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Oceanography Merit Badge

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Mr. Frank Zarrilli

upperdarbylawctr@aol.com

(484) 326-8212 (cell)

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Requirements to earn Oceanography

Merit Badge

• Participate in class discussion and fill out the

Oceanography Merit Badge Workbook (turn in

completed workbook at end of class on May 9th).

• For requirement 8a or 8b: Write a typed 500 word

essay (page and a half in Times New Roman font) on

Oceanography topic of your choice and submit to me

electronically by Sunday, March 29th.

• For requirement # 7: One of (a),(c) through (f). In the

alternative, develop a series of 4 models of a volcanic

island. See, (Req. 7b).

(Req.1) Name Four Branches ofOceanography

Geological Oceanography… focuses on the topographic features and physical makeup of the

ocean floor

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Name Four Branches of Oceanography

Physical Oceanography… deals with the motions of seawater, such as waves, tides, and currents

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Name Four Branches of Oceanography

Chemical Oceanography…concerns the distribution of chemical compounds and chemical reaction in the ocean and on the sea floor.

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Name Four Branches of Oceanography

Meteorological OceanographyStudy of the ocean’s interaction with the atmosphere and its effect on

weather and climate.

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Name Four Branches of Oceanography

BiologicalConcentrates on plant and animal life In the oceans.

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(Req. 1 cont’d) Five reasons why it isimportant to learn about the Oceans

•Essential part of the earth’s ecological system –covers 71% of the earth’s surface

• Influences and controls planet’s climate

•Maintains Earth’s Oxygen balance

•Huge source of food

•Source of valuable minerals

• Important for trade and commerce

•Possible future source of energy

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(Req. 2.) Salinity

• The amount of dissolved salts in seawater. Average salinity for the oceans = 35 ppt (parts per

thousand)

• Determined by measuring the conductivity of the water through a submerged electrode

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(Req. 2) Temperature

• Measured using mercury thermometers. For sampling at depth thermometers are attached to Nansen bottles

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– Temperature is how hot or how cold water is.

(Req. 2) Density

• Cold, deep, more saline water is denser. Dense water sinks, while less dense water rises – this contributes to ocean currents.

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• A measure of the amount of material held in a

certain space (mass per volume)

• Oceanographers calculate density from

temperature, salinity, and pressure

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(Req. 2 cont’d) Describe the effects ofthe Oceans on Weather and Climate

The ocean and the atmosphere work together to create weather patterns and climate.

• Water stores heat better than air and land, so the oceans absorb over 50% of the sun’s radiation.

• As winds blows over the ocean, water evaporates and forms clouds and rain

• Winds flowing across the water create currents, which in turn regulate temperatures (London is more mild than new York because of the Gulf Stream)

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Effects of the Oceans on Weather and Climate (Req. 2 cont’d)

Climate Patterns are related to Currents

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(Req. 3) Describe Characteristics ofOcean Waves

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(Req. 3) Storm Surge

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When strong winds of a hurricane push water towards

the shore, causing the water level to raise 15 feet or

more.

(Req. 3) Tsunami / Tidal Wave

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A huge wave created by an earthquake,

volcanic eruption, or landslide.

(Req. 3) Tidal Bore

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A tidal phenomenon where the leading edge of

the incoming tide forms a wave that races up an

inlet or river against the direction of the river or

bay’s current.

(Req. 3 cont’d) Sea

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Waves in the area of the ocean

directly affected by the wind –

no regular pattern – “choppy”

(Req. 3 cont’d) Swell

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Waves that fall in a regular pattern –

crests are rounded.

(Req. 3 cont’d) Surf

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Occurs near the shoreline when

waves begin to “break.”

(Req. 3) How Breakers are Formed

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As shore depth gets shallower, wave

height gets higher, until the wave

topples over.

(Req. 3 cont’d) How Breakers are Formed

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(Req. 4.) Cross-Section of Underwater Topography

(Draw in Workbook)

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(Req. 4) (a.) Continental Shelf(b.) Continental Slope(c.) Abyssal Plain

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(Req. 5) List the main salts, gases, andnutrients in water

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Salts: NaCl – Sodium Chloride

Salts

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(Req. 5 cont’d) Some ImportantProperties of Water

•Universal solvent: dilutes nutrients for all life

• It serves as a cleaning agent, a heat absorber, a sound transmitter, a shaper of shorelines, a medium for ships to sail upon and hurricanes to form.

•Only water can exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas – ice, water, or water vapor.

•Water molecules, in any form, are always moving; those at the oceans surface enter the air as vapor –a process called evaporation.

•Each water molecule has two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen = H²O

(Req. 5 Cont’d)

How do Animals and Plants affect the Chemical Composition of Seawater?

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How do Animals and Plants effect Chemical Composition of Seawater

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(Req. 5 cont’d)

Explain how differences in evaporation and precipitation affect the salt content of oceans?

*Areas around the equator have warm temperatures and high evaporation and few rivers flowing into ocean; so they tend to be saltier than other oceans.

*Other areas, like the Gulf of Alaska, have a low rate of evaporation, a lot of precipitation, and many fresh water rivers flowing into the ocean; so they tend to have lower average salinity.

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(Req. 6) Some Biologically ImportantProperties of Seawater

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•Assists in digestion of food by acting

as a solvent

•Necessary for photosynthesis

•Necessary for respiration

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Nekton

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Plankton

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Plankton

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Plankton

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Phyto-Plankton

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Req. 7(b) Make a series of models showing the growth of a volcanic island

Will be completed in class May 9th

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(Req. 9) Describe four methods that

marine scientists use to

investigate the ocean

1. Research Ships

2. Submarines

3. Remote sensing devices

(radar and sonar)

4. Satellites & Computers

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Homework

•Write 500 word essay (page and a half in Times

New Roman font) on Oceanography topic of your

choice and submit to me electronically by Sunday,

March 29th.

•E-mail: upperdarbylawctr@aol.com