oceanography merit badge - troopresource.org merit badge... · 2020. 7. 29. · merit badge...
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Oceanography Merit Badge
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Requirements to earn Oceanography
Merit Badge
• Participate in class discussion and fill out the
Oceanography Merit Badge Workbook (turn in
completed workbook at end of class on May 9th).
• For requirement 8a or 8b: Write a typed 500 word
essay (page and a half in Times New Roman font) on
Oceanography topic of your choice and submit to me
electronically by Sunday, March 29th.
• For requirement # 7: One of (a),(c) through (f). In the
alternative, develop a series of 4 models of a volcanic
island. See, (Req. 7b).
(Req.1) Name Four Branches ofOceanography
Geological Oceanography… focuses on the topographic features and physical makeup of the
ocean floor
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Name Four Branches of Oceanography
Physical Oceanography… deals with the motions of seawater, such as waves, tides, and currents
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Name Four Branches of Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography…concerns the distribution of chemical compounds and chemical reaction in the ocean and on the sea floor.
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Name Four Branches of Oceanography
Meteorological OceanographyStudy of the ocean’s interaction with the atmosphere and its effect on
weather and climate.
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Name Four Branches of Oceanography
BiologicalConcentrates on plant and animal life In the oceans.
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(Req. 1 cont’d) Five reasons why it isimportant to learn about the Oceans
•Essential part of the earth’s ecological system –covers 71% of the earth’s surface
• Influences and controls planet’s climate
•Maintains Earth’s Oxygen balance
•Huge source of food
•Source of valuable minerals
• Important for trade and commerce
•Possible future source of energy
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(Req. 2.) Salinity
• The amount of dissolved salts in seawater. Average salinity for the oceans = 35 ppt (parts per
thousand)
• Determined by measuring the conductivity of the water through a submerged electrode
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(Req. 2) Temperature
• Measured using mercury thermometers. For sampling at depth thermometers are attached to Nansen bottles
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– Temperature is how hot or how cold water is.
(Req. 2) Density
• Cold, deep, more saline water is denser. Dense water sinks, while less dense water rises – this contributes to ocean currents.
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• A measure of the amount of material held in a
certain space (mass per volume)
• Oceanographers calculate density from
temperature, salinity, and pressure
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(Req. 2 cont’d) Describe the effects ofthe Oceans on Weather and Climate
The ocean and the atmosphere work together to create weather patterns and climate.
• Water stores heat better than air and land, so the oceans absorb over 50% of the sun’s radiation.
• As winds blows over the ocean, water evaporates and forms clouds and rain
• Winds flowing across the water create currents, which in turn regulate temperatures (London is more mild than new York because of the Gulf Stream)
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Effects of the Oceans on Weather and Climate (Req. 2 cont’d)
Climate Patterns are related to Currents
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(Req. 3) Describe Characteristics ofOcean Waves
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(Req. 3) Storm Surge
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When strong winds of a hurricane push water towards
the shore, causing the water level to raise 15 feet or
more.
(Req. 3) Tsunami / Tidal Wave
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A huge wave created by an earthquake,
volcanic eruption, or landslide.
(Req. 3) Tidal Bore
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A tidal phenomenon where the leading edge of
the incoming tide forms a wave that races up an
inlet or river against the direction of the river or
bay’s current.
(Req. 3 cont’d) Sea
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Waves in the area of the ocean
directly affected by the wind –
no regular pattern – “choppy”
(Req. 3 cont’d) Swell
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Waves that fall in a regular pattern –
crests are rounded.
(Req. 3 cont’d) Surf
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Occurs near the shoreline when
waves begin to “break.”
(Req. 3) How Breakers are Formed
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As shore depth gets shallower, wave
height gets higher, until the wave
topples over.
(Req. 3 cont’d) How Breakers are Formed
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(Req. 4.) Cross-Section of Underwater Topography
(Draw in Workbook)
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(Req. 4) (a.) Continental Shelf(b.) Continental Slope(c.) Abyssal Plain
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(Req. 5) List the main salts, gases, andnutrients in water
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Salts: NaCl – Sodium Chloride
Salts
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(Req. 5 cont’d) Some ImportantProperties of Water
•Universal solvent: dilutes nutrients for all life
• It serves as a cleaning agent, a heat absorber, a sound transmitter, a shaper of shorelines, a medium for ships to sail upon and hurricanes to form.
•Only water can exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas – ice, water, or water vapor.
•Water molecules, in any form, are always moving; those at the oceans surface enter the air as vapor –a process called evaporation.
•Each water molecule has two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen = H²O
(Req. 5 Cont’d)
How do Animals and Plants affect the Chemical Composition of Seawater?
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How do Animals and Plants effect Chemical Composition of Seawater
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(Req. 5 cont’d)
Explain how differences in evaporation and precipitation affect the salt content of oceans?
*Areas around the equator have warm temperatures and high evaporation and few rivers flowing into ocean; so they tend to be saltier than other oceans.
*Other areas, like the Gulf of Alaska, have a low rate of evaporation, a lot of precipitation, and many fresh water rivers flowing into the ocean; so they tend to have lower average salinity.
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(Req. 6) Some Biologically ImportantProperties of Seawater
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•Assists in digestion of food by acting
as a solvent
•Necessary for photosynthesis
•Necessary for respiration
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Nekton
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Plankton
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Plankton
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Plankton
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Phyto-Plankton
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Req. 7(b) Make a series of models showing the growth of a volcanic island
Will be completed in class May 9th
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(Req. 9) Describe four methods that
marine scientists use to
investigate the ocean
1. Research Ships
2. Submarines
3. Remote sensing devices
(radar and sonar)
4. Satellites & Computers
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Homework
•Write 500 word essay (page and a half in Times
New Roman font) on Oceanography topic of your
choice and submit to me electronically by Sunday,
March 29th.
•E-mail: [email protected]