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ENH1094
Palms for North Florida1
Edwin R. Duke and Gary W. Knox2
1. This document is ENH1094, one of a series of the Department of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date February 2008. Revised February 2011. Reviewed April 2017. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
2. Edwin R. Duke, Associate Professor, Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Design and Management, Florida A&M University, College of Engineering Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32307; and Gary W. Knox, Extension specialist and professor of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL 32351.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county’s UF/IFAS Extension office.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension.
Palm (päm) n. Any of various chiefly tropical evergreen trees, shrubs or woody vines of the family Palmae (Areca-ceae), having unbranched trunks with a crown of pinnate or palmate leaves having conspicuous parallel venation. [ME<OE<OFr. Palme, both < Latin palma, palm of the hand.] American Heritage College Dictionary, 3rd ed.
Palms are a prominent part of the Florida landscape. While many of the palms used in the southern parts of the state are not cold hardy, there is still a good selection of palm species that will grow in more northern regions (Figure 1).
Predicting Cold Hardiness in PalmsPalms suitable for northern Florida must be able to withstand at least intermittent periods of below-freezing weather. It is difficult to make generalizations about the cold hardiness of palms. Different growers report different experiences with the same species of palm after a cold spell. The reasons for this are numerous—the nature of the cold spell itself, microclimate differences surrounding the palm, and the palms themselves.
A cold spell can come on slowly or quickly. It is generally thought that a gradual cooling allows plants to acclimate or “harden off.” The length of time and depth of hard freeze, wind speed, and relative humidity can also influence how destructive a cold spell might be.
Microclimates surrounding a particular plant can influence whether or not a palm will survive a particular cold spell. A plant sheltered by a building or other plants is more likely to survive than one that is exposed. The elevation of a location can also be a factor in a plant’s survival-cold air tends to accumulate in low-lying areas.
Finally, how successfully a palm can withstand cold is determined by the palm itself. Its age, height, hereditary dif-ferences selected out over time by environmental influences in its native habitat, and the overall health of the palm all have an effect on a plant’s survival of many environmental conditions, including cold.
Figure 1. Chinese ram palm, Livistona chinensis is one of many cold hardy palms. Note spines on the leaf petiole.Credits: UF/IFAS
2Palms for North Florida
It would seem simple to predict a palm’s cold hardiness by looking at a few variables regarding the palm’s native habitat—is the palm native to the cooler northern or southern latitudes rather than nearer the equator? Is the palm native to higher altitudes?—however, some tropical species have been found to be somewhat hardy.
Perhaps the best indicator of the potential cold hardiness of a palm is its ability to withstand drought. Many of the more cold tolerant palms come from regions with distinct wet and dry seasons. Freezing stress for any plant is in many ways similar to drought stress, at both the whole-plant and the cellular level-freezing temperatures prevent or reduce the uptake and translocation of water. Tropical or subtropi-cal palms that are adapted to survive the stress of low water conditions (no matter what conditions—cold or drought—are causing it) will have a better chance of surviving cold temperatures. Palms that grow in semi-arid areas, savannas, exposed sandy coastal zones, and on exposed well-drained rocky outcrops are prime candidates for testing in colder climates.
Growing Conditions for PalmsIn many ways, the growing conditions of Florida are ideal for growing palms. Our hot, wet summers and cool, dry winters (relatively speaking) are ideal for the growth of most (but not all) species of palms. In addition, much of Florida is covered with sandy soils underlain by limestone, both of which are conducive to the growth of many palms. The heavier, clay soils found in limited regions of northwest Florida may be made more suitable for the growth of desert-adapted palms by the addition of sand or perlite to ‘lighten” the soil. In addition, planting the palm in a raised berm may improve the palm’s chance of survival.
Maintenance of PalmsPalms are not particularly high maintenance plants, but their care must not be neglected. In Florida, the season for rapid growth coincides with the arrival of high temperatures (80°F or more). It is during that time that maintenance is most important.
Mineral NutritionPalms suffer quickly and conspicuously from improper mineral nutrition. The problems may arise from either insufficient or improper fertilization.
Potassium (K) deficiency is perhaps the most widespread and serious nutritional problem of palms. Florida’s sandy soils have a poor ability to retain nutrients. This factor
combined with heavy rainfall make Florida’s soil low in potassium content.
Symptoms of potassium deficiency vary among palm species but typically begin with translucent yellow or orange “freckles” on the leaflets of the oldest leaves. As the symptoms progress, the freckles may be accompanied by necrotic (dead tissue) lesions. Further progression of the deficiency results in marginal necrosis of the leaflets. The leaflets or entire fronds may become withered or frizzled in appearance.
The first response of most gardeners to partial necrosis of leaves is to prune off the “offending” frond. Rather than helping, this actually worsens the problem by preventing the palm from translocating the remaining potassium to the plant’s growing point.
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is also quite common, espe-cially on date palm (Phoenix species). Typical symptoms include a broad band of chlorotic (yellow) tissue along the margin of the older leaves. The center of the leaf remains green. As with potassium deficiency, leaves exhibiting magnesium deficiency should not be removed until they are dead in order to allow the remaining magnesium to be moved to the newer leaves.
Prevention is the key to both potassium and magnesium deficiency. Once symptoms appear, they cannot be reversed. Some “palm special” fertilizers are specially formulated to contain elevated (and balanced) levels of potassium and magnesium, as well as nitrogen, in a controlled-release form.
Iron (Fe) deficiency sometimes occurs in palms in the growing season following a cold winter or in palms growing in poorly aerated soils. Cold temperatures may induce nutrient deficiency by slowing or preventing nutrient uptake. Waterlogged soil effectively suffocates the roots, also preventing nutrient uptake. Iron deficiency appears first on the newest leaves and is characterized by yellowing between leaf veins.
Iron deficiency symptoms may be alleviated by foliar application of iron chelate. This is especially effective for symptoms caused by transient cold spells. However, long term correction of symptoms due to poor soil conditions is best achieved by changing soil conditions.
For more detailed information on palm nutrition, refer to UF/IFAS publications, Nutrient Deficiencies of Landscape
3Palms for North Florida
and Field-Grown Palms in Florida, and Fertilization of Field-growna and Landscape Palms in Floridab.
IrrigationMost palms tolerate some drought. However, it is a good idea to keep palms well-watered during the active growing period. Keep in mind that “well-watered” does not mean waterlogged. Damage of roots due to waterlogging may induce certain nutrient deficiencies and allow infection by pathogenic fungi or bacteria.
The cooler winter months coincide with periods of slower growth. During this time, most palms, but especially those from desert areas, do best with reduced irrigation.
Insects and DiseasesAs a group, palms are fairly resistant to pests and diseases. This does not mean, however, that they are pest-free. Certain insects and diseases have proven especially devas-tating for palms.
Palms are not immune to common pests such as caterpil-lars, aphids, scales, and spider mites. These pests may be controlled by conventional means.
A not-so-common problem for many palms is the palmetto weevil (Rhynchophorus cruentatus). This weevil is attracted to stressed palms, especially during or after transplanting. The adult female deposits her eggs near the crown of the plant, and the resulting larvae tunnel through the tender meristem tissue. Death of the meristem results in the death of the entire palm.
Prevention by reducing stress to the palm is the best method to control the palmetto weevil. The practice of removing the majority of the fronds and roots of a palm during transplanting is one method to reduce transplant stress. For more information, refer to Palmetto Weevil, ‘Rhynchophorus cruentatus’c. Several fungal diseases have proven especially damaging to certain palms. Ganoderma, Fusarium, Phytophthora, and Thielaviopsis are fungi that cause diseases that may result in the death of affected palms see UF/IFAS publications Ganoderma Butt Rot of Palmsd; Fusarium Wilt of Canary Island Date Palme; Thielaviopsis Trunk Rot of Palmf; and Bud Rots of Palmg. Additional information on diseases may be found in Leaf Spots and Leaf Blights of Palmh.
A number of conditions resembling pest damage may be caused by environmental factors. For more information,
refer to UF/IFAS publication Physiological Disorders of Landscape Palmsi.
PruningLike all plants, palms benefit from regular pruning. Ideally, pruning of palms should be limited to removing dead fronds. Practically, this is not always acceptable. When fronds with living tissue need to be pruned, remove only the lower fronds extending out less than 90 degrees from the trunk.
New growth should never be pruned. The natural growth habit of palms does not allow them to be maintained at a constant height.
Treating Cold Damaged PalmsEven with the best of care, palms growing in northern Florida are going to experience temperatures below those that they can tolerate without damage.
Effects of Cold TemperaturesCold weather affects palms in several ways. Growth of the apical bud is reduced, and growth of roots is slowed. This reduced activity often weakens the palm to the point that diseases may become active and kill the palm.
Severe cold damage caused by frost or below-freezing temperatures may destroy plant tissues. Due to the nature of the water-conducting tissue in palms, the destruction of stem tissue may severely reduce water conduction for years. As warmer weather returns, plant pathogens, whether primary or secondary, may attack weakened plants through damaged tissue.
After a FreezeAfter a palm experiences damaging temperatures, it is important to protect the growing point until active growth resumes.
Carefully inspect the damaged fronds before pruning. Leaves should not be removed if they still contain viable green tissue. The green portions of leaves are important for adequate production of sugars from photosynthesis. Allowing the leaves to die naturally allows the nutrients remaining in the leaf to be translocated to other areas where they are needed.
Immediately after pruning away dead tissue, spray the palm with a fungicide; copper-containing fungicides often are recommended. This will reduce the level of potentially
4Palms for North Florida
pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Repeat the fungicide spray as recommended by the fungicide label or about 10 days after the first treatment. Make sure that these sprays cover the damaged tissue and the bud thoroughly. If the fungicide contains copper, do not repeat the sprays more than twice so as to avoid possible copper toxicity. If the soil has frozen, a soil drench of a combination of a broad-spectrum and a water mold-specific fungicide may suppress root diseases.
Freeze damage to the palm’s vascular tissue in the trunk may limit the ability of the plant to supply water to the canopy. Unlike typical trees, palms do not have the ability to regenerate vascular tissue within the trunk. A sudden collapse of some (or all) of the leaves during the first periods of high temperatures in the spring or summer following a damaging winter freeze may indicate this type of trunk damage. Unfortunately, there is nothing that can be done at this point. Loss of the palm is likely inevitable.
Palm SelectionAn important factor to consider when selecting a palm for a particular area is the average minimum temperature that can be expected. The US Department of Agriculture has used historical climatic data to divide the country into climate zones. Each zone represents a 10°F range. Most of northern Florida can be placed in one of two USDA climate zones. Extreme northern parts of the state are placed in the lower half of USDA zone 8 (10°–19°F), meaning that the av-erage minimum temperature that may be expected is 15°F. Coastal regions of the northern Florida are typically in the upper half of zone 9 (20°–29°F), meaning that the average minimum temperature that may be expected is 20°F. Of course these are only average lows. Single digit lows have been recorded several times in the last 100 years.
The table in this publication includes palms exhibiting some degree of cold hardiness. In addition to cold hardiness, intended use and characteristics of the site should be used as selection criteria. Careful study of the list of palms and their characteristics will allow selection of the right palm for the landscape situation.
AvailabilityPalms are increasingly appreciated by consumers. Cold hardy palms are in great demand and the nursery industry is responding with additional production. Currently, palms that are most widely available are in the genera Butia (pindo palm), Chamaedorea (parlor palm), Livistona (fan palm), Phoenix (date palm), Rhapidophyllum (needle palm), Rhapis (lady palm), Sabal (palmetto), Serenoa (saw palmetto), Syagrus (queen palm), Trachycarpus (windmill
palm), and Washingtonia (washington palm; Figure 2). Refer to Table 1 for specific species and their cold hardiness information. Other cold hardy palms may be found at better garden centers and specialty nurseries.
Endnotesa Nutrient Deficiencies of Landscape and Field-Grown Palms in Florida, ILN# ENH1018 / DLN# EP273 (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP273)
b Fertilization of Field-grown and Landscape Palms in Florida, ILN# ENH1009 / DLN# EP261 (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP261)
c Palmetto Weevil, Rhynchophorus cruentatus, ILN# EENY013 / DLN# IN139 (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN139)
d Ganoderma Butt Rot of Palms, ILN# PP54 / DLN# PP100 (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PP100)
e Fusarium Wilt of Canary Island Date Palm, ILN# PP215 / DLN# PP139 (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PP139)
f Thielaviopsis Trunk Rot of Palm, ILN# PP219 / DLN# PP143 (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PP143)
g Bud Rots of Palm, ILN# PP220 / DLN# PP144 (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PP144)
Figure 2. Washingtonia filifera leaves—note filaments hanging from leaf margins.Credits: UF/IFAS
5Palms for North Florida
h Leaf Spots and Leaf Blights of Palm, ILN# PP218 / DLN# PP142 (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PP142)
i Physiological Disorders of Landscape Palms, ILN# ENH1011 / DLN# EP263 (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP263)
ReferencesFox, A.M., D.R. Gordon, J.A. Dusky, L. Tyson, and R.K. Stocker. 2005. IFAS Assessment of the Status of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/assessment/ (Accessed 28 August 2007).
Gilman, E.F. 2006. Palms in the Landscape. http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/palms.shtml (April 2017)
McClendon, T., W. Roberds and J. LeVert. 2007. Hardy Palms for the Southeast. Southeastern Palm Society, Inc., Apison, TN. 140 pp.
Southeastern Palm Society. 2007. Hardy Palms: A Quick Reference. http://www.sepalms.org/index.php?/page/home.html/_/cold-hardy-palms (Accessed 24 January 2012)
UF/IFAS Fort Lauderdale REC faculty and staff. 2007. Palm Production & Maintenance. http://flrec.ifas.ufl.edu/palmprod/ (April 2017)
6
Tabl
e 1.
Pal
ms
for n
orth
ern
Flor
ida
and
thei
r ass
ocia
ted
char
acte
ristic
s3 .
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
N
ame
Ori
gin
Nat
ive
Hab
itat
Har
dine
ss
Zone
Typi
cal
Hei
ght
Gro
wth
Ra
teH
abit
Ligh
tSa
lt
Tole
ranc
eLe
af T
ype
Folia
ge
Colo
rCo
mm
ents
Acoe
lorr
haph
e w
right
iiPa
urot
is
palm
, Ev
ergl
ades
pa
lm
Sout
hern
Fl
orid
a,
Carib
bean
re
gion
Moi
st,
swam
p-lik
e re
gion
s
9a –
11
23°F
20'
Slow
to
mod
erat
eCl
uste
ring
Part
ial
shad
e to
full
sun
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eG
reen
, si
lver
y-gr
een
belo
w
Nat
ive
to th
e Fl
orid
a Ev
ergl
ades
. Ada
ptab
le
to d
rier s
oils
. Rep
orte
d to
tole
rate
19°
F.
Aren
ga e
ngle
riD
war
f su
gar p
alm
Taiw
an,
Ryuk
yu
Isla
nds
Ope
n fo
rest
s9a
– 1
1 23
°F6
– 8'
Slow
to
mod
erat
eCl
uste
ring
Part
ial
shad
e to
full
sun
Low
Pinn
ate
Dar
k gr
een
abov
e,
silv
ery
belo
w
Fibe
r-co
vere
d st
ems.
Frui
t con
tain
irrit
atin
g ca
lciu
m o
xyla
te
crys
tals
.
Brah
ea a
rmat
aBl
ue h
espe
r pa
lmM
exic
o,
sout
hern
Ca
lifor
nia
Arid
, des
ert
regi
ons
8a –
10
14°F
30 –
40'
; 4
– 8
in
FL
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Mod
erat
eCo
sta-
palm
ate
Blue
-gr
een,
w
axy
Doe
s not
like
hig
h hu
mid
ity. R
equi
res
wel
l-dra
ined
soil.
Butia
cap
itata
Pind
o pa
lm,
jelly
pal
mBr
azil,
Ar
gent
ina,
U
rugu
ay
Coas
tal
gras
slan
d pl
ains
8 –
10 1
4°F
15'
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
to
part
ial
shad
e
Mod
erat
ePi
nnat
eBl
ue-
gree
nH
ardi
est o
f the
feat
her-
leav
ed p
alm
s. W
idel
y cu
ltiva
ted.
Exh
ibits
va
riabi
lity
from
pla
nt
to p
lant
. Var
. str
ictio
r ha
s fro
nds w
ith le
ss
curv
e. H
ybrid
izes
with
m
embe
rs o
f the
gen
us
Syag
rus.
Butia
er
iosp
atha
Woo
ly je
lly
palm
Sout
hern
Br
azil
Hill
side
s to
4000
'8
– 10
15°
F15
– 2
0'Sl
owSo
litar
yFu
ll su
n to
pa
rtia
l sh
ade
Mod
erat
ePi
nnat
eBl
ue-
gree
n to
bl
ue-g
ray
Leaf
bas
es c
over
ed
with
bro
wn
hair.
Fa
ster
gro
win
g th
an B
. ca
pita
ta.
Butia
yat
ayYa
tay
palm
Sout
h Am
eric
aD
ry
sava
nnas
8 –
10
15°F
35'
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
to
part
ial
shad
e
Mod
erat
ePi
nnat
eG
ray-
gree
nSi
mila
r to
B. c
apita
ta,
but h
avin
g m
ore
wid
ely
spre
adin
g le
aves
.
Butia
X Ju
baea
hy
brid
No
com
mon
na
me
Occ
urs o
nly
in c
ultiv
atio
nN
ot
appl
icab
le8a
– 1
0 13
°F40
' +M
oder
ate
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Mod
erat
ePi
nnat
eBl
uish
- gr
een
Fast
er g
row
ing
and
mor
e co
ld h
ardy
than
ei
ther
par
ent.
Mas
sive
tr
unk
with
reta
ined
leaf
ba
ses.
Butia
X S
yagr
us
hybr
idX
Butia
grus
na
bonn
andi
i
Mul
e pa
lmO
ccas
iona
lly
prod
uced
in
the
wild
in
Sou
th
Amer
ica
Dry
sa
vann
as8b
– 1
0 19
°F40
' +M
oder
ate
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Unk
now
n –
likel
y m
oder
ate
Pinn
ate
Blui
sh-
gree
nRe
sem
bles
But
ia m
ore
than
Sya
grus
– b
ut
with
fine
r, le
ss st
iff
folia
ge. F
aste
r gro
win
g th
an B
utia
.
Palms for North Florida
7
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
N
ame
Ori
gin
Nat
ive
Hab
itat
Har
dine
ss
Zone
Typi
cal
Hei
ght
Gro
wth
Ra
teH
abit
Ligh
tSa
lt
Tole
ranc
eLe
af T
ype
Folia
ge
Colo
rCo
mm
ents
Cham
aedo
rea
eleg
ans
Parlo
r pal
mM
exic
o an
d Ce
ntra
l Am
eric
a
Rain
fore
st
unde
rsto
ry9a
– 1
1 24
°F3
– 5'
Slow
Solit
ary
Shad
e to
pa
rtia
l sh
ade
Low
Pinn
ate
Gre
enPo
pula
r hou
sepl
ant
sinc
e Vi
ctor
ian
times
. Se
para
te m
ale
and
fem
ale
plan
ts. M
ost
effec
tive
whe
n se
vera
l pl
ante
d to
geth
er.
Cham
aedo
rea
mic
rosp
adix
Har
dy
bam
boo
palm
Mex
ico
Ope
n fo
rest
s8b
– 1
1 18
°F8’
Mod
erat
eCl
uste
ring
Shad
e to
pa
rtia
l sh
ade
Low
Pinn
ate
Dul
l gre
enRe
sem
bles
C. s
eifr
izii
and
C. e
rum
pens
, po
pula
r int
erio
r pal
ms.
Cham
aedo
rea
radi
calis
Radi
calis
pa
lmM
exic
oH
igh
elev
atio
n ra
info
rest
s
8b –
11
19°F
5'Sl
ow to
m
oder
ate
Solit
ary
Shad
e to
pa
rtia
l sh
ade
Low
Pinn
ate
Dar
k gr
een
Oft
en tr
unkl
ess,
but
trun
ked
form
s exi
st.
Sepa
rate
mal
e an
d fe
mal
e pl
ants
.
Cham
aero
ps
hum
ilis
Euro
pean
fa
n pa
lmM
edite
rran
-ea
n Re
gion
Arid
coa
stal
zo
nes t
o 30
00' i
n el
evat
ion
8 –
9 16
°F10
'Sl
owCl
uste
ring
Full
sun
to
part
ial
shad
e
Mod
erat
e - m
ay b
e va
riabl
e
Palm
ate
Gre
en,
blue
-gr
een
and
silv
ery
form
s
Gre
at v
aria
bilit
y fro
m
one
plan
t to
anot
her.
Var.
cerif
era
is b
lue-
gree
n in
col
or a
nd is
no
t as c
old
hard
y as
th
e gr
een
form
.
Cory
pha
umbr
acul
ifera
Talip
ot
palm
Sout
hern
In
dia
and
Sri
Lank
a
Rain
fore
st9a
– 1
1 20
°F80
'Sl
ow
whe
n yo
ung
Solit
ary
Full
sun
to
part
ial
shad
e
Low
Cost
a-pa
lmat
eD
ull g
reen
Flow
ers a
fter
60
– 80
ye
ars a
nd th
en d
ies.
Mas
sive
leav
es 1
2 –
18' i
n di
amet
er w
hen
mat
ure.
Die
s aft
er
flow
erin
g
Dyp
sis b
aron
iiSu
gar c
ane
palm
Mad
agas
car
Mou
ntai
n re
gion
s ar
ound
16
00'
9a –
11
24°F
15'
Slow
to
mod
erat
eSo
litar
yFu
ll su
n to
pa
rtia
l sh
ade
Low
Pinn
ate
Gre
enH
eat a
nd d
roug
ht
tole
rant
, but
doe
s bes
t w
ith a
dequ
ate
wat
er.
Dyp
sis d
ecip
iens
Man
ambe
pa
lmM
adag
asca
rD
ry
high
land
s to
670
0 fe
et
9a –
11
21°F
15'
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Low
Pinn
ate
Blue
-gr
een
One
of t
he fe
w c
old-
tole
rant
pal
ms w
ith a
cr
own
shaf
t.
Gui
haia
ar
gyra
taD
aint
y la
dy
palm
Viet
nam
Ope
n fo
rest
s on
limes
tone
hi
lls
9a –
11
22°F
4'Sl
owCl
uste
ring
Shad
e to
pa
rtia
l sh
ade
Low
Palm
ate
Gre
en
abov
e,
silv
ery
whi
te
belo
w
Firs
t pla
ced
in th
e ge
nus T
rach
ycar
pus.
Gro
ws b
est a
t hig
her
pH.
How
ea
fors
teria
naKe
ntia
pal
mLo
rd H
owe
Isla
nd, N
ew
Sout
h W
ales
, Au
stra
lia
9a –
11
24°F
6 –
14'
Slow
Solit
ary
Part
ial
shad
eM
oder
ate
Pinn
ate
Dar
k gr
een
abov
e,
light
er
belo
w
Exce
llent
con
tain
er
plan
t.
Palms for North Florida
8
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
N
ame
Ori
gin
Nat
ive
Hab
itat
Har
dine
ss
Zone
Typi
cal
Hei
ght
Gro
wth
Ra
teH
abit
Ligh
tSa
lt
Tole
ranc
eLe
af T
ype
Folia
ge
Colo
rCo
mm
ents
Juba
ea ch
ilens
isCh
ilean
w
ine
palm
Chile
Des
ert,
coas
tal
valle
ys
8b –
10a
14
°F50
-80'
Very
slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Low
Pinn
ate
Dul
l gre
en
abov
e,
gray
be
low
Requ
ires w
ell d
rain
ed
soil.
Has
the
thic
kest
tr
unk
of a
ny p
alm
– u
p to
6 fe
et in
dia
met
er.
Livi
ston
a au
stra
lisAu
stra
lian
fan
palm
Aust
ralia
Rain
fore
st
unde
rsto
ry9a
– 1
1 22
°F40
'Sl
owSo
litar
yPa
rtia
l sh
ade
to fu
ll su
n
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eD
eep,
gl
ossy
gr
een
Seco
ndm
ost c
old
hard
y Li
vist
ona
afte
r L.
chin
ensi
s.
Livi
ston
a ch
inen
sisCh
ines
e fa
n pa
lmCh
ina,
so
uthe
rn
Japa
n
Ope
n fo
rest
s8b
– 1
1 18
°F25
'Sl
owSo
litar
yPa
rtia
l sh
ade
to fu
ll su
n
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eO
live
Gre
enO
ften
def
olia
ted
by
hard
free
zes,
but r
e-gr
ows a
new
can
opy
in sp
ring.
Rar
ely
form
s tr
unk
in n
orth
ern
regi
ons.
Arm
ed p
etio
le
Livi
ston
a de
cipi
ens
Ribb
on fa
n pa
lmAu
stra
liaRi
ver b
anks
an
d co
asta
l ar
eas
9a –
11
23°F
30'
Slow
to
mod
erat
eSo
litar
yPa
rtia
l sh
ade
to fu
ll su
n
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eD
eep
gree
n ab
ove,
w
axy
gray
be
low
The
leav
es a
re d
eepl
y di
vide
d an
d th
e lo
ng se
gmen
ts h
ang
dow
nwar
d in
a c
urta
in-
like
man
ner.
Nan
norr
hops
rit
chia
naM
azar
i pa
lmAf
ghan
ista
n,
Paki
stan
to
Arab
ia
Des
ert
mou
ntai
n re
gion
s
7b –
11
7°F
10'
Slow
Clus
terin
gFu
ll su
nM
oder
ate
Cost
a-pa
lmat
eBl
ue-
gree
nRe
quire
s wel
l-dra
ined
so
il. A
fter
flow
erin
g an
d fr
uitin
g, a
stem
w
ill e
vent
ually
die
ba
ck, b
ut n
ot b
efor
e br
anch
ing
just
bel
ow
the
crow
n.
Phoe
nix
cana
riens
isCa
nary
Is
land
dat
e pa
lm
Cana
ry
Isla
nds
Des
ert
regi
ons,
600
– 19
00'
8b –
11
19°F
40'
Very
slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Mod
erat
ePi
nnat
eD
ull d
eep
gree
nFo
rm im
pres
sive
, lar
ge
spec
imen
s. Po
orly
dr
aine
d si
tes s
houl
d be
av
oide
d.
Phoe
nix
dact
ylife
raD
ate
palm
Nor
th A
fric
a –
exac
t orig
in
unkn
own
Des
ert
regi
ons
8b –
11
19°F
40 -
50'
Slow
Slow
ly
clus
terin
gFu
ll su
nH
igh
Pinn
ate
Gra
y-gr
een
Mos
t lan
dsca
pe
spec
imen
s tr
ansp
lant
ed fr
om d
ate
grov
es in
AZ
or C
A.
Phoe
nix
recl
inat
a5Se
nega
l da
te p
alm
Afric
aD
eser
t re
gion
s9a
– 1
1 25
°F24
– 3
0'M
oder
ate
Clus
terin
gFu
ll su
nM
oder
ate
Pinn
ate
Dar
k gr
een
Suck
ers v
igor
ousl
y.
Slen
der t
runk
s. Th
icke
r tr
unks
may
indi
cate
hy
brid
izat
ion
with
ot
her P
hoen
ix sp
ecie
s, an
d m
ay b
e in
dica
tive
of g
reat
er c
old
tole
ranc
e.
Palms for North Florida
9
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
N
ame
Ori
gin
Nat
ive
Hab
itat
Har
dine
ss
Zone
Typi
cal
Hei
ght
Gro
wth
Ra
teH
abit
Ligh
tSa
lt
Tole
ranc
eLe
af T
ype
Folia
ge
Colo
rCo
mm
ents
Phoe
nix
roeb
elen
iiPy
gmy
date
pa
lm
Sout
heas
t As
ia –
Lao
s, Vi
etna
m,
Thai
land
Rain
fore
sts
9a –
11
24°F
10'
Slow
Solit
ary
Part
ial
shad
e to
full
sun
Low
Pinn
ate
Glo
ssy
gree
nM
ay re
quire
som
e pr
otec
tion
in
part
icul
arly
col
d pe
riods
. Sep
arat
e m
ale
and
fem
ale
plan
ts. A
dapt
s wel
l to
cont
aine
r pro
duct
ion.
Phoe
nix
sylv
estr
isW
ild d
ate
palm
Indi
aD
eser
t re
gion
s9a
– 1
1 22
°F40
'Sl
owSo
litar
yFu
ll su
nM
oder
ate
Pinn
ate
Blue
-gr
een
Shor
ter l
eave
s tha
n P.
cana
riens
is a
nd P.
da
ctyl
ifera
. Hyb
ridiz
es
with
oth
er P
hoen
ix
spec
ies.
Phoe
nix
theo
phra
stii
Cret
an d
ate
palm
Cret
e, li
mite
d ar
eas o
f Tu
rkey
Arid
, des
ert-
like
regi
ons
8b –
11
19°F
25'
Slow
Clus
terin
gFu
ll su
nM
oder
ate
Pinn
ate
Silv
ery-
gray
Sim
ilar t
o P.
recl
inat
a,
but m
ore
cold
har
dy.
Rhap
idop
hyllu
m
hyst
rixN
eedl
e pa
lmSo
uthe
aste
rn
US
Dry
, pin
e fla
twoo
ds7b
– 1
0a
5°F
5'Sl
owCl
uste
ring
Part
ial
shad
e to
full
sun
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eD
ark
gree
n ab
ove,
si
lver
y be
low
Flor
ida
nativ
e.
Sepa
rate
mal
e an
d fe
mal
e pl
ants
. 10
– 12
" ne
edle
s fro
m c
row
n.
Rhap
is ex
celsa
Lady
pal
mCh
ina
Fore
st
unde
rsto
ry9a
– 1
1 21
°F7'
Mod
erat
eCl
uste
ring
Shad
e to
pa
rtia
l sh
ade
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eSh
iny
Gre
enLe
aves
tend
to y
ello
w
with
too
muc
h su
n.
Exce
llent
con
tain
er
plan
t. Va
riega
ted
form
s av
aila
ble,
but
ver
y ex
pens
ive.
Rhap
is hu
mili
sSl
ende
r la
dy p
alm
Chin
aKn
own
only
in
cul
ture
9a –
11
21°F
13'
Slow
Clus
terin
gSh
ade
to
part
ial
shad
e
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eG
reen
, sl
ight
ly
shin
y
Smal
ler s
tem
s and
le
aves
than
R. e
xcel
sa.
All p
lant
s are
mal
e; n
o fe
mal
es e
xist
.
Saba
l be
rmud
ana
Berm
uda
palm
etto
Berm
uda
Sand
y, d
ry
regi
ons
8b –
11
16°F
25'
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Mod
erat
e to
hig
hCo
sta-
palm
ate
Blue
-gr
een
Requ
ires w
ell-d
rain
ed
loca
tion.
Saba
l cau
siaru
mPu
erto
Ri
can
hat
palm
Puer
to R
ico
Sand
y, d
ry
regi
ons
8b –
11
19°F
50'
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Mod
erat
e to
hig
hCo
sta-
palm
ate
Gre
enM
assi
ve tr
unk,
not
fre
quen
tly se
en in
the
land
scap
e.
Saba
l do
min
gens
isD
omin
ican
pa
lmet
toH
aiti,
H
ispa
nola
, ea
ster
n Cu
ba
Hot
dry
in
land
are
as
to 3
300'
9a –
11
22°F
60'
Slow
to
mod
erat
eSo
litar
yFu
ll su
nM
oder
ate
to h
igh
Cost
a-pa
lmat
eG
reen
Larg
e w
hitis
h tr
unk.
Th
rives
on
sand
y so
ils
Saba
l eto
nia
Scru
b pa
lmet
toSo
uthe
aste
rn
US
Dry
sc
rubl
ands
8b –
10
16°F
5'Sl
owSo
litar
yPa
rtia
l sh
ade
to fu
ll su
n
Mod
erat
e Co
sta-
palm
ate
to
palm
ate
Dul
l gre
en
to b
lue-
gree
n
Sim
ilar t
o S.
min
or b
ut
has s
mal
ler,
deep
ly
fold
ed le
aves
.
Saba
l mex
ican
aRi
o G
rand
e pa
lmet
toTe
xas,
Mex
ico,
El
Sal
vado
rAr
id, d
eser
t-lik
e re
gion
s8b
– 1
1 17
°F40
'Sl
owSo
litar
yFu
ll su
nM
oder
ate
Cost
a-pa
lmat
eEm
eral
d gr
een
Dro
ught
tole
rant
, bu
t gro
ws f
aste
r with
ad
equa
te w
ater
.
Palms for North Florida
10
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
N
ame
Ori
gin
Nat
ive
Hab
itat
Har
dine
ss
Zone
Typi
cal
Hei
ght
Gro
wth
Ra
teH
abit
Ligh
tSa
lt
Tole
ranc
eLe
af T
ype
Folia
ge
Colo
rCo
mm
ents
Saba
l min
orD
war
f pa
lmet
toSo
uthe
aste
rn
US
Und
erst
ory
of p
ine
flatw
oods
7a –
10b
5°
F6'
Slow
Solit
ary
Part
ial
shad
e to
sh
ade
Mod
erat
eCo
sta-
palm
ate
to
palm
ate
Gre
en to
bl
ue-
gree
n
Doe
s not
form
a tr
unk.
La
rger
cro
wn
than
S.
palm
etto
.
Saba
l pal
met
toCa
bbag
e pa
lmSo
uthe
aste
rn
US
8a –
11
10°F
30 –
40'
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Hig
hCo
sta-
palm
ate
Dul
l gre
enTh
e st
ate
tree
of b
oth
FL a
nd S
C. A
dapt
s wel
l to
man
y di
ffere
nt so
ils
and
situ
atio
ns.
Saba
l ros
eiLl
ana
Palm
Wes
tern
M
exic
oD
ry
sava
nnas
8a –
11
10°F
25 –
30'
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Cost
a-pa
lmat
eBl
ue-
gree
nD
roug
ht a
nd fl
ood
tole
rant
. Tru
nk is
mor
e sl
ende
r tha
n th
at o
f S.
palm
etto
.
Saba
l um
brac
ulife
raH
ispa
nolia
n pa
lmSa
nto
Dom
ingo
7b –
11
9°F
60'
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Hig
hCo
sta-
palm
ate
Dul
l gre
enSt
out,
heav
y tr
unk
with
ver
y la
rge
leav
es.
Thriv
es o
n sa
ndy
soil.
Saba
l ure
sana
Soro
nan
palm
etto
Mex
ico
Ope
n fo
rest
8b –
11
14°F
60' +
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Mod
erat
eCo
sta-
palm
ate
Silv
ery-
blue
Blui
sh ti
nt to
folia
ge
beco
mes
less
dis
tinct
as
the
plan
t age
s.
Sere
noa
repe
nsSa
w
palm
etto
Sout
heas
tern
U
SD
ry p
ine
flatw
oods
8b –
11
18°F
3 –
6'Sl
owCl
umpi
ngPa
rtia
l sh
ade
to fu
ll su
n
Hig
hPa
lmat
eG
reen
or
blu
e gr
een,
w
axy
Flor
ida
nativ
e. L
arge
sp
ecim
ens d
o no
t tr
ansp
lant
eas
ily.
Syag
rus
rom
anzo
ffian
a6Q
ueen
pa
lmBr
azil
to
Arge
ntin
aLo
wla
nd
hum
id
fore
sts
9a –
11
23°F
30'
Fast
Solit
ary
Full
sun
to
part
ial
shad
e
Mod
erat
ePi
nnat
eD
ark
gree
nSu
scep
tible
to M
n de
ficie
ncy
on h
igh-
pH
soil.
Pro
duce
s lar
ge
num
bers
of f
ruit
whi
ch
som
e co
nsid
er m
essy
.
Trac
hyca
rpus
fo
rtun
eiW
indm
ill
palm
, ch
usan
pa
lm
Chin
aM
ount
ain
regi
ons t
o 75
00'
8a –
10a
10
°F20
'Sl
owSo
litar
yPa
rtia
l sh
ade
to fu
ll su
n
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eD
ark
gree
n ab
ove,
si
lver
y be
low
Fibe
r-co
vere
d tr
unk.
Ve
ry c
old
hard
y, e
ven
tole
ratin
g lig
ht sn
ow.
Trac
hyca
rpus
la
tisec
tus
Win
dam
ere
palm
Him
alay
as
of n
orth
ern
Indi
a
Mou
ntai
n re
gion
s to
8000
'
7a –
10a
1°
F18
'Sl
owSo
litar
yPa
rtia
l sh
ade
to fu
ll su
n
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eD
ark
gree
n Le
aves
shed
nat
ural
ly,
leav
ing
a sm
ooth
sl
ende
r tru
nk.
Unk
now
n be
fore
199
2.
Trac
hyca
rpus
m
artia
nus
Him
ilaya
n w
indm
ill
palm
Chin
a, N
epal
, In
dia
Mou
ntai
n re
gion
s9a
– 1
0a
23°F
20'
Slow
Solit
ary
Part
ial
shad
e to
full
sun
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eG
reen
ab
ove,
si
lver
y be
low
Slim
mer
trun
k th
an T.
fo
rtun
ei. N
ew g
row
th
cove
red
by w
hitis
h pu
besc
ence
.
Trac
hyca
rpus
or
eoph
ilus
Thai
m
ount
ain
fan
palm
Nor
thw
est
Thai
land
Rock
y ou
tcro
ps,
mou
ntai
n re
gion
s
8a –
10a
14
°F30
'Sl
owSo
litar
yPa
rtia
l sh
ade
to fu
ll su
n
Unk
now
nPa
lmat
eG
reen
ab
ove,
si
lver
y be
low
Smal
l com
pact
cro
wn
of fo
liage
. Sm
ooth
, sl
ende
r tru
nk.
Palms for North Florida
11
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
N
ame
Ori
gin
Nat
ive
Hab
itat
Har
dine
ss
Zone
Typi
cal
Hei
ght
Gro
wth
Ra
teH
abit
Ligh
tSa
lt
Tole
ranc
eLe
af T
ype
Folia
ge
Colo
rCo
mm
ents
Trac
hyca
rpus
ta
kil
Kam
aon
fan
palm
Nor
th c
entr
al
Indi
aM
ount
ain
regi
ons t
o 80
00'
7b –
10a
6°
F25
'Sl
ow to
m
oder
ate
Solit
ary
Part
ial
shad
e to
full
sun
Unk
now
nPa
lmat
eG
reen
Com
pact
gro
wth
hab
it.
Smoo
th tr
unk.
Trac
hyca
rpus
w
agne
rianu
sW
agne
r's
fan
palm
Japa
n U
nkno
wn
in
the
wild
8a –
10a
13
°F10
'Sl
owSo
litar
yPa
rtia
l sh
ade
to fu
ll su
n
Unk
now
nPa
lmat
eG
reen
ab
ove,
si
lver
be
low
Sim
ilar t
o T.
fort
unei
, bu
t sm
alle
r. Fi
ber-
cove
red
trun
k.
Trith
rinax
ac
anth
ocom
aSp
iny
fiber
pa
lmSo
uthe
rn
Braz
ilO
pen
fore
sts,
dry
sava
nnas
9a –
11
20°F
15'
Slow
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Mod
erat
ePa
lmat
eD
eep
gree
n ab
ove,
w
hitis
h be
low
Not
wid
ely
culti
vate
d.
Long
spin
es o
n tr
unk.
Trith
rinax
ca
mpe
stris
Blue
nee
dle
palm
, Ca
rand
ay
palm
Arge
ntin
a an
d U
rugu
ayAr
id re
gion
s8a
– 1
1 13
°F12
'Sl
owCl
umpi
ngFu
ll su
nH
igh
Palm
ate
Blue
-gr
een
Erec
t, st
iff le
aflet
s. D
roug
ht to
lera
nt.
Fibe
r-co
vere
d tr
unk
with
stiff
spin
es. G
ood
drai
nage
ess
entia
l.
Was
hing
toni
a fil
ifera
Calif
orni
a W
ashi
ngto
n pa
lm
Calif
orni
a,
Mex
ico
Des
ert
regi
ons
8a –
11
12°F
50'
Mod
erat
eSo
litar
yFu
ll su
nM
oder
ate
Cost
a-pa
lmat
eG
rayi
sh-
gree
nRe
quire
s wel
l-dra
ined
so
il. L
arge
r dia
met
er
trun
k th
an W
. rob
usta
. H
ybrid
izes
with
W.
robu
sta.
Was
hing
toni
a ro
bust
a7W
ashi
ngto
n pa
lmM
exic
oD
eser
t re
gion
s9a
– 1
1 22
°F70
–
100'
; 25
' in
nort
hern
FL
Fast
Solit
ary
Full
sun
Mod
erat
eCo
sta-
palm
ate
Brig
ht
gree
nTh
ough
from
des
ert
regi
ons,
fast
est g
row
th
occu
rs w
ith re
gula
r irr
igat
ion.
Req
uire
s w
ell-d
rain
ed so
il.3 N
on-n
ativ
e pa
lms f
ound
in F
lorid
a’s n
atur
al a
reas
are
indi
cate
d, w
ith fo
otno
tes s
tatin
g th
eir s
tatu
s as e
stab
lishe
d by
the
“IFAS
Ass
essm
ent o
f the
Sta
tus o
f Non
-nat
ive
Plan
ts in
Flo
rida’s
N
atur
al A
reas
” (Fo
x et
al.
2005
). N
on-n
ativ
e pa
lms w
ithou
t foo
tnot
es h
ave
not b
een
repo
rted
in F
lorid
a’s n
atur
al a
reas
and
/or h
ave
not y
et b
een
asse
ssed
usi
ng th
e IF
AS A
sses
smen
t. 4 In
nor
th F
lorid
a th
is sp
ecie
s is n
ot c
onsi
dere
d a
prob
lem
and
may
be
reco
mm
ende
d. In
cen
tral
Flo
rida,
this
spec
ies c
an b
e us
ed b
ut it
shou
ld b
e tr
eate
d w
ith c
autio
n an
d m
anag
ed to
pr
even
t its
esc
ape
(cou
ntie
s are
list
ed b
y zo
ne a
t: ht
tp://
plan
ts.if
as.u
fl.ed
u/as
sess
men
t/pd
fs/a
sses
s_co
untie
s.pdf
). N
ote
that
oth
er c
oncl
usio
ns m
ay a
pply
in so
uth
Flor
ida.
5 Th
is sp
ecie
s is n
ot c
onsi
dere
d a
prob
lem
in n
orth
and
cen
tral
Flo
rida
and
may
be
reco
mm
ende
d (c
ount
ies a
re li
sted
by
zone
at:
http
://pl
ants
.ifas
.ufl.
edu/
asse
ssm
ent/
pdfs
/ass
ess_
coun
ties.p
df).
Not
e th
at o
ther
con
clus
ions
may
app
ly in
sout
h Fl
orid
a.
6 This
spec
ies i
s not
con
side
red
a pr
oble
m in
nor
th a
nd c
entr
al F
lorid
a an
d m
ay b
e re
com
men
ded
(cou
ntie
s are
list
ed b
y zo
ne a
t: ht
tp://
plan
ts.if
as.u
fl.ed
u/as
sess
men
t/pd
fs/a
sses
s_co
untie
s.pdf
). N
ote
that
oth
er c
oncl
usio
ns m
ay a
pply
in so
uth
Flor
ida.
7 Th
is sp
ecie
s is n
ot c
onsi
dere
d a
prob
lem
in n
orth
and
cen
tral
Flo
rida
and
may
be
reco
mm
ende
d (c
ount
ies a
re li
sted
by
zone
at:
http
://pl
ants
.ifas
.ufl.
edu/
asse
ssm
ent/
pdfs
/ass
ess_
coun
ties.p
df).
Not
e th
at o
ther
con
clus
ions
may
app
ly in
sout
h Fl
orid
a.
Palms for North Florida
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