oecd, 2nd task force meeting on charting illicit trade - kristiina kangaspunta

Trafficking in persons Kristiina Kangaspunta

Definition of trafficking in persons - three elements – Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

Different types of trafficking in persons Categorized by: 1. Form of exploitation

2. Profile of victims

3. Type of countries

Distribution of victims detected globally, by form of exploitation, 2010

Sexual exploitation

58%

Forced labour

36%

Organs removal

0.2%

Other forms of trafficking in persons

6%

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data

Other forms: • Forced marriage • Body parts removal for rituals, • Pornography, • Begging and petty crimes, • Child soldiers, • Baby selling and illegal adoption

Gender and age profile of victims detected globally, 2009

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data

Boys10%

Girls17%

Women59%

Men14%

Countries of origin, transit and destination • No clear types – many countries are mixed types Figure: Selected European countries according to their consideration of being

an origin, transit or destination for trafficking in persons

Domestic, regional and transregional flows, shares of the total number of trafficking flows, 2007-2010

-Trancontinental - Victims traff icked across different

regions24%

- Regional - Victims traff icked from the nearby

subregion 4%

- Regional - Victims traff icked w ithin the same

subregion (cross-border)

45%

-Domestic- Victims traff icked w ithin the same

country 27%

Shares of detected victims who were trafficked within or from outside the region, 2007-2010

Countries of origin of victims detected in Western and Central Europe, 2007-2010: victims of 112 different nationalities were detected in the region

Countries where East Asian victims were detected, 2007-2010: East Asian victims were detected in 64 countries worldwide

Impact of trafficking

• Individual level: – Physical and mental health impact, substance abuse, stigma, social

exclusion and marginalization • Political implications:

– Shaping policies including on migration, labour, prostitution, border control • Impact on the rule of law:

– Linkages to corruption and other crimes, reduces the accountability of authorities and their possibility for impartial policymaking

• Impact on human and national security: – Links to organized crime together with significant human rights, economic,

social, and political impacts endanger human as well as national security in some regions

Economic impact

• Receipt of little or no income for individuals

• Redirection of the profits from legitimate employers to the criminals

• Reductions in revenue since trafficking generates no tax revenues, and it can be linked to tax evasion and money-laundering

• Transnational trafficking: loss of migrant remittances

Global turnover from trafficking in persons

Difficult to estimate • Hidden nature:

– Difficult to estimate the prevalence of human trafficking

– Difficult to measure the profits made out of the business of

human trafficking

Proceeds of transnational crime

Criminalization of trafficking in persons with a specific offence as of November 2008 and August 2012

83%(134)60%

(98)

12% (19)

18%(29)

5% (9)22%(35)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

November 2008 August 2012Covers most/all forms PartialNo specific offence

162 countries and territories Source: UNODC elaboration on national data

Number of convictions recorded per year, percentage of countries, 2007-2010

No data available,18% of countries

covered

No convictions,16% of countries

covered

1 to 10 convictions,

23%of countries

covered

More than 50 convictions,

18%of countries

covered

11 to 50 convictions,

25% of countries covered

Source: UNODC elaboration on national data

Countries with the best rating in 2010 in the 3P Anti-trafficking Policy Index

Nexus with Transnational Organised Crime and Evidence of Convergence with different forms of trafficking

• More than 30% of organized crime groups active in Europe are involved in more than one crime (Europol)

• Poly-crime groups involved in trafficking in persons are often linked to drug trafficking

• Other links: fishing industry, environmental crimes in the form of marine living resource crimes, arms trafficking, maritime piracy, alcohol smuggling, corruption.

WWW.UNODC.ORG

Photo: Tina Imbriano