nonverbal communication 1. the basic distinction: non-verbal communication verbal communication
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Nonverbal communication 1
The basic distinction:
• Non-verbal communication
• Verbal communication
Distinguishing between verbal and vocal communication
• Four types of communication• 1. Verbal/vocal communication
communication through the spoken word• 2. Verbal/nonvocal communication
words are involved but no speaking takes place• 3. Nonverbal/vocal communication
interjection• 4. Nonverbal/nonvocal communication
nonlinquistic messages, involves only gestures and appearance
• Nonverbal communication has a biological basis.
• Human nonverbal communication is linked with certain patterns of animal behavior.
• During human evolution – before genesis of a speech -humans used nonverbal communication.
• Many nonverbal expressive means are not voluntary controlled.
• Many nonverbal expressions are linked with vegetative reactions and reflexes.
• Some features of nonverbal communication do not depend of a particular culture, others appear only within specific social groups or societies.
Interest in nonverbal communication
• The research in the fields of etology and social anthropology in the 20th century.
• Importance of nonverbal information channel.
• Proportion of verbal and nonverbal message in communication.
• Power of nonverbal communication.• Use of knowledge about nonverbal
communication.
Proportion of verbal and nonverbal message in communication
• Mehrabian (1972): 93 percent of social meaning in face-to face communication is conveyed through nonverbal cues.
• Birdwhistell (1970) 65 percent.
The basic elements of nonverbal communication
• The basic expressive means:– facial expressions (facial gestures)– Gestures (body language)– Postures– Actions
• Spatial behavior• Contact behavior• Mutilation behavior• Behavior in time
Spatial behavior (proxemic)
• Proxemic – research of spatial behavior
It covers:
• Personal space
• Orientation in space in relation to other people
• Occupation of a space (table, office)
Territorial behavior
• Territorial behavior - naturalness of animals and human beings.
• Territory in animals - a part of area, which is protected against invaders (aliens) of the same species.
Territory in humans
• Two types of human territory:
• Official act. The territory is fenced (fences, barriers) and it is warned that the territory is private property.
• Spontaneous genesis of a territory. It is based on unwritten agreements and/or nonverbal communication.
Temporary territory
• Temporary territory – the human demands a space, which is not his/her permanent property.
• Space, which is used transiently (e.g. a chair or a desk in a classroom, a seat in public transport)
Spatial zones
Four areas of spaces
• Hall (E.T. Hall, The Silent Language, New York, Fawcett, 1959)
• On the basis of observation of human behavior he distinguishes between four areas of space. Criterion – spatial distance.1. Intimate space2. Personal space3. Social space4. Public space
Intimate space
• Distance approximately 0 - 45 cm
• Narrow intimate space
It starts with bodily contact and ends in distance 15 cm or less.
• Broad intimate space
Distance approximately 15 - 45 cm.
Narrow intimate space
• It starts with bodily contact and ends in distance 15 cm or less.
• Other persons can enter the zone in the case of protection or intimate contact.
• Unintentional space violation – in public transport – an apology. A person could interpret our behavior as an attack.
Broad intimate space
• Distance approximately 15 - 45 cm.
• Relatives, partners, close friends can enter.
• Details of skin, make-up, perspiration is very well visible. Therefore the contacts with alien persons is not agreeable.
Intimate space – the difference between urban and rural population
• There is the difference in extent of intimate zone between urban and rural population.
• Intimate space is more narrow in urban population than in rural one.
• In rural population is intimate space approx. twice as broad as in urban inhabitants.
• Countrymen shake hands in distance 1 m, while citizens in distance 45 cm.
Personal space
• Distance approximately 45 - 120 cm
• Narrow personal space
Distance approximately 45-90 cm. • Broad personal space
Distance approximately 75-120 cm
Narrow personal space
• Distance approximately 45-90 cm.
• Close friends and relatives can enter. People can not enter to this space without permission.
• Discussion with the other person is confidential.
Broad personal space
• Distance approximately 75-120 cm.
• To keep distance from people.
• Contact with friends, social activities.
• In the case of violation of our personal space we often involuntary shrink back – innate defensive reaction.
Social space
• Distance approximately 1,2 - 3,6 m.(Greater distance is not appropriate for communication closed places.)
• Narrow social space Distance 120-210 cm.
• Broad social space Distance 210-360 cm.
Narrow social space
• Distance approximately 1,2-2,1 m.
• Meeting with alien people and for impersonal acts.
Broad social space
• Distance approximately 2,1-3,6 m.
• Teaching in school, meetings. It enables communication of several people.
Cultural differences:
• Near distances
Arab, Japan, South America, France, Grees, Italy, Spain
• Intermediate distances
Great Britain, Sweden, Swiss, Germany, Austria
• Large distances
North America (white), Australia, New Zeeland
Public space
• Distance 3,6 m and more.• This distance is maintained by politicians,
commanders, officials.
• It is called also “an escape area“.
Factors influencing extent of personal space
• An extent of personal space depends on certain personal traits.
• Introverts tends to keep a greater distance compare to extraverts.
• The research in a jail (Kinzel, 1968):• Violent prisoners (violent offence) had personal space
twice as broad as non-violent prisoners• Violent prisoners had feeling of danger, if somebody
came near, they expected physical attack.
Communication with spatial behavior
• Violation or observance personal space is involuntary perceived and estimated.
• It results in correct or wrong understanding to intention of other persons.
• It can help with our effort to get confidence and contact wit other person.
• The distance, from which we shake hand with other person can play an important role our our effect to other person.
• It can cause fear, anger or misunderstanding (without saying a word).
Positive effect of violation of personal space
• In certain circumstances violation of personal space can increase common sympathy.
• It must be complemented with verbal praise or other friendly nonverbal signals (smile).
• In this case decrease of distance increases common sympathy, interest and willingness to cooperate.
• Recommendation:
• Be able to use whole scale of distances!
• The skill of manipulation with zones of other people.
• To respect individual and cultural differences.
Spatial orientation
• The angle between two persons.
Gender differences
• Males occupy mostly frontal position, if they speak to a friend.
• Females occupy mostly lateral position, if they speak to a friend.
Seating preferences at a rectangular table
• Preffered kinds of a position choice in a table depend of an activity and relation between people setting around the table.
• A situation affects the choice of orientation in a space.
The office of a boss – expression of dominance
• Roundtable – there are not more or less important positions
Activity in a classroom• Knapp (1978) – students sitting in front and
central part of a classroom are more active and more participate to the other students.
Behavior in time (chronemic)• Temporal characteristics of
communication.
• Those characteristics can hold a nonverbal message.
– Answer to a letter or a mail – how early? – Arrangement of an appointment. How early
(several days or a hour)?– How long we wait in the office of our boss?
• Timing causes certain expectations.
• Thos expectations influence subsequent verbal communication.
Late arrival
• Late arrival, which disturbs rules of a social behavior.
• It sends a nonverbal message. A subsequent verbal message has to refute it (or to confirm).
• Cultural difference - Anglo-saxonian culture respect a rule „Time is money“, importance of punctuality. Italian and Spains - approximation, early or late.
Monochronic a polychronic concept of time
• Monochronic and polychronic concept of time (Hall, 1984).
• Monochronic concept of time – we are doing one think in a time.
• Polychronic concept of time - we are doing more thinks in a time.
Cultural differences in concept of time
• Anglo-saxonian a West-European culture is monochronic, while many cultures of South are polychronic. When representants of the both culures meet each other – misunderstanding.
• Each country has its own time and¨tempo (French sociologict Gurvitch, 1964). Time in France is not identical to time in Norway etc.
Mutilation behavior and its function in nonverbal communication
• Mutilation behavior – results in change of extent, shape or color of human body.
• Mutilation and accessories seemingly have not a communicative meaning. They reflect aesthetics feeling, social norms, beliefs, attitudes.
• Communicative meaning: an individual transmits information about himself /herself.
Irreversible changes
• „hard“– Teeth zuby: vkládání ozdob, pilování– Bones of sole (China)
– "soft“ – tatto
Reversible changes
• Changes of color of the skin
• Changes of extent and shape of human body.
Changes of color of the skin
• Animals – changes of shapes and color of body occur.
• Ancient times – warriors colored their faces.
• Recent women – rouge, make-up, powder, creams.
• Change of hair color.
Changes of extent and shape of the body.
• Animals – changes of shapes and color of body occur.
• Fight, courtship.
• Female haircuts. The differences between extent and arrangement. Female haircuts had been very large.
• Males – cut of clothes. Jacket with broad shoulder.
Clothes and accessories in nonverbal communication
• Colors
• Nonverbal communication with meaning of colors.
Meaning of colors
• Meaning of certain colors is equal in various cultures.
• Red – alarm function, a symbol of power, fight (color of a blood). Clothes – dictators, kings, bishops.
• Black – agression, evil. • White – a symbol of a peace, innocence.
• „Warm“ colors activate autonomous neuronal system, increase heart beat and blood pressure.
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