pages 239-252. cerebrum: general functions speech, memory, logical/emotional response consciousness,...
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Functions of Major Brain Regions
Pages 239-252
Cerebrum: General FunctionsSpeech, memory, logical/emotional responseConsciousness, interpretation of sensationVoluntary movementSpeech
Cerebrum: Primary Somatic Sensory AreaReceives impulses from the body’s sensory
receptorsPain, temperature, light touchLocated in parietal lobe posterior to central
sulcusSensory homunculus is a spatial map
showing locations of specifics sensationsLeft side of the primary somatic sensory area
receives impulses from right side or body(and vice versa)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.13c Left lateral view of the brain.
Primary motor area
Premotor area
Anteriorassociation area•Workingmemory andjudgment
Broca’s area(motor speech)
Olfactoryarea
Central sulcusPrimary somaticsensory area
Gustatory area(taste)
Speech/language(outlined by dashes)
Posteriorassociationarea
Visual area
Auditory area
• Problemsolving• Language
comprehension
(c)
Figure 7.14 Sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex.
Hand
Swallowing
Tongue
Jaw
Lips
Face
Eye
Brow
Neck
Thumb
Fingers
Wrist
Elb
ow
Arm
Sh
ou
lder
Trun
kH
ipK
nee
Fo
ot
Toes
Genitals
Kn
ee Leg Hip
Tru
nk
Nec
kH
ead
Arm
Elb
owFo
rear
mH
and
Fing
ers
Thum
b
Eye
Nose
Face
Lips
Teeth
Gums
Jaw
Tongue
Pharynx
Intra-abdominal
Posterior
Motor SensoryAnteriorMotor map in
precentral gyrusSensory map in postcentral gyrus
Primary motorcortex(precentral gyrus)
Primary somaticsensory cortex(postcentral gyrus)
Special SensesSpecific lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
are responsible for impulses of specific senses:Visual area (occipital lobe)Auditory area (temporal lobe)Olfactory area (temporal lobe)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cerebrum: Primary Motor AreaSends impulses to skeletal muscles (efferent
pathway)Located in frontal lobe anterior to central
sulcusMotor neurons form corticospinal (pyramidal)
tract, which descends to spinal cordMotor homunculus is a spatial map
showing specific locations responsible for respective body areas
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.13c Left lateral view of the brain.
Primary motor area
Premotor area
Anteriorassociation area•Workingmemory andjudgment
Broca’s area(motor speech)
Olfactoryarea
Central sulcusPrimary somaticsensory area
Gustatory area(taste)
Speech/language(outlined by dashes)
Posteriorassociationarea
Visual area
Auditory area
• Problemsolving• Language
comprehension
(c)
Figure 7.14 Sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex.
Hand
Swallowing
Tongue
Jaw
Lips
Face
Eye
Brow
Neck
Thumb
Fingers
Wrist
Elb
ow
Arm
Sh
ou
lder
Trun
kH
ipK
nee
Fo
ot
Toes
Genitals
Kn
eeL
eg Hip
Tru
nk
Nec
kH
ead
Arm
Elb
owFo
rear
mH
and
Fing
ers
Thum
b
Eye
Nose
Face
Lips
Teeth
Gums
Jaw
Tongue
Pharynx
Intra-abdominal
Posterior
Motor SensoryAnteriorMotor map in
precentral gyrusSensory map in postcentral gyrus
Primary motorcortex(precentral gyrus)
Primary somaticsensory cortex(postcentral gyrus)
Cerebrum: Specialized AreasBroca’s area
Involved in our ability to speakUsually in left hemisphere
Anterior and posterior association areas Involved in multiple capabilities including:
Reasoning Behavior Visual recognition Speech
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.13c Left lateral view of the brain.
Primary motor area
Premotor area
Anteriorassociation area•Workingmemory andjudgment
Broca’s area(motor speech)
Olfactoryarea
Central sulcusPrimary somaticsensory area
Gustatory area(taste)
Speech/language(outlined by dashes)
Posteriorassociationarea
Visual area
Auditory area
• Problemsolving• Language
comprehension
(c)
Figure 7.12b Development and regions of the human brain.
Cerebralhemisphere
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
(b) Adult brain
Structures of the Diencephalon
DiencephalonThalamus
Surrounds the third ventricleRelay station for sensory impulses
Sends impulses to cortex for interpretationDistinguishing pleasant vs. unpleasant
sensations begins here (pg. 246)Involved in memory
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
DiencephalonHypothalamus
Important autonomic nervous system center Helps regulate: body temperature, water balance,
metabolismHouses limbic center which is responsible
for: emotions (pleasure, fear, anger) drives (hunger, sex, parenting, dominance)
Regulates pituitary gland (which produces ADH and oxytocin)
Houses mammillary bodies for olfaction (smell) These are reflex centers for smell
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
DiencephalonEpithalamus
Houses the pineal body an endocrine gland which produces melatonin, a
hormone involved in regulating sleep cycles and reproductive behaviors
Includes the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle Capillaries within the ventricles which form CSF
Regulates motor pathways and emotions
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.16a Diencephalon and brain stem structures.
Third ventricle
Anteriorcommissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Mammillary body
Pons
Medulla oblongataSpinal cord
(a)
Cerebral hemisphere
Corpus callosum
Choroid plexus of thirdventricle
Occipital lobe ofcerebral hemisphere
Thalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral peduncle
Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum
Midbrain
Figure 7.16a Diencephalon and brain stem structures.
Third ventricle
Anteriorcommissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Mammillary body
Pons
Medulla oblongataSpinal cord
(a)
Cerebral hemisphere
Corpus callosum
Choroid plexus of thirdventricle
Occipital lobe ofcerebral hemisphere
Thalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral peduncle
Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum
Midbrain
Structures of the Brain Stem
Brain StemMidbrain
Composed mostly of tracts of nerve fibersTwo bulging fiber tracts, cerebral peduncles,
convey ascending and descending impulsesFour rounded protrusions, corpora
quadrigemina, are the visual and auditory reflex centers called “colliculi”
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brain StemPons
The anteriorly bulging center part of the brain stem
Mostly composed of fiber tractsIncludes nuclei involved in the control of
breathing
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brain StemMedulla oblongata
The lowest part of the brain stemMerges into the spinal cordIncludes important fiber tracts from the
cerebrum These tracts cross to opposite sides at this location
Contains important homeostatic control centers: Heart rate control Blood pressure regulation Breathing Swallowing Vomiting
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brain StemReticular formation
Diffuse mass of gray matter along the entire brain stem
Involved in motor control of visceral (internal) organs
Reticular activating system (RAS) Plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and
consciousness Filter for incoming sensory information
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.16b Diencephalon and brain stem structures.
Radiationsto cerebralcortex
Auditoryimpulses
Descendingmotor projectionsto spinal cord
Reticular formation
Ascending general sensorytracts (touch, pain, temperature)
(b)
Visual impulses
CerebellumTwo hemispheres with convoluted surfacesControls balance and equilibriumProvides precise timing for skeletal muscle
activity and coordination of body movementsBalance, posture
Alcohol affects coordination via the cerebellum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.16a Diencephalon and brain stem structures.
Third ventricle
Anteriorcommissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Mammillary body
Pons
Medulla oblongataSpinal cord
(a)
Cerebral hemisphere
Corpus callosum
Choroid plexus of thirdventricle
Occipital lobe ofcerebral hemisphere
Thalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral peduncle
Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum
Midbrain
This midsagittal section shows the gray matter outlining the arbor vitae (white)
The Cerebellum
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