plagiarism and citation methods. what is plagiarism? occurs when someone deliberately uses someone...
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What is Plagiarism?
Occurs when someone deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source
The Importance of Intent
There’s a difference between intentionally presenting someone’s work as your own and misusing your sources
Some Examples of Deliberate Use
Using papers from a paper mill
Presenting someone else’s paper as your own
Copying large sections of text from a source without attribution
These are considered serious academic offenses
Misuse of Sources Academic conventions dictate certain
methods for citing sources
These conventions must be learned and mistakes will happen
Careless or mistaken use of citation conventions is not plagiarism
As long as some effort is made to indentify source material, it will be treated as a stylistic issue
What is Common Knowledge?
Anything your reader could commonly know or that is available in general sources
This sort of knowledge will vary from discipline to discipline
Generally, any sort of knowledge you see commonly repeated in the research you are reading is considered common knowledge
What Isn’t Common Knowledge?
Highly specific statistics Not all specifics are highly specific. Some are
common knowledge e.g. the population of the US
Controversial information or ideas that contradict prevailing opinions
Ideas that appear in only a few of your sources or that are specific to one source
Examples of Common Knowledge
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President
On Sep. 11th, Al-Qaeda attacked the United States
On average, Mars is 78 million km from the Earth
Not Common Knowledge
Some scholars believe Abraham Lincoln suffered from manic-depression
Currently, Al-Qaeda’s operational capacity has been reduced to the point where it is more a brand name than a centralized organization
Steven Hawking believes that colonizing Mars and other planets is the only way to preserve the human race
Other Points Where Problems Could Arise
Failing to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks
Also, if you quote someone, you must cite them and provide a reference
Summary vs. Paraphrase
A paraphrase reports information from a source in the same number of words
A summary reports information from you source in a condensed form
Possible Issues When summarizing or paraphrasing, you
must restate the author’s ideas in your own language
If you half-copy the author’s sentences, you have misused your source
This could happen if you mix the author’s phrases with your own or if you plug synonyms into the author’s sentence structure
Example from Hacker Original text
In an effort to seek the causes of this disturbing trend, experts have pointed to the rise in childhood obesity that are unrelated to media.
-Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, “The Role of Media in Childhood Obesity.” 2004. Print.
Problem: Borrows Too Many Phrases
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation believes, experts have indicated a range of significant potential contributors to the rise in childhood obesity that are not linked to media (1).
Problem: Same Structure
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation believes, experts have identified (pointed to) a variety (range) of significant (important) factors causing (potential contributors to) a rise in childhood obesity that are not linked (unrelated) to media (1).
Solution to This Problem
Since it is easier to copy the source when it is in front of you, set the source aside and write a paraphrase or summary from memory
When you have finished your paraphrase or summary, check your source for accuracy and to make sure it isn’t too close to the original
Finally, if you are having a hard time, feel free to quote the source directly
Acceptable Paraphrase
A report by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation claims sources other than the media were responsible for the childhood obesity crisis.
Purpose
To aid you in dealing with the arguments of others
Provide concrete examples to back up your argument
To keep your argument focused and on task
Citation methods
For this paper you will most likely use two types of in-text citations:
Short quotes Long quotes
Some General Guidelines
MLA requires that all signal phrases introducing a citation be in the present tense Ken Byron contends… The unnamed narrator in “Adams” believes…
Follow the author/date format
The author’s name and the page number of the quotation should appear in any in-text citation.
Two main ways of doing this George Saunders emphasizes America’s
subservience to advertising in “In Persuasion Nation” when a grandfather chops his grandson into pieces at the behest of a bag of Doritos and screams at the mutilated body “do you still believe that Doritos is merely a bag of corn chips with a ton of salt and about nine coloring agents” (161)?
Author Name and Page #
The grandfather turns to his grandson’s mutilated body and yells “Do you still believe that Doritos is merely a bag of corn chips, with a ton of salt and nine coloring agents” (Saunders 161)?
Basic Formatting The titles of longer works (movies, books,
edited collections, albums, etc.) should be italicized, e.g. Huckleberry Finn, Inception, Kind of Blue.
The titles of shorter works (short stories, essays, song titles, poems, etc.) should be in quotation marks, e.g. “Barn Burning”, “Shootings”, “I Sing The Body Electric”, “Stairway to Heaven”.
Examples George Saunders emphasizes America’s
subservience to advertising in “In Persuasion Nation” when a grandfather chops his grandson into pieces at the behest of a bag of Doritos and screams at the mutilated body “do you still believe that Doritos is merely a bag of corn chips with a ton of salt and about nine coloring agents” (161)?
The grandfather turns to his grandson’s mutilated body and yells “Do you still believe that Doritos is merely a bag of corn chips, with a ton of salt and nine coloring agents” (Saunders 161)?
Long Quotes Use when your quote is longer than 40
words
Omit quotation marks
Start on a new line indented five spaces from the left margin
Type the entire quotation from the new margin and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph
Maintain double-spacing throughout
Example Ken Byron develops an extensive scale for judging the
gender of every person in America:
Here’s how it works: Say we determine that a man is an 8 on the manly scale, with 10 being most manly of all and 0 basically a neuter. And say we determine that his fiancee is a -6 on
the manly scale, with -10 being most Fem of all. Calculating the difference between the man’s rating and the woman’s rating– the Gender Differential– we see that this proposed union is not, in fact, a Samish-Sex Marriage (Saunders
67-68).
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