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PHYSICAL LAYER PROTOCOL
BLUETOOTH /SONET/SDH
Lecture: 11
Instructor Mazhar Hussain
1
WHAT’S WITH THE NAME?
•The name ‘Bluetooth’ was named after 10th
century Viking king in Denmark Harald Bluetooth
who united and controlled Denmark and Norway.
•The name was adopted because Bluetooth
wireless technology is expected to unify the
telecommunications and computing industries
2
WHO STARTED BLUETOOTH?
• Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)
•Founded in Spring 1998
•By Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba;
•Now more than 2000 organizations joint the SIG
3
WHAT IS BLUETOOTH?☼ Bluetooth is an open standard for short-
range digital radio to interconnect a variety of
devices Cell phones, PDA, notebook
computers, modems, cordless phones, pagers,
laptop computers, printers, cameras by
developing a single-chip, low-cost, radio-based
wireless network technology
4
APPLICATIONS: CABLE REPLACEMENT
1 Mb/s.
Range ~10 meters.
PANs
Single chip radio.
Low power & low cost.
Why not use Wireless LANs?
- power
- cost
5
APPLICATIONS: SYNCHRONIZATION
Automatic synchronization of
calendars, address books,
business cards.
6
APPLICATIONS: CORDLESS HEADSET
Multiple device access.
Hands-free operation.
Cordless
headset
7
MORE APPLICATIONS…
Conference table.
Cordless computer.
Instant photo transmission.
Cordless phone.
8
GOALS Open spec.
Low cost.
In order to replace cables, should have similar cost.
Cell phone cable is ~ $10.
Power efficiency.
Lightweight and small form factor.
Easy to use.
Reliable and resilient to failures.
9
THE BLUETOOTH STANDARD
Defines a protocol stack to enable heterogeneous
devices to communicate.
The Bluetooth stack includes protocols for the
radio layer all the way up to device discovery,
service discovery, etc.
10
BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
PHY
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application
OSI/ISO11
BLUETOOTH LAYERS
Radio: physically transmits/receives data.
Baseband/Link Controller: controls PHY.
Link Manager: controls links to other devices.
Host Controller:e2e communication.
Logical Link Control: multiplexes/demultiplexesdata from higher layers.
RFCOMM: RS323-like serial interface.
12
RADIO BAND
2.4 GHz license-free ISM band.
Available worldwide.
Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) band.
Unlicensed, globally available.
Centered around 2.4 GHz.
Resilient to interference.
Frequency hopping.
Range: 10, 20, and 100m.
1MB/s.
13
UNLICENSED RADIO SPECTRUM
902 Mhz
928 Mhz
26 Mhz 83.5 Mhz 125 Mhz
2.4 Ghz
2.4835 Ghz
5.725 Ghz
5.785 Ghz
cordless phones
baby monitors
Wireless LANs
802.11
Bluetooth
Microwave oven
unused
33cm 12cm 5cm
14
POWER MANAGEMENT
Low-power modes: prolong battery life.
Devices can be turned-off when idle.
Devices wake up periodically to send/receive data.
15
SECURITY
Authentication and encryption.
provides mechanisms for negotiation of
encryption modes, keys, etc.
16
REFERENCES:
Johansson and Gerla’s Bluetooth Tutorial at
Mobicom 2001.
Bluetooth 1.1: Connect Without Cables, Bray and
Sturman.
17
SONET / SDH
SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK / SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
18
SONET / SDH
Scope
What is SONET/SDH – features
Signal hierarchy
Topologies
SONET components
Layers
19
SONET / SDH
What is SONET / SDH?
Synchronous Optical Network – ANSI (US)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy –ITU-T Europe
Similar and compatible
A standard to be used for fibre optics
20
SONET / SDH
What is SONET / SDH?
Single reference clock
synchronize transmissions
Predictability
Powerful frame – Transmission envelope
Multiplex channels
Multiplexed transport mechanism
Optical based Carrier System
21
SONET / SDH
What is SONET / SDH?
Self healing ring topology
Consolidate and segregate traffic from different end-
points
Backward compatibility
22
SONET / SDH
Signal Hierarchy
STS – Synchronous Transport Signals
support a certain base data rate- 51.84Mbps
STS 1 – STS 192 – different hierarchies
Corresponding carrier System
Optical Carrier – OC-1, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48
SDH – STM – Synchronous Transport Module
STM 1 = STS 3
23
SONET / SDH
Sonet/SDH rates
STS 1 OC-1 51.840
STS-3 OC-3 155.520 STM-1
STS-9 OC-9 466.560 STM-3
STS-12 OC-12 622.080 STM-4
STS-18 OC-18 933.120 STM-6
STS-24 OC-24 1244.160 STM-8
STS-36 OC-36 1866.230 STM-12
STS-48 OC-48 2488.320 STM-16
STS-96 OC-96 4976.640 STM-32
STS-192 OC-192 9953.280 STM-6424
SONET / SDH
SONET Devices
STS Multiplexer
Multiplexes and de-multiplexes signals from multiple
sources
Path terminating equipment
Maps user payload into standard frame
25
SONET / SDH
SONET Devices
Add /Drop Multiplexer
Adds signals from different sources/removes
Uses header address information to identify stream
and remove
Line terminating Equipment
Performs multiplexing, synchronization
26
SONET / SDH
SONET Devices
Regenerator
Repeater – improves signal quality
Operations – include layer 2
Frame alignment, scrambling, error
monitoring
Section terminating equipment
27
SONET / SDH
Section
Connects two neighboring devices
Line
Connects two multiplexers (STS , Add/Drop)
Path
Connects two STS Mux/demux
Layers – likewise – path, line, section Synchronous Transport Signal
28
SONET / SDH
SONET layers
PATH layer
LINE layer
SECTION layer
photonic layer
Data link
Physical
29
SONET / SDH
Photonic layers – phy
Specs for optical fiber channel
30
SONET / SDH
Section layer
Frames – identifies beginning of frame
Scrambling – introducing 1’s to derive clock
error monitoring – section level
Adds 9 bytes to header – frame size 810 bytes
31
SONET / SDH
Line layer
Locates partial payload – virtual tributaries
Provides frequency justification, bit stuffing
To adjust to clocking from different systems
Adds 18 bytes to header
Provided at the STS Mux and Add/Drop Mux
32
SONET / SDH
Path layer
Converts to optical signals and back to
electromagnetic
Defines the payload being carried
End-to-end path control
Support virtual tributaries
Provided at the STS Mux
33
QUESTIONS/COMMENTS?
34
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