h) = 9-2.25 = 6.73 M

➢NET HYDRAULIC POWER = 390X

6.75XX9.81 = 25824 WATTS = 25.82 KW

➢EFFICIENCY OF TURBINE =65%

➢NET MECHANICAL POWER = NET

HYDRAULIC POWER X TURBINEEFFICIENCY

= 258241x 0.65 = 16786 W= 16.78 KW

➢GENERATOR EFFICIENCY = 80%

➢ELECTRICAL POWER = NET MECHANICAL

POWER X GENERATOR EFFICIENCY

= 16786 X 0.80 = 13428 W=13.43KW

ADVANTAGES

•GENERATION OF HYDROPOWER PRODUCES NO GREENHOUSE, AIR POLLUTANTS OR ANY WASTE PRODUCTS.

•ENERGY IN REMOTE AND HILLY AREAS WHERE EXTENSION OF GRID SYSTEM UN-ECONOMICAL

▪NON POLLUTING AND

ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN WATER SUPPLY

SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION▪

▪SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY

– RICE & OIL MILLS, WOOD INDUSTRIES–SAW MILLS

DISADVANTAGES

▪High Generation cost

▪Plants offers only seasonal power

▪High operating and maintenances

cost

▪The plants has to be operated at

low plant load factor to utilize

maximum water flow

HYDRO POWER IN INDIA

▪TOTAL DEVELOPED HYDRO

POTENTIAL ABOUT 26910.23 MW

▪SHARE OF HYDROPOWER REDUCED

TO ONLY 25% IN TOTAL INSTALLEDFOR POWER GENERATION FROM50.62% IN 1963

▪ESTIMATED POTENTIAL OF

SMALL HYDRO - 15,000 MW - SMALL HYDRO POWER INTRODUCED IN 1897

WIND POWER

What is it?

How does it work?

Efficiency

WIND POWER - What is it?

All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun

The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun

About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind

energy (which is about 50-100 times more than the energy

converted to biomass by all plants on earth

Differential heating of the earth’s surface

and atmosphere induces vertical and

horizontal air currents that are affected by the

earth’s

•Winds are influenced by the ground surface at altitudes up to 100 meters.

• Wind is slowed by the surface roughnessand obstacles.

•When dealing with wind energy, we are concerned with surface winds.

•A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the

force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on

the rotor blades.

•The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the

rotor depends on the density of the air, the rotor area, and

the wind speed.

•The kinetic energy of a moving body is proportional to its

mass (or weight). The kinetic energy in the wind thus depends

on the density of the air, i.e. its mass per unit of volume.

In other words, the "heavier" the air, the more energy is received by the turbine.

•at 15° Celsius air weighs about 1.225 kg per cubic meter,

➢A typical 600 kW wind turbine has a rotor diameter of 43-44 meters, i.e.

a rotor area of some 1,500 square meters.

➢The rotor area determines how much energy a wind turbine is able to

harvest from the wind.

➢Since the rotor area increases with the square of the rotor diameter, a

turbine which is twice as large will receive 22 = 2 x 2 = four times as much energy.

➢To be considered a good location for

wind energy, an area needs to have average annual wind speeds of at least 12 miles per hour.

WINDMILL DESIGN A Windmill

captures wind

energy and then uses a generator to

convert it to electrical energy.

The design ofa windmill is anintegral part of how

efficient it will be.

When designinga windmill, one must

decide on the size of

the turbine, and the

LARGE TURBINES:

•

• Able to deliver electricity at lower cost

than smaller turbines, because

foundation costs, planning costs, etc. are

independent of size.

• Well-suited for offshore wind plants.

In areas where it is difficult to find sites,

one large turbine on a tall tower uses

the wind extremely efficiently.

SMALL TURBINES:

▪Local electrical grids may not be able to handle the large

electrical output from a large turbine, so smaller turbines may be more suitable.

▪High costs for foundations for large turbines may not be

economical in some areas.

▪Landscape considerations

Wind Turbines: Number of Blades

Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most important reason is the

stability of the turbine. A rotor with an odd number of rotor blades (and at least three blades) can be considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic properties of the machine.

A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems for a machine with a

stiff structure. The reason is that at the very moment when the uppermost blade bends backwards, because it gets the maximum power from the wind, the lowermost blade passes into the wind shade in front of the tower.

•Wind power

generators convert wind

energy (mechanical

energy) to electrical

energy.

•The generator is

attached at one end to the

wind turbine, which

provides the mechanical

energy.

•At the other end, the

generator is connected

to the electrical grid.

•Thegenerator

to have a

needs

cooling

SMALL GENERATORS:

▪Require less force to turn than a larger ones, but give much lower

power output.

▪Less efficient

i.e.. If you fit a large wind turbine rotor with a small generator itwill be producing electricity during many hours of the year, butit will capture only a small part of the energy content of thewind at high wind speeds.

LARGE GENERATORS:

▪Very efficient at high wind speeds, but unable to turn at low wind

speeds.

i.e.. If the generator has larger coils, and/or a stronger internal

o A windmill built so that it too severely interrupts the airflow through its cross section will reduce the effective wind velocity

at its location and divert much of the airflow around itself, thus not extracting the maximum power from the wind.

o At the other extreme, a windmill that intercepts a smallfraction of the wind passing through its cross section will

reduce the wind’s velocity by only a small amount, thus

extracting only a small fraction of the power from the wind

traversing the windmill disk.

o Modern Windmills can attain an efficiency of about 60 % of the theoretical maximum.

P/m^2 = 6.1 x 10^-4 v^3

*The power in wind is

proportional to the cubic

wind speed ( v^3 ).

WHY?

~ Kinetic energy of an air mass is proportional to v^2

~ Amount of air mass moving

past a given point is

proportional to wind velocity (v)

* An extra meter of tower will cost roughly 1,500 USD.

➢A typical 600 kW turbine costs about $450,000.

➢Installation costs are typically $125,000.

➢Therefore, the total costs will be about $575,000.

➢The average price for large, modern wind farms is

around $1,000 per kilowatt electrical power installed.

➢Modern wind turbines are designed to work for some

120,000 hours of operation throughout their design lifetime of 20 years. ( 13.7 years non-stop)

➢Maintenance costs are about 1.5-2.0 percent of the

original cost, per year.

Advantages of Wind Power

•The wind blows day and night, which allows windmills toproduce electricity throughout the day. (Faster during theday)

• Energy output from a wind turbine will vary as the wind varies, although the most rapid variations will to some extent be compensated for by the inertia of the wind turbine rotor.

• Wind energy is a domestic, renewable source of energy that

generates no pollution and has little environmental impact. Up

to 95 percent of land used for wind farms can also be used for

other profitable activities including ranching, farming and

forestry.

➢Wind Turbines and the Landscape

- Large turbines don’t turn as fast attract less attention- City dwellers “dwell” on the attention attracted by windmills

➢Sound from Wind Turbines

- Increasing tip speed less sound

- The closest neighbor is usually 300 m experiences almost no noise

➢Birds often collide with high voltage overhead lines, masts, poles, and windows of

buildings. They are also killed by cars in traffic. However, birds are seldom botheredby wind turbines.

➢The only known site with bird collision problems is located in the Altamont Pass in

California.

➢Danish Ministry of the Environment study revealed that power lines are a much greater

danger to birds than the wind turbines.Some birds even nest on cages on Wind Towers

THANKS