nutrient reduction in manure through livestock nutritional management

Nutrient Reduction in Manure through Livestock Nutritional

Management

Balancing Animal Performance and Manure Management

Manure Management

• N and P are the two nutrients of greatest concern when dealing with manure.

• N and P can be managed and utilized as fertilizer for crop production.

Nutrient Management

• Nitrogen – Protein

• UIP

• DIP

• NPN

– Amino acids

• Phosphorus– grains -- high– forages -- low– dicalcium phosphate

Ruminant Animals

Yearly excretion estimates of various nutrients by 1400 lb Holstein cows

Fraction Total for yearMilk 21750 lbsDMI 14462 lbs

Raw manure (feces & urine) 47475 lbsTotal N (low NRC) 223 lbsTotal N (high NRC) 260 lbsP (.40% P RDM) 40 lbsP (.45% P RDM) 46 lbsP (.60% P RDM) 69 lbsK (.8% K RDM) 88 lbsK (1.2% K RDM) 146 lbs

Similar trends Ca, Mg, Na, ClUIP and DIP minimums met NRC 1989

Composition of Fresh Manure

N: 9.4 lb actual N/ton wet manure

P: 1.9 lb actual P/ton wet manure

K: 3.7 lb actual K/ton wet manure

Total solids 12.8%

• Composition will change with scraping and loading moisture content and volatilization of N

MWPS - 18

1,000 lb Market Animal

60 lb/day manure

.34 lb/day N (154 g)

.11 lb/day P (50 g)

Nitrogen Losses

• 100% Nitrogen Excreted

• 50 to 60% Volatilization

• 15 to 20% Runoff, soil

• 20 to 30% Removed

Nitrogen Losses

154 g N/d x .25 =

38.5g N/hd/d removed from pens

Predictable Equations

• P and N excretions by cows vary– P or N intake

• Factors– P or N intake– Dry Matter Intake (DMI)– Milk yield

Morse et al.

NRC 1996: Phosphorus

• Maintenance (Pm) Requirement

16 mg P/kg BW

• Retained (Pg) Phosphorus

3.9 g/100 g protein gain

NRC 1984: Phosphorus

• .028 (Wkg) + .039 protein gain (g/d)

• Maintenance Requirement Reduced

• 43% (1984 1996)

P Requirements

Animal (lbs) Daily P requirement (gms)

150 7.7

300 11.4

900 20.9

1400 (dry) 18.2

1400 (late dry) 25.4

1400 (35 lbs milk) 46.7

1400 (70 lbs milk) 75.3

1400 (100 lbs milk) 100

Dairy NRC recommendations

• .35% P RDM is enough for optimum performance

• Levels of .6% or higher not uncommon

1996 NRC Phosphorus RequirementsTypical Yearling (800 lb)

0.22% of diet DM

or

22.6 g/d P Intake

Typical Feedlot Diets

.30 to .35% P on diet DM

Practical Considerations

• Corn-based diets will run .25 to .35% P

• The need for supplemental P is low

Steer Performance as Influenced by P

%P P Intake,g/d ADG, lb/d DMI, lb/d Feed/Gain

0.14 15.9 3.87 25.0 6.490.19 19.7 3.57 22.8 6.370.24 27.6 3.77 25.2 6.710.29 32.1 3.85 24.4 6.330.34 36.4 3.38 23.6 7.04

SE .74 .20 .73

Erickson et al, 1998; Nebraska

Phase Feeding

• Opportunities to lower N and P intakes during the latter stages of the finishing period. Consequently, this will lower N and P output

• Allows nutritionists to more effectively optimize performance w/o overfeeding.

Yearlings (Trial 1; Nebraska 1998)

CP (%) UIP (%) P (%)

CTL 13.6 4.48 .34

Fin 1 11.2 3.67 .24

Fin 2 11.9 3.67 .24

Fin 3 11.5 3.67 .22

Performance : Yearlings

Item Control Balanced SE

Initial Wt. 652 660 2.8

Final Wt. 1249 1249 9.8

DMI 26.2 25.0* .2

ADG 4.06 4.01 .06

F/G 6.45 6.21

Erickson, et al; 1998

Phosphorus Balance (lbs/hd)

Intake 12.52 7.90Retention 2.05 2.03Excreted 10.47 5.87Manure 6.77 6.49Soil -1.25 -2.99Runoff 1.75 1.49Difference 3.21 0.89

Item Control Balanced

135 d/period for both yearlings and calves treatments

Management Practices to Improve N & P Retention

IMPLANTS?

Effect of TBA + E2 onNitrogen Retention of Steers

Treatment LW (lb) N Retention (g/d) Period (days) CTL TBA + E2 CTL TBA + E2

-14 777 774 19.3 23.2 + 7 821 834 21.6 43.6* +28 876 906 21.0 52.1** +49 902 972 19.6 57.0** +70 953 1043 18.5 36.5*

Lobley et al, 1985; Br. J. Nutr. 54:681-694.

Phosphorus Balance

Item CTL IMP

P Intake, g/d 26.14 27.19Pm, g/d 6.89 6.99Carcass Protein Gain, g/d 114 207WB Protein Gain, g/d 142 259Pg, g/d 5.54 10.10P Excreted, g/d 20.6 17.09P Calculated (.68) g/d 18.3 25.1P Excess, g/d 7.8 2.09

Swine Management

Nitrogen

• Pigs require amino acids, not protein

• Use synthetic amino acids

Protein vs Amino Acid Req

020406080

100120140160180200

C-SBM C-MBM C-PM

Diets

% o

f NR

C R

equi

rem

ents

LysTrpThr

Synthetic Lysine

• Replace 100 lbs of SBM with 3 lbs synthetic lysine and 97 lbs of corn

• Save $3.96/ton– Corn @$1.70/bu & SBM @ $205/ton

• Save $1.32/pig

• Reduce N excretion by 22%

• Reduce odor from ammonia

Split-Sex Feeding

• Gilts eat less feed and put on more lean tissue

• Feed gilts higher AA < 80 lbs

• Save $1.40/pig

• Reduce N excretion by 5%

Phase Feeding

• By feeding more diets, you decrease the amount of time you are over-and under-feeding AA.

• By using 5 Grower-Finisher diets instead of 2, save $1.60/pig

• Decrease N excretion by 5-8%

Genotypical Feeding

• Pig will only perform to genetic capability.

• Increasing protein/AA levels to a genetically average pig will NOT increase muscle.

• Match genetics to nutrition

• Reduce N excretion & odor

• Save $$$$

Antibiotics

• Some preliminary data shows that certain antibiotics may be nitrogen sparing.

• Potentially less N excretion and ammonia production

Balance on Available Amino Acids

• When using something besides a corn-SBM diet

• Add less N to the diet

• Reduce N excretion and ammonia production

Reducing Sulfur Excretion

• Amino acids– methionine– cysteine

• Minerals– copper sulfate– ferrous sulfate

Dietary Modifications

• Reduced protein from 13 to 8% and added synthetic AA to meet requirement

• Replaced copper sulfate with copper oxide

• Replaced ferrous sulfate with ferric chloride

Results

• Reduced N in manure by 45%

• Reduced volatile fatty acids (VFA’s) by 61%

• Reduced sulfur compounds in air by 63%

Adding 5% Cellulose to Diet

• Reduced pH from 7.8 to 6.4

• Reduced ammonia emissions by 68%

• Reduced sulfur volatile organic compounds by 12%

• While these may not all be practical at the present, it does demonstrate that we can affect nutrient excretions by how we feed the pig.

Phosphorus (P)

• Only 30% of P in grain is available

• Rest is in phytate form and is unavailable

Add Phytases

• Phytases are enzymes that make phytate P more available

• Reduce P excretion by 30%

• Add less dicalcium phosphate

• Economic“wash” when compare to dical price

• Some reports of slight savings

Cost of P Excretion

• It takes 3 times more land to spread hog manure on when you base the recommendation on P instead of N

• Potential BIG cost in the future

Low Phytate Corn

• “Gene Jockeys” and plant breeders have developed corn varieties with very low levels of phytate P.

• Commercially available in a year or two

Distiller’s Dried Grains from SD & MN

• Research on DDG from SD & MN ethanol plants shows that P is 60% more available from their products

• Tremendous opportunity for gestating sows and finishing pigs

• Low in lysine

Balance on Available P

• Do when using other feedstuffs than corn and soybean meal

• Add less inorganic P (cheaper)

• Less P excretion

Improving Feed Efficiency

• Anything that improves feed efficiency will decrease feed in the dust or the amount of feed ending up in the manure, thereby reducing the nutrient load in the manure and the substrate for odor production.

Improving Feed Efficiency

• Fat additions (1% most economical)

• Proper feeder adjustment

• Pelleted diets

• Wet/dry feeders

• Growth promotants

• Covers on drop-spouts

Conclusions

• Environmental issues will continue to be important in the livestock industry.

• By utilizing certain nutrition schemes and management tools we can theoretically lower our inputs and outputs of N and P.

• We all need to do our job in protecting the environment.