personality and exercise
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PERSONALITYAND EXERCISE
Research Objectives of the Study of Personality
Are certain personality attributes antecedents to physical activity/exercise participation?
Do certain personality attributes develop as a consequence of physical activity/exercise participation?
Personality Defined
Underlying, relatively stable, psychological structures and processes that organize human experience and shape a person’s actions and reactions to the environment.
Structure of Personality
Personality coreTypical responses to situationsRole-related behaviors
Role-related
behaviors
Typical responses
Psychological coreInternal
External
Dynamic
Constant
Approaches to the Studyof Personality
Learning/situational approaches Behavior best explained by individual’s reaction to
the environment
Dispositional/trait theories Personality is derived from stable, enduring
attributes that lead to consistent responses over time/situations
Biological Theories
of Personality
Biological Theories
Ancient Greek theory of humorsConstitutional theory (Sheldon, 1942)
Individuals possess certain somatotypes (body types)
Trait Theories of Personality
Trait Theories
Thoughts, feelings, behavior, emanate from inside the person (not the situation)
Trait versus StateThree related theories:
1. Eysenck’s personality theory2. Cattell’s personality theory3. Five factor model
Dimensions of Eysenck’s Personality Theory
Extraversion-Introversion Neuroticism-Stability Psychoticism-Superego
Outgoing, sociable, optimistic, etcReserved, unsociable, quiet, etc
Tense, anxious, moody, etcCalm, even-tempered, etc.
Impulsive, aggressive, hostile etc.Empathetic, cooperative, altruistic
Driven by level of cortical arousal in cortex of brain
Driven by limbic system and autonomic nervous system
Driven by hormonal function
Reticular formation mediates cortical arousal
ANS drives fight or flight response Increased androgen (testosterone) and relative absence of serotonin
Introverts—higher base level activation, avoid further stimulation,
low pain tolerance
High N—more labile, longer-lasting ANS reactions
Lead to heightened aggressiveness, impersonal attitudes, and antisocial
behavior
Extroverts—lower base level activation, seek further stimulation,
high pain tolerance
High N—continues to process stressor even when it is no longer
present
Very little attention in exercise domain; can be advantageous in
certain sport situations
Eysenck’s Framework and Exercise
Extroversion: Exercise increased stimulation exercise
adoption/adherence Higher pain tolerance Preference for higher intensity activity Report lower RPE Overall, greater likelihood of PA
Neuroticism Exercise more stable, less neurotic personality
Eysenck’s Framework and Exercise
Research shows that personality can change as a result of regular physical activity:
1. exercise reduced the negative factors of neuroticism2. and enhanced the positive factors (extroversion)
Cattell’s Personality Theory
Isolated 16 personality traits that he thought were the essence of personality
16 Personality Factor questionnaire (16PF)—used in sport personality and exercise studies
Cattell’s Personality Theory
= Extraversion-introversion; = Emotionality (i.e., neuroticism)
Cattell’s Personality Theory and Exercise
Individuals who are highly fitness have lower anxiety and neuroticism; greater emotional stability, placidity, and relaxation
Individuals with lower levels of anxiety and neuroticism respond favorably to intense physical training
Cattell’s Personality Theoryand Exercise
Higher fitness lower emotionalityExercise reduced emotionality
The Five-Factor Model and Exercise Behavior
Other Personality Factors in Exercise Research
Sex-role orientation Instrumental (M) & expressive (F) types Exercise preferences
Type A behavior pattern Anger, hostility, competitiveness, achievement
striving, etc.
Type A and B Behavior Patternsand Exercise
Type A Behavior Pattern and Exercise
Exercise has been shown to be effective in reducing this behavior pattern as well as cardiovascular disease (but results of studies are not uniform)
Coronary-prone personalityAnger/hostility are important features for
increased risk of cardiovascular disease
Hardiness
“Constellation of personality characteristics that function as a resistance resource in the encountering of stressful life events”-Kobass, et. al. 1982. P. 169
Hardiness is linked to physical health (Kobass, 1979).
Higher tendency to engage in physical activity and exerciseComponents are
Highly committed, dedicated, or involved person Perceives like events as opportunities not hurdles High sense of control over events
Practical Recommendations
Individuals who seem to be more emotional/neurotic might be encouraged to begin a regular exercise program “Exercise dose” should be the same as is given to
improve fitness and encourage weight lossExercise programs should include some type
of aerobic activity: These activities seem to influence personality
factors
Personality Matching*
Individuals who do not exercise regularly are likely to experience additional challenges or obstacles when they engage in activities that require them to behave differently from their customary patterns.
Beginning exercisers have one fewer barrier to success if they choose sports and fitness programs that are highly similar to their personality profiles.
*Gavin, J. (2004) Pairing Personality With Activity. Physician & Sportsmedicine, (32), 12, 1-9.
Does Compatibility Breed adherence?
1. Greater hours of exercise participation2. Higher degree of self-esteem & positive mood
states3. Greater exercise satisfaction
Seven dimensions pertinent to activity-based analyses.
SociabilitySpontaneity (degree of predictability)Self-motivationAggressivenessCompetitivenessConcentration (mental focus) Risk taking
Does Lap Swimming Match your Personality?
Low in sociabilityLow in spontaneityHighly internalLow to moderate forcefulnessLow in competitivenessLow in focusLow in risk taking
Professional Practice
Have the client choose an activity compare it to their perceived personality traits.
Helps clients become more aware of how personal preferences correspond to different activities.
Other Personality Factors & Adherence
Explanatory Style (Pessimistic vs. Optimistic)Over-estimatorsSense of selfMalingering Athlete
Explanatory Style
Pessimistic explanatory style Personality caused:”It my own fault” Stable over time: “I’m never going to play” Global: “the rest of my life”
Health effects Immune system function Poorer health
Dispositional Optimism
Investigations are consistent Cardiovascular and, Immunological function is associated with
optimism(Peterson et.al, 1991;Scheiver & Carver, 1987)
Optimism mitigates the stress-illness relationship
Link between optimism and recovery
Studies with Injured Athletes
Athletes who are high in neuroticism and possess pessimistic explanatory style display maladaptive behavior show longer rehab or incomplete recovery Grove, Stewart & Gordon (1990) with athletes with
ACL damage Grove & Bahnsen (1997) with 72 injured athletes
Over-estimators
Athletes and heavy invested exercise clients in general perceive injury as more serious than it really is when compared to the AT or PTs perception (Crossman & Jamieson, 1985)
Over-estimators experience greater pain, more anger, withdrawal, and show slow recover.
Interventions
One-to-one visit Fear, sadness, embarrassment, guilt & anger, feelings
of being over whelmed by the demands of rehab—signs of neuroticism
Ask the “why” statement…. Insight into athlete’s explanatory style
Pay attention to the athlete or client attributional comments…..Re-attributional training
Interventions
Injured Pessimistic Athletes and exercisers usually feel helplessness and depressed. These athlete or clinet fail to follow recommended recovery
programs (especially when unsupervised). They demonstrate a lack of persistence in the face of poor or
slow progress in their recovery.Health professionals should offer advise in:
how to cope, prevent athletic or client isolation, and provide emotional support.
Sense of Self
If someone has only one basis for a sense of self, if that sense of self is threatened (injury), so will the entire person……Erikson, 1968
If the athlete’s (clients) sense of self is threatened the athlete (client) will view the injury as severe loss which results in anxiety, depression, or hopelessness (Brewer, 1993).
Sense of self is similar to self-identity!
Self-Identity
Defined as all of the people, things, and experiences that provide validation and a sense of worth (Brewer, 1993). Social relationships Career School, Sport, Exercise, Cultural activities, and etc..
Athletic Identity
If self- identity is based on one large and important piece and that piece is removed, people are left with limited avenues for satisfaction, enjoyment, and validation…
Being an athlete or highly fit person could be a major piece.
Athletic or Exercise Identity
Athletes or exercisers who are seriously involvedAthletes or exercisers who over invest in sports or
exercise involvementWhen injured these athletes or exercisers:
Lose sense of self (e.g., “If I am not an athlete, then who am I?”)
Usually experience negative rehab, lack confidence in their abilities to recover, lack motivation, experience high anxiety, and focus on injury.
What can be done?
Maintain the athlete’s or exercise identity by: Keep them involved in some form of sport or exercise
activity (cross training). Maintain their fitness level by redirecting them to
another physical area such as weight training, swimming, etc.
They need social validation by coaches and teammates if they are an athlete or other exercisers or exercise leader if they are a exerciser.
Malingerers
Athlete or client who lie about an injury to avoid practice or workout
Pathological avoidance behavior Cling to their symptoms and disabilities Mimic disorders Show pain and suffering on a moment’s notice
Need for attention but has a great fear of getting caught
What is the cause?
Behavior has been learned, adopted as acceptable, rewarded and is done willfully or habitually (Ogilvie & Tutko, 1966). History (e.g., being spoiled at an early age) Learned at an early age that the parent or coach would always
intervene or rescue them from trouble. Modeling (I.e. parent, coach, another athlete) Very fearful of being exposed and is always on guard Clings to dishonesty at all cost.
Interventions
Give strictly defined boundaries of behavior and detail the consequences when stepping outside those boundaries. Three strikes and your out!
Establish and record specific rehab goals. Agree upon times for treatment Agree on the length of the program Agree on the athlete’s or client’s responsibility
Provide rewards early in rehab then once they comply vary the frequency of giving the reward.
Summary
Personality is a difficult field of study but certain personality styles are directly, positively correlated to exercise adherence and compliance to rehab, and speed of recovery from an injury.
Newsletter Assignment
Entitle the newsletter, “Myths and Facts about Exercise.” The subtitle will reflect the topic: “The effect of exercise on one’s personality” Develop a newsletter for each topic discussing the myths or facts about the affect of exercise and
physical activity. Personality Self-concept & Self-esteem Anxiety Depression Mood Cognition
Each newsletter will inform, provide facts, and provide supportive evidence (at least 2 references). Reference need to be cited within (APA style) and at end of letter (full reference).
After each topic has been covered in class. The instructor will assign when the newsletter will be due.
Each newsletter is worth 10 points toward your assignment grade. If you fail to submit a newsletter, you will lose all the assignment newsletter assignment points for
a total of 60 points.
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