physics caddate sess ue higher level paper 3 · 2019. 1. 17. · – 7 – turn over...

48 pages

M13/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX

Tuesday 7 May 2013 (afternoon)

PHYSICS

HIGHER LEVEL

PAPER 3

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your session number in the boxes above.

• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.

• Answer all of the questions from two of the Options.

• Write your answers in the boxes provided.

• A calculator is required for this paper.

• A clean copy of the Physics Data Booklet is required for this paper.

• The maximum mark for this examination paper is [60 marks].

1 hour 15 minutes

Examination code

2 2 1 3 – 6 5 0 9

Candidate session number

22136509

–2– M13/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX

Option E — Astrophysics

E1. Thisquestionisaboutasteroids.

(a) Statethenatureofanasteroid. [1]

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(b) Statethepositionoftheasteroidbeltinthesolarsystem. [1]

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E2. Thisquestionisaboutthepropertiesofastar.

(a) ThepeakintheradiationspectrumofastarXisatawavelengthof300nm.

ShowthatthesurfacetemperatureofstarXisabout10000K. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question E2 continued)

(b) (i) The radius of star X is 4.5RS whereRS is the radius of the Sun. The surfacetemperatureoftheSunis5.7×103K.

Determinetheratio luminosityofstarXluminosityoftheSun

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(ii) Calculate, assuming that the power in the mass–luminosity relationship is 3.5,

theratio mass of star Xmass of Sun

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(Question E2 continued)

(c) OntheHertzsprung–Russelldiagram,label

(i) thepositionofstarXwiththeletterX. [1]

(ii) thepositionoftheSunwiththeletterS. [1]

relativeluminosity(Sun=1)

0.01 40000 20000 10000 5000 2500

surfacetemperature/K

(d) Explain,withreferencetotheChandrasekharlimit,whetherornotstarXwillbecomeawhitedwarf. [2]

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E3. Thisquestionisaboutvariablestars.

Cepheidvariablestarsareusedas“standardcandles”byastronomers.

(a) (i) Statewhatismeantbyastandardcandle. [1]

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(ii) OutlinethepropertiesofaCepheidstarthatallowittobeusedasastandardcandle. [2]

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(b) ExplainhowastronomersusetheirobservationsofaCepheidstartodeterminethedistancefromthestartoEarth. [3]

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E4. ThisquestionisaboutNewton’smodeloftheuniverse.

Newtonsuggestedthattheuniverseisinfinite,uniformandstatic.

ForeachofNewton’sthreesuggestions,outlineonepieceofcurrentastronomicalevidencethatcontradictsthesuggestion. [3]

Infinite: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Uniform: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Static: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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E5. Thisquestionisaboutred-shift.

ThewavelengthsofradiosignalsfromgalaxyAarefoundtobered-shiftedfromthewavelengthsthatwouldbeobservedfromsourcesatrestrelativetoEarth.

(a) ThefractionalchangeinwavelengthoftheradiosignalsfromgalaxyAis9.4×10–3.

Calculate,inkms–1,theaveragevelocityofgalaxyArelativetoEarth. [2]

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(b) AsupernovawasobservedwithingalaxyA.Atthepeakofitsemissions,thesupernovahadanabsolutemagnitudeof–20andanapparentmagnitudeof13.

ShowthatthedistancefromEarthtothesupernovaisabout40Mpc. [3]

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(c) Estimate,usingyouranswerto(a)andtheresultfor(b),theageoftheuniverse.(1pc=3.1×1013km) [2]

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Pleasedo notwriteonthispage.

Answerswrittenonthispagewillnotbemarked.

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Option F — Communications

F1. Thisquestionisaboutamplitudemodulation.

Thegraphshowsthepowerspectrumofacarrierwavethathasbeenamplitudemodulatedbyasingle-frequencyinformationsignal.

intensity

149.999 150.000 150.001 frequency/MHz

(a) Statethe

(i) frequencyoftheinformationsignal. [1]

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(ii) bandwidthofthemodulatedsignal. [1]

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(Question F1 continued)

(b) Frequencymodulated(FM)radiotransmissionispreferredtoamplitudemodulated(AM)radiotransmissionwhenhighaudioqualityisrequired.Explain,withreferencetotheamplitudeofthefrequencymodulatedsignal,whythisistrue. [3]

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(c) OutlinetwodisadvantagesintheuseofFMtransmissioncomparedtoAMtransmission. [2]

1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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F2. Thisquestionisaboutanalogue-to-digitalconversion.

A3-bitdigitalsystemfortheconversionofananaloguesignalintoadigitalsignalisshown.

sampleandhold

inputsignal

(a) IdentifytheblocksA,BandC. [2]

A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Thegraphshowsthevariationwithtimeofanaudiosignalvoltagethatisbeingconvertedtodigitalformina3-bitsystem.Thescaleontheleft-handy-axisshowstheanalogueinput to the converter. The scale on the right-hand y-axis shows the digital outputequivalent to the analogue input. The signal is sampled every1.0ms, beginning at asamplingtimet=0.0ms.

analogueinputvoltage/V

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

digitaloutputequivalent

time/ms

Theconversionprocessroundsthesignaldowntothelowerdigitalvalue.Forexample,whent=2.0msthedigitaloutputvalueis101.

The system is modified so that conversions are carried out at twice the originalsamplingrate.

(i) Asampleistakenat3.0ms.Deducethenexttwosamplingtimesandthedigitaloutputequivalentvaluesatthesetimes.Recordyouranswersinthetablebelow. [2]

Time / ms Digital output equivalent

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(ii) Outline why an increase in the number of bits per sample will improve thereproductionofthetransmittedsignal. [1]

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F3. Thisquestionisaboutanopticfibre.

Monochromaticlightentersanopticfibre,fromair,alongdirectionAthatisatanangleθtotheaxisofthefibre.

cladding

Therefractiveindexofthecoreis1.62andtherefractiveindexofthecladdingis1.52.Thecriticalangleatthecore-claddingboundaryis70.

(a) Calculatethegreatestangleofincidenceθthatcanbeusedwiththisfibre. [3]

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(b) Sketchthepathofthelightinthecoreonthediagramabove. [2]

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(c) Informationistransmittedalongthefibreintheformofpulsedlight.Tworaysofthislightenterthecoreatthesameinstantasshowninthediagrambelow.

cladding

Discusstheeffectofmodaldispersiononthesubsequenttransmissionoftheinformationalongthefibre. [3]

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(d) Outline two advantages in the use of optic fibres over coaxial metal cables for thetransmissionofdatabetweencontinents. [2]

1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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F4. Thisquestionisabouttheoperationalamplifier(op-amp).

(a) Statetwopropertiesofanidealoperationalamplifier(op-amp). [2]

1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) An operational amplifier circuit is designed to switch on awarning buzzerwhen thepotentialdifference(pd)atpointAdropsbelowavoltageV.Pisconnectedtothesupplyrailsviaresistancesof50kΩand100kΩ.Thewarningbuzzersoundswhenthepdacrossitis30V.

100kΩ

–15V

buzzer

(i) ShowthatthevoltageatPis+5V. [2]

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(ii) StatethevalueofV. [1]

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(iii) ExplainwhythebuzzerwillswitchonwhenpointAdropsbelowvoltageV. [3]

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Option G — Electromagnetic waves

G1. Thisquestionisaboutlightandopticalinstruments.

Athinconvergingglasslenshasfocallengthf =0.20m.

(a) Anobjectisplaced0.10minfrontofthelens.

(i) Onthediagram,constructraystolocatetheimageoftheobject,O.ThefocalpointsofthelensarelabelledF. [3]

converginglens

(ii) Explainwhethertheimagein(a)(i)isrealorvirtual. [1]

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(Question G1 continued)

(b) Theobjectin(a)isnowmovedsothatitislocated0.40mfromthelens.Calculate

(i) thedistanceoftheimagefromthelens. [2]

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(ii) thelinearmagnification. [2]

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(c) Statetypicalwavelengthsinavacuumfor

(i) bluelight. [1]

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(ii) redlight. [1]

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(d) The refractive index of the glass in the lens is greater for bluewavelengths than forredwavelengths.

Thediagramshowstworaysofbluelightincidentonthelens.

Onthediagram,sketchthepathsoftheraysifredlightisusedinsteadofbluelight. [1]

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G2. Thisquestionisaboutlaserlight.

(a) Laserlightismonochromaticandcoherent.Explainwhatismeantby

(i) monochromatic. [1]

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(ii) coherent. [2]

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(b) Abeamoflaserlightisincidentnormallyonadiffractiongratingwhichhas600linespermillimetre.Afringepatternisformedonascreen2.0mfromthediffractiongrating.

screen

laserlight

diffractiongrating

centreofpattern

Thefringepatternformedonthescreenisshownbelow.

–0.65 0 0.65distancefromcentreofpattern/m

Determinethewavelengthofthelaserlight. [4]

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G3. ThisquestionisaboutX-rayproductionanddiffraction.

(a) OutlinehowX-raysareusedtodeterminetheatomicspacinginacrystal. [3]

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(b) ElectronsareincidentonthetargetofanX-raytubeafteraccelerationthroughapotentialdifference of 15kV. Calculate the minimum wavelength of X-rays produced by theX-raytube. [2]

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(c) X-raysareincidentonacrystalwhichisthoughttohaveanatomicspacingof2.8×10–10m.CalculatethemaximumwavelengthofX-raysthatcanbeusedtoverifythisvalue. [3]

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G4. Thisquestionisaboutthin-filminterference.

Theanti-reflectivecoatingofalensconsistsofathinlayerofasuitablematerialplacedbetweentheairandtheglassofthelens.

coating

Thefollowingdataareavailable.

Refractiveindexofair =1.0Refractiveindexofcoating =1.2Refractiveindexofglass =1.5

(a) State what phase change occurs on reflection at the air-coating boundary and at thecoating-glassboundary. [1]

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(b) Thethicknessdofthecoatinglayeris110nm.

Determinethewavelengthforwhichthereisnoresultantreflectionfromthesurfaceofthelensforlightatnormalincidence( 0θ = ). [3]

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Pleasedo notwriteonthispage.

Answerswrittenonthispagewillnotbemarked.

Option H — Relativity

H1. Thisquestionisaboutrelativistickinematics.

SpeedyisinaspacecraftbeingchasedbyPoliceOfficerSylvester.InOfficerSylvester’sframeofreference,SpeedyismovingdirectlytowardsOfficerSylvesterat0.25c.

PoliceOfficerSylvester’sspacecraft

Speedy’sspacecraft

(a) Describewhatismeantbyaframeofreference. [2]

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(b) OfficerSylvesterswitchesontheblueflashinglampsonhispolicespacecraft.

(i) Calculate, assuming that a Galilean transformation applies to this situation, thevalueofthespeedofthelightthatSpeedywouldmeasureusingtheflashinglamps. [1]

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(Question H1 continued)

(ii) Speedy measures the speed of the light emitted by the flashing lamps.Deduce, using the relativistic addition of velocities, that Speedy will obtain avalueforthespeedoflightequaltoc. [3]

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(c) AtalatertimethepolicespacecraftisalongsideSpeedy’sspacecraft.ThepolicespacecraftisovertakingSpeedy’sspacecraftataconstantvelocity.

Officer Sylvester is at a pointmidway between the flashing lamps, both ofwhich hecan see. At the instant when Officer Sylvester and Speedy are opposite each other,Speedyobservesthatthebluelampsflashsimultaneously.

backlamp frontlamp

Speedy

PoliceOfficerSylvester

StateandexplainwhichlampisobservedtoflashfirstbyOfficerSylvester. [4]

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(d) Thepolicespacecraftistravellingataconstantspeedof0.5crelativetoSpeedy’sframeofreference.Thelightfromaflashofoneofthelampstravelsacrossthepolicespacecraftandisreflectedbacktothelightsource.OfficerSylvestermeasuresthetimetakenforthelighttoreturntothesourceas1.2×10–8s.

(i) Outline why the time interval measured by Officer Sylvester is a propertimeinterval. [1]

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(ii) Determine,asobservedbySpeedy,thetimetakenforthelighttotravelacrossthepolicespacecraftandbacktoitssource. [3]

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H2. Thisquestionisaboutrelativisticdynamics.

A proton is accelerated from rest by a potential difference V and reaches a speedof2.5×108ms–1.CalculateV. [3]

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H3. Thisquestionisaboutgravitationalred-shift.

Anobserverisinaspacecapsulemovingataconstantspeedintheabsenceofgravitationalfields.

sourceofgammarays

observer

constantspeed

Amonochromaticsourceofgammaraysisfixedtotherearwallofthecapsule.Anobserverattheotherendofthecapsulemeasuresthefrequencyofthegammarays.

Thecapsulenowstartstodecelerate.

(a) Deduce thechange in the frequencyof thegammarays,asmeasuredby theobserver,whenthedecelerationbegins. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Outline,withreferencetotheprincipleofequivalence,howthesituationin(a)relatestotheconceptofgravitationalred-shift. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H4. Thisquestionisaboutspacetime.

Explain, with reference to the warping of spacetime, the gravitational attraction betweenEarthandtheSun. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H5. ThisquestionisabouttheMichelson–Morleyexperiment.

Outline the implications of theMichelson–Morley experiment for our understanding of thepropagationoflight. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–33–

Turn over

H6. Thisquestionisaboutblackholes.

SiriusBhasamassof2.0×1030kg.

CalculatetheminimumdensityrequiredforSiriusBtobecomeablackholeinthefuture. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Option I — Medical physics

I1. Thisquestionisaboutthehumanear.

(a) Thediagrambelowisaschematicofamodeltorepresenttheear.

ossicles

(i) IdentifythepartsoftheearrepresentedbyAandB. [1]

A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Outline,withreferencetothediagram,themechanismbywhichamplificationiscarriedoutinthemiddleear. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–35–

Turn over

(Question I1 continued)

(b) Explain,with reference to theacousticpropertiesof themediaconcerned,whysoundcannotbetransmitteddirectlyfromairtotheinnerearefficiently. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Distinguishbetweenloudnessandintensity. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Asaresultofexposuretonoise,apersonhassufferedahearinglossof15dBat10kHz.Atlowfrequencies,theperson’shearingremainsnormal.

Thegraphshowsthevariationswithfrequencyofthethresholdofhearingforthisperson.

–10 10 100 1000 104 105

frequency/Hz

Draw a line on the graph to show the threshold of hearing for a personwith normalhearing. [2]

intensitylevel/dB

–37–

Turn over

I2. ThisquestionisabouttheuseofX-raysandultrasoundinmedicalimaging.

(a) ThediagrambelowshowsX-raysbeingusedtoscanasampleofboneandmuscle.

X-raytube

X-rays

bonemuscle

photographicplate

(i) Outlinehowthearrangementdifferentiatesbetweenboneandmuscle. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Usethedatabelowtodeterminetheratio b

whereIbandImaretheintensityofX-raysreachingthephotographicplatethroughtheboneandthemuscle,respectively.

Thicknessxofsample =10.0cmLinearattenuationcoefficientofboneμb =0.53cm–1

Linearattenuationcoefficientofmuscleμm =0.30cm–1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) The half-value thickness of a material increases as the energy of the radiationincreases.

Discuss,withreferencetopenetrationandeffectontissue,whyusinglowenergyX-raysinmedicalimagingishighlydesirablebutisrareinpractice. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–39–

Turn over

(b) ThesamesampleisnowinvestigatedwithanultrasoundA-scanfromthesideasshown.

ultrasoundtransducer

muscle bone

(i) StateoneadvantageofultrasoundoverX-rayimaging. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Statewhygelisneededatthetransducer-muscleboundary. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) A short pulse is directed from the transducer into the sample at time t=0.Thegraphshowshowthe intensityof thereflectedsignal fromthemuscle-boneboundaryvariesasafunctionoftime.Thespeedofsoundinmuscleis1.6×103ms–1.

0 5 10 15

intensity/arbitraryunits

timet/10–5s

Calculatethethicknessyofthesampleofmuscle. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–41–

Turn over

I3. Thisquestionisabouttheeffectsofradiationonlivingorganisms.

(a) Statewhatismeantbyabsorbeddose. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) AnX-rayCTscandeliversadoseequivalentof500μSvtoa70kgpatient.Thequalityfactorofthisradiationis1.Determinetheenergythatwillberequiredtobeabsorbedfrom alpha particles of quality factor 20 to produce the same biological effect in thesamepatient. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Anisotopeoftechnetiumusedinmedicinehasaphysicalhalf-lifeof6hours.

(i) Defineeffective half-life. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Apatient ingestssometechnetium. Thebiologicalhalf-lifeof the technetiumis12hours.Determinethetimerequiredfortheactivityoftheingesteddosetodropto25%ofitsvalueatthemomentofingestion. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Statethepropertyofradiationthatenablesittobeusedasacancertreatment. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–43–

Turn over

Option J — Particle physics

J1. Thisquestionisaboutelementaryparticles.

Thequarkissaidtobeanelementaryparticle.

(a) (i) Statewhatismeantbythetermelementaryparticle. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Identifyanotherelementaryparticleotherthanthequark. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Thestronginteractionbetweentwonucleonshasarangeofabout10–15m.

(i) Identifythebosonthatmediatesthestronginteraction. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Determinetheapproximatemassofthebosonin(b)(i). [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J2. ThisquestionisabouttheΩ–particle.

TheΩ–particleisabaryonwhichcontainsonlystrangequarks.

(a) DeducethestrangenessandspinoftheΩ–particle. [2]

Strangeness: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spin: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) TheFeynmandiagramshowsaquarkchangethatgivesrisetoapossibledecayoftheΩ–particle.

dπ–XY

(i) IdentifyX. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) IdentifyY. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–45–

Turn over

(Question J2 continued)

(c) Explain,withreferencetothestructureoftheΩ–particle,whytheconceptofquarkcolourwasintroduced. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) TheΩ–particlewasdiscoveredinabubblechamber.

(i) Outlinehowabubblechamberisusedtodetectparticles. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explainhowtwopropertiesofaparticlecanbeestimatedfromdatacollectedduringbubblechamberexperiments. [2]

1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J3. Thisquestionisabouthadrons.

(a) Anelectronandapositroncanundergoanelectromagnetic interactionresultingin thecreationofaquark-antiquarkpairaccordingto

e e q q− ++ → +

whereqand q arequarkandantiquark.

Outline,withreference toquarkconfinement,whyhadronsareeventuallyobserved inthisreaction. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Statewhatismeantbyaneutralcurrent. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–47–

Turn over

(c) Theinteractionin(a)canalsooccurviatheweakinteractionwithneutralcurrentmediationproducinganupandanti-upquarkpair.

(i) Draw a labelled Feynman diagram for this interaction. Time on your diagramshouldgofromlefttoright. [2]

(ii) Outlinehowanotherneutralcurrentcanallowtheexchangeparticleintheinteractiontobedetected. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J4. Thisquestionisabouttheearlyuniverse.

Determinethethresholdtemperatureoftheearlyuniversebelowwhichelectron–positronpairproductionbecomesunlikely. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J5. Thisquestionisaboutstringtheory.

Suggest the features of string theory that make it a more fundamental theory than thestandardmodel. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

physics caddate sess ue higher level paper 3 · 2019. 1. 17. · – 7 – turn over...

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