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Natural History of Idaho Natural History of Idaho Amphibians and ReptilesAmphibians and ReptilesWildlife Ecology, University of IdahoWildlife Ecology, University of Idaho
Fall 2005Fall 2005
Charles R. PetersonCharles R. PetersonHerpetology LaboratoryHerpetology Laboratory
Department of Biological Sciences,Department of Biological Sciences,Idaho Museum of Natural History Idaho Museum of Natural History
Idaho State UniversityIdaho State Universityhttp://www.isu.edu/~petecharhttp://www.isu.edu/~petechar
Objectives:Objectives:
•• Know how to find information on amphibians and reptiles.Know how to find information on amphibians and reptiles.
•• Have an appreciation for the diversity and importance of Have an appreciation for the diversity and importance of amphibians and reptiles.amphibians and reptiles.
•• Be able to find and identify Idaho amphibians and reptiles.Be able to find and identify Idaho amphibians and reptiles.
•• Know the basic natural history patterns of Idaho amphibians Know the basic natural history patterns of Idaho amphibians and reptiles.and reptiles.
•• Be aware of conservation problems and solutions.Be aware of conservation problems and solutions.
Outline: Outline: Idaho Amphibians and ReptilesIdaho Amphibians and Reptiles
•• Readings Readings –– Pough Pough –– Chapters 10, 12, & 13Chapters 10, 12, & 13–– Stuart et al. 2004.Stuart et al. 2004.–– Gibbons et al. 2000Gibbons et al. 2000
•• IntroductionIntroduction–– Sources of InformationSources of Information–– Types and Characteristics Types and Characteristics –– ImportanceImportance
•• Natural HistoryNatural History•• Identification (lab)Identification (lab)•• ConservationConservation
Sources of InformationSources of Information
•• Books and LeafletsBooks and Leaflets
•• Scientific JournalsScientific Journals
•• Web SitesWeb Sites
•• Scientific SocietiesScientific Societies
•• Conservation GroupsConservation Groups
•• CoursesCourses
Idaho Digital Atlas Website:Idaho Digital Atlas Website:http://www.http://www.imnhimnh..eduedu//digitalatlasdigitalatlas//
Types and Numbers of AmphibiansTypes and Numbers of Amphibians
Pough Pough et al. 1999et al. 1999
Taxon World U.S. IdahoCaecilians 165 0 0
Salamanders 415 ~200 5Anurans 3750 ~100 10
Total 4330 ~300 156.9% 0.3%
Characteristics of AmphibiansCharacteristics of Amphibians
•• Thin smooth, moist skinThin smooth, moist skin
•• Breathe via gills, skin, Breathe via gills, skin, and/or lungsand/or lungs
•• Gelatinous eggsGelatinous eggs
•• Complex Life CycleComplex Life Cycle
•• EctothermicEctothermic
Types of ReptilesTypes of Reptiles
•• TurtlesTurtles
•• Lizards Lizards
•• SnakesSnakes
•• CrocodiliansCrocodilians
•• TuataraTuatara
Numbers of Reptile SpeciesNumbers of Reptile Species
Source:Source: BehlerBehler and King, 1979and King, 1979PoughPough et al. 1999et al. 1999
Taxon World U.S. IdahoTurtles 260 48 1
Crocodilians 21 2 0Tuatara 2 0 0Lizards 3500 115 10Snakes 2500 115 11
Total 6283 280 224.5% 0.4%
Characteristics of ReptilesCharacteristics of Reptiles
•• Dry, scaly skinDry, scaly skin
•• Breathe via lungsBreathe via lungs
•• Amniotic eggsAmniotic eggs
•• Direct developmentDirect development•• EctothermicEctothermic
EctothermicEctothermic
•• Closely coupled to environmentClosely coupled to environment
•• low energetic requirementslow energetic requirements
•• low visibilitylow visibility
•• high conversion efficiencyhigh conversion efficiency
•• high biomasshigh biomass
Importance of Amphibians and ReptilesImportance of Amphibians and Reptiles
•• BiodiversityBiodiversity•• Functional Roles in EcosystemsFunctional Roles in Ecosystems•• BioindicatorsBioindicators
•• Economic ValueEconomic Value•• Model Systems for ResearchModel Systems for Research•• Biomedical ApplicationsBiomedical Applications•• Aesthetic AppreciationAesthetic Appreciation
Natural HistoryNatural History
•• Morphological CharacteristicsMorphological Characteristics•• Physiological CharacteristicsPhysiological Characteristics•• DistributionDistribution•• HabitatHabitat•• Activity PatternsActivity Patterns•• MovementsMovements•• FeedingFeeding•• DefenseDefense•• Reproduction and Life HistoryReproduction and Life History•• Status and ConservationStatus and Conservation
Morphological Characteristics: SizeMorphological Characteristics: Size
Idaho amphibians and reptiles are small to intermediate in size.Idaho amphibians and reptiles are small to intermediate in size.
Physiological Characteristics: Physiological Characteristics: Thermal BiologyThermal Biology
•• EctothermyEctothermy
•• Temperature tolerancesTemperature tolerances
•• Thermal DependencyThermal Dependency
Physiological Characteristics:Physiological Characteristics:Freeze ToleranceFreeze Tolerance
Physiological Characteristics:Physiological Characteristics:Water RelationshipsWater Relationships
Distribution:Distribution:
•• General PatternsGeneral Patterns–– Species RichnessSpecies Richness–– LatitudeLatitude–– ElevationElevation–– ComplementarityComplementarity
Species Species Richness of Richness of
Idaho Idaho AmphibiansAmphibians
Regional EndemicsRegional Endemics
Coeur d’Alene Coeur d’Alene SalamanderSalamander
Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain SalamanderSalamander
Idaho Giant Idaho Giant SalamanderSalamander
Introduced SpeciesIntroduced Species
RoughskinnedRoughskinned NewtNewt
American BullfrogAmerican Bullfrog
ComplementarityComplementarity of Mole Salamander of Mole Salamander Distributions Distributions
Tailed FrogTailed Frog((AscaphidaeAscaphidae))
Great Basin Great Basin SpadefootSpadefoot((PelobatidaePelobatidae))
True Toad DistributionsTrue Toad Distributions ComplementarityComplementarity of Tree Frog of Tree Frog DistributionsDistributions
True Frog DistributionsTrue Frog Distributions Species Species Richness Richness of Idaho of Idaho ReptilesReptiles
Widespread Reptile Distribution PatternsWidespread Reptile Distribution Patterns
Rubber BoaRubber Boa RacerRacer Gopher SnakeGopher Snake
Terrestrial Garter SnakeTerrestrial Garter Snake Common Garter SnakeCommon Garter Snake Western RattlesnakeWestern Rattlesnake
Western SkinkWestern Skink
??
Northern Reptile Distribution PatternsNorthern Reptile Distribution Patterns
Introductions in southern IdahoIntroductions in southern Idaho
Northern Alligator LizardNorthern Alligator LizardPainted TurtlePainted Turtle
Southern Reptile DistributionsSouthern Reptile Distributions
Striped Striped WhipsnakeWhipsnake Longnosed Longnosed Leopard LizardLeopard Lizard
Tiger WhiptailTiger WhiptailCommon Common
Sagebrush LizardSagebrush Lizard
Western Fence Western Fence LizardLizard
Common SideCommon Side--blotched Lizardblotched Lizard
Pigmy ShortPigmy Short--horned Lizardhorned Lizard
Desert Horned Desert Horned LizardLizard
Limited Reptile Distribution PatternsLimited Reptile Distribution Patterns
Longnose Longnose SnakeSnake Ground SnakeGround Snake
Ringnecked Ringnecked SnakeSnake
Great Basin Collared LizardGreat Basin Collared Lizard
.Night SnakeNight Snake Prairie RattlesnakePrairie Rattlesnake
Elevational Elevational DistributionDistribution
Amphibian HabitatAmphibian Habitat
•• BreedingBreeding–– Pond (lentic)Pond (lentic)–– Stream (Stream (loticlotic))–– TerrestrialTerrestrial
•• ForagingForaging
•• OverwinteringOverwintering
Breeding SitesBreeding Sites Foraging SitesForaging Sites
OverOver--wintering Siteswintering Sites
Lentic HabitatLentic Habitat LoticLotic HabitatHabitat
Terrestrial HabitatTerrestrial Habitat Reptile HabitatReptile Habitat
•• Cover typesCover types–– shrublandsshrublands–– grasslandsgrasslands–– forestforest–– riparianriparian–– alpinealpine
•• Habitat elementsHabitat elements–– substratesubstrate–– slopeslope–– aspectaspect
Desertic Shrubland Desertic Shrubland -- southwestern Idaho southwestern Idaho Desertic Shrubland Desertic Shrubland -- southwestern Idahosouthwestern Idaho
Shrubland Shrubland -- southeastern Idahosoutheastern Idaho Riparian and Wetland Habitat:Riparian and Wetland Habitat:
Habitat: OverwinteringHabitat: Overwintering
“Going Down” Mark Kelso“Going Down” Mark Kelso
Activity Patterns and MovementsActivity Patterns and Movements
•• DailyDaily–– diurnaldiurnal–– nocturnalnocturnal–– crepuscularcrepuscular
•• Seasonal Seasonal –– overwinteringoverwintering–– breedingbreeding–– gestationgestation–– foragingforaging Breeding SitesBreeding Sites Foraging SitesForaging Sites
OverOver--wintering Siteswintering Sites
0 .5 1 Kilometers
Spotted Frog Movements in the Bighorn CragsSpotted Frog Movements in the Bighorn Crags
Fishless Lakes
MovementsMovements
•• Wide RangeWide Range–– territorial speciesterritorial species–– migrationsmigrations
North
2 km
Visualizing rattlesnake movements and habitat useVisualizing rattlesnake movements and habitat use Natural HistoryNatural History
•• Morphological CharacteristicsMorphological Characteristics•• Physiological CharacteristicsPhysiological Characteristics•• DistributionDistribution•• HabitatHabitat•• Activity PatternsActivity Patterns•• MovementsMovements•• FeedingFeeding•• DefenseDefense•• Reproduction and Life HistoryReproduction and Life History•• Status and ConservationStatus and Conservation
FeedingFeeding
•• DietDiet
•• Foraging modeForaging mode
•• Prey capturePrey capture
•• Energetic requirementsEnergetic requirements
Feeding: DietFeeding: Diet
•• SalamandersSalamanders
–– larvaelarvae
•• mostly carnivorousmostly carnivorous
•• some cannibalismsome cannibalism
–– adultsadults
•• mostly opportunistic mostly opportunistic carnivorescarnivores
Feeding: DietFeeding: Diet
AnuransAnurans
–– larvaelarvaegenerally herbivorousgenerally herbivoroussome scavengerssome scavengerssome carnivores some carnivores some cannibalismsome cannibalism
– adultsadultsmostly opportunistic carnivoresmostly opportunistic carnivoresmostly invertebratesmostly invertebratessome vertebratessome vertebrates
Feeding: DietsFeeding: Diets
•• Painted Turtle: Painted Turtle: omnivorousomnivorous
•• Lizards: Lizards: primarily carnivorous primarily carnivorous
•• Snakes: Snakes: exclusively carnivorousexclusively carnivorous
Feeding: Foraging ModeFeeding: Foraging Mode
•• Sit and wait vs. Active foragingSit and wait vs. Active foraging
Sagebrush LizardSagebrush Lizard Tiger WhiptailTiger Whiptail
Western RattlesnakeWestern Rattlesnake Striped Striped WhipsnakeWhipsnake
Feeding: Foraging Mode CorrelatesFeeding: Foraging Mode Correlates
Pough Pough et et al. 1999. al. 1999. Table 15Table 15--44
Feeding Feeding -- Prey CapturePrey Capture
ExamplesExamples
•• Gape and SuckGape and Suck
•• Grazing Grazing
•• Tongue projectionTongue projection
Feeding Feeding -- Prey CapturePrey Capture
ExamplesExamples
•• GraspingGrasping
•• ConstrictionConstriction
•• EnvenomationEnvenomation
Feeding: Energetic RequirementsFeeding: Energetic Requirements
Rubber Boa (Rubber Boa (Charina bottaeCharina bottae))
DefenseDefense
•• Hiding/Hiding/crypsiscrypsis
•• EvasionEvasion
Defense: Engagement Defense: Engagement Defense: Engagement Defense: Engagement
Natural HistoryNatural History
•• Morphological CharacteristicsMorphological Characteristics•• Physiological CharacteristicsPhysiological Characteristics•• DistributionDistribution•• HabitatHabitat•• Activity PatternsActivity Patterns•• MovementsMovements•• FeedingFeeding•• DefenseDefense•• Reproduction and Life HistoryReproduction and Life History•• Status and ConservationStatus and Conservation
Reproduction and Life HistoryReproduction and Life History
•• Reproductive Modes Reproductive Modes •• Reproductive SchedulesReproductive Schedules•• Mating SystemsMating Systems•• GestationGestation•• Sex DeterminationSex Determination•• Parental CareParental Care•• Age to sexual maturityAge to sexual maturity•• LongevityLongevity
Reproduction and Life History:Reproduction and Life History:LongevityLongevity
ExamplesExamples–– Boreal Chorus Frogs 2Boreal Chorus Frogs 2--3 years3 years–– Western Toads > 20 yearsWestern Toads > 20 years–– SideSide--blotched Lizards 2blotched Lizards 2--3 years3 years–– Rubber Boas > 30 yearsRubber Boas > 30 years–– Painted Turtles > 50 yearsPainted Turtles > 50 years
Status and Conservation Status and Conservation
•• See species checklistsSee species checklists•• Idaho Department of Fish and Game Idaho Department of Fish and Game –– Conservation Data Center:Conservation Data Center:
http://http://fishandgamefishandgame..idahoidaho..govgov/tech/CDC/heritage_ranks./tech/CDC/heritage_ranks.cfmcfm
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