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Life’s Backbone

Most of the compounds that make up living things

contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic

structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each

atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy

level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to

form four bonds with other atoms.

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Life’s Backbone

As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A

huge number of different carbon compounds exist.

Each compound has a different structure. For

example, carbon chains can be straight or branching.

Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the

carbon chain.

1. On the top of your paper, make a list of at

least five things that contain carbon.

2. Working with a partner, review your list. If

you think some things on your list contain

only carbon, write “only carbon” next to

them.

3. If you know other elements that are in any

items on your list, write those elements

next to them.

Section 2-3

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2–3 Carbon

Compounds A. The Chemistry of

Carbon

B. Macromolecules

C. Carbohydrates

D. Lipids

E. Nucleic Acids

F. Proteins

Section 2-3

Section Outline

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The same principles of chemistry are used

for living and nonliving things.

Organic chemistry the study of all

compounds that contain bonds between

carbon atoms (organic compounds contain

bonds between carbon atoms)

Inorganic chemistry the study of the

chemical reactivity of all elements (inorganic

compounds do not contain bonds between

carbon atoms)

Carbon

Has four valence electrons

Each electron can join with an electron

with another atom through a covalent

bond

Can bind with C,H, O, P, S, and N, etc.

C to C bonds single, double, triple

Can form rings of C fig. 2-11

Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

Section 2-3

Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds

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• What do you think the lines represent?

Macromolecules

Giant molecules made from smaller molecules

Formed by polymerization make large compounds by putting small ones together

Monomers smaller units

Polymers larger units fig. 2-13

4 types of organic compounds found in living things carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

Macromolecules Cont.

Polymerization Video

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

made up of C, H, and O atoms in 1:2:1 ratio

Living things use as their main source of energy

Some plants also use for structural purposes (cellulose)

Breakdown of sugars supplies energy for cells

Living things store extra sugar in the form of starch fig. 2-14

Section 2-3

Figure 2-13 A Starch

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Types of Carbs Monosaccharides- single sugar molecule

(monomer) ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

Polysaccharides (polymer)- formed from many monosaccharides ex: stored in animals in form of glycogen…..blood sugar runs low, body releases glycogen for cell movement

Types of Carbs

Plant starch stores excess starch in plants (polysaccharide)

Plants make cellulose like “bones” for a plant

Lipids

Lipids

Not soluble in water

Lipids are NONPOLAR

Made mostly from C and H atoms

Examples are fats, oils, waxes

Used to store energy, as

waterproof coverings, and

chemical messengers

Examples are:

Formed when glycerol

combines with fatty acids

(not a polymer)

Fig. 2-15

Saturated-when all bonds

are full w/ single bond

Unsaturated- w/ double

bond

Polyunsaturated- more

than 1 double bond

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids

Macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, and P Polymers = Nucleic Acid

Monomer = Nucleotides

Store and transmit heredity, or genetic info

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides have 3 parts a 5-carbon

sugar, a phosphate group, and a

nitrogenous base fig. 2-16

RNA- ribonucleic acid (ribose sugar)

DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid (deoxyribose sugar)

Nucleic Acids

Monomer or

Polymer?

Nucleotides can be

bonded by

covalent bonds

Proteins

Contain N, C, H, and O

Polymers = proteins or polypeptides

Monomers = amino acids

Protein

Amino acids compounds with

Amino acid group ( -NH2) on one end

Carboxyl group(-COOH) on the other

end

R-group part of the amino acid

(aa) that is a different shape

20 different kinds of amino acids

exist

Protein

Fig 2-17 shows 2 different amino acids

Any amino acid can join with any other

amino acid (same structure)

Bond is called a peptide bond

Proteins continued

DNA gives instructions for the order of amino acids to build proteins (structural and regulatory)

Proteins

Some functions of proteins:

control rate of reactions (enzymes)

regulate cells processes

form bones and muscles

transport substances into or out of cells

help fight disease

Proteins

Amino acids form polypeptide chain amino acid in chain can twist or fold chain itself can fold

Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain shape

Carbon

Compounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3

Concept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and

starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon, hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon, hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

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