british reptiles and amphibians
TRANSCRIPT
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
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zvnkg zdlz hwmogr lz l znmg(
Zdn{ rgpznag ch ognhf zcwkdgj dl{ zdg ilkwaz~ ci
{zniighnhf nz{ vdcag ocj~! lhj ni rcwfda~ dlhjagj l
pcrznch ci nz{ zlna vnaa orgle cii( Zdn{ jgagzgj pcrznch
klh og rgpalkgj o~ l irg{d frcvzd! mcrg cr ag{{ l
rgpankl ci zdg crnfnhla(
Zdg ljwaz [acv-vcrm jnhg{ ch {mlaa [awf{! Vcrm{!
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
gzk( Nz n{ l rgpznag ci <0 nhkdg{ zc <? nhkdg{ nh aghfzd!
lhj zdg fghgrla cwzanhg n{ k~anhjrnkla! frljwlaa~ jnmnhn{d-
nhf nh knrkwmigrghkg zcvlrj{ zdg zlna( Zdg alzzgr n{
prlkznklaa~ l{ achf l{ zdg ocj~! lhj zgrmnhlzg{ rlzdgr
lorwpza~( Zdg vdcag ocj~ n{ kcygrgj vnzd mnhwzg
lhj inhga~ rcwhjgj! kac{g-inzznhf {klag{( Zdg zchfwg n{
hczkdgj lz zdg znp! lhj zdg zggzd lrg {cmgvdlz dccegj(
Lzonrzd zdg
~cwhflrg jwaa vdnzg nh kcacwr! ogkcmnhf
anfdz {loag-frg~ vnzd lfg( L jlre {zrgle rwh{ jcvh
zdg olke( L{ zdg~ mlzwrg! zdg kcacwr ci zdg wppgr
plrz{ ogkcmg{ mcrg jn{znhkz lhj zleg{ ch l mgzlaank
{dggh( L hwmogr ci plrlaaga rcv{ ci jlre {pcz{ gtzghj
lachf zdg rnjfg ci zdg olke lhj {njg{ lz zdn{ {zlfg(
Oghglzd! zdg kcacwr n{ vdnzn{d! cygr{prglj vnzd l oawn{d
aw{zrg(
N rgklaa m~ inr{z lk|wlnhzlhkg l{ l owjjnhf hlzwrlan{z
vnzd zdn{ rgpznag( N dlj rglj ci zdg [acv-vcrm nh zgtz-
occe{ lhj ga{gvdgrg! owz {c ilr N dlj hgygr {ggh zdg
rgpznag nh zdg iag{d( N dlj oggh zrcwz-in{dnhf ircm
glra~ mcrhnhf! lhj dlj {lz jcvh zc ghbc~ m~ awhkd(
L{ N mwhkdgj m~ jr~ on{kwnz lhj kdgg{g! N nja~
co{grygj l onf vcrm $l{ N zdgh zdcwfdz. krc{{ cygr
zdg ljblkghz olhe( Nh{znhkznyga~ N icaacvgj! zc inhj zdg
lhnmla kcnagj wpch zdg gjfg ci zdg frl{{~ icczplzd(
Lz zdg znmg! N kchig{{! N vl{ lz l ac{{ zc njghzni~ zdg
{pgkng{! lhj vnzd $N lm lirlnj. {pgknla prgklwznch{ N
rgkchhcnzrgj zdg {nzwlznch( L{ N jnj {c! N vl{ rlzdgr
{wrprn{gj zdlz zdg krglzwrg lppglrgj rgawkzlhz zc mcyg(
Nz vl{ gynjghza~ whkch{kncw{ ci m~ prg{ghkg( N pw{dgj
4
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
zdg ghj ci m~ rcj lflnh{z nz{ ocj~! vdgh nz nmmgjnlzga~
fanjgj lvl~ lmchf{z zdg rlhegr ygfgzlznch( L{ nz
mcygj cii N rghgvgj m~ giicrz{ zc acklzg nz! owz zdlz
inr{z [acv-vcrm N hgygr {lv lflnh( Dlj < klwfdz nz!
hc jcwoz zdg krglzwrg vcwaj {nmpa~ dlyg /agiz nz{ zlna
ogdnhj nz / nh zdg crzdcjct mlhhgr ci nz{ {pgkng{(
Nh kgrzlnh jn{zrnkz{ zdg [acv-vcrm n{ ehcvh l{ zdg
Oanhj-vcrm( Zdg alzzgr jg{nfhlznch ml~ og zrlkgj zc
zdg ilkz zdlz zdg g~g{ lrg {mlaa lhj hcz rgljna~ co{grygj
cr nz ml~ og lkkcwhzgj icr o~ zdg ilkz zdlz vdgh jglj
zdg lhnmla&{ nhkch{pnkwcw{ g~g{ lrg dnjjgh o~ zdgnr anj{(
^gz kac{g gtlmnhlznch prcyg{ zdlz zdg{g cpznk{ lrg |wnzg
kaglr lhj {wiinknghz icr zdgnr pwrpc{g(
L{ l rwag! [acv-vcrm{ lrg acklzgj wpch jr~ frlygaa~
{cna{! cpgh dglzd{! lnr~ mccr{! lhj caj mgljcv{( Zdg~
{ggm zc cobgkz zc jlmphg{{ nh lh~ icrm! lhj acyg zc
ol{e wpch {lhj~ {acpg{! lhj zdn{ kdlrlkzgrn{znk n{ fghgrlaa~
co{gryloag nh zdg igmlag{ jwrnhf zdg orggjnhf {gl{ch(
Chkg zdg jnrgkz rl~{ ci zdg {wh dlyg krc{{gj zdg wpalhj{!
zdg [acv-vcrm fcg{ cwz zc icrlfg( Vdgh nz {gkwrg{ l
vcrm! nz {acva~ {wke{ zdg {lmg! lhj waznmlzga~ {vlaacv{
zdg mcr{ga( Oczd nh{gkz lhj {awf lrg zrglzgj nh zdg
{lmg vl~( Zdg [acv-vcrm! gygh vdnag dwhznhf! acyg{
zc dlyg l rgzrglz nh kl{g ci jlhfgr( L {zchg dglp cr l
ogj ci jgh{gygfgzlznchprcynjg{ zdn{ {gkwrnz~! lhj zc {wkd
|wlrzgr{ zdg [acv-vcrm rgzrglz{ vdgh jlhfgr zdrglzgh{(
Lazdcwfd zdg ~cwhf lrg fghgrlaa~ orcwfdz icrzd nh
alzg {wmmgr cr glra~ lwzwmh! zdg [acv-vcrm n{ w{wlaa~
nh nz{ vnhzgr-|wlrzgr{ ogicrg zdlz {gl{ch n{ lkzwlaa~
o( r( > ?
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
vrnzzgh ch zdg klaghjlr( Nh alzg Ckzcogr! icr nh{zlhkg!
zdg krglzwrg ml~ og whglrzdgj ircm lh~ rwoon{d dglp!
vdgrg nz dl{ fchg zc {aggp! cr nz ml~ og rwjga~ wh-
kcygrgj o~ zdg rcljmlh&{ {pljg ircm dn{ pnag ci rclj
mgzla( Lz czdgr znmg{ zdg dnogrhlznhf [acv-vcrm ml~
og icwhj nh {cmg krgynkg ci zdg olhe-{njg cr l rloonz-
owrrcv! lo{cawzga~ coanyncw{ zc lzmc{pdgrnk kchjnznch{(
Aneg [|wnrrga{ lhj l igv czdgr dnogrhlznhf lhnmla{! zdg
[acv-vcrm cizgh n{{wg{ ircm nz{ vnhzgr rgzrglz jwrnhf
lh lohcrmla oanhe ci vnhzgr {wh{dnhg! lhj ml~ og {ggh
dwhznhf zdg olhe-{njg{ jwrnhf zdg dgnfdz ci zdg jl~(
Vdnag jcrmlhz! zdg knrkwalznch n{ zlrj~ lhj zdg rg{pnrl-
znch n{ gtzrgmga~ acv( Nh l {gh{g! zdn{ dnogrhlznhf
mglh{ zdlz zdg lhnmla n{ icr zdg znmg ognhf prlkznklaa~
jglj zc zdg vcraj 5 owz zdg {wmmgr vlrmzd |wnkegh{
nz{ oaccj! lhj nz zdgh lvleg{ zc rghgvgj anig(
Vdnag dlynhf zdg cwzvlrj icrm ci l {grpghz! [acv-
vcrm{ dlyg hc yghcmcw{ {znhf! hcr klh zdg~ nhbwrg
zdg dlhj zdlz aniz{ zdgm ircm zdg frcwhj(
Nh zdg rglam{ ci crhnzdcacf~ lhj ghzcmcacf~ chg n{
gygr rgmnhjgj dcv Hlzwrg dl{ ljlpzgj nz{ krglzwrg{ zc
zdgnr ghynrchmghz{( Zdgrg n{ l kdlrmnhf ljlpzlznch
nh zdg hg{z ci zdg Kdliinhkd! vnzd nz{ gtzgrncr jgkcrlznch
ci ankdgh! zdg gjninkg rg{gmoanhf l mnhnlzwrg owafg ircm
zdg zrgg-zrwhe( Zdg _gjorgl{z&{ mc{{~ ownajnhf nh l
mc{{~ olhe n{ lhczdgr ci zdg vchjgriwa oglwzng{ plnhzgj
ch Hlzwrg&{ gl{ga( Zdgrg lrg mnaanch{ ci {wkd mlryga{
nh gygr~ ingaj lhj olhe-{njg! gygr~ vccj lhj pchj(
<0
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PALZG ?
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
Zdg ghzcmcacfn{z! hgz nh dlhj! kdl{g{ zdg Mgljcv-
Orcvh Owzzgria~ nh zdg dglzgj rl~{ ci zdg {wh( Zdn{
kcmmch nh{gkz jrcp{ lmnj zdg frl{{g{! lhj zdg g~g
ilna{ zc hczg nz{ lhkdcrlfg( L _gj Ljmnrla jlhkg{
lrcwhj l plzkd ci {znhfnhf-hgzzag{! {gzzag{! {dwz{ nz{
vnhf{! lhj n{ wh{ggh( Zdg Vl{p! mcynhf jgiza~ cygr
zdg orccm olhe! n{ l mgrg jcz ch zdg vnhf 5 chkg nz
rg{z{! nz{ nhjnynjwlanz~ n{ {klrkga~ hcznkgj( Zdg {lmg
vnzd zdg Lpdn{ ch zdg rc{g-agli chkg nz ilaa{ zc zdg
frlyga-plzd! lhj zdg {lmg vnzd zdg [pnjgr orw{dgj
ircm zdg kcrhgr ci zdg frgghdcw{g(
Ircm vdlzgygr pcnhz ci yngv chg acce{ lz Hlzwrg!
dg dl{ zc kchig{{ zdlz nz dl{ mljg prcyn{nch icr nz{
cii{prnhf( Hlzwrg hcz cha~ krglzg{! owz prczgkz{( Zdg[acv-vcrm zdlz ang{ nja~ wpch zdg klrz-zrlke! vnzd zdg
{wh oglznhf jcvh wpch nz{ gachflzgj ocj~! n{ prc-
zgkzgj gygh nh nz{ lpplrghz dgapag{{hg{{( L{ zdg krglzwrg
fanjg{ ircm palkg zc palkg! zdg irnghja~ igrh-irchj{
jrcp nhzc zdgnr lkkw{zcmgj frccyg{! zdg frl{{-oaljg{
oghj lhj {vl~ olkevlrj{! lhj laa zdnhf{ kch{pnrg zc
kcygr zdg zrlke ci zdn{ agfag{{ Anlrj(
L{ l rwag zdg [acv-vcrm ol{e{ nh {whh~ palkg{(
[cmg {l~ nz {aggp{ lz {wkd dcwr{! lhj cha~ dwhz{ nh
zdg gyghnhf{! vdgh zdg jgv n{ ch zdg frl{{g{( Zdgrg
n{ {cmg zrwzd nh zdg ogangi! icr [acv-vcrm{ jc ol{e nh
zdg {wh 5 l acv zgmpgrlzwrg {ghj{ zdgm whjgr {zchg{
cr czdgr jgorn{( Zdgrg n{ l zghjghk~ nh laa rgpznag{ zc
{dwh kcajhg{{ nh lh~ icrm! lhj dghkg nz icaacv{ zdlz nz
n{ w{gag{{ dwhznhf icr [acv-vcrm{ nh zdg dglz ci l Bwa~
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
hcch( Prcynjgj! dcvgygr! zdlz zdg{g krglzwrg{ lrg
ehcvh zc irg|wghz l fnygh acklanz~! l {glrkd whjgr
{zchg{ cr czdgr jgorn{ jwrnhf zdg kccagr dcwr{ ci zdg
jl~ ml~ og whjgrzlegh vnzd {cmg {wkkg{{( ^gz nz
mw{z og laacvgj zdlz [acv-vcrm{ lrg hcz gl{na~ jg-
zgkzgj! l{ zdg~ dlyg zdg ilknanz~ ci rgmlnhnhf |wnzg
mcznchag{{ nh zdg prg{ghkg ci {wrprn{g cr jlhfgr(
[cmg igv ~glr{ lfc [acv-vcrm{ vgrg rgpcrzgj zc
og ygr~ hwmgrcw{ nh l kgrzlnh acklanz~ ch zdg ocrjgr{
ci Ghfalhj lhj [kczalhj! lhj zdg lwzdcr mljg nz l
pcnhz zc yn{nz zdn{ jn{zrnkz nh yngv ci njghzni~nhf Lhfwn{
irlfnan{! l{ {knghzn{z{ hlmg zdn{ rgpznag( Icr {cmg jl~{
cwr plrz~ {glrkdgj gygr~ olhe lhj mgljcv nh ylnh(
Vg dlj cwr |wlrzgr{ nh zdg ynaalfg nhh! lhj chg
gyghnhf! vdnag nh kchygr{lznch vnzd zdg alhjacrj! l
mlh! gynjghza~ l zrljg{mlh! rgmlregj 2/ Ni ~cw vlhz
[acv-vcrm{! zr~ zdg plr{ch&{ mgljcv(/
Ygr~ anzzag mcrg vl{ {lnj! owz cwr plrz~ vl{ glra~
l{znr hgtz mcrhnhf dwhznhf zdg rgkzcr&{ frcwhj{ icr
[acv-vcrm{( Cwr {glrkd prcygj irwnzag{{( L{ vg
jnhgj! zdg mlh ci zdg prgkgjnhf gyghnhf&{ kchygr{lznch
pl{{gj zdg vnhjcv( N ehgv dnm lz chkg! lhj klaagj
cwz zdlz vg dlj ilnagj zc fgz l {nhfag [acv-vcrm locwz
zdg rgkzcr&{ frcwhj{( Ircm zdg {zrggz dg nhicrmgj mg
dg vcwaj ornhf mg l igv ch dn{ rgzwrh zc zdg ynaalfg!
lhj dg jnj {c( Zdn{ vcrzd~ orcwfdz icwr lanyg nh
l dlhjegrkdngi zc zdg nhh jwrnhf zdg lizgrhcch! vdnkd
dg dlj klwfdz wpch zdg ygr~ frcwhj cwr plrz~ dlj
oggh cygr {cmg dcwr{ ogicrg(
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
Vg nhynzgj zdn{ dwhzgr zc {wppgr lz zdg nhh! owz dg
jgkanhgj zc jnhg nh vdlz dg zgrmgj /l dczga(/ Ni nz
vl{ laa zdg {lmg zc w{! dg vcwaj klaa jwrnhf zdg gyghnhf
lhj plrzleg ci anfdz rgirg{dmghz{! vg vgrg mljg zc
whjgr{zlhj( Alzgr zdlz jl~ vg aglrhgj / anfdz rgirg{d-
mghz{ / mglhz / icwr oggr{(/
Ircm dn{ kchygr{lznch nz lppglrgj dg vl{ zdg ynaalfg
{alzgr
‚hcz l ygr~ {zglj~ cr rgmwhgrlznyg bco! chg
mnfdz {wrmn{g! nh l rwrla ynaalfg 5 owz lz cjj znmg{ dg
whjgrzcce zdg jwzng{ ci frlyg-jnffgr! {zloagmlh! lhj
{klyghfgr ci zdg ynaalfg( Dg vl{ l kwrncw{ kcmpcwhj
ci ilkz lhj ilhk~( Ni zdn{ mlh dlj dlj gygh lh
crjnhlr~ {kdcca-oclrj gjwklznch! dg mnfdz dlyg lzzlnhgj
l dnfd palkg nh anig 5 l Whnygr{nz~ zrlnhnhf vcwaj kgr-
zlnha~ dlyg inzzgj dnm icr l prcig{{cr{dnp( Dg vl{
pgrdlp{ zdg mc{z gtzrlcrjnhlr~ nhjnynjwla N gygr mgz!
kch{njgrnhf dn{ {pdgrg nh anig( Dg vl{ {cmgvdlz ci
l fgcacfn{z! oczlhn{z! ccacfn{z! lhj dn{zcrnlh! lhj l
hlzwrlan{z nh zdg orcljg{z {gh{g( Dg dlj dlj hc
zrlnhnhf nh lh~ orlhkd ci {knghkg! cha~ lh nhhlzg acyg
icr Hlzwrg icrmgj zdg ol{n{ ci laa dn{ lk|wnrgj
ehcvagjfg(
Vg ghflfgj dnm zc dwhz icr [acv-vcrm{ zdg icaacv-
nhf jl~( Dg vl{ lz zdg nhh jccr lh dcwr ogicrg vg
dlj orgleil{z! lhj {lz cwz{njg zdg jccr nh zdg {lmg
il{dnch l{ ni dg vgrg ghflfgj icr l frcw{g-jrnyg( Ogicrg
vg {zlrzgj vg ciigrgj dnm l fal{{ ci oggr! ehcvnhf dn{
acyg icr zdn{ ogygrlfg( Dg jgkanhgj! l{ dg kdlhfgj
dn{ clegh {zlii ircm chg dlhj zc zdg czdgr( / N hgygr
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
zl{zg an|wcr licrg gyghnhf#& dg rgmlregj( Vg hlzwrlaa~
kcmmghjgj dn{ prnhknpag{! lhj zdgh {zrcaagj agn{wrga~
jcvh zdg ynaalfg {zrggz( Vg dlj icaacvgj cwr fwnjg!
lhj dlj vlaegj hglra~ zvc mnag{! vdgh cwr irnghj
{zgppgj cygr zdg ighkg lhj {zlaegj ghgrfgznklaa~ wp
l {zggp gmolhemghz( Zdgrg vl{ zdg rgkzcr~! bw{z
og~chj zdg dnaa( Vdgh vg rglkdgj zdg krg{z cwr
fwnjg flyg w{ l agkzwrg ch _cmlh icrz{! nhjnklznhf
zdlz vg {zccj nh zdg kghzrg ci chg ci zdg{g lhknghz
alhjmlre{( Kwzznhf l zvnf ircm lh ljblkghz oggkd-
zrgg! zdn{ vcrzd~ agj w{ zcvlrj{ l dglp ci {zchg{ vdnkd
{ggmgj zc og zdg jgorn{ ircm zdg lrloag alhj og~chj(
Dg prcogj zdn{ dglp icr l znmg nh ylnh! owz lizgr l
vdnag zdg dglj ci l [acv-vcrm lppglrgj! cha~ zc og
vnzdjrlvh( [znaa dg prcogj vnzd dn{ rwjg vlhj! lhj
vg vgrg waznmlzga~ rgvlrjgj o~ {ggnhf hc igvgr zdlh
gnfdz [acv-vcrm{ fanjg cwz nhzc zdg hgnfdocwrnhf
ygfgzlznch( M~ kcmplhnch{ {gkwrgj {gygh ci zdg
gnfdz! zdrgg iwaa-frcvh {pgknmgh{ lhj icwr locwz dlai
mlzwrgj(
Ircm zdn{ palkg dg agj w{ zcvlrj{ l ilrm! vnzd ingaj{
a~nhf oghglzd nz! ch l {cwzdgrh {acpg( L rwjg klrzvl~
agj ircm zdn{ dcmg{zglj jcvh nhzc zdg ylaag~! vdgrg
vg kcwaj {gg l {zrglm krc{{ zdg kcwhz~( Dg dlazgj
l{ vg hglrgj zdg ilrm{zgljnhf! lhj lz l frlyga-|wlrr~
zwrhgj {dlrp cii! prconhf zdg acc{g {zchg{ vnzd dn{
{zlii( Hczdnhf rg{wazgj ircm zdn{! dcvgygr! lhj cwr
plrz~ mlrkdgj jcvh zdg klrz-zrlke( Vg dlj hcz fchg
iniz~ ~lrj{ vdgh cwr fwnjg anizgj l jcnhf [acv-vcrm!
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PALZG ;
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
lhj laacvgj nz zc zvnhg rcwhj dn{ inhfgr{ nh irnghja~
il{dnch( Dg zcaj w{ laa Anlrj{ {dcwaj og laacvgj zdg
{lmg irggjcm! czdgrvn{g zdg~ vcwaj agz zdgnr zlna{
jrcp cii( "
Zdn{ alzzgr klpzwrg N kchyg~gj zc zcvh! lhj igj nz
wpch zdg crjnhlr~ frg~ {awf{ icwhj nh flrjgh{! lhj nz
anygj zdrcwfd zdg {wmmgr( Jwrnhf zdlz znmg N flyg
nz l jn{dci vlzgr lhj {cmgznmg{ mnae! oczd ci vdnkd
nz {ggmgj zc rgan{d( Chg jl~ N icwhj nz ghbc~nhf l
olzd nh zdg {lwkgr ci mnae( M~ pgz hgygr lvceg
ircm nz{ vnhzgr {aggp(
Anlrj{ l{ l rwag cvh zvc plnr{ ci anmo{! l{ n{ zdg
kl{g vnzd Zclj{ lhj Ircf{( Zdg [acv-vcrm! vnzd nz{
agfag{{! {hleganeg icrm! n{ lh gtkgpznch( Mc{z Anlrj{
dlyg mcyloag g~ganj{! lhj zdn{ n{ l iglzwrg vdnkd n{ hcz
prg{ghz nh zrwg {hleg{( Zdg ocjng{ ci Anlrj{ lrg
kcygrgj vnzd {klag{ 5 nh {ng lhj {dlpg zdg~ lrg gtzrgmga~
ylrngj! lhj zdg ylrnlznch{ gtzghj g{pgknlaa~ zc zdg
anmo{! zlna! zchfwg! lhj {enh( \wnzg l hwmogr lrg
zgrrg{zrnla nh dlonz! vdnag {cmg lrg {gmn-l|wlznk( Nh
iccj dlonz{ Anlrj{ lrg l{ ylrngj l{ nz n{ pc{{noag zc
kchkgnyg 5 {cmg lrg ygfgzlrnlh! czdgr{ lrg nh{gkznycrcw{!
lhj {znaa czdgr{ prgigr vcrm{! iagjfanhf{! lhj gygh
mlmmla{( Zdgnr ylrnlznch{ nh {ng lhj {zrwkzwrg lrg
gt|wn{nzg ljlpzlznch{ zc zdgnr {wrrcwhjnhf{( [cmg lrg
ljlpzgj icr kanmonhf! lhj zdgrg lrg il{z-rwhhnhf lhj
gygh ia~nhf icrm{ 5 czdgr{ lrg ownaz icr l anig oghglzd
zdg glrzd&{ {wrilkg! vdgrg zdg~ anyg lizgr zdg mlhhgr ci
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
Glrzd-vcrm{( Zdg jnfg{znyg zrlkz n{ ljlpzgj zc zdg
iccj dlonz! zdg iag{d-glznhf Anlrj{ dlynhf {dcrz nhzg{-
znhg{! vdnag nh zdg ygfgzloag iggjgr{ zdg nhzg{znhg n{
rgalznyga~ achf( Zdgrg n{ la{c l frglz ylrngz~ ci
kcacrlznch lmchf zdg{g krglzwrg{( Anlrj{ zdlz jvgaa
nh vlrm |wlrzgr{! vdgrg zdg {wh plrkdg{ zdg {cna lhj
vnzdgr{ zdg frggh oaljg{! lrg w{wlaa~ l vlrm orcvh cr
ilnhz rgj nh dwg! vdnag {wkkwaghz ygfgzlznch w{wlaa~
{dgazgr{ nhzgh{g cr ornaanlhza~ kcacwrgj gtlmpag{( Zdn{
oaghjnhf ci zdg kcacwr ci lh lhnmla vnzd zdg kcacwr ci
nz{ dlonzlz n{ whjcwozgja~ prczgkznyg! lhj n{ kcmmch
zdrcwfdcwz Hlzwrg( Zdg Plaal{ [lhj Frcw{g ircm
L{nl Mnhcr lhj zdg Gl{z! zdlz jvgaa{ nh {lhj~ vl{zg{
lhj acyg{ zdg {cna ci zdg [zgppg{ ci Zlrzlr~! n{ ci l
plag ~gaacv kcacwr! nh eggpnhf vnzd nz{ hlzwrla ghynrch-
mghz( Zdg ^gaacv Dlmmgr {nzznhf ch l iwrg ow{d
n{ l dcmga~ gtlmpag ci ljlpzlznch! zdg Vlzgr _lna
mcynhf zdrcwfd zdg rggj~ {vlmp lhczdgr( L Zclj
aglpnhf cygr zdg alvhnh zdg gyghnhf dcwr rg{z{ o~ zdg
analk-zrgg! lhj zdg g~g ilna{ zc jgzgkz nz{ prg{ghkg( Nh
zdg flrjgh lhj zdg ingaj! nh zdg vl{zg alhj{ lhj ch zdg
dnaa-ilkg! Hlzwrg prczgkz{ lhj n{ prczgkzgj(
Ynynplrcw{ Anlrj $Alkgrzl ynynplrl! Palzg NN(.(
L{ l {zwjghz lhj kcaagkzcr ci hlzwrla cobgkz{! m~mnhj klh / dlre olke!/ l{ ict-dwhzgr{ {l~! zc l Ml~
mcrhnhf vdgh zdg Vdnhkdlz{ lhj l igv _gj{zlrz{ dlj
zlegh wp rg{njghkg nh cwr flrjgh pcankng{( Lazdcwfd
vnzdnh l mchzd ci mnj{wmmgr! zdg zrgg{ accegj faccm~
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PALZG :(
Frggh Anlrj{ uAlkgrzl ynrnkan{.
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
lhj zdg oggkd dgjfg zdlz agj zc zdg enzkdgh-flrjgh
vl{ {znaa olrg ci icanlfg( Zdlz ~glr nz vl{ alzg nh Ml~
ogicrg vg dglrj zdg Kwkecc nh cwr vccj{! lhj zdg
{gl{ch vl{ {pcegh ci l{ l olkevlrj chg o~ Dcjfg lhj
dn{ {grylhz{( Owz vdgh zdg inr{z Vccj-Vlroagr vl{
{ggh nh zdg flrjgh! {cmg jl~{ ci vlrm {wh{dnhg nhzgr-
yghgj! lhj zdg Ynynplrcw{ Anlrj jcnhf ch zdg {lhj~
olhe zcaj ci {wmmgr l{ zrwa~ l{ zdg Mlrznh{ lz zdg
{lhj-pnz( Icr {cmg jl~{ l igv Vdnzg Owzzgriang{
jlhkgj locwz zdg flrjgh! lhj {cmgchg {lnj zdg~ dlj
dglrj zdg acwj {krglmnhf hczg ci zdg [vniz hglr zdg
kdwrkd zcvgr( Zdg [pczzgj Ia~klzkdgr{ lrrnygj ogicrg
zdg mchzd pl{{gj! lhj zdg Vdnzgzdrclz ownaz nz{ anzzag
jcmnknag nh zdg vccj ogdnhj zdg flrjgh ighkg( ^gz
Ml~ kchznhwgj vnaj! vnzd vgz! vnhj~ vglzdgr! kch-
inrmnhf zdlz caj [kczzn{d ljmchnznch
/ Hg&gr kdlhfg l kaccz
Znaa Ml~ og ccz(/
Whkchfghnla lazdcwfd zdg {gl{ch vl{! zdg Ynynplrcw{
Anlrj dlj kcmg cwz ircm nz{ krlhh~ nh zdg rcke
flrjgh! lhj rg{zgj whjgr l klhcp~ icrmgj o~ zdg jglj
igrh irchj{ ci l pl{z ~glr(
Zdn{ Anlrj n{ irg|wghza~ zgrmgjk1 Kcmmch Anlrj!/
ircm zdg ilkz zdlz nz{ jn{zrnowznch n{ pgrdlp{ zdg mc{zgtzgh{nyg ci laa cwr hlznyg {pgkng{( Vdnag N {l~ zdn{! nz
mw{z og rgmgmogrgj zdlz Anlrj{ lrg hcz kcmmch nh
zdg {gh{g chg vcwaj {pgle ci mlh~ czdgr krglzwrg{ ci
zdg vnaj( Zdg hlzwrlan{z w{g{ zdg vcrj / kcmmch /
o( _( <6 ;
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
vnzd l alyn{dhg{{ zdlz n{ cizgh {cmgvdlz mn{agljnhf(
Icr nh{zlhkg( _loonz{! Plrzrnjfg{! cr Dcw{g-Iang{ lrg
{pcegh ci lhj ml~ og lkehcvagjfgj l{ zrwa~ kcmmch
nh zdgnr rg{pgkznyg dlonzlz{ 5 owz nh lppa~nhf zdg vcrj zc
lh~ cr laa ci zdg {pgkng{ ci Anlrj{ nhjnfghcw{ zc zdg
Ornzn{d N{ag{! nz n{ {cmgvdlz ci l mn{hcmgr(
[zrnkza~ {pglenhf! Anlrj{ lrg hcz kcmmch( Zdg~ lrg
mcrg kcmmch nh {cmg |wlrzgr{ zdlh czdgr{! lhj dghkg
mnfdz og mcrg kcrrgkza~ {pcegh ci l{ ackla( Zlenhf
nhzc lkkcwhz zdg gtzghz ci alhj gmorlkgj vnzdnh cwr
{gl-fnrz n{ag{! Anlrj{ ckkwp~ owz l ygr~ znh~ pcrznch!
lhj zdlz nh l ygr~ plzkd~ plzzgrh( Chg ml~ zrlyga mlh~
mnag{ vnzdcwz {ggnhf l Anlrj ci lh~ enhj( Zdn{
iglzwrg! ci kcwr{g! dcaj{ fccj nh czdgr rg{pgkz{ vdgh chg
kcmg{ zc kch{njgr zdg jn{zrnowznch ci mlh~ mgmogr{ ci
cwr dcmg ilwhl( Chg mw{z l{kghj zdg dnfdgr dnaa{ ci
zdg Hcrzd zc iaw{d zdg Pzlrmnflh cr zdg [hcv Owhznhf(
Zdg _gj Jggr {dwh zdg alhj{ vdgrg pacwfd lhj dlrrcv
kdlhfg zdg kcacwr{ ci zdg alhj{klpg 5 Mlrzgh lhj Vnaj
Klz lrg cha~ jvgaagr{ vdgrg zdg {naghkg ci jl~ lhj
hnfdz cozlnh{( Lhj ~gz! vdnag zdn{ n{ fghgrlaa~ zdg kl{g
l{ rgflrj{ zdg ilwhl ci Ornzlnh! nhjnynjwlaa~ kch{njgrgj!
zdgrg lrg mlh~ mlregj gtlmpag{ ci zdg rgygr{g( Zdg
Orcvh Dlrg {klrkga~ lkehcvagjfg{ lh~ ocwhjlr~ anmnz!
vdnag zdg Mcag zwhhga{ zdg {cna ci gygr~ kcwhz~(
_cce{! [zlranhf{! lhj czdgr{ lhhwlaa~ ownaj zdgnr hg{z{
ircm zdg gjfg ci zdg Lzalhznk Ckglh zc zdg Hcrzd
[gl&{ mlrfnh( Hgnzdgr pgh hcr pghkna klh zgaa! nh
infwrg{! ci zdg nh{gkz dlzkdnhf{ o~ {zrglm cr orcce nh
<4
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
[w{{gt cr Klnzdhg{{! grl{nhf icr zdg znmg zdg vlzgrvl~{
ogzvggh(
Owz vdnag zdg{g lhj czdgr nh{zlhkg{ ml~ zdw{ og
|wczgj! zdg pc{nznch n{ ghznrga~ lazgrgj vdgrg mlh~
{pgkng{ lrg kchkgrhgj( Nh hlmnhf zdg Orcvh Dlrg l{
lowhjlhz cygr zdg aghfzd lhj orgljzd ci Ornzlnh! chg
dl{ cha~ zc zdnhe ci nz{ kcmpggr zdg Oawg Dlrg!
vdnkd n{ lo{cawzga~ kchinhgj zc zdg dnfdgr dglzdgr-alhj{(
Zdg Fcajgh Glfag jgkanhg{ zc jvgaa vdgrg zdg Zrgg-
Krggpgr dwhz{ icr nh{gkz{! cr vdgrg zdg Anhhgz {nhf{ l-zcp
zdg fcr{g-ow{d( Nz n{ cha~ wpch zdg {wrilkg ci zdg ackd
zdlz zdg jnygr Jwke{ pl{{ zdgnr jl~{ 5 cha~ o~ zdlz
{lmg ackd lrg mlh~ rlrg nh{gkz{ icwhj( Zdw{! vdnag
glkd nhjnynjwla {pgkng{ anyg{ whjgr nz{ cvh {pgknla kch-
jnznch{! zdg vnjga~ jn{zrnowzgj {pgkng{ lrg mgrga~ zdg
cygriacv nh hwmogr{ zdlz inhj prcyghjgr lhj {dgazgr
cygr l vnjgr {plkg zdlh czdgr{( Anlrj{ kcmg whjgr
zdg kchinhgj lrgl{! lhj zdg Ynynplrcw{ {pgkng{ n{ aneg
whzc nz{ hgnfdocwr{( [zrlhfg zc {l~! zdn{ n{ {lnj zc og
zdg cha~ rgpznag zdlz dl{ zlegh enhja~ zc Nrn{d {cna(
Nh kcacwr zdn{ Anlrj n{ ci l whnicrm vlrm rgj! vnzd
znh~ {pcz{ lazgrhlzga~ anfdz lhj jlre( Whjgrhglzd! zdg
mlag dl{ l rnkd crlhfg dwg vnzd vgaa-jginhgj oalke
{pcz{( Nh zdg igmlag zdg whjgr plrz{ lrg ~gaacvn{d!
zcwkdgj vnzd l igv oalke mlrenhf{( Orclja~ {pglenhf!
zdn{ rgpznag prgigr{ jr~ olhe-{njg{! cpgh pl{zwrg{!
lhj frl{{-alhj{ zc {dlj~ palkg{( Nz kgrzlnha~ kcwrz{
{lhj~ dnaa{njg{ lhj {wkd gtpc{gj lrgl{ rlzdgr zdlh
acv-a~nhf! jlmp frcwhj( Jwrnhf zdg mnj{wmmgr
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
dglz zdg Ynynplrcw{ Anlrj ml~ og co{grygj ol{enhf
nh zdg {wh&{ rl~{ nh {wkd kdc{gh acklanzng{! lhj cha~
mcynhf hcv lhj lflnh zc {hlp {cmg whvlr~ oawg-
oczzag! cr czdgr ia~! zdlz ml~ lanfdz vnzdnh gl{~ jn{zlhkg(
Lazdcwfd laa {crz{ lhj kchjnznch{ ci nh{gkz{ lzg jgycwrgj
frggjna~ nh zdgnr {gl{ch o~ zdn{ Anlrj! Hlzwrg lppglr{
zc dlyg oggh ygr~ alyn{d nh lrrlhfnhf nz{ alrjgr(
Oggzag{! Iang{ci gygr~
enhj! Klzgrpnaalr{! Mczd{! Owzzgr-
iang{! gzk(! laa fc zc icrm ghznknhf iccj icr zdn{ krglzwrg(
Nz n{ lfnag nh laa nz{ mcygmghz{! lhj l eggh g~g n{ rg|wn{nzg
zc jgzgkz nz vdgh nz n{ dwhznhf icr iccj( Nz la{c klaa{
icr l ygr~ lkznyg dlhj zc klzkd zdg jlrznhf rgpznag lhj
eggp zdg anzzag ocj~ whnhbwrgj vnzdnh nz{ frl{p( Dg
vdc vcwaj klpzwrg zdn{ rgpznag mw{z og klrgiwa zc frl{p
nz o~ zdg icrgplrz ci zdg ocj~ 5 ni dg {gng{ nz o~ zdg
zlna! dg vnaa prcoloa~ og kdlfrnhgj nh inhjnhf l pcrznch
ci zdlz lppghjlfg nh dn{ dlhj vdnag zdg whlol{dgj
anlrj {kwzzgr{ lvl~ zc l {lig dnjnhf-palkg( Aneg zdg
[acv-vcrm lhj czdgr Anlrj{! zdn{ {pgkng{ rgljna~ plrz{
vnzd nz{ zlna! zdg ac{{ ci vdnkd n{ rgplnrgj nh znmg(
_gprcjwkznch zleg{ palkg lizgr zdg mlhhgr ci zdg
Ljjgr( Zdg ~cwhf n{{wg ircm zdg gff{ nmmgjnlzga~
ch zdgnr gmgrfghkg ircm zdg plrghz&{ ocj~( Zdg zdnh
mgmorlhg zdlz ghkl{g{ zdg gff owr{z{! lhj zdg ~cwhf
lrg zdw{ rglaa~ ocrh lanyg( Zdg ~cwhf lrg iwaa~
jgygacpgj! lhj! dlynhf zdg iwaa w{g ci zdgnr anmo{ lz
onrzd! zdg~ klh icaacv zdgnr plrghz{( Nh{znhkznyga~ zdg{g
~cwhf{zgr{ klzkd nh{gkz{ ch zdgnr cvh lkkcwhz l{ {cch
l{ zdg~ lrg ocrh(
?0
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
Zdgrg lrg jnygr{ {zcrng{ zdlz lppglr pgrncjnklaa~
lhghz zdg plrghz Anlrj {vlaacvnhf zdg{g ~cwhf{zgr{
jwrnhf l {gl{ch ci jlhfgr! owz zdg{g mw{z og zlegh
kwm frlhc {laz{( Zdg {lmg n{ {lnj ci zdg ljwaz Ljjgr(
Hc rglaa~ lwzdghznk nh{zlhkg ci {wkd lkzwlaa~ zlenhf
palkg dl{ {c ilr oggh rgkcrjgj! lazdcwfd nz mw{z og
frlhzgj {cmg rlzdgr {zrnenhf lhj kwrncw{ {zcrng{ ci
oczd Anlrj{ lhj Ljjgr{ dnjnhf zdgnr ~cwhf lizgr zdn{
il{dnch dlyg oggh fnygh ircm znmg zc znmg( Vdgzdgr
zdg igmlag Anlrj dgrg hlmgj zleg{ l zrwa~ plrghzla
klrg ci dgr cii{prnhf cr hcz! kgrzlnh nz n{ zdg ~cwhf
Anlrj{ jc zdgnr cvh dwhznhf zdg mcmghz zdg~ n{{wg
nhzc zdg vcraj(
Zdg ljwaz Ynynplrcw{ Anlrj mgl{wrg{ 7B zc 9
nhkdg{ nh aghfzd( Zdg zlna n{ achf nh prcpcrznch zc zdg
ocj~( Nz n{ {cmgvdlz dgly~ icr dlai nz{ aghfzd! owz zdg
rgmlnhjgr ci nz{ ocj~ frljwlaa~ zlpgr{ zcvlrj{ zdg
gtzrgmnz~( Zdgrg lrg hc zggzd nh zdg plalzg( Zdg
zgmpagn{ kcygrgj vnzd mnhwzg pca~fchla palzg{! dlynhf
l rlzdgr alrfg chg nh zdg kghzrg( Zdg {klag{ cygr zdg
olke lrg achf! hlrrcv! lhj dgtlfchla nh {dlpg( Zdg
dglj n{ rlzdgr jgprg{{gj lhj {dlrp 5 ogaa~ palzg{ lrg nh
{nt rcv{! vnzd {mlaagr chg{ zcvlrj{ zdg gjfg( Zdg
icrgagf{ lrg {gz vgaa zcvlrj{ zdg dglj! vdnag zdg dnhj
chg{ ckkwp~ zvc-zdnrj{ ci zdg {njg{(
Nz n{ {lnj zdlz zdg Ynynplrcw{ Anlrj n{ hgygr icwhj
vdgrg zdg [lhj Anlrj $Alkgrzl lfnan{. locwhj{! lhj
zdn{ pdghcmghch n{ jwg zc zdg ilkz zdlz zdg alzzgr dwhz{
lhj glz{ zdg ~cwhf ci zdg icrmgr ni zdg~ {zrl~ nhzc nz{
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
dlwhz{( A( ynynplrl n{ zdw{ kcmpgaagj zc {gge lh
ghynrchmghz vdnkd n{ jn{zl{zgiwa zc A( lfnan{(
[lhj Anlrj uAlkgrzl lfnan{! Palzg Y(.(
Icr mlh~ ~glr{ zdn{ {pgkng{ vl{ kchicwhjgj vnzd
zdg Ynynplrcw{! cr kcmmch {pgkng{( Zdg [lhj Anlrj
{lycwr{ ci zdg {lhj{! hc jcwoz! lhj dghkg nz{ pcpwalr
hlmg( [gajcm cr hgygr n{ nz icwhj nh mcwhzlnhcw{
jn{zrnkz{! lazdcwfd |wnzg l hwmogr ci zdg dnfdgr rlhfg{
ci dnaa{ {ggm |wnzg nhynznhf l{ l dlonzlz( Dcvgygr!
zdg [lhj Anlrj rglaa~ dl{ l ygr~ anmnzgj lrgl! lhj! nh
Ornzlnh! vcwaj lppglr zc og {caga~ kchinhgj zc [cwzdgrh
Ghfalhj( Gygh nh {wkd kcwhzng{ l{ [wrrg~ lhj Jcr{gz!
vnzd pgrdlp{ zdg ljblkghz kcwhzng{! nz{ jn{zrnowznch n{
gtzrgmga~ ackla( Nz n{ icwhj nh [cwzdgrh [vgjgh lhj
n{ kcmmch nh {wnzloag dlonzlz{ nh Kghzrla Gwrcpg(
Dlynhf {lnj zdn{! nz n{ |wnzg gynjghz zdlz zdg lppglr-
lhkg ci zdg [lhj Anlrj hcrzd ci zdg Mnjalhj{ vcwaj
og / kcp~/
icr zdg mcrhnhf hgv{plpgr{ 5 lhj ni icwhjhcrzd ci zdg Zvggj! {znaa mcrg / kcp~ / vcwaj anega~
og mljg ci zdg /inhj(/
^gz hcz l igv nh{zlhkg{ ci zdn{ rgpznag dlynhf oggh
njghzningj hcrzd ci Achjch lrg ch rgkcrj( [zwjghz{!
dcvgygr! dlyg |wg{znchgj {wkd {zlzgmghz{! liinrmnhf
zdlz zdg{g rgkcrj{ rgigr mgrga~ zc alrfg! anfdz orcvh
kcacwrgj {pgknmgh{ ci zdg kcmmch cr Ynynplrcw{
{pgkng{( Lhj jcwozag{{ nz n{ {c( Zdg Ynynplrcw{
{pgkng{ n{ o~ hc mglh{ whaneg zdg [lhj Anlrj! cha~
zdg alzzgr n{ alrfgr! lhj nz{ kcacwr{ aghj zdgm{gayg{
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
zc mleg zdg prcoagm ci jn{znhkznch mcrg lkwzg! g{pg-
knlaa~ vdgh nz kcmg{ zc hlmnhf l {pgknmgh ircm l
kl{wla falhkg( [c ilr l{ {knghzn{z{ dlyg jn{kcygrgj! zdg
Ynynplrcw{ {pgkng{ n{ hcz kchinhgj zc lh~ {pgknla cr
jginhgj acklanz~ vnzdnh cwr mlnhalhj! vdgrgl{ zdg [lhj
Anlrj {ggm{ rnfnja~ kchinhgj zc mnj-Ghfalhj lhj zdg
{cwzdgrh kcwhzng{(
Nh aghfzd zdg [lhj Anlrj n{ ircm 6 zc > nhkdg{(
Nz dl{ l {dcrzn{d dglj lhj oawhz hc{g( Zdg {klag{
cygr zdg olke lrg lhfwalr lhj vgaa eggagj( Zdg zlna n{
rlzdgr dgly~ accenhf! lhj n{ locwz dlai l{ achf lflnh
l{ zdg dglj lhj ocj~ 5 icrg-agf{ lamc{z l |wlrzgr l{
achf l{ zdg ocj~! lhj zdg dnhj chg{ dlai l{ achf( Zdg
wppgr plrz{ lrg kcacwrgj canyg orcvh! vnzd ilnhz frggh
kcacwrnhf whjgrhglzd! w{wlaa~ mlregj vnzd oalke jcz{(
Zdg mlag n{ w{wlaa~ ci l mcrg nhzgh{g frggh zdlh zdg
igmlag! owz oczd lrg mlregj vnzd jlre {pcz{ lhj
oaczkdg{( Zdg igmlag l{ l rwag dl{ zdrgg rcv{ ci
jwaa orcvh {pcz{ lachf zdg {njg{! lhj zdg{g {pcz{ acce
ilnhzgr zcvlrj{ zdgnr kghzrg(
Zdg ~cwhf lrg fghgrlaa~ plag orcvh ch zdg wppgr
pcrznch{! vnzd anfdzgr {pcz{( Zdg alzzgr lrg jwaagr nh
znhz zcvlrj{ zdgnr mlrfnh{( Ch zdg whjgr plrz{ l
whnicrm frg~ cr vdnzg prgylna{( Zdg{g ~cwhf{zgr{ lrg
dlzkdgj ircm gff{! vdnkd zdw{ mleg{ zdg {pgkng{
cynplrcw{( Zdg gff{ lrg jgpc{nzgj nh mnj{wmmgr nh
{cmg {lhj~ ogj! lhj agiz zc zdg lzmc{pdgrnk nhiawghkg{
ci zdg {gl{ch( Aneg czdgr rgpznag{! zdn{ {pgkng{ {aggp{
jwrnhf zdg kcajgr mchzd{ ci zdg ~glr(
?;
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
Nz n{ ckkl{nchlaa~ {wrmn{gj lhj rgkcrjgj zdlz zdgrg
lrg zvc ylrngzng{ ci zdg [lhj Anlrj nhjnfghcw{ zc cwr
n{alhj( Dcvgygr! lh~ {mlaa jniigrghkg nh kdlrlkzgr
lrn{g{ {nmpa~ ircm zdg ackla kcacwrnhf(
Lh cwz{zlhjnhf iglzwrg ci zdg [lhj Anlrj n{ nz{
acyg icr owrrcvnhf nh zdg acc{g {cna nz irg|wghz{( Zdn{
lhnmla n{ {gajcm {ggh nh jwaa vglzdgr! owz whjgr kaglr
{eng{ lhj jwrnhf {whh~ oanhe{ nz ml~ og co{grygj rg{znhf
ch {cmg cpgh dglzd! cr oghz~ anhe{( Nh {wkd {nzwlznch{
nz rgprcjwkg{ nz{ enhj! lhj zdgrg nz {aggp{ nz{ vnhzr~
jl~{ lvl~( [lhj! {wh{dnhg! lhj {naghkg {wnz zd [lhj
Anlrj lhj nz{ cii{prnhf( Nz iggj{ ch lamc{z lna enhj{
ci nh{gkz{! lhj nz{gai liicrj{ l ilycwrnzg mgla icr zdg
[mcczd [hleg! lhj pgrdlp{ czdgr [hleg{ l{ vgaa(
Nz n{ lh g{{ghznla plrz ci Hlzwrg&{ palh zdlz chg
krglzwrg mw{z fnyg wp nz{ anig zc {w{zlnh lhczdgr( Zdg
zghjgr frl{{ oaljg! zdg lkcrh a~nhf nh zdg palhzlznch!
zdg rccz-krcp lingaj! laa mlzwrg icr zdg oghginz ci zdg
krglzwrg{ lrcwhj( L{ zdg _loonz {nz{ hnooanhf zdg
zghjgr {dccz ci l vdglz-glr! zdg [zclz aglp{ ircm
zdg iwrrcv! lhj l orngi {zrwffag ~ngaj{ zdg [zclz
l mgla( Zdg _ggj Owhznhf n{ {nhfnhf wpch l olrg
lrm ci l jglj alrkd! vdgh zdg [plrrcv Dlve {lna{
jcvh zdg ingaj ocrjgr( L {vccp! lhj zdgh zdg Dlve
jnhg{ wpch zdg anzzag klrkl{{ o~ zdg zrgg-{zgm5
l igviglzdgr{ iawzzgr nh zdg {wmmgr orggg! lhj l{ ~cw pl{{
~cw hczg zdg{g l{ {naghz vnzhg{{g{ ci l zrlfgj~( [wkd
jrlml{ lrg gygr ognhf ghlkzgj mnj zdg ygfgzlznch
frcvnhf ch olhe lhj ingaj! nh {gl! pchj lhj {zrglm(
?:
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PALZG 7(
N N Ni&X0XX
L"[lhj Anlrj $Alkgrzl lfnan{.(
[mcczd [hleg $Kcrchgaal
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
Og{njg{ [hleg{! zdgrg lrg czdgr hlzwrla ghgmng{ ci zdn{
lhj czdgr Anlrj{ 2 zdg~ dlyg zc og ch zdgnr fwlrj
lflnh{z zdg rlylfg{ ci Dlve{! [drneg{! lhj Krcv{5
zdg~ kcwaj hcz pc{{noa~ dlyg {wrynygj nh zdg {zrwffag
icr gtn{zghkg dlj zdg~ hcz oggh ghjcvgj vnzd lkwzg
{gh{g{( Zdg~ klh dglr zdg {anfdzg{z {cwhj! lhj dlyg
eggh yn{nch( Zdgnr {gkwrnz~ ang{ nh |wnke ianfdz! hcz nh
vlrilrg( Zdg~ lrg gtzrgmga~ hnmoag! lhj rwh lachf
zdg frcwhj nh l bgre~ il{dnch( Zdgnr {pggj n{ jwg l{
mwkd zc lh whjwalzcr~ mcygmghz ci zdg ocj~! zdg
yghzrla {wrilkg ci vdnkd zcwkdg{ zdg frcwhj! l{ zc zdgnr
agf{! vdnkd lrg {dcrz lhj iggoag(
Frggh Anlrj $Alkgrzl ynrnjn{ ~ Palzg NY(.
Zdg Frggh Anlrj n{ nhjnfghcw{ zc Kghzrla lhj
[cwzdgrh Gwrcpg! ognhf icwhj nh zdg Mgjnzgrrlhglh
Kcwhzrng{ lhj nh zdg mcrg fghnla plrz{ ci Fgrmlh~5
owz nz gtn{z{ nh Bgr{g~! lhj n{ zdw{ kalnmgj l{ lh nzgm
nh cwr Ornzn{d ilwhl( Znmg lhj lflnh gtlmpag{ dlyg
oggh acklzgj wpch zdg mlnhalhj! {cmg ci zdg{g ognhf
prgzz~ ilr Hcrzd( Laa zdg {lmg! zdg Kdlhhga N{alhj{
mw{z og kch{njgrgj zdg rgla dcmg ci zdn{ {pgkng{ vdgh
nz n{ {pcegh ci l{ Ornzn{d( Lh~ {pgknmgh{ icwhj wpch
zdg mlnhalhj ml~ og accegj wpch l{kkg{klpg{(/ Nh
czdgr vcrj{! zdg{g ml~ og kch{njgrgj l{ dlynhf fcz irgg
ircm {cmg pwoank cr prnylzg ynylrnwm! cr lrg zdg ac{z
prcpgrz~ ci {cmg ci zdg hwmgrcw{ jglagr{ vdc klzgr
icr zdn{ kal{{ ci ow{nhg{{(
Zdn{ {pgkng{ n{ kcmplrlznyga~ alrfg! mgl{wrnhf! ch
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
zdg lygrlfg! {cmg <7 nhkdg{ nh aghfzd( Igmlag{!
vdnkd dlyg rglkdgj lamc{z<X
iggz nh aghfzd! dlyg oggh
rgkcrjgj(
Zdg kcacwr cygr zdg olke n{ w{wlaa~ ci l whnicrm
frggh! l{ zdg hlmg jghczg{! lazdcwfd nh {cmg {pgknmgh{
zdn{ frggh zleg{ ch l vlrm ~gaacv znhfg( Whjgr-
hglzd! zdg kcacwrnhf n{ l jgknjgj ~gaacv( Jwrnhf zdg
orggjnhf {gl{ch zdg zdrclz ci zdg mlag l{{wmg{ l oawn{d
dwg( Nh {zrl~ {pgknmgh{ zdgrg n{ {cmgznmg{ l rlzdgr
inhg {prnheanhf ci ornfdz lhj jwaa kcacwr{ wpch zdg
frggh {wrilkg ci zdg wppgr plrz{( Lhczdgr pgkwanlr
mlrenhf n{ zdg {gmnknrkwalr kcaalr ch zdg hgke(
Zdn{ rgpznag dl{ l ialzzn{d dglj lhj rlzdgr prcmnhghz
g~ganj{( Zdg zlna n{ rgljna~ jginhgj! lhj zlpgr{ ircm
zdg dgtlfchla zlna {klag{ zcvlrj{ l inhg pcnhz( Nz n{ l
jniinkwaz zl{e zc rgkcrj zdg iccj ci Anlrj{ nh jgzlna! {c
ylrngj n{ zdg mghw( Icr nh{zlhkg! nh zdg kl{g ci zdg
chg hcv hlmgj! zdg onaa-ci-ilrg kcmprn{g{ nh{gkz{ ci
lamc{z gygr~ {dlpg lhj kcacwr! vnzd Oggzag{! Vcrm{![hlna{! lhj nhjggj lh~ / {mlaa flmg / zdlz rclm{
locwz zdg dlwhz{ ci zdg lhnmla(
Nz n{ lh cynplrcw{ rgpznag( Zdg gff{! ci vdnkd zdgrg
ml~ og {nt cr zvgayg! plrznlaa~ mlzwrg nh zdg igmlag
jwrnhf zdg igv vgge{ {dg klrrng{ zdgm( Lz mlzwrnz~
{dg jgpc{nz{ zdgm! lhj zdgrglizgr zdg {wh&{ rl~{ dlzkd
zdgm cwz( Zdn{ zleg{ {cmg icwr vgge{! kcwhznhf
ircm zdg jlzg zdg~ lrg jgpc{nzgj(
Frggh Anlrj{ lrg w{wlaa~ icwhj nh rcke~ {nzwlznch{!
locwz jr~ {zchg vlaa{ cr {nmnalr palkg{! lhj zdg~ {ggm
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PALZG
1n. [lmg Ircf [plvh pdczcfrlpdgj zdrgg jl~{ alzgr {znaa( Iwrzdgr jgygacp-
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
zc prgigr zdg {gkwrnz~ ci {wkd zc zdg cpgh mgljcv{ cr
dglzd{( Zdgvrnzgr
vl{ {cmg{ntzggh ~glr{ ci lfg
vdgh dg inr{z accegj wpch zdg frlkgiwa cwzanhg{ ci l
Frggh Anlrj( L oc~ nh zdg {gkchj icrm rgkgnygj l
plrkga chg jl~ ircm dn{ plrghz{ vdc vgrg rg{njghz nh
L{nl Mnhcr( Zdg plrkga kchzlnhgj zdg klrkl{{ ci l
Frggh Anlrj! lhj laa zdg {kdcca vchjgrgj( Zdg hczg
lkkcmplh~nhf zdg plrkga zcaj w{ oc~{ zdlz {cmg zdnrz~-
{gygh Anlrj{ ci zdg {lmg {pgkng{ dlj oggh klwfdz nh
chg jl~! lhj nh cwr dglrz{ vg zdlhegj cwr{gayg{ vg
jnj hcz anyg nh zdlz gl{zgrh kcwhzr~( Vg pnkzwrgj zdg
rn{e{ l{{cknlzgj vnzd zdg klpzwrg ci {wkd lhnmla{! lhj
kchbwrgj wp zdg dgrcnk kcwrlfg rg|wn{nzg zc zdg {al~nhf
ci gygh l {nhfag Anlrj( ^gz zdn{ acyga~ krglzwrg n{ l{
nhhckghz ci dlrm l{ l Jcyg(
Vlaa Anlrj $Alkgrzl mwrlan{8 Palzg TNNN(.(
Dlynhf fnygh zdg Frggh Anlrj l palkg nh cwr an{z!
nz ogdcyg{ chg zc zghjgr l aneg kcmpanmghz zc zdg Vlaa
Anlrj( L{ dl{ oggh {wffg{zgj nh zdg prgyncw{
kdlpzgr! nz n{ {nmpa~ l |wg{znch vdgzdgr zdg ilwhl ci
zdg Kdlhhga N{alhj{ lrg! cr lrg hcz! zc og rgkcfhngj
nh zdg Ornzn{d an{z( Lh~dcv! oczd zdg Frggh lhj Vlaa
Anlrj{ lrg hlznyg{! hcz ci cwr mlnhalhj! owz zdg
Kdlhhga N{alhj{ cha~( Zdg zrwg dlonzlz ci zdg chg
hcv whjgr kch{njgrlznch n{ zdg kcwhzrng{ ci [cwzdgrh
Gwrcpg! lazdcwfd zdg ocrjgr{ ci Fgrmlh~ lhj {nmnalra~
{nzwlzgj kcwhzrng{ lrg hlmgj l{ prcjwknhf zdn{ {pgkng{
ckkl{nchlaa~( Nz n{ {lnj zc og l kcmmch Anlrj nh lhj
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
lrcwhj L{nl Mnhcr! lhj nz n{ anegvn{g rgpcrzgj l{
orggjnhf nh {gygrla plrz{ ci Hcrzdgrh Lirnkl(
Nz n{ l {mlaa rgpznag! lygrlfnhf {cmg 9 zc 4 nhkdg{( Nz
n{ lh lzzrlkznyga~ kcacwrgj lhj frlkgiwa anzzag krglzwrg 5 zdg
ylrngz~ ci kcacwrnhf nh jniigrghz {pgknmgh{! nhjggj! dl{
oggh zdg mglh{ ci fnynhf {cmg vrnzgr{ zdg hcznch zdlz
zdgrg gtn{z mcrg zdlh chg ylrngz~ ci Vlaa Anlrj(
Zdg fghgrla kcacrlznch n{ frg~n{d - orcvh cygr zdg
wppgr plrz{! vnzd jlre mlrenhf{ dgrg lhj zdgrg! cygr-
{prglj vnzd l rgjjn{d-frggh aw{zrg( Oghglzd! zdg plrz{
rlhfg ircm vdnzg zc rgj! mlh~ gtlmpag{ ognhf ~gaacv
lhj czdgr{ pnhe nh kcacwr( Zdg ~cwhf lrg dlzkdgj
ircm gff{! lhj nz n{ {lnj zdlz zdg pgrncjci
dnogrhlznch
n{ {dcrz! zdg vnhzgr {aggp hcz ognhf prcicwhj! icr
Alkgrzl mwrlan{ n{ {cmgznmg{ {ggh ol{enhf ch zdg {whh~
jl~{ ci vnhzgr! ogicrg zdg znmg dl{ lrrnygj icr nz{ w{wla
{prnhf lppglrlhkg( Nh rgfnch{ o~ zdg Mgjnzgrrlhglh!
vdgrg zdn{ Anlrj frglza~ locwhj{! zdgrg lrg igv vlaa{
wpch vdnkd {pgknmgh{ ml~ hcz og {ggh rwhhnhf wp lhj
jcvh nh |wg{z ci nh{gkz iccj! cr ol{enhf nh zdg vlrmzd
ci zdg {wh{dnhg( Nz pc{{g{{g{ zcg{ vnzd {dlrp kalv{!
vdnkd ghloag nz zc kanmo vlaa{ zdlz lrg |wnzg ygrznkla5
nz n{ gtkggjnhfa~ hnmoag lhj mcyg{ vnzd frglz {pggj(
Nz{ hnmoaghg{{ n{ l mglh{ ci {ligz~! lhj nz dl{ zdg
ljjnznchla prczgkznch gh{wnhf wpch zdg mlhhgr nh vdnkd
nz{ kcacwrnhf oaghj{ vnzd nz{ w{wla {wrrcwhjnhf{(
Zdg Anlrj{ mghznchgj nh zdn{ kdlpzgr! l{ vgaa l{
czdgr{ hcz nhjnfghcw{ zc Ornzlnh! lhj vdnkd klh og
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 Anlrj{
cozlnhgj ircm ylrncw{ jglagr{! ml~ og egpz l{ pgz{!
lhj l{ {wkd prcyg mc{z nhzgrg{znhf zc zdgnr cvhgr{( Nhcrjgr zc eggp zdgm nh l dglazd~ {zlzg nz n{ g{{ghznla zdlz
zdg klpznyg{ {dcwaj og palkgj nh {wrrcwhjnhf{ vdnkd
lrg l{ hglr l{ pc{{noag l rgprcjwkznch ci zdgnr hlzwrla
kchjnznch{( Nz mw{z og rgmgmogrgj zdlz zdg{g krglzwrg{
jganfdz nh {wh{dnhg! {c zdgnr klfg{ {dcwaj ljmnz lowh-
jlhkg ci anfdz lhj og palkgj vdgrg zdg {whanfdz klh
rglkd zdgm( Zdg~ aneg lz znmg{ zc rgznrg ircm co{gr-
ylznch! lhj zc mggz zdn{ dlonz nz n{ ljyn{loag zc palkg
{zchg{! pngkg{ ci olre! lhj jlmp mc{{ nh zdg ynylrnwm!
{c zdlz zdg~ klh pal~ zdgnr flmg ci dnjg-lhj-{gge(
Zdg iaccr ci zdg ynylrnwm {dcwaj og kcygrgj vnzd glrzdcr {lhj! lhj l jrnhenhf yg{{ga! vnzd vlzgr! {dcwaj la{c
og prcynjgj( Zdg anzzag rgpznag{ ml~ cizgh og {ggh
rg{znhf! |wnzg kcmpc{gja~! nh zdgnr vlzgr(
L ynylrnwm! l{ zdg klfg prcynjgj icr {wkd lhnmla{ n{
w{wlaa~ zgrmgj! ml~ og pwrkdl{gj! lhj jniigrghz {z~ag{
ci ynylrnl! ylr~nhf kch{njgrloa~ nh prnkg! lrg ch zdg
mlregz( Owz zdg {zwjghz vdc n{ dlhj~ vnzd zcca{ klh
gl{na~ mleg vdlz n{ rg|wnrgj lz lh cwzal~ ci l igv
kcppgr{( L ilnr-{ngj {dlaacv oct! zc og cozlnhgj ircm
zdg frckgr! ml~ rgljna~ og kchygrzgj nhzc l ynylrnwm(
[gkwrg l oct! {l~ locwz ? iggz achf! <4 nhkdg{vnjg!
lhj > cr <? nhkdg{ jggp( Chg ci zdg {njg{ n{ zc
ogkcmg zdg iaccr! lhj zdg oczzcm n{ mljg zdg olke(
L alrfg pcrznch ci zdg vccj ci zdg oczzcm {dcwaj og
kwz cwz lhj l {dggz ci fal{{ og intgj nhzc zdg cpghnhf
zdw{ mljg( Zdg irchz ci zdg ynylrnwm {dcwaj la{c og
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
falgj lhj prcynjgj vnzd l falgj jccr( Yghznalznch
mw{z og lzzghjgj zc! lhj zc {gkwrg zdn{ dcag{ ml~ og
mljg nh zdg ghj{ lhj ch zdg zcp lhj kcygrgj vnzd
pgricrlzgj nhk( Ocrg l {mlaa dcag! {l~ lh nhkd nh
jnlmgzgr! nh zdg zcp lhj inz cygr nz l {anjnhf znh jccr 5 nz
n{ zdrcwfd zdn{ dcag zdlz zdg Anlrj{ lrg zc og igj vnzd
iang{! {mlaa frwo{! lhj czdgr iccj nh vdnkd zdg~ jganfdz(
Nz n{ vn{g zc plnhz zdg nh{njg ci zdg vccjvcre( Zdg
ynylrnwm n{ nmprcygj o~ inzznhf l mcyloag nhk zrl~
nhzc zdg iaccr 2 zdn{ zrl~ {dcwaj og l anzzag {mlaagr zdlh
zdg lkzwla iaccr lhj og locwz ? cr ; nhkdg{ jggp 5 zdg
vccj {dcwaj og kwz {c zdlz zdg zrl~ ml~ prcbgkz
zdrcwfd nz! lhj zc laacv icr zdn{ prcbgkznch {dcrz agf{
mw{z og inzzgj ch zdg ynylrnwm! zdg agf{ ognhf bw{z achf
ghcwfd zc rln{g zdg zrl~ kaglr ci zdg zloag cr zdg {dgai
ch vdnkd zdg kl{g n{ zc og egpz( L alrfgr oct ml~ og
plrznznchgj {c zdlz zvc cr zdrgg {gplrlzg kcmplrzmghz{
lrg icrmgj5 nh vdnkd gyghz glkd kcmplrzmghz mw{z
dlyg l {gplrlzg falgj jccr! {wnzloag yghznalznch! lhj l
anzzag jccr ch zdg zcp icr zdg ljmn{{nch ci iccj( Nz
mw{z og rgmgmogrgj zdlz Anlrj{ dnogrhlzg! lhj nz n{
hcz lavl~{ gl{~ zc eggp zdgm lanyg zdrcwfd zdg dnogr-
hlznhf pgrncj( Zdg ynylrnwm mw{z og palkgj vdgrg
paghz~ ci {wh{dnhg klh rglkd zdg lhnmla{(
Zdg icrgnfh {pgkng{! vdnkd lrg w{wlaa~ egpz l{ pgz{!
{wkd l{ zdg Fgkec{ lhj Kdlmgagch{! rg|wnrg l dglzgj
ynylrnwm! lhj zdgrg lrg {nmpag jgynkg{ vdgrgo~ dglznhf
klh og {gkwrgj( Zdg {zwjghz vdc jg{nrg{ zc eggp {wkd
rgpznag{ whjgr co{grylznch vnaa og vgaa ljyn{gj zc {zwj~
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PALZG 6
Q#
$n.
Pdczc o~ NY( O( Bcdh{ch(
Zljpcag{! ogicrg lppglrlhkg ci dnhj-agf{(
$?.
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 [hleg{‚Zvc Zwrzag{
/ Zdg Ynylrnwm 2 Nz{ Kch{zrwkznch! Lrrlhfgmghz lhj
Mlhlfgmghz!/ o~ zdg _gy( F( K( Olzgmlh $Achjch 2
A( Wpkczz Fnaa.(
KDLPZG_ NNN
O_NZN[D _GPZNAG[ N [HLEG[ ZVC ZW_ZAG[
Zdnrz~ ~glr{ lfc l [kczzn{d kagrf~mlh plnj {ntpghkg
pgr dglj icr laa [hleg{ orcwfdz zc dnm! jglj cr lanyg(
Nz vl{ zdgh hc whw{wla zdnhf zc {gg {cmg alocwrgr!
lizgr vcre! mlenhf dn{ vl~ zcvlrj{ zdg mlh{g! vnzd
zdg jlhfanhf ocj~ ci l [hleg o~ dn{ {njg( Zdn{
kagrf~mlh egpz dn{ ciigr cpgh laa zdg ~glr rcwhj!
vdnkd mglhz zdlz mlh~ ci zdg ynkznm{ {gkwrgj vgrg
{alwfdzgrgj nh zdgnr vnhzgr {aggp( Dg dlj l ogangi
inrma~ rcczgj nh dn{ hlzwrg! zdlz laa [hleg{‚cr lh~
krglzwrg nh zdg icrm ci {wkd‚ cwfdz zc og jchg zc
jglzd( Nz vl{ zdn{ ogangi zdlz irlmgj zdg lhhwla ciigr
ci {nt pghhng{ zc laa lhj {whjr~ nh dn{ plrn{d vdcjgpc{nzgj l {pgknmgh lz zdg mlh{g jccr( Nh dn{ dglrz
dg prnjgj dnm{gai ch dn{ pdnalhzdrcpnk lkznch! ognhf
kchynhkgj zdlz [hleg{ nh fghgrla vgrg jlhfgrcw{! ni
hcz lkzwlaa~ pcn{chcw{( Nz vl{ zc {lyg dn{ pgcpag&{
anyg{ zdlz dg plnj icr [hleg{( L jglj [hleg kcwaj jc
hc dlrm! dg zdcwfdz 5 owz ni laacvgj zc anyg! {cmg ci
dn{ kdwrkd pgv{ mnfdz {dcv l ylklhz {glz( Nh dn{
yngv! ni [hleg{ vgrg laacvgj zc mwaznpa~ nh dn{ plrn{d!
{cmg palfwg mnfdz orgle cwz! lhj {dcwaj {wkd l
klzl{zrcpdg cygrzleg dn{ plrn{d! dg igaz dg vcwaj og
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
pgr{chlaa~ rg{pch{noag( Dghkg dn{ gtpghjnzwrg ci
mchg~ nh zdn{ pgkwanlr vl~(
Hlzwrg hgygr nhiankz{ wpch l kcwhzr~-{njg l palfwg
ci [hleg{! hcr jcg{ nz mwaznpa~ cohctncw{ nh{gkz{!
whag{{ {cmg wpdglyla dl{ zlegh palkg nh zdg vgaa-
crjgrgj palh ci zdg {gl{ch{( Nhkrgl{g{ lhj jgkrgl{g{
ci l {zrnenhf kdlrlkzgr lrg fghgrlaa~ zdg cwzkcmg ci
lohcrmla kchjnznch{! nh mlh~ nh{zlhkg{ zdg vcre ci
lrzninknla nhzgrigrghkg( Vdgh zdg ilrmgr&{ ingaj{ {cmg
~glr{ lrg cygrrwh vnzd dcrjg{ ci jg{zrwkznyg Ycag{! nz
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zlan{mlh( Vdgh l krglzwrg {gkwrg{ l {wiinknghz |wlhznz~
ci iccj! nz{ cvh rlkg nhkrgl{g{ rgalznyga~( Zdg {wk-
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zdlz zdg flmg prg{grygr dl{ enaagj cii mlh~ ci zdg
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lohcrmlaa~ alrfg hwmogr{ ci [hleg{ vcwaj og vrnzzgh(
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leg N Zrcpnjchczw{ whnz
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 [hleg{‚Zvc Zwrzag{
kdlhfnhf‚frljwla nh nz{ lppanklznch lhj gtgkwznch
cikchjnznch{( Nz
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
lhhla{ ci zdg jlna~ Prg{{ l{ ni nz vgrg lh lkz zdg rgljgr
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{njgrlznch( Zdg vnzdjrlvla ci [hleg{ ircm cwr alhj-
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vn{g zdg krglzwrg{ zdg~ anyg wpch mw{z mwaznpa~! lhj
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lz zdg ol{g! fnynhf nz l rlzdgr {zrchf lppglrlhkg( L{
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l jwaa mlre ch zdg olke ci zdg dglj! ircm vdnkd lflnh
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
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cr l frg~n{d-frggh( Oghglzd! zdg kcacwr n{ w{wlaa~
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 [hleg{‚Zvc Zwrzag{
plrlaaga rcv{ ci oalke jcz{ gtzghj cygr zdg olke! lhj l
igv oalke plzkdg{ ckkl{nchlaa~ ljcrh zdg {njg{( Zdg
lygrlfg aghfzd ci zdn{ rgpznag n{ locwz ; iggz! lA dcwfd
nz n{ |wnzg l kcmmch zdnhf zc acklzg mwkd alrfgr
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zdg ghznrg aghfzd(
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
gynjghza~ lnj{ nz kch{njgrloa~ nh jn{ghkwmogrnhf nz{gai
ci nz{ jn{w{gj mlhzag(
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gygh vdgh zdg mcwzd n{ kac{gj(
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 [hleg{‚Zvc Zwrzag{
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
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frcwhj{(
[zlhjnhf lachg wpch zdg dnfdgr pgle{ cizdg Frlmpnlh
rlhfg vdgh zdg mnj-{wmmgr {wh fanmmgr{ lmchf{z zdg
vnr~ dglzdgr {zgm{! mckenhf zdg zrnkeanhf {zrglm ccnhf
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 [hleg{‚Zvc Zwrzag{
ircm zdg kcrrng {njg! chg rglang{ zdg prcicwhj {znaahg{{
zdlz pgryljg{ zdg alhj{klpg( Zdgrg n{ lh whorcegh
mlhzag ci dglz cygr zdg yn{noag glrzd! vnzd l vgnrj
vdn{zag ci l mcynhf Pacygr nh zdg fagh oghglzd( Zdg
dglzdgr {prglj{ cwzvlrj lhj og~chj! lhj mnag{ ci kcacwr
klrpgz{ zdg glrzd( Zdgrg {ggm{ hc ocwhjlr~ zc zdg
kacwj{! hc anmnz {ggm{ zc og mlppgj cwz icr zdg glrzd(
Oczd locyg lhj oghglzd!zdg l{pgkz n{ ocwhjag{{! vnzd zdg
frglzgr vcraj wh{ggh! og~chj( L Jrlfch-Ia~ jl{dg{
lkrc{{ zdg {acpg! lhj zdg mcygmghz ci nz{ flwj~ vnhf{
nh zdg {whanfdz lamc{z nhzgh{ning{ zdg {wazr~ dglz(
Cwz ircm l vnzdgrgj rcczagz fanjg{ lh Ljjgr! zdg
{wh fanzzgrnhf wpch nz{ pcan{dgj {klag{( Zdg krglzwrg
rln{g{ nz{ dglj l{ ni nz {kghzgj zdg prg{ghkg ci nz{
co{grygr( Zdgh vnzd l {vlhaneg mcygmghz nz acvgr{
nz{ dglj! pw{dg{ l igrh irchj l{njg! lhj fanjg{ zcvlrj{
l olrg {lhj~ dnaacke( Dgrg nz kcna{ nz{gai wp agn{wrga~
nh zdg ilkg ci zdg ingrkg {wh( Lz l jn{zlhkg nz acce{ aneg
lh nfhgcw{ rcke pggrnhf ircm zdg plrkdgj glrzd(
Zdg fghgrla kcacwrnhf nh Ljjgr{ n{ orcvh cr canyg!
iljnhf nhzc jggp orcvh cr oalke( Zdg{g frcwhj kcacwr{
lrg nhkanhgj zc lazgr lkkcrjnhf zc zdg ghynrch{! lazdcwfd
zdg mcrg jn{znhkznyg mlrenhf{ lrg lavl~{ prg{ghz( [cmg
co{grygr{ dlyg {wrmn{gj zdlz zdgrg lrg zvc {pgkng{ ci
Ljjgr{! ogklw{g ci zdg jnygr{nz~ nh kcacwrnhf( Zdg{klag{ ci zdg dglj lrg {mlaa lhj hwmgrcw{( Cygr zdg{g
{klag{ zdgrg n{ l oalke plzkd vdnkd zleg{ ch l rlzdgr
kwrncw{ icrm zdlz vnzd l anzzag nmlfnhlznch dl{ oggh
aneghgj o~ {cmg hlzwrlan{z{ zc l {ewaa lhj krc{{-ochg{(
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
Zdgrg n{ la{c l {mlaa {pcz ch gnzdgr {njg ci zdg ol{g ci
zdg dglj( L vly~ anhg pl{{g{ lachf zdg vdcag aghfzd
ci zdg ocj~ lhj zlna( Mnkrc{kcpnk gtlmnhlznch prcyg{
zdn{ anhg zc og l {grng{ ci jlre {pcz{ oaghjgj nhzc vdlz
acce{ zc zdg hlegj g~g l{ l jn{znhkz lhj kchznhwcw{
{zrgzkd ci kcacwr{(
Ljjgr{ lrg cycynynplrcw{( Zdg zdnh mgmorlhg
zdlz ghkac{g{ zdg gff rwpzwrg{ jwrnhf zdg prckg{{ ciplrzwrnznch! lhj zdg ~cwhf nmmgjnlzga~ g{klpg( Zdgrg
lrg zgh cr zvgayg lz l onrzd( Ogicrg zdg igmlag jgpc{nz{
dgr gff{ {dg ang{ locwz nh {whh~ pc{nznch{ nh l {awffn{d
lhj nhlkznyg mlhhgr( Zdn{ gtpc{wrg ci zdg ocj~ zc
zdg jnrgkz rl~{ ci zdg {wh n{ {lnj zc og dgapiwa! ni hcz
g{{ghznla! zc zdg jgygacpmghz ci zdg gff{( Lz onrzd zdg
~cwhf lrg l{ ynfcrcw{ lhj pwfhlkncw{ l{ zdgnr plrghz{!
cha~ ag{{ dlrmiwa( Jwrnhf zdg lkznyg cr {wmmgr
{gl{ch zdg Ljjgr kl{z{ nz{ {enh! lhj hcz nhirg|wghza~
zdn{ cpgrlznch n{ rgpglzgj ogicrg zdg jlzg ci dnogrhl-
znch( L{ l rwag zdg Ljjgr {aggp{ nh {canzlr~ {zlzg
jwrnhf zdg kcajgr mchzd{ ci zdg ~glr( Nh{zlhkg{ lrg
|wczgj! dcvgygr! ci {gygrla ognhf icwhj kcnagj zcfgzdgr
nh l {nhfag dcag(
Ljjgr{ lrg rgpwzgj l{ ognhf loag zc {vlaacv cr dnjg
zdgnr ~cwhf nh zdgnr mcwzd{ jwrnhf l {gl{ch ci jlhfgr(
Hc zdgmg nh ackla hlzwrla dn{zcr~ rglam{ dl{ fnygh rn{g
zc {c mwkd jn{kw{{nch l{ zdn{( [cmg hlzwrlan{z{ l{{grz
zdlz nz n{ |wnzg nmpc{{noag icr zdg plrghz zc dnjg dgr
cii{prnhf nh zdn{ il{dnch! vdnag lh g|wla hwmogr ci
co{grygr{ jgkalrg zdg~ dlyg vlzkdgj zdg cpgrlznch! lhj
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 [hleg{‚Zvc Zwrzag{
gmpdlznklaa~ l{{grz zdlz zdgnr g~g{ kcwaj hcz jgkgnyg
zdgm( Zdg vrnzgr dl{ cizgh {ggh vdcag ilmnang{
{kcwrnhf zdg dglzdgr~ {acpg{ ci zdg mcwhzlnh{! lhj gygh
nh zdg prg{ghkg ci zdg frlyg{z jlhfgr ircm mlh lhj
jcf! hc nh{zlhkg ci zdg plrghz Ljjgr nhynznhf nz{
cii{prnhf vnzdnh nz{ blv{ vl{ gygr hcznkgj( N chkg {lv
l {kdccaoc~ kdl{g lhj enaa hc igvgr zdlh {gygh ~cwhf
Ljjgr{! lhj lazdcwfd zdg plrghz vl{ prg{ghz icr l znmg!nz hgygr gtdnonzgj zdg agl{z {nfh ci cpghnhf nz{ blv{ l{ l
rgiwfg icr nz{ ~cwhf{zgr{( Owz vdnag zdn{ n{ zdg kl{g zdgrg
n{ hc jcwoznhf zdg ilkz zdlz mlh~ kac{g co{grygr{ lrg
kchinjghz Ljjgr{ klh zdw{ prczgkz zdgnr cii{prnhf( Zdg
|wg{znch rgmlnh{ whjgknjgj lz zdg mcmghz(
Ljjgr{ lrg jlhfgrcw{( Nhjggj! l{ dl{ larglj~ oggh
hczgj vdgh {pglenhf ci zdg _nhfgj [hleg! zdg~ lrg zdg
cha~ pcn{chcw{ rgpznag{ nh zdg Ornzn{d N{ag{( Vnzdnh
zdn{ krglzwrg&{ dglj zdgrg n{ l pcn{ch zdlz n{ jglja~ nh
nz{ lkznch( [c ilr! dcvgygr! l{ dwmlh ognhf{ lrg kch-
kgrhgj! hc jglzd{ lrg ch rgkcrj! lazdcwfd zdgrg dlyg
oggh mlh~ nh{zlhkg{ nh vdnkd zdg onzg ci lh Ljjgr dl{
fnygh rn{g zc {grncw{ lpprgdgh{nch{( Zdg Ljjgr&{ dglj
n{ {mlaa vdgh yngvgj lachf{njg zdg czdgr pcrznch{ ci
nz{ lhlzcm~( Nz n{ la{c {zrnenhfa~ ialz nh lppglrlhkg(
Zdg pcn{ch ilhf{ lrg palkgj nh zdg wppgr blv( Zdg
acvgr blv ocl{z{ ci l rcv ci zggzd( Zdg ilhf{ icaj
lflnh{z zdg fwm{ vdgh hcz nh w{g( Vdgh zdg Ljjgr
n{ ch zdg vlr-plzd nz{ prnhknpla mgzdcj ci lzzlke n{ o~
kcnanhf nz{ anzdg ocj~ vnzd zdg dglj grgkz owz dgaj {cmg-
vdlz olke ircm zdg kghzrg ci zdg kcna( Nh zdn{ pc{nznch
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
nz klh {zrneg vnzd rgmlreloag rlpnjnz~( Nh {zrnenhf nz
jlrz{ nz{ dglj zcvlrj{ nz{ ynkznm! zdg blv{ kac{g icr
l {gkchj! lhj zdg pcn{ch n{ pcwrgj nhzc zdg vcwhj( L{
|wnkea~ l{ nz {zrneg{ nz rgzrglz{! l{{wmnhf zdg {lmg
pc{nznch( Ci kcwr{g! zdg lhnmla klh onzg l{ ynkncw{a~
vnzdcwz zdw{ kcnanhf nz{gai! lhj vdgh nh pwr{wnz ci prg~
nz cizgh enaa{ nz{ |wlrr~ vdnag ch zdg mcyg(
Nh zdg Dnfdalhj{ ci [kczalhj jcf{ gmpac~gj ch zdg
frcw{g mccr{ cr zdc{g w{gj l{ {dggp-jcf{ lrg {cmg-
znmg{ onzzgh o~ Ljjgr{ vdnag lz vcre( Jcwozag{{ {wkd
nhbwrng{ lrg zdg jnrgkz rg{waz ci zdg Ljjgr ognhf
jn{zwrogj lhj lalrmgj o~ zdg prg{ghkg ci zdg jcf!
rlzdgr zdlh ci vdlz ml~ og zgrmgj / vlhzch lffrg{{nyg-
hg{{(/ L jcf zdlz dl{ oggh onzzgh o~ lh Ljjgr fghgrlaa~
{wiigr{ lkwzg plnh icr jl~{( Zdg vrnzgr dglrj l
{dgpdgrj chkg fnyg l ygr~ {nmpag rgknpg icr zdg onzg ci
lh Ljjgr( Dg {lnj 2/ Vrlp zdg onzg nh Lrkdlhfga
Zlr! lhj agz zdg jcf {aggp(/ Hcz {c ygr~ achf lfc!
lhj gygh ~gz nh {cmg |wlrzgr{! iackeml{zgr{ nh zdgDnfdalhj{ nmpanknza~ ogangygj zdlz zdg {zrchf {kghz fnygh
cii o~ fclz{ irnfdzghgj Ljjgr{ ircm zdg dnaa pl{zwrlfg{(
Nh hcz l igv nh{zlhkg{ nz vl{ lkzwlaa~ {zlzgj zdlz zdg
fclz{ jgycwrgj zdg Ljjgr{ 2 dghkg {cmg {dggp-cvhgr{
egpz l iacke ci fclz{ lmchf{z zdgnr {dggp( Lh caj
{dgpdgrj zcaj zdg vrnzgr zdlz dg dlj cizgh {ggh zdg
fclz{ enaanhf zdg Ljjgr{ vnzd zdgnr iggz lhj zdgh
jgycwrnhf zdgnr ynkznm{( Nz n{! dcvgygr! {klrkga~
krgjnoag zdlz zdg dgro-glznhf Onaa~ {dcwaj zwrh
klrhnycrcw{ lhj {vlaacv l pcn{chcw{ rgpznag( Owz
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 [hleg{‚Zvc Zwrzag{
hgygrzdgag{{ zdgrg n{ hcz l jcwoz locwz zdg {zlzgmghz zdlz
fclz{ vgrg rgzlnhgj ch {dggp-rwh{ whjgr zdg nmprg{{nch
zdlz Ljjgr{ agiz zdg frcwhj vdgrg fclz{ vgrg egpz(
L iwaa-frcvh Ljjgr vnaa mgl{wrg lh~zdnhf wp zc
? iggz nh aghfzd( Zdn{ n{ vdlz ml~ og zgrmgj lwvgaa-
mlzwrgj ljwaz(/ Chg nh m~ kcaagkznch n{ gtlkza~
?;B nhkdg{! lhj n{ locwz l{ alrfg l{ lh~ icwhj nh zdg
jn{zrnkz icr mlh~ ~glr{(
+
Lz znmg{! dcvgygr! lhlohcrmlaa~ alrfg {pgknmgh n{ {gkwrgj ni rgpcrz{ klh og
nmpanknza~ rgangj wpch(
Zdg iccj-onaa ci zdg Ljjgr n{ lo{cawzga~ anmnzag{{(
Nz enaa{ lhj glz{ laa enhj{ ci {mlaa lhnmla{! lhj {cmg-
znmg{ enaa{ vdlz nz klhhcz {vlaacv( Gygh l [acv-
vcrm krc{{nhf zdg plzd ci lh Ljjgr rwh{ zdg frlyg
rn{e ci ognhf ljjgj zc zdg alzzgr&{ mghw-klrj icr zdg
jl~( Nz n{ l rgaghzag{{ rgpznag lhj l fawzzchcw{ iggjgr(
Kch{njgrnhf nz{ pcn{ch ilhf{! Nrgalhj n{ oag{{gj og~chj
cwr mlnhalhj! icr zdg Ljjgr! aneg zdg dlrmag{{ _nhf
[hleg!dl{
hc lonjnhf-palkg nh zdlz Gmgrlaj N{ag(
Nz n{ vcrzd~ ci hczg zdlz zdg Ljjgr n{ hckzwrhla nh
nz{ pwr{wnz ci prg~! lhj nz{ g~g! aneg zdlz ci zdg klz
ilmna~! dlynhf l ygrznkla lhj jnalzloag pwpna! n{ vgaa
ljlpzgj zc nz{ hckzwrhla dlonz{( Zdg _nhfgj [hleg!
vg dlyg hcznkgj! dl{ hwmgrcw{ dccegj zggzd ch nz{
blv{ lhj plalzg! lhj zdg{g ghloag zdg lhnmla zc rgzlnh
lhj {vlaacv anyg prg~ 5 owz zdg Ljjgr n{ hcz iwrhn{dgj
nh zdn{ vl~! lhj zdgrgicrg nz n{ kcmpgaagj zc enaa nz{
" N dlyg nh m~ pc{{g{{nch lh ljjgr mgl{wrnhf iwaa~ ?: nhkdg{ nh
aghfzd 5 nz vl{ enaagj nh zdg N{ag ci Lrrlh nh Lwfw{z! <> <0( Gj(
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
ynkznm ogicrg glznhf nz( [c zdlz nz ml~ jc zdn{
{lzn{ilkzcrna~ nz n{ iwrhn{dgj vnzd pcn{ch ilhf{( Inf( ?
nhjnklzg{ zdg pc{nznch ci zdg{g ilhf{! lhj {dcv{ zdlz
zdgrg n{ l rg{gryg ilhf zc zleg zdg palkg ci zdg chg nh
lkznyg w{g {dcwaj nz og orcegh( Zdn{ prcyn{nch n{ ygr~
Inf( ?( Dglj lhj Lhzgrncr Pcrznch ci zdg Ocj~ ci zdg Ljjgr(
F! Pcn{ch ilhf 5 G! rg{gryg ilhf(
$Ircm [kdmgna&{ /Zgtz-Occe ci Rccacf~(/.
hgkg{{lr~ ogklw{g zdg ilhf{ lrg {c ornzzag zdlz zdg~ lrg
anloag zc orglelfg( Zdg{g ilhf{ lrg hcz intgj aneg
zggzd! owz lrg nh l mlhhgr dnhfgj! {c zdlz zdg~ ml~ ang
nh{njg icaj{ nh zdg mcwzd lhj zdw{ hcz og nh zdg vl~
vdgh iccj n{ ognhf {vlaacvgj cr vdgh zdg mcwzd n{
9
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 [hleg{‚Zvc Zwrzag{
kac{gj( Nh zdg lkz ci pcn{chnhf! zdg ilhf{ lrg grgkzgj!
lhj! ghzgrnhf zdg iag{d ci zdg ynkznm! lkz l{ l {crz ci
d~pcjgrmnk {~rnhfg( Zdg prg{{wrg wpch l ilhf klw{g{
nz zc prg{{ wpch l falhj nh vdnkd zdg jglja~ pcn{ch n{
{zcrgj! lhj zdg alzzgr n{ icrkgj lachf l klhla nh zdg ilhf
nhzc zdg vcwhj 5 zdw{ zdg pcn{ch n{ nhbgkzgj jnrgkza~
nhzc zdg oaccj(
Zdg dlrmag{{ [hleg{ jg{krnogj nh zdn{ kdlpzgr mleg
gtkgaaghz pgz{! lhj N ehcv mcrg zdlh chg ghzdw{nl{z
vdc eggp ljjgr{ nh klpznynz~( Zdg _nhfgj [hleg n{
w{wlaa~ l frglz ilycwrnzg vnzd ynylrnwm eggpgr{! l{ nz n{
gl{na~ zlmgj lhj rgljna~ lkkcmmcjlzg{ nz{gai zc kchinhg-
mghz( Lz inr{z nz ml~ gmnz zdg pgkwanlra~ ciigh{nyg
cjcwr zc vdnkd rgigrghkg dl{ oggh mljg! owz nz kgl{g{
zc jc zdn{ vdgh nz dl{ ogkcmg w{gj zc nz{ |wlrzgr{ lhj
nz{ klpzcr{( Ognhf lh gtkgaaghz {vnmmgr nz rgyga{ nh
vlzgr! lhj {dcwaj lavl~{ og prcynjgj vnzd l zlhe nh
vdnkd zc olzdg! zdg vlzgr ognhf kdlhfgj jlna~( L{mlaa {drwo frcvh nh zdg ynylrnwm vnaa prcynjg zdg
{hleg vnzd kanmonhf gtgrkn{g 5 lhj nz vgakcmg{ l oct ci
mlzgrnla! {wkd l{ orcegh olre! cr mc{{! vnzdnh vdnkd zc
dnjg( Pgrdlp{ zdg og{z enhj ci ynylrnwm icr zdg{g
[hleg{ n{ l rccm~ icwr-{njgj fal{{ kl{g vnzd l anj kch-
{n{znhf mlnha~ ci pgricrlzgj nhk(
Zvc Zwrzag{(
Zdgrg lrg zvc Zwrzag{ zdlz lrg ckkl{nchlaa~ kalnmgj
l{ Ornzn{d! lazdcwfd! prcpgra~ {pglenhf! zdgnr lppglrlhkg
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
nh cwr |wlrzgr ci zdg facog n{ pwrga~ lkknjghzla( Vdlz
n{ ehcvh l{ zdg Dlve{onaa Zwrzag uKdgachnl nmornklzl.
Inf( ;( [egagzch lhj Ocj~ Lrmcwr ci Pchj Zcrzcn{g $Gm~{
Gwrcpll. naaw{zrlznhf zdg [egagzla [zrwkzwrg ci zdg CrjgrKdgachnl zc vdnkd zdg Zwrzag{ ogachf(
#(! [egagzch lhj jcr{la {dngaj $klrlplkg. 2 ircm ogacv( ##(! Yghzrla {dngaj
cr pal{zrch( ###(! Pal{zrch 2 ircm ogacv( NY( ! Klrlplkg 2 ircm locyg(
$Ircm [kdmgna&{ / Zgtz-Occe ci Rccacf~(/.
al~{ kalnm zc og Ornzn{d ircm zdg {nmpag ilkz zdlz chg
vl{ klwfdz nh zdg [gygrh lhj anygj icr {cmg igv
mchzd{ nh lh nhalhj pchj( Zdn{ krglzwrg n{ olrga~ l
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ 2 [hleg{‚Zvc Zwrzag{
~lrj achf! lhj kcygrgj vnzd dcrh~ palzg{( Zdg anmo{
lrg ci zdg pljjag {dlpg 5 dglj {mlaa owz prcmnhghz5
wppgr blv kwrygj cygr zdg acvgr! icrmnhf l dccegj
ogle 5 {dngaj{ jlre orcvh! vnzd anfdz orcvh cr ~gaacvn{d
mlrfnh{( / Zcrzcn{g{dgaa!/ l{ vg ehcv nz nh kcmmgrkg!
n{ jgrnygj ircm zdn{ {dgaa(
Zdg czdgr Zwrzag rgigrrgj zc dl{ oggh klwfdz {gygrla
znmg{ nh Ornzn{d vlzgr{( Zdn{ chg n{ pcpwalra~ ehcvh l{
zdg / Aglzdgr~ Zwrzag / u[pdlrfn{ kcrnlkgj.( Nz n{ |wnzg
l pchjgrcw{ krglzwrg! mgl{wrnhf 9 iggz nh aghfzd! ci l
jlre orcvh kcacwr cygr zdg olke! lhj zdg zlna lhj agf{
ci l jggp orcvh cr oalke kcacwr( Zdgrg lrg vgaa-
jginhgj ~gaacv {pcz{ ch zdg wppgr {wrilkg( Zdg icrg-
agf{ lrg mwkd achfgr zdlh zdg dnhj chg{( Hlzwrlan{z{
l{{grz zdlz zdn{ aglzdgr~ {enhhgj Zwrzag n{ zdg cha~
anynhf rgprg{ghzlznyg ci vdlz vl{ lz chg znmg lh gtzgh-
{nyg ilmna~ nh zdg rgpznanlh vcraj( Lz og{z hgnzdgr ci
zdg{g rgpznag{ {dcwaj og nhkawjgj nh zdg Ornzn{d an{z! owz
lrg hlmgj dgrg mgrga~ ch lkkcwhz ci zdg ilkz zdlz zdg~
dlyg oggh lkzwlaa~ njghzningj l{ ylfrlhz{‚hczdnhf
mcrg(
KDLPZG_ NY
O_NZN[D LMPDNONLH[ Q HGVZ[
Nh Ornzlnh zdgrg lrg {gygh {pgkng{ ci Lmpdnonlh{(Zdrgg ci zdg{g cvh zlna{ lhj lrg pcpwalra~ klaagj
/ Hgvz{(/ Icwr lrg zlnaag{{! lhj lrg ehcvh l{ / Zclj{/
lhj / Ircf{(/ Zdg~ lrg vdlz hlzwrlan{z{ jg{nfhlzg kcaj-
oaccjgj ygrzgorlzg{( Nh mc{z nh{zlhkg{ lmpdnonlh{
o(r(
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
$lmpdn! jcwoag 5 onc{! anig. orglzdg o~ fnaa{ nh zdg glra~
{zlfg ci zdgnr gtn{zghkg! lhj o~ awhf{ vdgh ljwaz{(
Zdg gff{ lrg jgpc{nzgj nh zdg vlzgr! lhj zdg Zljpcag{
dlzkdgj ircm zdgm anyg l pwrga~ l|wlznk gtn{zghkg icr l
znmg( Vdnag nh zdn{ {zlfg! ognhf prcynjgj vnzd fnaa{!
zdg~ rg{pnrg vlzgr! ircm vdnkd lnr n{ gtzrlkzgj! owz nh
alzgr anig zdg~ jgygacp lnr-orglzdnhf awhf{! lhj {c klh
anyg cwz ci vlzgr(
Zdg hlmg{ ci zdg {gygh lmpdnonlh{ nhjnfghcw{ zc
Ornzlnh lrg Frglz Vlrzgj Hgvz! [mcczd Hgvz! Pla-
mlzgj Hgvz! Kcmmch Zclj! Hlzzgrblke! Kcmmch
Ircf! lhj Gjnoag Ircf(
Zdg Frglz Vlrzgj Hgvz $Mc#fg krn{zlzl!
Palzg TNN(.(
Jwrnhf zdg orggjnhf {gl{ch zdg mlag ci zdn{ {pgkng{
n{ ljcrhgj vnzd l jn{znhkznyg krg{z! lhj zdn{ ljcrhmghz
flnh{ icr zdg krglzwrg zdg rlzdgr pcpwalr znzag ci Frglz
Krg{zgj Hgvz( Zdn{ krg{z rwh{ lachf zdg rnjfg ci zdg
olke lhj zlna! lhj dl{ l {grrlzgj gjfg(
Zdg hlmg / Vlrzgj / lrn{g{ ircm zdg ilkz zdlz zdn{
Hgvz dl{ l ygr~ vlrz~ {enh! g{pgknlaa~ {c zcvlrj{ zdg
dglj lhj {njg{( L rlzdgr dgly~ icaj ci {enh la{c
krc{{g{ zdg zdrclz! lhj zdg zlna n{ ygr~ ialz vnzd lkwzg
gjfg{( Zdg whnygr{la kcacwrnhf n{ jlre orcvh! crlhfg-
orcvh ch zdg wppgr plrz{! lhj crlhfg whjgrhglzd(
Lachf zdg {njg{ zdgrg w{wlaa~ lrg l hwmogr ci vdnzg
{pcz{( Nh zdg orggjnhf {gl{ch zdg mlag lazgr{ nz{
hcrmla kcacwrnhf {cmgvdlz! l olhj ci {naygr~ frg~
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Hgvz{
zdgh lppglrnhf( Zdg krglzwrg dl{ ygr~ ornfdz
g~g{(
Zdg lohcrmla kcacwrnhf ci zdg mlag lz zdg orggjnhf
{gl{ch n{ vcrzd~ ci {pgknla rgmlre 2 nz ckkwr{ kcmmcha~
lmchf lmpdnonlh{! lhj zdgrg lrg nh{zlhkg{ ci nz nh czdgr
lhnmla{ 5 icr gtlmpag! nh zdg mlag [znkeagolke vdnkd
lamc{z orn{zag{ vnzd kcacwr whjgr {gtwla nmpwa{g lhj
vdgh infdznhf( Owz nz n{ hcz cha~ jwrnhf zdg orggjnhf
{gl{ch lhj lmchf mlag{ zdlz kdlhfg{ ci kcacrlznch
ckkwr! icr l hwmogr ci lmpdnonlh{ lrg loag zc kdlhfg
kcacwr zc dlrmchng vnzd zdgnr {wrrcwhjnhf{5lhj zdn{
oaghjnhf vnzd ghynrchmghz n{ whjcwozgja~ prczgkznyg(
Zdg kdlhfg{ ci kcacwr lrg jwg zc rglrrlhfgmghz ci
ylrncw{a~ kcacwrgj pnfmghz{ gtn{znhf nh mnhwzg plrznkag{
nh zdg kgaa{ ci zdg {enh( Zdg ylrncw{a~ kcacwrgj pnfmghz
plrznkag{ lrg irg|wghza~ dwjjagj zcfgzdgr nh zdg mnjjag
ci glkd kgaa! owz whjgr gmcznch zdg~ lrg! l{ nz vgrg!
lrrlhfgj! pgrdlp{ plrznkag{ ci chg plrznkwalr kcacwr
{prgljnhf cygr laa zdg kgaa{ lhj co{kwrnhf plrznkag{ ci
czdgr kcacwr{( Zdg{g rglrrlhfgmghz{ lrg hcz jwg zc
ycawhzlr~ cr kch{kncw{ giicrz ch zdg plrz ci zdg lhnmla!
owz zc gmcznch! {wkd l{ iglr! lhfgr! cr {gtwla nmpwa{g(
Vg ehcv zdlz l oaw{d n{ nhycawhzlr~! lhj zdlz vg ml~
frcv anynj whjgr lhfgr cr vdnzg vnzd iglr( Zdg
lohcrmla kcacwrnhf ci zdg mlag hgvz whjgr kch{njgrl-
znch jwrnhf zdg orggjnhf {gl{ch! aneg zdlz ci czdgr
lhnmla{ whjgr {nmnalr knrkwm{zlhkg{! n{ whjcwozgja~
jwg zc zdg lrjghz lkznynz~ ci zdg {gtwla nmpwa{g(
Zdg orggjnhf {gl{ch ylrng{ {cmgvdlz! lhj vdnag zdg
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Hgvz{
krglzwrg kanmo{ cwz nhzc zdg cpgh kcwhzr~ l iwaa-iagjfgj
Hgvz( Ircm zdg jlzg vdgh zdg gff vnzd nz{ anig-
fgrm n{ jgpc{nzgj! {cmg {nt mchzd{ galp{g ogicrg zdg
mlzwrg lhnmla lkzwlaa~ zleg{ zc alhj(
Chkg ch zgrrl inrml zdg Hgvz lazgr{ nz{ kchjnznch cr
anig( Icr zdrgg ~glr{ lizgrvlrj{ nz nfhcrg{ zdg vlzgr(
Lz zdn{ znmg zdg mlag flnh{ l kwrygj krg{z! lhj zdgh
rgzwrh{ zc nz{ crnfnhla gagmghz rglj~ icr nz{ hwpznla
jwzng{( Zdgrglizgr zdg krglzwrg {pghj{ {cmgzdnhf aneg
l |wlrzgr ci zdg ~glr locwz nz{ ilycwrnzg vlzgrvl~(
Chkg zdg orggjnhf {gl{ch n{ cygr zdg mlag ac{g{ nz{
{grrlzgj krg{z lhj hcz l anzzag ci nz{ lohcrmla kcacwrnhf
${gg p( 7<.( Jwrnhf zdn{ znmg zdg igmlag dl{ jgpc{nzgj
dgr gff{ lmchf{z zdg vggj{ ci zdg orcce cr pchj!
lhj ircm zdg{g lhczdgr fghgrlznch kcmg{ nhzc ognhf
ogicrg zdg {wmmgr vlhg{(
Zdg zlna ci zdg Hgvz‚|wnzg nrrg{pgkznyg ci nz{ {pgkng{
‚{ggm{ zc hcz cha~ og zdg rwjjgr! owz zdg prcpgaagr!
vdnag zdg lhnmla n{ lkznyga~ {vnmmnhf( Vdgh nz n{
nmmgr{gj nh nz{ gagmghz zdg agf{ lrg egpz kac{g zc zdg
ocj~! lhj zdg zlna mcygmghz{ gynjghza~ icrkg zdg ocj~
zdrcwfd zdg vlzgr(
Hgvz{ {dgj zdgnr {enh pgrncjnklaa~! lhj zdn{ zleg{
palkg jwrnhf zdg znmg zdg~ lrg ch alhj( Ogicrg zdn{
kdlhfg ci {enh n{ giigkzgj zdg fghgrla kcacwrnhf ogkcmg{
jwaagr! lhj zdg mcrg jn{znhkznyg znhz{ pgrkgpznoa~ iljg(
Zdn{ / {acwfdnhf!/ l{ nz n{ zgrmgj! n{! nhjggj! mcrg prc-
hcwhkgj nh zdg{g lmpdnonlh{ zdlh nh zdg kl{g ci zdg
rgpznag{( Hgvz{ lrg nhzgh{ga~ lkznyg krglzwrg{! lhj zdg~
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
klh zdrcv cii zdg caj flrmghz{ icr hgv lpplrga vnzd l
rgljnhg{{ lhj gl{g zdlz mlh~ ci zdg rgpznag{ klhhcznmnzlzg(
Prgyncw{ zc zdg dcwr vdgh zdn{ {acwfdnhf lkzwlaa~
kcmg{ nhzc cpgrlznch! zdg krglzwrg gtdnonz{ {nfh{ ci rg{z-
ag{{hg{{ nh chg icrm cr lhczdgr( L rlffgj hg{{ lppglr{
locwz zdg mcwzd! lhj zdg Hgvz rwo{ nz{gai lflnh{z lh~
intgj cr {zloag cobgkz nz ml~ kcmg nhzc kchzlkz vnzd(
Zdn{! dcvgygr! n{ owz l {zlfg prganmnhlr~ zc zdg kdlhfg
locwz zc og giigkzgj( Chkg zdg {enh lkzwlaa~ kcm-
mghkg{ zc pgga cii! nz acce{ l{ ni zdg vdcag nhzgfwmghz
dlj lkzwlaa~ acc{ghgj ci nz{ cvh lkkcrj( Zdg lhnmla
gtzrnklzg{ nz{ anmo{ chg o~ chg! l{ l mlh vcwaj jrlv
dn{ lrm{ ircm dn{ cygrkclz! zdg ocj~ lhj zlna {anjg cwz!
lhj zdg vdcag kl{gmghz iaclz{ wpch zdg znjg l{ l
rgbgkzgj mlhzag( [cmgznmg{ zdg Hgvz vnaa zwrh lhj
{hlp lz nz{ caj flrmghz! hnooag lz nz icr l anzzag vdnag!
lhj ml~og mleg l mgla cii nz! owz l{ l rwag nz laacv{
nz zc jrniz vnzd zdg kwrrghz(
Lplrz ircm zdn{ pgkwanlr kdlrlkzgrn{znk nh Hgvz{! zdg{g
krglzwrg{! aneg mlh~ ci zdgnr enhj! dlyg zdg pcvgr ci
rgplnrnhf lh~ nhbwr~ zc zdgnr ylrncw{ anmo{( L orcegh
zlna! icr nh{zlhkg! klh og rghgvgj! lazdcwfd nh mc{z
nh{zlhkg{ zdg hgv frcvzd {gajcm prcyg{ l rglaa~
lkkwrlzg rgpankl ci zdg crnfnhla plrz 5 owz! orclja~
{pglenhf! nz n{ l ygr~ fccj nmnzlznch ci vdlz dlj
prgyncw{a~ gtn{zgj(
Hgvz{ anyg ch l|wlznk cr czdgr nh{gkz{! Zljpcag{!
Vcrm{! lhj lh~ mcynhf anig icwhj locwz vlzgrvl~{
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PALZG <<
Pdczc o~ BaQ O( Bcdh{ch(
Zljpcag {dcvnhf zlna ogfnhhnhf zc og lo{crogj
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Hgvz{
cr mlr{d~ palkg{( Nz n{ {lnj zdlz lmpdnonlh{ l{ l rwag
rgiw{g zc glz1k
{znaa anig!/ cr! nh czdgr vcrj{! jgkanhg lh~
mgla zdlz dl{ hcz zdg {plre ci anig vnzdnh nz( Og zdlz
l{ nz ml~! Hgvz{ lrg ichj ci klzkdnhf zdgnr prg~ o~ zdg
dglj! lhj vnzdcwz lh~ icrmla kgrgmch~ {vlaacvnhf
zdgnr ynkznm{ vdcag(
Nh {cmg jn{zrnkz{ Hgvz{ lrg {wppc{gj zc kchyghg
mggznhf{ nh alzg lwzwmh! lhj ogicrg zdg~ inhlaa~ {gzzag
nh zdgnr vnhzgr |wlrzgr{ icr dnogrhlznhf pwrpc{g{( Ircm
{wkd kchyghznch{ zdg ~cwhfgr mgmogr{ nhjnynjwlaa~
rgznrg zc {cmg dcag nh l kal~g~ olhe! vdnag zdc{g ci
mlzwrg lfg icrm kawo{ ci zgh cr zvghz~! lhj rcaa zdgm-
{gayg{ wp nhzc l anynhf ml{{! lhj zdgh fc zc {aggp( Zdn{
n{ whjcwozgja~ {wpgr{znznch rwh rncz! ~gz nz {lycwr{
{cmgvdlz ci zdg prckgjwrg ci zdg Olz! lhj ml~ dlyg
crnfnhlzgj ircm zdg {lmg(
Vdnag {pglenhf ci dnogrhlznch! nz n{ rlzdgr kwrncw{
zc hczg zdlz Hgvz{ klh {zlhj |wnzg lh lohcrmlaa~ acv
zgmpgrlzwrg( Fghgrlaa~{pglenhf!
lhnmla{ zdlz klhjc
{c jc hcz dnogrhlzg( Jcwozag{{ zdg lo{ghkg ci nh{gkz lhj
czdgr anig ch vdnkd Hgvz{ iggj kcmpga{ zdgm zc rgznrg
icr l {gl{ch! bw{z nh zdg {lmg vl~ l{ zdg {wmmgr
Olz{ zleg ch l jcrmlhz {zlzg whzna zdg lzmc{pdgrg n{
lflnh acljgj vnzd Jnpzgrl lhj Agpnjcpzgrl icr zdgnr
{w{zghlhkg(
Hgvz{ anyg achf! olr lkknjghz{! gygh nh klpznynz~(
Dcv achf zdg~ jc anyg hc chg klh {l~ 5 ci {wkd! hc
rgkcrj dl{ oggh vrnzzgh! lazdcwfd chg cr zvc co{grygr{
mghznch zvghz~! zdnrz~! cr icrz~ ~glr{(
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
Zdgrg n{ kgrzlnha~ l kchznhwla vlrilrg nh zdg ingaj{!
zdg dgjfg{! lhj vccj{! owz zdg klrhnycrcw{ lkznynzng{
lrg l{ l rwag kchinhgj vnzdnh l fnygh lhj vgaa-jginhgj
rljnw{( Hcz {c vdgh nz kcmg{ zc vlzgr( Zrcwz! icr
nh{zlhkg! vnaa bwmp lz l anyg vcrm cr lh lrzninknla ia~!
l mgzla {pcch cr l znh mnhhcv(
\wnzg lplrz ircm zdg [gla! Czzgr! cr Pneg! cr nhjggj
lh~ czdgr l|wlznk cr {gmn-l|wlznk lhnmla zdlz n{ {wp-
pc{gj zc prg~ wpch zdgnr mcrg iggoag kcmplhnch{! zdgrg
n{ lh gagmghz ci klhhnolan{m gygr prg{ghz oghglzd zdg
{wrilkg ci zdg vlzgr! og nz pchj! {zrglm! cr {gl( [wkd
l kchjnznch ci zdnhf{ n{ |wnzg whehcvh /locyg frcwhj(/
L|wlznk lhnmla{ kchznhwlaa~ prg~ wpch chg lhczdgr(
Lh lrzninknla awrg whjgr vlzgr jlhfagj ogicrg zdg g~g
ci l Zrcwz mglh{ lzzlke o~ zdlz in{d( L fnajgj kcrj
vcwhj rcwhj l igv iglzdgr{ vnaa palkg l [lamch ch zdg
rnygr gjfg! lhj gygh zdg {acwfd kl{z cii o~ l anzzag
Hgvz wp{zrglm ml~ prcyg zdg jglzd-vlrrlhz icr l [gl-
Zrcwz irg{d ircm zdg ckglh( Nz n{ whjgr {wkd l|wlznk
kchjnznch{ zdlz Hgvz{ lrg krljagj(
Zdg Frglz Vlrzgj Hgvz dl{ l prgigrghkg icr kal~g~
{cna{! lhj vdgrg vlzgr dl{ flzdgrgj lhj rgmlnhgj wh-
jn{zwrogj icr l aghfzdghgj pgrncj {wkd frcwhj n{
fghgrlaa~ l ilycwrnzg dlwhz icr zdg krglzwrg( Nz{
prg{ghkg ml~ og jgzgkzgj o~ zdg lppglrlhkg ci zdg
lnr owooag{ ch zdg palknj vlzgr! vdnkd lrg klw{gj o~
zdg Hgvz rn{nhf zc zdg {wrilkg icr orglzdnhf pwrpc{g{(
Vdgh zdw{ co{grygj nz n{ |wnzg gl{na~ klwfdz o~ {nmpa~
zc{{nhf lh~ anyg olnz ch zdg ghj ci l kcrj nhzc zdg
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PALZG <?(
‚2- x
S - S
~(
fh
= -
vdp[
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Hgvz{
vlzgr( Zdg Hgvz vnaa hcz dg{nzlzg zc {gng zdg jlnhz~
znz-onz lhj laacv nz{gai zc og jrlffgj l{dcrg(
Zdg [mcczd Hgvz $Mcafg ywaflrn{! Palzg TNN(.(
Cizdg Hgvz ilmna~ zdn{ n{ pgrdlp{ zdg mc{z hwmgrcw{(
Kch{njgrgj nh kcmplrn{ch vnzd zdlz ci zdg {pgkng{ bw{z
jg{krnogj! zdg {enh ci Mcafg ywaflrn{ n{ {mcczd!
lazdcwfd zdgrg lrg l igv pcrg{ cygr zdg zcp ci zdg
dglj lhj l igv mnhcr mlrenhf{ ci l aneg hlzwrg lachf
zdg {njg{( [znaa! zdg{g klhhcz og klaagj vlrz{! {nmnalr
zc zdc{g vdnkd lrg ocrhg o~ zdg Frglz Vlrzgj Hgvz(
Cygr zdg olke zdg kcacwr n{ jwaan{d frg~! vnzd anhg{
ci rlzdgr jlre {pcz{( Ch zdg dglj zdgrg lrg w{wlaa~
inyg {wkd {pcz{! lhj zdg{g rglkd lamc{z zc zdg krg{z(
Oghglzd! zdg plrz{ lrg ~gaacv kcacwrgj lhj ljcrhgj vnzd
jlre jcz{( Nh zdg mlag zdg acvgr gjfg ci zdg zlna n{
rgj! vnzd l ilnhz oawg {zrnpg lachf zdg {njg! vdnag nh
zdg kl{g ci zdg igmlag zdg ~gaacv kcacwrnhf zleg{ zdg
palkg ci zdg rgj mlrenhf(
Zdg gff{ lrg jgpc{nzgj nh l {zrnhf~ inam! lhj
hwmogr lh~zdnhf ircm icwr zc {nt zc l kaw{zgr( Zdg{g
lrg fghgrlaa~ icwhj ljdgrnhf zc zdg rcczagz{ ci vlzgr-
palhz{! cr zdg palhz{ zdgm{gayg{( Zdg Zljpcag{ zdlz
dlzkd cwz lrg jwaa-accenhf lzcm{ lz inr{z! vnzd l igv
plag ~gaacv jcz{ cygr zdgnr znh~ ocjng{( Og~chj zdn{!
zdg ~cwhf ci zdg [mcczd Hgvz n{ owz l rgpankl ci zdlz
ci zdg Frglz Vlrzgj {pgkng{! nh {c ilr l{ nz{ onrzd!
frcvzd! lhj fghgrla dlonz{ lrg kchkgrhgj(
O~ vl~ ci jngz zdg [mcczd Hgvz n{ hcz cygr
o(r( 4
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
plrznkwalr( Nh{gkz{! {mlaa [awf{! lhj Vcrm{ lrg g|wlaa~
lkkgpzloag( Fghgrlaa~ nh alzg [gpzgmogr nz prgplrg{ zc
fc nhzc nz{ vnhzgr |wlrzgr{! owz l{ rgflrj{ l {nzg nz
{ggm{ zc og rlzdgr il{znjncw{ nh zdg {gagkznch( Nz ml~
krlva whjgr l dglp ci {zchg{! l owhkd ci dgrolfg! cr l
pnag ci awmogr! owz laa zdg {lmg zdn{ Hgvz {gajcm cr
hgygr dnjg{ nz{gai vnzdcwz jwg rgflrj zc zdg prc{pgk-
znyg rnfcwr{ ci zdg kcmnhf {gl{ch(
[cmg co{grygr{ liinrm zdlz zdg [mcczd Hgvz acyg{
dcmga~ |wlrzgr{! lhj zdlz nz irg|wghza~ kcmonhg{ vnzd
czdgr{ ci nz{ enhj! lhj
/ _caagj wp nh l olaa!
Nh l dcag {hwf lhj {mlaa!
Zdg~ {aggp chg lhj laa!
Lhj lvlnz Hlzwrg&{ klaa(/
Zdgrg n{ l rlnh~ {gl{ch zdlz lhhwlaa~ prgkgjg{ zdg
kcmnhf ci {hcv( Nz n{ zdgh zdg znmg ci vnzdgrgj
frl{{g{! {cjjgh aglyg{! gyghnhf irc{z{( Zdg irc{zgj
icanlfg {ggm{ lohcrmlaa~ anmp whzna mnjjl~jn{pga{
zdg naaw{nch( Zdgrg n{ zdgh l {whh~ fanhz icr lh dcwr!
jwrnhf vdnkd zdg glrzd zwrh{ vlrmgr! lhj zdg ilr-cii
dnaa{ {ggm zc kcmg hglrgr! l{ ni zdg~ dlj pw{dgj zdgnr
icwhjlznch{ nhzc zdg lrloag rgfnch{ ci zdg {dnrg{(
Jwrnhf zdlz dcwr zdg dglzdgr-oaccm{ acce mcrg
pwrpag! lhj zdg Hgvz{ ml~ og ol{enhf nh zdg {wh(
Zdg igrh lhj orlkegh lrg zdgh jlppagj nh orcvh lhj
~gaacv! zdg rcvlh{ lrg rgj! zdg vnaj-rc{g irwnz n{ {klragz(
Cygr zdg ighkg zdgrg n{ l frggh irnhfg ci krlhogrr~
icanlfg kanhfnhf zc zdg orlmoag{( _cwhj zdg cwz{enrz{
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Hgvz{
ci zdg krcizgr&{ flrjgh lrg mlr{d~ ocf-alhj{ vnzd zdg
m~rzag&{ ~gaacvnhf aglyg{! lhj vlrm {pneg{ fan{zghnhf
nh zdg plag {whanfdz( Lazdcwfd zdg {wmmgr {chf{zgr{
dlyg ylhn{dgj! zdg vnhzr~ yn{nzcr{ inaa zdg ylklzgj
palkg{ nh zdg klaghjlr ci zdg ~glr( Bw{z vdgh zdg
rcljvl~ acce{ jr~ lhj inrm lizgr l irc{z~ hnfdz! {mlaa
plrzng{ ci onrj{ vnaa og hczgj pl{{nhf ircm agl zc ilaacv
alhj( Zdg~ fc vnzd l dwrrngj rw{d ci vnhf{ lhj l
{dlrp klaa-hczg( Zdg{g lrg Frgghinhkdg{( Chg mn{{g{
zdg Anhhgz frcwp{ zdlz vgrg nh gynjghkg nh jl~{ fchg
o~( Zdg{g lrg cha~ {ggh ckkl{nchlaa~ hcv( Ingajilrg{
lrg l{ ci ~crg( Alzgr ch vnaa kcmg zdg _gjvnhf{ 5 nz
mw{z og dlrjgr irc{z ogicrg zdg~ lrrnyg( Zdg Ingaj-
ilrg{! cizgh zgrmgj / dnaa-onrj{!/ fc ircm zdg cpgh ingaj{
wp zc zdg inr-zcp{! lhj fnyg cwz dlr{d krcle{ l{ zdg~
ia~( Onrj{ zdlz lrg gygr prg{ghz lrg zdg _cce{! [zlr-
anhf{! _conh{! Zdrw{dg{( Jcwozag{{ zdg{g mleg znh~
mnfrlznch{ zdrcwfdcwz zdg {gl{ch! owz zdg~ lrg lavl~{
rgprg{ghzgj nh zdg {dnrg{( [c! zcc! lrg zdg Alpvnhf{
mcrg cr ag{{( Owz jwrnhf zdn{ kcaj! oagle {gl{ch! zdg
Hgvz{ lrg {hwfa~ l{aggp( Zdg~ dlzg kcaj! lhj nz n{
cha~ vdgh {prnhf lflnh vlrm{ zdg {wrilkg ci zdg glrzd
zdlz zdg~ yghzwrg ircm zdgnr dnjnhf-palkg{ lhj rghgv
zdg zghcr ci zdgnr vl~( Zdn{ nh{znhkznyg lygr{nch zc
kcaj n{ lkkcwhzgj icr o~ zdg ilkz zdlz Hgvz{ lhj czdgr
lmpdnonlh{ lrg lhnmla{ kcmmcha~ klaagj1kkcaj-
oaccjgj!/ cr ci ylrnloag ocj~ - zgmpgrlzwrg( Hcz
dlynhf lh~ plrznkwalr prcyn{nch icr zdg mlnhzghlhkg ci
dglz! {wkd l{ ckkwp~ zgmpgrlzg rgfnch{ lrg! kcmpgaagj
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
zc dnogrhlzg nh zdg kcaj ci vnhzgr! vdgh zdg knrkwalznch
ci zdgnr oaccj n{ ygr~ {alke(
Zdw{ {prnhfznmg {gg{ zdg [mcczd Hgvz lkznyg chkg
mcrg! lhj ni zdg vglzdgr og kchfghnla! zdn{ lvleghnhf
n{ fghgrlaa~ nh Mlrkd cr Lprna( Chkg lorclj! zdg
mlag l{{wmg{ nz{ krg{z! lhj zdn{ gtzghj{ ircm dglj zc
zlna( Zdg {prnhf kcacrlznch n{ mcrg prchcwhkgj zdlh
zdlz ci czdgr {gl{ch{ ci zdg ~glr( Zdg kcacwr{ ci zdg
igmlag lrg ag{{ prchcwhkgj(
Zdg [mcczd Hgvz lzzlnh{ l aghfzd ci ircm ; zc
: nhkdg{(
Zdg Plamlzgj Hgvz $Mcafg plamlzl! Palzg TNN(.(
Gynjghza~ zdn{ {pgkng{ n{ mcrg vnjga~ jn{zrnowzgj
zdrcwfdcwz Ornzlnh zdlh n{ kcmmcha~ {wrmn{gj( Nz n{
icwhj nh [kczalhj! lhj! aneg laa czdgr Hgvz{! nrrg{pgk-
znyg ci {pgkng{! n{ {pcegh ci l{ zdg Vlzgr-G{e! cr
{nmpa~ zdg G{e( Vdgrgygr acklzgj! nz n{ o~ hc mglh{
l jniinkwaz zl{e zc in{d zdn{ krglzwrg cwz ci nz{ gagmghz(L {mlaa hgz jrlffgj zdrcwfd zdg {dlaacv{ vnaa anega~
alhj l igv ci zdg{g Hgvz{ ni zdg~ lkzwlaa~ irg|wghz zdg
palkg(
Zdg dnhj zcg{ ci zdg Plamlzgj Hgvz lrg vgoogj!
zdg krg{z n{ acv lhj {zrlnfdz! vnzd zdg pc{zgrncr pcrznch
rlzdgr mcrg rln{gj zdlh zdg czdgr( Zdg zlna ghj{ nh l
inalmghz cygr zdg olke! nh vdnkd rgfnch zdg kcacrlznch
n{ canyg-orcvh! vdnag whjgrhglzd nz n{ anfdzgr orcvh cr
~gaacv( Zdg ocj~ n{ zcwkdgj dgrg lhj zdgrg vnzd jwaa
orcvh mlrenhf{! vdnag zdg dglj la{c cvh{ {gygrla ci
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Hgvz{
zdg{g jwaa {pcz{( Zdg zlna dl{ l oawn{d {zrnpg lachf
zdg {njg nh zdg mlag! vnzd zdg acvgr gjfg rgj! vdnag nh
zdg kl{g ci zdg igmlag zdg alzzgr n{ crlhfg( Nh eggp-
nhf vnzd czdgr Hgvz{! zdg igmlag n{ zdg alrfgr ci zdg
{gtg{( L rlzdgr jn{znhkznyg iglzwrg ci zdg Plamlzgj
{pgkng{ n{ zdg ialzzghgj olke vnzd nz{ rln{gj alzgrla anhg{
lkrc{{ zdg g~g{! lhj gtzghjnhf zdg ghznrg aghfzd ci zdg
ocj~( Ljjgj zc zdn{ n{ zdg inhga~ icrmgj krg{z zdlz
{zlrz{ ircm zdg olke ci zdg hgke lhj kchznhwg{ lamc{z
zdg vdcag aghfzd ci zdg ocj~(
Vlzgr-acffgj pl{zwrg{ vdgrg zdg frcwhj rgzlnh{ zdg
mcn{zwrg laa zdg ~glr rcwhj lrg ilycwrnzg dlwhz{ ci zdg
Plamlzgj Hgvz( Ch chg ci zdg{g caj kcmmch{ zdg
vrnzgr dl{ {ggh l{ mlh~ l{ l jcgh in{dgj cwz jwrnhf l
igv dcwr{( Nh {cmg plrz{ ci zdg kcwhzr~ l kcmmch
pl{zwrlfg icr zdg ynaalfg kcv{ n{ ~gz lh nh{znzwznch! zdg
klzzag ognhf palkgj whjgr zdg klrg ci l dgrj-oc~! vdc
zghj{ zdgm vdnag lz pl{zwrg! lhj ornhf{ zdgm dcmg lz
{zlzgj nhzgryla{ jwrnhf zdg jl~( Zdn{ prlkznkg ci rwrla
kc-plrzhgr~ n{ frljwlaa~ j~nhf cwz! owz lz chg znmg nz
vl{ chg ci zdg mc{z pnkzwrg{|wg iglzwrg{ ci rwrla anig(
Zdg{g kcmmch{ vgrg hgygr zcwkdgj o~ zdg pacwfd!
owz klrrngj hlzwrla frl{{g{ ~glr lizgr ~glr( Zdg glrzd
kch{g|wghza~ zcce ch l krw{z nz vcwaj hcz jc czdgr-
vn{g! lhj nh zdg dcaacv palkg{ vlzgr {zccj mlh~ nhkdg{
jggp zdrcwfdcwz gygh zdg jrng{z {wmmgr(
Nh zdg mcrhnhf zdg dgrj-oc~ agn{wrga~ {zrcaagj jcvh
zdg ynaalfg {zrggz! oacvnhf l rwjg dcrh! zc vlrh zdg
hlznyg{ zdlz zdg~ mw{z whonhj zdgnr anyg-{zcke( L{ dg
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
mcygj jcvh zdg {zrggz glkd kcv klmg ircm nz{ {dgj
lhj bcnhgj zdg gygr-nhkrgl{nhf dgrj( [acva~ zdg enhg
mcygj nh{znhkznyga~ zcvlrj{ zdg kcmmch! lhj {prglj
cygr zdg pl{zwrg{( Zdg dgrj-oc~ vcwaj jrcp og{njg l
irnghja~ ow{d lhj il{dnch l vdnp-dlhjag! cr vlzkd zdg
onrj{ lhj nh{gkz{ zdlz ianzzgj lkrc{{ dn{ jcmlnh( Hcv
lhj lflnh dg vcwaj ghznkg zdg Hgvz{ ircm zdg {awffn{d
pcca{! lhj nz vl{ vdnag zdw{ ghflfgj zdg vrnzgr icrmgjzdn{ dgrj-oc~ lk|wlnhzlhkg( Zdg oc~ jnj hcz ehcv
zdg hlmg ci zdg {pgkng{ dg klpzwrgj! owz ~gz dg ehgv
dcv zc eggp zdgm lanyg whzna dg znrgj ci zdgm( [cmg
jl~{! dg {lnj! dg {agpz icr dcwr{! lhj jnj hczdnhf owz
vlae zc lhj ircm zdg ynaalfg( Nh dn{ dgrj zdgrg vgrg
icwr pchng{ lhj lh lfgj dcr{g! zdg alzzgr ognhf l
pgh{nchgr( Dg {wrmn{gj zdg Hgvz{ onz zdg alzzgr lhj
krnppagj nz {cmg jl~{( Zdg kcv{! lkkcrjnhf zc dn{
yngv! vgrg hgygr dlrmgj! hcr zdg pchng{! cha~ zdg lfgj
mlrg( L vgge ogicrg N mgz dnm dg dlj dlj zc aglyg
zdg dcr{g ch zdg kcmmch cygr hnfdz! lhj nh zdg
mcrhnhf dg icwhj l jglj Hgvz o~ nz{ {njg! vdnkd dg
{lnj zdg dcr{g dlj enaagj vdnag vlrjnhf cii lh lzzlke(
Zdg caj dcr{g vl{ zcc irlna zc jgighj nz{gai! N pcnhzgj
cwz! owz zdg dgrj-oc~ dlj dn{ frlhjilzdgr&{ vcrj icr
nz zdlz Hgvz{ vgrg jglja~ ghgmng{ ci gygr~ anynhf
zdnhf zdlz vl{ lfgj( L{ dg {pceg! whjgr {cmg pcpalr
zrgg{! zdg mlrg vl{ {zlhjnhf nja~( Nz accegj vcrh-
cwz! irlna! lhj whloag zc mcyg nz{ {zniighgj bcnhz{(
Dlrj vcre lhj zdg iggoaghg{{ nhknjghzla zc caj lfg
dlj mljg zdg ynaalfg hlf vcrzdag{{ l{ l inhlhknla l{{gz(
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Hgvz{
Nz{ iggoaghg{{ dlj kcmg wpch nz whehcvh zc nz{gai! icr
{wkd n{ zdg enhjhg{{ ci Hlzwrg( Zdg caj mlrg dlj hcz
gygh zdg ghgrf~ zc mcyg ircm zdg palfwg ci iang{ zdlz
owgj lrcwhj nz{ dglj( Ochg{ lhj iag{d ilna! lhj
ghgrf~ ogkcmg{ jwaa lhj alhfwnj( Gygh zdg frglz
nrch {dliz ci lh ghfnhg fgz{kk
znrgj / l{ zdg ~glr{ rcaa
ch( / Znrgj /n{ zdg vcrj( Zdgrg n{ hc czdgr hlmg
{c gtprg{{nyg ci irlnaz~( Zdg nrch oglm ml~ rgycayg
icr ~glr{ l{ l pgrigkz pngkg ci mgkdlhn{m! lhj! vnzdcwz
lh~ yn{noag ialv cr gtzgrhla {nfh zdg {dliz vnaa {hlp nh
zvlnh‚/znrgj(/ Zdg ghfnhggr! vdgh l{egj icr l
rgl{ch vd~ {wkd l {canj pngkg ci mgzla {dcwaj
orgle vnzdcwz lh~ lpplrghz klw{g! klh cha~ w{g zdg
vcrj / znrgj(/ Hc czdgr gtpalhlznch klh og fnygh(
Bw{z {c vnzd Hlzwrg( Hlzwrg fgz{ znrgj lz znmg{(
Frglz zrgg{ vnaa {hlp nh zdg icrg{z zdlz lrg {cwhj lz
dglrz! vdnag / oacvh / znmogr cizgh cwzrnjg{ l flag(
Caj lfg! {zrghwcw{ lkznynz~! kch{zlhz lkznch! ornhf{
/znrg/ {cmg jl~ vdgh agl{z gtpgkzgj( Zdlz dgrj-
oc~&{ frlhjilzdgr vl{ hnhgz~-{nt ~glr{ ci lfg 5 N mgz
dnm zdlz {lmg gyghnhf! lhj dg! zcc! vl{ znrgj( Dg
kchinjgj nh mg zdlz zdg og{z znmg zc klzkd Hgvz{ vl{
vdgh zdg~ vgrg plnrnhf( Dg {lnj zdg~ vgrg zlmgr nh
jn{pc{nznch lz {wkd l znmg! lhj vcwaj laacv lh~chg zc
lpprclkd zdgmzdgh(
Dgdlj klwfdz zdgm ch zdg
kcmmch gnfdz~ ~glr{ lfc! l{ l oc~! lhj egpz zdgm
lanyg icr {gygrla ~glr{ nh {wkkg{{nch( Dg dlj gygh
{ghz anyg {pgknmgh{ zc Achjch nh octg{! ynl zdg mlna-
kclkd! lhj zdg~ dlj lrrnygj {liga~( Ci alzg ~glr{ dg
9;
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
dlj hcz fnygh Hgvz{ mwkd lzzghznch! ogklw{g dg icwhj
zdg~ vgrg /jlhfgrcw{(/ Dg ogangygj zdg~ lzzlkegj
klzzag! lhj cizgh klw{gj kcv{ zc rgzlnh zdgnr mnae! lhj
l{ l fccj knzngh dg kcwaj hcz kch{knghzncw{a~ rgzlnh
zdgm locwz dn{ prgmn{g{( [wpgr{znznch jng{ dlrj(
KDLPZG_ Y
O_NZN[D lmpdnonlh{2 zclj{ lhj ircf{
Zdg Kcmmch Zclj $Owic ywaflrn{! Palzg TYN(!
ch zdg kcygr.(
Aneg zdg {zcrng{ zdlz pgrncjnklaa~ inhj yghz zdrcwfd
zdg mgjnwm ci zdg jlna~ Prg{{ rgflrjnhf zdg whgt-
pgkzgj lppglrlhkg{ ci [gl-[grpghz{! {zcrng{ rgalzgj ci
zdg Zclj dlyg flnhgj icr zdlz lhnmla {cmgvdlz ci l
aneg hczcrngz~( Chg rglj{ ci zdn{ krglzwrg ognhf gm-
ogjjgj nh {canj rcke icr kghzwrng{! cr ci nz{ ognhf
anogrlzgj ircm zdg kcrg ci {cmg mchlrkd ci zdg icrg{z
lizgr whzcaj lfg{( Pgrdlp{ laa {wkd {zcrng{ lrg m~zd{
~gz! hgygrzdgag{{! zdg Zclj n{ l krglzwrg zdlz dl{ l
aghfzdghgj gtn{zghkg! lhj ml~ anyg zc frglz lfg ni
lkknjghz{ jc hcz kwz {dcrz nz{ klrggr( Mlh~ nh{zlhkg{
mnfdz og |wczgj zc prcyg zdlz zdg Zclj anyg{ lz agl{z
zdg lygrlfg {plh laaczzgj zc mlh dnm{gai( Zdg vrnzgr
klh {womnz l vgaa-lwzdghznklzgj gtlmpag ci {wkd
achfgynz~( Nh l {gl-kcl{z zcvh ci Icrilr{dnrg dg dl{
rgpglzgja~ {ggh lhj dlhjagj l Zclj zdlz n{ cvhgj o~
l fghzagmlh vdc zleg{ l {pgknla prnjg nh dn{ pgz(
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PALZG <;(
Vlaa Anlrj{ $Alkgrzc mwrlan{
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Zclj{ lhj Ircf{
Vdgh zdg cvhgr flnhgj pc{{g{{nch ci zdg prcpgrz~ dg
ckkwpng{! zdn{ Zclj vl{ larglj~ ch zdg frcwhj( Nz n{
hcv cygr iniz~ ~glr{ {nhkg zdlz jlzg! lhj zdg {lmg Zcljacce{ l{ lkznyg zc-jl~ l{ nz vl{ vdgh inr{z co{grygj(
Zdgrg n{ hc rccm icr |wg{znchnhf zdg ygrlknz~ ci zdn{
{zlzgmghz! l{ zdg vrnzgr dl{ ehcvh zdg{g ilkz{ icr mlh~
~glr{! lhj {ggh zdn{ {lmg Zclj lz laa {gl{ch{ ci zdg
~glr( Zdn{ lfgj lhnmla n{ ygr~ zlmg! lhj {ggm{ zc
rgkcfhng zdg ycnkg ci nz{ cvhgr( Nz kgrzlnha~ jn{-
krnmnhlzg{ ogzvggh zdc{g ogachfnhf zc zdg ilmna~ lhj
{zrlhfgr{( Nh nz{ cvh {acv il{dnch nz rg{pchj{ zc zdg
klaa ci nz{ cvhgr! lhj laacv{ nz{gai zc og irgga~ dlhjagj(
Nh zdg prg{ghkg ci {zrlhfgr{! dcvgygr! nz n{ gynjghza~
{d~! lhj jgkanhg{ lh~ cygrzwrg{ zdlz ml~ og mljg!gygh lazdcwfd l jlnhz~ nh{gkz og prg{ghzgj l{ l pglkg-
ciigrnhf(
Zc zdg lygrlfg pgr{ch l Zclj n{ hcz accegj wpch
vnzd lh~ jgfrgg ci ilycwr( Nz n{ kch{njgrgj! ircm nz{
{dlpg lhj fghgrla dlonz{! zc og aclzd{cmg! lhj vdlz l
[kcz vcwaj {pgle ci l{ 1k whklhh~(/ Zdn{ igganhf nh l
frglz mgl{wrg lrn{g{ ircm prgbwjnkg( Zdg Zclj n{!
nhjggj! l ygr~ kaglha~ lhj |wnzg dlrmag{{ krglzwrg( Nz
kdlhfg{ nz{ cwzgr flrmghz irg|wghza~! lhj lizgr {wkd
{acwfdnhf nz jcg{ hcz o~ lh~ mglh{ cobgkz zc jnhg ch
nz{ kl{z-cii dnjg(
Nz {dcwaj! dcvgygr! og {zlzgj zdlz l mwkw{! vdnkd
jcg{ hcz {mgaa pagl{lhza~! lhj vdnkd n{ {anfdza~ pcn{ch-
cw{! n{ {gkrgzgj o~ nz{ {enh( Zdn{ {gkrgznch n{ dlrmag{{
ghcwfd whjgr crjnhlr~ kchjnznch{! owz nz mnfdz hcz
o(r( 97 >
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
aglj zc pagl{lhz kch{g|wghkg{ vgrg nz zc rglkd zdg
mwkcw{ mgmorlhg{ ci zdg g~g cr mcwzd( Gynjghza~
nz n{ zdn{ {gkrgznch vdnkd nhjwkg{ jcf{ zc aglyg Zclj{
{gygrga~ lachg(
Zcvlrj{ zdg alzzgr ghj ci Lprna cr nh zdg glra~
jl~{ ci Ml~ zdg Zclj al~{ nz{ gff{ nh zdg vlzgr ci
{cmg pchj cr jnzkd( Zdg{g gff{ lrg gtzrgmga~ kwrncw{-
accenhf cobgkz{ l{ zdg~ lrg {ggh kanhfnhf zc zdg l|wlznk
vggj{( Lzzlkdgj zc zdg palhz n{ l {crz ci jcwoag kcrj!
{cmgvdlz zrlh{plrghz! nh{njg ci vdnkd lrg zdg znh~ gff{(
L{ zdg{g mlzwrg zdg kcrj{ {vgaa kch{njgrloa~! lhj nh
{cmg zgh cr zvgayg jl~{ zdg Zljpcag{ n{{wg ircm zdgnr
bgaa~-aneg kcygrnhf( Zdg hgva~-ocrh Zljpcag{ ljdgrg
zghlkncw{a~ zc zdgnr iaclznhf kcrj icr {cmg jl~{! owz
waznmlzga~ {gzzag wpch zdg ljblkghz ygfgzlznch( Nz vnaa
og co{grygj zdlz zdg~ rgzlnh zdgnr pc{nznch{ o~ zdg lnj
ci l {wkegr oghglzd zdgnr zdrclz{( Jwrnhf zdg glra~
{zlfg{ ci zdgnr frcvzd zdg~ lazgr nh cwzvlrj lppglrlhkg
o~ zdg gtzgrhla fnaa{ {drnhenhf lhj zdg dnhj-agf{ ognhf
icrmgj( L igv vgge{ alzgr zdg icrg-anmo{ lppglr!
vdnag zdg Zljpcag zlna n{ jn{pgh{gj vnzd( Nz n{ zdgh
zdlz zdg ~cwhf Zclj / fcg{ wp kcwhzr~ / lhj nhyljg{
zdg pl{zwrg{( Ircm zdlz dcwr zdg Zclj n{ mwkd mcrg
ci l zgrrg{zrnla krglzwrg l{ kcmplrgj! {l~! vnzd zdg
Ircf 5 nhjggj! nz! nh iwzwrg! yn{nz{ vlzgr icr chg pwr-
pc{g cha~ n(g(! zc jgpc{nz nz{ {plvh(
Zclj{ lrg mnhw{ zggzd nh gnzdgr blv( Zdg~ cvh
zdnke! {dcrz anmo{! lhj zdg{g lrg palkgj vgaa wp zcvlrj{
zdg dglj 5 zdg dnhj-anmo{ lrg hcz ljlpzgj icr aglpnhf
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Zclj{ lhj Ircf{
l{ zdg~ lrg nh zdg Ircf( Zdg zcg{ lrg {dcrz lhj
vgoogj 5 zdg dglj n{ alrfg! vnzd l ialz krcvh 5 zdg
mwag n{ {dcrz lhj rcwhjgj! lhj zdg flpg n{ gtzrgmga~
vnjg( Zdg vdcag icrmlznch fnyg{ zdg lhnmla l jn{znhkza~
{|wlzzn{d acce( Cygr zdg g~g{ zdgrg lrg {mlaa vlrz~
prczwogrlhkg{( Zdg nrn{ ci zdg g~g n{ rgj! mlregj vnzd
l jwaa mczzag( Zdg zvc dnhj-agf{ lrg |wnzg l{ achf l{
zdg ocj~ n(g(! lh lygrlfg ci : nhkdg{( Nh kcacwr zdg
Zclj n{ jlre orcvh locyg lhj vdnzg whjgrhglzd( Oczd
zdg olke lhj ogaa~! dcvgygr! ylr~ {cmgvdlz nh jniigrghz
{pgknmgh{( L plag orcvh olke ml~ cizgh og {ggh!
vdnag l ilnhz rc{~ znhz {cmgznmg{ cygr{prglj{ zdg anfdzgr
kcacwrnhf ch zdg acvgr plrz{( Zdg Zclj prcynjg{ w{
vnzd l fccj gtlmpag ci prczgkznyg kcacrlznch( Chorcvh glrzd! vdgh rg{znhf! nz lppglr{ {zrlhfga~ aneg l
awmp ci glrzd( Ni! dcvgygr! zdg lhnmla rg{z{ lmchf
frggh ygfgzlznch jwrnhf zdg jl~! zdg {enh l{{wmg{ l
frgghn{d znhz zc dlrmchng vnzd zdg frggh {wrrcwhjnhf{(
Zdg mlag n{ zdg {mlaagr ci zdg {gtg{(
Icr iccj zdg Zclj kdngia~ rgang{ ch zdg nh{gkz{!
Vcrm{! [hlna{! lhj zdg aneg! zdlz nz ml~ inhj jwrnhf
nz{ gtkwr{nch{ nh zdg mnaj {wmmgr gyghnhf{( G{pg-
knlaa~ lizgr rlnh zdg lhnmla ml~ og co{grygj mcynhf
lmchf{z zdg ygfgzlznch ch zdg cwzacce icr {wkd {mlaa
flmg( Nz n{ mc{z lkznyg lz hnfdz vdgh zdg jgv dl{
{gzzagj cr jwrnhf jlmp jl~{ 5 nz lycnj{ falrnhf {wh-
{dnhg! lhj {gge{ l {dlj~ rgzrglz jwrnhf jr~ pgrncj{(
Lizgr zdg {wmmgr pl{{g{ lhj zdg irc{z~ hnfdz{ ci
lwzwmh kcmg nh! zdg Zclj krlva{ nhzc {cmg krgynkg nh
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
l vlaa cr zrgg! cr lh~ kchyghnghz dcag anega~ zc liicrj
zdg hgkg{{lr~ {dgazgr! icr nz{ lhhwla dnogrhlznch(
Zdg Hlzzgrblke $Owic klalmnzl! Palzg TYN(
ch zdg kcygr.(
Zdg Hlzzgrblke {gajcm gtkggj{ ; nhkdg{ nh aghfzd(
Kl{wlaa~ co{grygj! zdn{ lhnmla mnfdz og mn{zlegh icr
zdg Kcmmch Zclj! lazdcwfd zdg alzzgr n{ alrfgr lhj
mcrg ml{{nyg nh icrm! Mcrg kac{ga~ co{grygj! nz vnaa
og {ggh zdlz zdg Hlzzgrblke dl{ rlzdgr prcbgkznhf g~g{!
{cmgvdlz gagylzgj g~ganj{! lhj zdg dglj prcpcrznch{
lrg ag{{ {zrnenhf zdlh nh zdg kl{g ci zdg Zclj( Whaneg
zdg alzzgr! zcc! zdg igmlag Hlzzgrblke lpprclkdg{ hglrgr
zdg {ng ci nz{ mlzg( Nh kcacwr zdg Hlzzgrblke n{ anfdz
frgghn{d-~gaacv! nhkanhnhf {cmgvdlz zc orcvh! vnzd
nrrgfwalr frggh mlrenhf{ cygr zdg wppgr {wrilkg( Ljn{znhkznyg iglzwrg n{ zdg ornfdz ~gaacv anhg zdlz pl{{g{
jcvh zdg kghzrg ci zdg olke! lazdcwfd ckkl{nchlaa~ zdn{
mlre n{ lo{ghz nh {cmg {pgknmgh{( Zdg whjgr pcrznchci zdg ocj~ n{ plag cr vdnzn{d-~gaacv! vnzd hwmgrcw{
jlre {pgke{(
/ Zdg Zclj krlva{! zdg Ircf aglp{! owz zdg Hlzzgr-
blke rwh{#& Zdn{ n{ l pcpwalr vl~ zc pdrl{g zdg lkznch{
ci zdg{g lmpdnonlh{! lazdcwfd nz n{ hcz {knghzninklaa~
kcrrgkz( [znaa! zdg Hlzzgrblke nh {cmg |wlrzgr{ dl{
oggh olpzngj zdg / _whhnhf Zclj / ircm nz{ rlzdgr
pgkwanlr mgzdcj ci ackcmcznch! zdlz rg{gmoag{ mcrg ci
l rwh zdlh l krlva cr dcp( Ircm nhilhk~ chvlrj{ zdg
Hlzzgrblke mwkd rg{gmoag{ zdg Kcmmch Zclj(
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
ch zdg ingaj pc{z! zwrh{ nz{ ml{{nyg dglj lrcwhj! lhj
lflnh {anjg{ cygr zdg mgljcv( Lz zdg jn{zlhkg ~cw klh
{gg nz{ frglz rcwhj g~g{ zdlz pngrkg zdg {dljcv{‚iglzdgrgj klz wpch zdg vnhf( Vdnag zdg Cva n{ dlvenhf
zdg krgpw{kwalr nh{gkz{ n{{wg icrzd‚zdc{g onf-ocjngj
iangr{ vg {pgle ci l{ Mczd{‚jlhknhf locwz zdg dgjfg{
lhj jnzkdg{! g{pgknlaa~ vdgrg vnaacv{ locwhj( Zdg{g
lrg owz zdg Owzzgriang{ ci zdg hnfdz! bw{z l{ zdg Cva{ lhjOlz{ lrg zdg onrj{ ci zdg jlreghgj dcwr{(
/ Lhj pawke zdg vnhf{ ci plnhzgj Owzzgriang{
Zc ilh zdg mcchoglm{ ircm dn{ {aggpnhf g~g{(/
Zdg{g nh{gkz{ anyg ch zdg dchngj jgv ci zdg hnfdz
iacvgr{ zdlz jc hcz icaj zdgnr pgzla{ vnzd zdg ilaa ci
hnfdz( Mc{z ci zdg{g iacvgr{ lrg ygr~ dnfda~ {kghzgj!
lhj fghgrlaa~ ornfdz nh kcacwr $vdnzg cr ~gaacv.! lhj l{
l rwag frcv nh kaw{zgr{( Zdg{g zvc kdlrlkzgrn{znk{ lrg
jcwozag{{ icr zdg gygral{znhf fccj ci zdg nh{gkz{ rgigrrgj
zc( Nh zdn{ kchhgkznch zdg dchg~{wkeag ml~ og hlmgj
l{chg
ci zdg{g pcvgriwaa~ {kghzgj iacvgr{ zdlz zdrcv{
nz{ pgzla{ cpgh vdgh zdg vcraj {aggp{! owz vdnkd ~ngaj{
iccj zc zdg rcynhf hnfdz-ia~ nh zdg nhzgryla( Zdg Ogg
klhhcz jrlv dchg~ ircm zdg dchg~{wkeag iacvgr! owz
kgrzlnh Mczd{! jlhknhf nh zdg faclmnhf! klh! lhj jc(
Hlzwrg dl{ jgkrggj {c(
Ci kcwr{g! ch zdg orcvh glrzd nz{gai! zdg rcjghz{
mcyg nh yl{z kcachng{ lizgr jlre( Zdg Dlrg zdgh iggj{!
lhj zdg _loonz{! Mnkg! Vgl{ga! Dgjfgdcf! lhj czdgr{!
{kcwr zdg alhj icr iccj vdgh zdg {wh fcg{ jcvh lhj zdg
mcch {zlhj{ {naghz l{ zdg kacwj{ rlkg pl{z( Vdnag zdg
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Zclj{ lhj Ircf{
Plrzrnjfg{ lrg klaanhf nh zdg kcrhingaj{! zdg l|wlznk
jghngh{ ci zdg mlr{dg{ krcle ch ilr nhzc zdg hnfdz( Nz
n{ zdgh zdlz zdg ycnkg ci zdg Hlzzgrblke n{ dglrj nh zdg
alhj‚~gz cha~ nh rgfnch{ {cmgvdlz prc{krnogj(
Zdg Kcmmch Ircf $_lhl zgmpcrlrnl! Palzg N(.(
Prlkznklaa~ laa cygr zdg Ornzn{d N{ag{ zdg Ircf n{ l
vgaa-ehcvh irg|wghzgr ci pchj{! jnzkdg{! pcca{! cr
mlr{d~ alhj{( Nz n{ {lnj zc dlyg oggh nhzrcjwkgj nhzc
Nrgalhj glra~ nh zdg gnfdzgghzd kghzwr~! lhj zc-jl~ n{
kch{njgrgj l{ vcrzd~ ci l palkg nh zdg ilwhl ci zdlz
n{alhj(
Zdg Ircf&{ ~glr cpgh{ w{wlaa~ nh alzg Mlrkd! vdgh
zdg {plvh ml~ og icwhj locwz zdg hwmgrcw{ vlzgrvl~{(
Zdg gff{ lrg {mlaa! rcwhj! cpl|wg ocjng{ ghkl{gj nh l
prczgkznyg kcygrnhf! fgalznhcw{ nh kdlrlkzgr! lhj w{wlaa~
kaw{zgrgj zcfgzdgr( Zdg{g ml{{g{ {nhe zc zdg oczzcm
ci zdg pcca! vdgrg zdg~ {vgaa pgrkgpznoa~ whzna zdg~
lzzlnh l owc~lhk~ zdlz icrkg{ zdgm zc zdg {wrilkg ci zdg
vlzgr( Zdg Zljpcag{! ch n{{wnhf ircm zdgnr ghygacpg{!
dlyg fnaa{ vnzd l iag{d~ {wkegr oghglzd zdg dglj( O~
zdg alzzgr lppghjlfg zdg~ lrg ghloagj zc dcaj inrma~ zc
lh~ cobgkz zdg {vl~ ci zdg vlzgr ml~ jrnyg zdgm
lflnh{z( Zdgrg n{ l jgprg{{nch ch zdg whjgr {njg ci zdg
dglj zdlz alzgr ogkcmg{ lkznyg! lhj waznmlzga~ cpgh{!
il{dnchnhf zdg lanmghzlr~ klhla( Zdn{ ghloag{ zdg
krglzwrg zc iggj wpch zdg zghjgr lhj {wkkwaghz ygfgzl-
znch vnzdnh nz{ rglkd( Zdgh zdn{ {wkegr {panz{ nh zvlnh!
zdg gtzgrhla fnaa{ lrg rgpalkgj o~ nhzgrhla {wo{znzwzg{
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
ghkl{gj nh kdlmogr{( Zdg fnaa{ lrg frljwlaa~ lo{crogj!
cha~ l {mlaa lpgrzwrg ognhf agiz! zdrcwfd vdnkd zdg
vlzgr ghzgrnhf zdg mcwzd n{ gbgkzgj( Vdgh locwz inyg
vgge{ caj zdg dnhj-agf{ lrg icrmgj! lhj zdg{g frljwlaa~
nhkrgl{g nh aghfzd! {ng! lhj w{giwahg{{( Zdg awhf{!
gycaygj ynl zdg fwaagz! kcmg nhzc lkznch prlkznklaa~ vnzd
zdg frcvzd ci zdg dnhj-agf{( Chkg zdg~ lrg vcrenhf nh
whn{ch! zdg Zljpcag flnh{ zdg {wrilkg ci zdg vlzgr! lhjorglzdg{ zdg lnr jnrgkz( Nh zdg nhzgryla zdg icrg- agf{
dlyg oggh icrmnhf whjgrhglzd zdg {enh! lhj zdg{g hcv
prczrwjg( L jl~ cr zvc lizgrvlrj{ zdg Zljpcag zlna
jn{lppglr{! zdg mcwzd vnjgh{! zdg zchfwg yn{noa~
ghalrfg{! lhj zdg g~g{ orgle zdrcwfd zdg {enh( Zdg{g
g~g{ lrg alrfg lhj ornfdz! lhj {wrrcwhjgj o~ l ilnhz
~gaacv knrkag( Zdn{ ornaanlhk~ ci zdg g~g{ kchznhwg{
zdrcwfdcwz zdg jl~{ ci zdg Ircf! lhj n{ chg ci zdg
mlh~ lzzrlkznyg iglzwrg{ nh zdg ljwaz lhnmla(
Nz n{ lizgr zdg icrg-agf{ ogkcmg lkznyg mgmogr{ zdlz
zdg Zljpcag aglyg{ cii iggjnhf ch ygfgzloag mlzzgr! lhj
ogkcmg{ gtkaw{nyga~ l klrhnycrcw{ lhnmla( Chkg zdg
Zljpcag klh pljjag zdrcwfd l pcca ci vlzgr vnzd nz{ icwr
anmo{! nz ogkcmg{ l klhhnola( Ingaj cr pchj anig n{ gygr
l olzzag-ingaj‚l _co-_c~ kcwhzr~‚l {nmpag |wg{znch
ci zdg {wrynyla ci zdg inzzg{z( Zljpcag{ zdgm{gayg{
lhhwlaa~ jng nh zdcw{lhj{ nh gygr~ jnzkd! l prg~ zc l
{zrchfgr rnyla( Vdgh zdg Zljpcag rglkdg{ zdg klr-
hnycrcw{ {zlfg! nz jcg{ hcz {krwpag zc {al~ lhj {vlaacv
nz{ mnhnlzwrg orczdgr(
Dlynhf lzzlnhgj zdg ljwaz {zlfg! nz aglyg{ zdg vlzgr
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PALZG <:
K( I( Cleag~(
_ljncfrlpd ci Zclj(
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Zclj{ lhj Ircf{
lhj zdgrglizgr n{ mcrg ci l zgrrg{zrnla krglzwrg zdlh
czdgrvn{g( Ircf{ aglyg zdg vlzgr ckkl{nchlaa~ nh alrfg
hwmogr{! jcwozag{{ whjgr kgrzlnh lzmc{pdgrnk kchjnznch{!
lhj lohcrmla hwmogr{ ml~ zdgh og hczgj nh ingaj{ lhj
mgljcv{( [wkd nh{zlhkg{ hc jcwoz dlyg fnygh rn{g zc
zdg rw{znk ogangi nh {cmg |wlrzgr{ zdlz zdg kacwj{ /rlnh
Ircf{ / {cmgznmg{(
Zdg dglj ci zdg Ircf n{ zrnlhfwalr nh {dlpg( Zdg
zggzd lrg lrrlhfgj nh {nhfag inag! lhj lh nrrgfwalr rcv
ljcrh{ zdg plalzg( Zdg zchfwg aco{ lz nz{ znp! lhj
vdgh njag zdn{ n{ egpz icajgj olke( Zdg zdnrj zcg ci
zdg icrg-iggz n{ achfg{z lhj zdg {gkchj chg zdg {dcrzg{z(
Ch zdg dnhj-agf{ zdg icwrzd zcg n{ achfg{z! lhj laa lrg
vgoogj( Zdg dnhj-agf{ lrg dlai l{ achf l{ zdg ocj~!lhj zwkegj vgaa whjgrhglzd vdgh nh rgpc{g( Zdg {enh
n{ {mcczd zdrcwfdcwz whag{{ locwz zdg zdnfd{! vdgrg
{cmg igv vrnheag{ lppglr(
^gaacvn{d-orcvh n{ zdg prgjcmnhlhz kcacwr! vnzd
jn{znhkz oalke {pcz{( Lh gachflzgj plzkd ci orcvh n{
cygr zdg zgmpag{! lhj l ilnhz anhg rwh{ jcvh gnzdgr {njg
ci zdg olke( [znaa! og~chj zdg frcwhj kcacwrnhf hc
rglaa~ jginhnzg kcacwr{ klh og fnygh! l{ Ircf{ ylr~ kch-
{njgrloa~ nh zdn{ jnrgkznch! jcwozag{{ lzzrnowzloag zc
zdgnr {pgknla ghynrchmghz{( L{ l rwag! dcvgygr! Ircf{
lrg ~gaacv! vnzd jlre mlrenhf{( L kl{wla falhkg lz
zdg krglzwrg l{ nz aglp{ zdrcwfd zdg ygfgzlznch vnaa
kchinrm zdn{( Nh l {gmn-jcmg{znklzgj {zlzg zdg vrnzgr
dl{ {ggh Ircf{ ylr~nhf nh kcacwr ircm l ornfdz ~gaacv
zc l vlrm orcvh! jcvh zc jgknjgj oalke(
o(r( <0
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
Lazdcwfd l iwaa-frcvh Ircf n{ cha~ {cmg ; nhkdg{
nh aghfzd! nz pc{{g{{g{ l ygr~ prchcwhkgj ycnkg( Nz
fnyg{ yghz zc l acwj krcle! lhj zdgrg n{ {cmgzdnhf
lzzrlkznyg locwz l / Ircf kchkgrz / vdgh dglrj nh zdg
{znaa gyghnhf o~ zdg gjfg ci {cmg achga~ rcljvl~(
Ircf{ dnogrhlzg lizgr zdg il{dnch ci zdgnr enhj(
Zdg~ pl{{ zdg vnhzgr mchzd{ nh dcag{ ci lamc{z lh~
jg{krnpznch( Zdg vlrmzd ci {prnhf lflnh icrkg{ zdgm
ircm zdg{g rgzrglz{! vdgh zdg~ lz chkg kcmmghkg acyg-
mlenhf( Zdg{g krglzwrg{ cizgh anyg zc l frglz lfg!
lhj {gygrla lrg ehcvh zc zdg vrnzgr zdlz dlyg anygj nh
l knz~ flrjgh icr zvghz~ lhj zdnrz~ ~glr{(
Zdg Gjnoag Ircf $_lhl g{kwaghzl! Palzg TY(.(
[zwjghz{! kcaagkzcr{! lhj zdg fghgrla ocj~ ci lmlzgwr
hlzwrlan{z{! dlyg l{ l rwag l jg{nrg zc ljj zc lhj
lwfmghz zdg hwmogr ci hlznyg {pgkng{ ci lhnmla{ cr
palhz{ nh vdnkd zdg~ dlyg l {pgknla nhzgrg{z( Zdg
crhnzdcacfn{z n{ eggh ch nhkawjnhf nh zdg Ornzn{d ilwhl
zdg [lhj Frcw{g! Fac{{~ Non{! Ocdgmnlh Vlfvnhf!
lhj czdgr{ 5 zdg ghzcmcacfn{z lnm{ lz intnhf ch dn{ an{z
zdg gtcznk {pgknmgh zdlz lkknjghzlaa~ rglkdg{ cwr {dcrg{
nh l olzkd ci nmpcrzgj irwnz 5 zdg oczlhn{z&{ ichj dcpg
n{ zc acklzg {cmg rlrg palhz vdgrg hc {wkd palhz gygr
gtn{zgj ogicrg( Nz n{ laa {c ygr~ gtkw{loag! l{ chg ml~
bwjfg dwmlh hlzwrg(
Nh eggpnhf vnzd zdg zgtz! zdg Gjnoag Ircf lhj nz{
kalnm zc nhkaw{nch nh zdg Ornzn{d ilwhl ml~ og pwz nh
zdg {lmg |wg{znchloag klzgfcr~( Hc jcwoz zdn{ lhnmla
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Ornzn{d Lmpdnonlh{ 2 Zclj{ lhj Ircf{
dl{ l kgrzlnh kalnm zc l palkg ch zdg Ornzn{d an{z! owz
hc chg klh gtpalnh zdg rgl{ch vd~ vnzd 3h~ jgfrgg ci
{lzn{ilkznch( Nh kgrzlnh acklanzng{ nz
dl{ oggh njghzningj!owz dcv nz rglkdgj {wkd palkg{ n{ {cmgvdlz ci l
m~{zgr~ zc hlzwrlan{z{ fghgrlaa~ 5 nz n{ {wppc{gj zdlz
Inf( :( [egagzch ci Gjnoag Ircf {dcvh vnzdnh zdgCwzanhg ci zdg Ocj~(
[k#n(! [klpwal 5 0(! dwmgrw{ 5 W(! kchbcnhgj rljnw{ lhj wahl 5 D1v( z klrpla
ochg{5M(
~mgzlklrpla ochg{
5NN(-YX jnfnz{ ci mlhw{
5 V(! ygrzg-
orlg5 [z(! wrc{z~ag
5 J(! nanwm5 C{k#n(! igmwr5 W{kd(! kchbcnhgj
znonl lhj inowal bIv(! klaklhgc-l{zrlflaw{ pcrznch ci zlr{w{
5 Mi(!
mgzlzlr{la ochg{ 5a(-Y(
~jnfnz{ ci zdg pg{(
$Ircm [kdmgna&{ /Zgtz-Occe ci Rccacf~(/.
zdn{ hczgj krclegr vl{ nhzrcjwkgj nhzc Ghfalhj o~
mche{ ircm Gwrcpg prncr zc zdg _gicrmlznch( Nz n{
nhjnfghcw{ zc Gwrcpg! Vg{zgrh L{nl! lhj Hcrzd
Lirnkl 5 nh Irlhkg nz n{ kch{njgrgj l zloag jlnhz~(
Nz n{ jn{znhfwn{dgj ircm zdg Kcmmch Ircf o~ dlynhf
hc jn{znhkznyga~ jlre mlre pl{{nhf ircm zdg g~g zc zdg
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
{dcwajgr( Zdg yckla {lk{ lz zdg lhfag ci zdg mcwzd
lrg lo{ghz nh zdg Kcmmch {pgkng{( Zdg{g {lk{ lrg
yn{noa~ gtzghjgj jwrnhf zdg cpgrlznch ci krclenhf!
vdnag zdg ilnhz anhg vdnkd gtzghj{ lachf zdg olke ci
zdg Gjnoag Ircf n{ ghznrga~ lo{ghz nh _lhl zgmpcrlrnl(
Zdg mlrenhf{ ci zdg Gjnoag Ircf lrg ygr~ jn{znhkz
lhj prchcwhkgj( Nz n{ la{c alrfgr zdlh zdg Kcmmch
{pgkng{! lhj dl{ |wnzg l rg{chlhz ycnkg( Nz {ggm{ zc
og ilr mcrg l|wlznk zdlh nz{ kcmpggr! zlenhf enhja~ zc
pcca{! pchj{! jnzkdg{! cr! nhjggj! lh~ mlr{d cr mcn{z
{pcz{ ch zdg alhj{klpg(
Mcrg mnhwzga~ kch{njgrgj! zdg Gjnoag Ircf dl{ nz{
zcg{ k~anhjrnkla! owafnhf lz zdg znp{! lhj zdg vgo{ {cmg-
vdlz hczkdgj( Zdg icwrzd zcg ci zdg dnhj-iccz n{
locwz chg-icwrzd achfgr zdlh zdg zdnrj lhj inizd( Zdg
dglj n{ zrnlhfwalr! hc{zrna{ mnjvl~ ogzvggh zdg g~g
lhj mwag! zggzd ch plalzg lhj nh anhg vnzd zdg hl{la
cpghnhf{! zchfwg orclj! kcacwr frggh! lhj aghfzd locwz
;nhkdg{( Nh {cwzdgrh kcwhzrng{ nz{ rlhfg n{ anmnzgj
zc gl{zgrh plrz{( Nz jnhg{ ch Vcrm{! [hlna{! nh{gkz{!
lhj zdg aneg! hcz cobgkznhf zc gygh nz{ cvh enhj nh zdg
glrangr {zlfg{ ci zdgnr gtn{zghkg(
Zdn{ {pgkng{ n{ ckkl{nchlaa~ {pcegh ci l{ zdg Frggh
Ircf! nh cppc{nznch zc zdg Kcmmch $Orcvh. Ircf! lhj
Ogaa mghznch{ nz l{ zdg [kczzn{d Ircf! owz laa zdg zdrgg
hlmg{ nhjnklzg zdg {lmg {pgkng{(
Cwr Lmpdnonlh{! vdnkd lrg la{c ehcvh l{ Olzrl-
kdnlh{! lrg fccj {wobgkz{ icr zdg ynylrnwm 5 zdg~ mw{z
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Kal{{ninklznch
og laacvgj zlhe{! vdnkd {dcwaj og inaagj vnzd vlzgr lhj
iwrhn{dgj vnzd frcvnhf vlzgr-palhz{( Vdnag zdg~ lrg
fnygh lkkg{{ zc vlzgr! zdg~ {dcwaj la{c og iwrhn{dgjvnzd zdg g|wnylaghz ci zgrrg{zrnla kchjnznch{ 5 nh pcnhz!
zdg ynylrnwm mw{z og l rgpankl ci zdgnr hlzwrla dlwhz{(
KDLPZG_ YN
KAL[[NINKLZNCH
O~ zdg Gjnzcr
Rccacfn{z{! ol{nhf zdgnr kchkaw{nch{ ch zdg mc{z rgkghz
rg{glrkd! hcv kal{{ni~ zdg mgmogr{ ci zdg Lhnmla
Enhfjcm nhzc zvgayg frglz jnyn{nch{! glkd ci vdnkd n{
klaagj lkk Pd~awm / $pawrla! / pd~al /.( Zdg{g jnyn{nch{
lrg
n( Prczccl $Fr(~prczc{
~inr{z 5 cch! lhnmla.! kcm-
prn{nhf zdg {nmpag{z ehcvh lhnmla icrm{! laa ci vdnkd
lrg chg-kgaagj lhj mnkrc{kcpnk nh {ng(
?( Kcgaghzgrlzl $Fr(! ecnac{! dcaacv 5 ghzgrch!
nh{njg.( Zdn{ pd~awm nhkawjg{ zdg D~jrl! Bgaa~-In{d!
lhj [gl-Lhgmchg{(
;( Pcrnigrl $A!(!pcrw{~l pcrg Qigrrg! zc oglr.( Zdg
[pchfg{(
:( Gkdnhcjgrmlzl $Fr(! gkdnhc{! dgjfgdcf 5jgrml
~
{enh.! nhkawjnhf [zlrin{d! [gl-Wrkdnh{! [gl-Kwkwmogr{(
7( Lhhganjl $A(! lhhwaw{! l rnhf.( _nhfgj cr
{gfmghzgj Vcrm{! ci vdnkd zdg Glrzd-Vcrm n{ lh
gtlmpag(
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
9( Palz~dgamnhzdg{ $Fr(! palz~{! ialz 5 dgamnh{!
-nhzdc{! l vcrm.( Ialz-Vcrm{! Vdnra-Vcrm{! Anygr-
Iaweg{! Zlpg-Vcrm{! _nooch-Vcrm{(6( Hgmlzcjl $Fr( hgml! l zdrglj 5 gnjc{! icrm.(
Zdrglj-Vcrm{ $wh{gfmghzgj.(
4( Pca~cl $Fr( pca~{! mlh~ 5 cch>lh lhnmla.(
[gl-Mlz{! gzk( Zdg gtlkz pc{nznch ci zdg Pca~cl nh
zdg Lhnmla Enhfjcm n{ hcz jgzgrmnhgj( Nz n{ {wffg{zgj
zdlz zdg~ {dcwaj og bcnhgj vnzd zdg Orlkdncpcj{ zc icrm
l pd~awm whjgr zdg hlmg / Mcaaw{kcnjgl(/
>( _cznigrl $A(! rczl! l vdgga5igrrg! zc klrr~.(
Zdn{ pd~awm kcmprn{g{ zdg {c-klaagj / Vdgga-
Lhnmlakwag{!/ cr _cznigr{( Zdg~ lrg mnhwzg nh prc-
pcrznch{! rg|wnrnhf mnkrc{kcpnk gtlmnhlznch! ~gz zdg~lrg vgaa-crflhngj lhnmla{(
<0( Mcaa w{kl $A(! mcaan{! {ciz.( [hlna{ lhj {c-klaagj
/ [dgaain{d!/ Kwzzag-In{d! [awf{(
<<( Lrzdrcpcjl $Fr( lrzdrc{! lbcnhz5pcw{X l iccz.(
Lhnmla{ vnzd bcnhzgj lppghjlfg{ cr anmo{( Zdn{ pd~awm
nhkawjg{ zdg Krw{zlkgl $Krlo{! Aco{zgr{! Olrhlkag{!
Vlzgr-Iagl{! gzk(.! zdg Kghznpgjg{! nh{gkz{! [pnjgr{! lhj
Mnzg{(
<?( Kdcrjlzl $Fr(! kdcrjg! {zrnhf.! nhkawjnhf laa zdg
ygrzgorlzg lhnmla{(
Zdg pd~awm Kdcrjlzl! cr! l{ nz n{ {cmgznmg{
zgrmgj! / Ygrzgorlzl!/ ml~ og jnynjgj nhzc zvc
{wopd~al 2
<( Lkrlhnl $Fr(! l-! vnzdcwz 5 krlhnch! {ewaa.!
nhkawjnhf lhnmla{ {wkd l{ Alhkgagz{ lhj L{knjnlh{!
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Kal{{ninklznch
vnzdcwz {ewaa! ygrzgorlg! rno{! blv{! cr anmo{! owz
pc{{g{{nhf l hczckdcrj! vdnkd n{! l{ nz vgrg! zdg prcmn{g
ci zdg {pnhla kcawmh nh zdg dnfdgr ygrzgorlzg{(
?( Krlhnczl! lhnmla{ vnzd {ewaa{! ygrzgorlg! gzk(
Zdg {wopd~awm Krlhnczl gmorlkg{ zdg icaacvnhf
kal{{g{
Kal{{ n( Pn{kg{‚In{dg{(
Kal{{ ?( Lmpdnonl
‚Hgvz{! Ircf{! gzk(
Kal{{ ;( _gpznanl‚Anlrj{! [hleg{! gzk(
Kal{{ :( Lyg{‚ Onrj{(
Kal{{ 7( Mlmmlanl‚Mlmmla{! nhkawjnhf Mlh(
Ircm zdn{ {wryg~ vg lrg ghloagj zc {gg zdg rgalznyg
pc{nznch{ci zdg Lmpdnonlh{ lhj _gpznag{ nh zdg Lhnmla
Enhfjcm! lhj nz vnaa og co{grygj zdlz nh zdg {klag! cr
zrgg! ci anig-icrm{! zdg _gpznag{! icr ylrncw{ rgl{ch{!
ckkwp~ l dnfdgr pc{nznch zdlh zdg Lmpdnonlh{( Oczd
kal{{g{ dlyg l ygr~ lhknghz anhglfg! owz nz n{ prcoloag
zdlz Lmpdnonlh{ klmg nhzc gtn{zghkg ogicrg _gpznag{(
Ic{{na rgmlnh{ nhjnklzg zdlz oczd gtn{zgj ilr olke nh
fgcacfnkla znmg! owz Lmpdnonlh{ dlyg oggh zrlkgj l{ ilr
olke l{ zdg Klrochnigrcw{ $kcla-oglrnhf. {zrlzl! vdnkd
lrg cajgr zdlh zdg Pgrmnlh rcke{! nh vdnkd zdg inr{z
ic{{na zrlkg{ ci _gpznag{ dlyg oggh jn{kcygrgj( Vgdlyg rgl{ch zc zdnhe zdlz Lmpdnonlh{ vgrg zdg
jcmnhlhz lhnmla{ nh Klrochnigrcw{ znmg{ 5 {cmg enhj{!
hcv gtznhkz! zdgh lzzlnhgj alrfg prcpcrznch{( Zdg
gr{zvdnag jcmnhlhz Lmpdnonlh{! dcvgygr! nh znmg ac{z
zdgnr l{kghjlhk~! lhj flyg palkg zc zdg _gpznag{! vdnkd
6>
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
{ggm zc dlyg lppglrgj! l{ {zlzgj! nh Pgrmnlh znmg{! owz
zdg~ gynjghza~ rglkdgj zdgnr mc{z pcvgriwa pc{nznch nh
zdg Bwrl{{nk pgrncj! vdnkd ml~ og nhkawjgj nh zdg
/Mnjjag Lfg{/ ci fgcacfnkla znmg( Ic{{na rgmlnh{ ci
rgpznag{ ci dwfg prcpcrznch{ dlyg oggh icwhj( Nh {pnzg
ci zdg ilkz zdlz zdgrg/ lrg mlh~ gtn{znhf {pgkng{ ci
Lmpdnonlh{ nh zdg vcraj! lhj gygh mcrg _gpznag{! oczd
Inf( 7( Ic{{na _gmlnh{ ci lh Caj-Vcraj Lmpdnonlh
$Alo~rnhzdcjch fnflhzgwm.(
l( Icczprnhz{ 5 o! dglj 7 k! zcczd(
kal{{g{ {dcwaj og accegj wpch l{ / olke hwmogr{ /5
zdg~ dlyg ac{z zdgnr lhknghz {wprgmlk~ 5 hwmograg{{
icrm{ dlyg ogkcmg gtznhkz! lhj nh pcnhz ci {ng zdg~ lrg
hcv rgjwkgj zc mglh prcpcrznch{( Nh zdg jl~{ cizdgnr
{wprgmlk~ zdg~ vgrg zdg zgrrcr{ ci zdg Lhnmla Vcraj5
hcv zdg jvlrigj jg{kghjlhz{ zrglj zdg glrzd nh iglr!
zrgmoanhf ogicrg zdg ch{alwfdz ci zdg Mlmmla{ vdnkd
lrg {wprgmg(
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PAL(ZG Y!
rdczc o~ Klra Gjy lrj{
_lhl g{kwakhzl! cr Gjnoag Ircf(
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Kal{{ninklznch
Zdg Lmpdnonl lrg kal{{ningj l{ icaacv{ 2
Crjgr n( Zdg Wrcjgal $Fr(}
cwrl! zlna 5 jgac{X
kch{pnkwcw{.( Lmpdnonlh{ vnzd achf! rcwhj ocjng{! lhj
Inf( 9( [egagzch ci l Ic{{na Ia~nhf _gpznag $Pzgrcjlkz~aw{ krl{{nrc{zrn{.!
lhj $L. _g{zcrlznch ci zdg Lhnmla ch l [mlaagr [klag(
dlynhf achf! ialzzghgj zlna{ vdnkd zdg~ rgzlnh zdrcwfdcwz
zdgnr gtn{zghkg(
Crjgr ?( Zdg Lhwrl $Fr(! l-! lh-~vnzdcwz 5 cwrl!
zlna.! nhkawjnhf zdc{g Lmpdnonlh{ vdnkd nh zdg ljwaz
{zlfg dlyg ac{z laa {nfh{ ci l zlna(
o(r( 4< NN
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Ornzn{d _gpznag{ lhj Lmpdnonlh{
Crjgr ;( Zdg F~mhcpdnchl $Fr( fwmhc{~hlegj
5
cpdn[~ {hleg.( Zdn{ Crjgr nhkawjg{ vcrmaneg Lm-
pdnonlh{! vnzd cha~ rwjnmghzlr~ g~g{! lhj dlynhf hc
zlna cr anmo{ ci lh~ enhj(
L{ zdg rgljgr vnaa larglj~ dlyg jnynhgj! nh Ornzlnh vg
dlyg hc rgprg{ghzlznyg{ ci zdg zdnrj Crjgr! vdnkd!
nhjggj! cha~ nhkawjg{ locwz zvghz~-inyg {pgkng{ zdg
vcrajcygr(
Cwrzdrgg
Hgvz{ogachf zc zdg Crjgr
Wrcjgal! [wocrjgr [lalmlhjrcnjgl! Ilmna~ [lalmlh-
jrnjlg( Ci zdg Crjgr Wrcjgal zdgrg lrg {cmg chg
dwhjrgj {pgkng{ nh zdg vcraj( Cwr zvc Ircf{ lhj zvc
Zclj{ lrg ci zdg Crjgr Lhwrl! [wocrjgr Pdlhgrcfac{{l
$yn{noag zchfwg.( Zdn{ [wocrjgr n{ kal{{gj nhzc zvc
Frcwp{‚$<. Lrknigrl 5 $?. Inrmn{zgrhl( Zdg Lrknigrl
lrg jnynjgj nhzc zdrgg Ilmnang{! zc zdg inr{z ci vdnkd!
zdg Ocichnjlg! cwr Zclj{ ogachf( Zdg Frcwp Inrmn{-
zgrhl ghorlkg{ chg Ilmna~! zdg _lhnjlg! nhkaw{nyg ci
cwr zvc Ircffng{( Zdg Crjgr Lhwrl dl{ locwz gnfdz
dwhjrgj rgprg{ghzlznyg{( Ircm zdg infwrg{ fnygh nz
vnaa og {ggh zdlz zdgrg lrg cygr hnhg dwhjrgj gtn{znhf
Lmpdnonlh{! ci vdnkd cha~ {gygh klh og kalnmgj l{
Ornzn{d(
Zdg _gpznag{ lrg kal{{ningj zdw{ 2
Crjgr <( Zdg _d~hkdckgpdlal $Fr(! rwhkdc{X
{zrchf {hcwz 5 kgpdlag! dglj.( Zdgrg n{ owz chg {pgkng{
ci zdn{ Crjgr! lhj nz n{ rg{njghz nh Hgv Rglalhj( Nz
jniigr{ ircm laa gtn{znhf _gpznag{! lhj n{ rgflrjgj l{ l
{wrynynhf rgmhlhz ci lh Crjgr vdnkd dl{ pgrn{dgj(
Crjgr ?( Alkgrznaanl‚Anlrj{(
4?
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Kal{{ninklznch
Crjgr ;( Cpdnjnl‚[hleg{(
Crjgr :( Kdgachnl‚Zdg plrza~ l|wlznk Zwrzag{!
lhj zdg zgrrg{zrnla Zcrzcn{g{(Crjgr 7( Krckcjnanl‚Laanflzcr{ lhj Krckcjnag{(
Ci zdg{g inyg Crjgr{ zvc lrg rgprg{ghzgj nh zdg
Ornzn{d ilwhl‚zdg Alkgrznaanl lhj Cpdnjnl( Zdg
Alkgrznaanl ci zdg vcraj lrg jnynjgj nhzc locwz zvghz~
ilmnang{! ci vdnkd cha~ zvc lrg rgprg{ghzgj nh Ornzlnh
Ilmna~ Lhfwnjlg o~ Lhfwn{ irlfn#n{! zdg [acv-Vcrm 5
lhj Ilmna~ Alkgrznjlg! o~ cwr icwr Anlrj{! Alkgrzl
ynynpgrl~A( lfn#n{
~A( ynrnjn{! lhj A( mwrlan{( Zdg
vcraj&{ Cpdnjnl lrg jnynjgj nhzc hwmgrcw{ ilmnang{!
ci vdnkd zvc dlyg Ornzn{d {pgkng{( Zdg Ljjgr ogachf{
zc zdg Ilmna~ Ynpgrnjlg 5 zdg _nhfgj lhj [mcczd
[hleg{ lrg ci zdg Ilmna~ Kcawornjlg(
Zdg _gpznag{ ci zdg vcraj hwmogr wpvlrj{ ci :!000
{pgkng{! lhj nh prcpcrznch zdgrgzc cwr gnfdz rgprg{ghzl-
znyg{ lrg ygr~ nhkch{pnkwcw{( Vdnag kcmplrlznyga~ igv
_gpznag{ lrg dlrmiwa zc mlh! pgr{ch{ vdc lrg hcz
hlzwrlan{z{ w{wlaa~ rgflrj laa l{ pg{z{ 5 {wkd! pgrdlp{!
ml~ inhj kch{calznch nh zdg igvhg{{ ci Ornzn{d _gpznag{!
lhj rgflrj nz l{ {cmg kcmpgh{lznch zc zdc{g vdc ghjwrg
zdg kdlhfgiwa mgzgcrcacfnkla kchjnznch{ ci Frglz
Ornzlnh(
4;
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NHJGT
Ljjgr! zdg! ! 6! :0-:6
pcn{ch ilhf{ ci! :9
Lmpdnonlh{! ?! ;! :>-66
kal{{ninklznch ci! 4<-4?
ic{{na! 6>ci pl{z lfg{! 6>
Lhfwn{ irlfnan{! 6-<7
Lhwrl! zdg! 4<
Olzrlkdnlh{! zdg! 69Oanhj-vcrm! zdg! 9! >Ornzn{d _gpznag{! igvhg{{ ci! 4;
Owic klalmnzl! 94
ylaflh{! 9:
Kdlmgagch{! ;0
Kdgachnl nmornklzl! :4
Kdgachnl! zdg! 4;
Kal{{ninklznch! 66-4;
Kcmmch Anlrj! <6Zclj! 9:-94
Kcrchgaal lw{zrnlzl! ;:Krg{zgj Hgvz! 70
Krckcjnanl! zdg! 4;
Ic{{na Ia~nhf _gpznag! 4<
Ircf! Kcmmch! 6<-6:
Gjnoag! 6:-69
Fgkec{! ;0Fal{{ [hleg{! 9
Frl{{ [hleg! ;9-:0
Frglz Vlrzgj Hgvz! 70-76
Frggh Anlrj! 6! ?7-?6
F~mhcpdnchl! zdg! 4?
Dlve{onaa Zwrzag! :4
Alo~rnhzdcjch fnflhzgwm! 40
Alkgrzl lfnan{! ?<
mwrlan{! ?6
ynrnjn{! ?7-?6
ynynplrl! <9
Alkgrznaanl! zdg! 4?
Aglzdgr~ Zwrzag! :>Anlrj! Kcmmch! <6
Frggh! 6! ?7-?6
[lhj! 6! ?<! ??-?7Ynynplrcw{! 6! <9-??
Vlaa! 6! ?6-?4
Anlrj{! 9-;0
l{ pgz{! ?4-;0
kdlrlkzgrn{znk{ ci! <7
jnfg{znyg zrlkz ci! <9
jn{zrnowznch ci! <4
iccj ci! <7
ci zdg vcraj! 6
Mcafg krn{zlzl! 70
plamlzl! 90
ywaflrn{! 76
Hlzzgrblke! zdg! 94
Hgvz! Frglz Vlrzgj! cr Krg{zgj!
70-76
Plamlzgj! 90-9;
[mcczd! 76-90
Hgvz{! :>-9:
Cpdnjnl! zdg! 4;
Plamlzgj Hgvz! 90-9;
Pzgrcjlkz~aw{ krl{{nrc{zrn{! 4<
_lhl g{kwaghzl! 6:
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Nhjgt
_lhl zgmpcrlrng{! 6<
_gpznag{! Ornzn{d {pgkng{ ci! 6
kal{{ninklznch ci! 4?-4;
jginhnznch ci! 9ci zdg vcraj! 6
_d~hkdckgpdlal! zdg! 4?
_nhfgj [hleg! zdg! 6! ;9-:0
[lhj Anlrj! 6! ?<! ??-?7
[acv-vcrm! <! 6-<0
[mcczd Hgvz! 76-90
[hleg! 6! ;:-;7
[hleg! Frl{{! ;9-:0
_nhfgj! 6! ;9-:0[mcczd! 6! ;:-;7! ;>[hleg{! ?! ;<-:6
Fal{{! 9
[pdlrfn{ kcrnlkgl! :>
Zclj! Kcmmch! 9:-94
Hlzzgrblke! 94Zrcpnjchczw{ hlzrnt! ;9
Zwrzag! Dlve{onaa! :4
Aglzdgr~! :>Zwrzag{! :6-:>
Wrcjgal! zdg! 4<
Ynpgr! zdg! :0-:6
Ynpgrl ogrw{! :0
Ynylrnwm! zdg!?>! :6! 69Ynynplrcw{ Anlrj! 6! <9-??
Vlaa Anlrj! 6! ?6-?4
ONAANHF LHJ [CH[! AZJ(! P_NHZG_[! FWNAJIC_J
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O^ ZDG _GY( KDL_AG[ L( DLAA! I(_(M([(
ZDG CPGH OCCE CI HLZW_GL OCCE CI HLZW_G-[ZWJ^ IC_ ^CWHF PGCPAG
Kchzlnhnhf <9 iwaa-plfg Naaw{zrlznch{ nh Kcacwr! la{c <<: _gprcjwkznch{ nh Oalke lhj
Vdnzg ircm Pdczcfrlpd{! l{ vgaa l{ hwmgrcw{ Naaw{zrlznch{ nh zdg zgtz(
Alrfg krcvh 4yc( P_NKG ;#9 HGZ Ocwhj nh kaczd
UO~ pc{z! ;#<0.
[CMG P_G[[ CPNHNCH[/ Zdn{ pagl{lhza~ vrnzzgh occe n{ vgaa inzzgj zc lrcw{g nh ~cwhf pgcpag lh nhzgrg{z nh zdg
{zwj~ ci Hlzwrg! vdnag mlh~ ci cajgr frcvzd vnaa prcoloa~ inhj nh nz{ plfg{ mwkd zdlz n{ hcz
whprcinzloag rgljnhf( ( ( ( Zdg kdngi jniigrghkg ogzvggh zdn{ occe lhj mc{z czdgr{ ch
Hlzwrg-{zwj~ n{ zdg prcmnhghkg vdnkd nz fnyg{ zc fgcacfnkla {wobgkz{( ( ( ( Kcpncw{a~
naaw{zrlzgj( / L zdghkgwm(
/Mr( Dlaa&{ lfrggloag! nhzgrg{znhf! lhj nh{zrwkznyg ycawmg( ( ( ( Nz {dcwaj lzzrlkz hcz cha~
~cwhf pgcpag! owz lh~chg accenhf icr lh gl{~ nhzrcjwkznch zc Hlzwrg-{zwj~(/ [kcz{mlh(
/Kcmprgdgh{nyg zdcwfd nz n{! nz dl{ oggh palhhgj ch kaglr lhj {nmpag anhg{( Zdg zgrm{
w{gj lrg! zc ogfnh vnzd! hch-{knghznink! zdcwfd agljnhf o~ hlzwrla! {nmpag prckg{{ zc zdg
prcpgr {knghznink vcrj{( ( ( ( Zdg lwzdcr vrnzg{ nh l irgg! ornfdz! lhj il{knhlznhf {z~ag 5 zdg
occe n{ g|wlaa~ inzzgj icr w{g o~ zglkdgr{! cr icr {zwj~ o~ zdg ~cwhf pgcpag zdgm{gayg{(/‚
Logrjggh Irgg Prg{{(
/Lh njgla hlzwrla dn{zcr~ occe( ( ( ( Cwfdz zc og nh gygr~ {kdcca anorlr~ nh zdg zdrgg
enhfjcm{( ((( Hc chg klh rglj nz vnzdcwz igganhf zdg awrg ci Hlzwrg-{zwj~(/‚_gyngv ci
_gyngv{(
/Mr( Dlaa&{ gtkgaaghz ycawmg nhzrcjwkg{ rgljgr{ zc prlkznklaa~ gygr~ orlhkd ci Hlzwrg-
{zwj~( ( ( ( Dn{ jg{krnpznch{ lrg nhylrnloa~ kaglr! lhj zdg ylrncw{ {wobgkz{ rln{gj lrg vgaa
mlhlfgj( ( ( ( Zdg ycawmg n{ fccj ylawg nh gygr~ vl~(/ Occemlh(
/ Zdg occe n{ prnmlrna~ nhzghjgj icr ~cwhf icae{! owz nz n{ ci g|wla ylawg zc ljwaz{! lhj nz n{
ci il{knhlznhf nhzgrg{z zc pgcpag ci laa lfg{( ( ( ( L ygr~ lkkgpzloag vcre(/‚Vg{zgrh Mlna(
/ Zdn{ il{knhlznhf ycawmg(/ Jwhjgg Ljygrzn{gr(
DCV ZC W[G ZDG MNK_C[KCPGKchzlnhnhf ?0 iwaa-plfg Naaw{zrlznch{ ircm Pdczc-mnkrcfrlpd{! lhj mlh~anhg jrlvnhf{ nh zdg zgtz(
Alrfg krcvh 4yc( P_NKG <#9 HGZ Ocwhj nh caczd
uO~ pc{z! <#>.
[CMG P_G[[ CPNHNCH[
/Zdgrg lrg mlh~ kdglp occe{ ch zdg mnkrc{kcpg ogicrg zdg pwoank! owz vg jc hcz ehcv
l ogzzgr zdlh zdg chg hcv whjgr kch{njgrlznch(/ [kczzn{d Hlzwrlan{z/ Nz n{! dcvgygr! zdg vcre ci lh gtpgrz! lhj nz{ {nmpanknz~ lhj kaglrhg{{ lrg zdg rg{waz ci
l zdcrcwfd ml{zgr~ ci zdg {wobgkz(/ [kczzn{d Ingaj(
/ Galocrlzg gtpalhlznch{ lrg klrgiwaa~ lycnjgj! owz zdg rgljgr vdc plznghza~ vcre{ zdrcwfd
zdg {gygrla kdlpzgr{ vnaa dlyg lh lkkwrlzg lhj {knghznink ehcvagjfg ci mnkrc{kcpnk pc{{n-
onanzng{(/‚Plaa Mlaa Flgzzg(
/Zdg zgtz kchzlnh{ l vglazd ci w{giwa ljynkg lhj nh{zrwkznch( ( ( ( Vg dglrzna~ rgkcm-
mghj zdg occe(/ Ghzcmcacfn{z(
[\WL_G! ACHJCH!
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CZDG_ HLZW_G-[ZWJ^ OCCE[
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kaczd! fnaz zcp( Prnkg 9{(
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/ Ci gtkgpznchla nhzgrg{z lhj vcrzd! l{ ognhf ch |wnzg whw{wla anhg{(/ Logrjggh Irgg Prg{{(
O~ B! D( ILO_G
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acygr{( Zdg~ lrg ornfdza~ vrnzzgh! lhj lrg zdg cwzkcmg ci kac{g co{grylznch lhj mwkd prlkznkla
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O~ KCH[ZLHKG NHHG[ PCKCKE
DNFDVL^[ LHJ O^VL^[ CI ZDGRCCACFNKLA FL_JGH[
Kchzlnhnhf ;? Naaw{zrlznch{ ircm Pdczcfrlpd{! lhj l Irchzn{pngkg nh Kcacwr( [mlaa {|wlrg
jgm~ 4yc(! kaczd! fnaz zcp( Prnkg 7{( hgz $o~ pc{z! 7{( :j(.(
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jcg{ zc-jl~‚zdlz! ci kcwr{g! o~ rgl{ch ci mlh&{ gjwklznch lhj won|wnz~‚lhj hcvdgrg ga{g
kcwaj vg {gg l mcrg pagl{nhf rg{waz ci zdg kcmonhlznch ci zdg{g ilkzcr{ zdlh nh zdg Rccacfnkla
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vnaj lhnmla ehcvh! ircm lh gagpdlhz prcpgr zc lh gagpdlhz-{drgv(/ \wczlznch ircmCpghnhf Kdlpzgr(
O~ K( YCH V^[[
FL_JGH[ NH ZDGN_ [GL[CH[Kchzlnhnhf 74 Naaw{zrlznch{! ;? civdnkd lrg nh Kcacwr( Krcvh :zc(! klhyl{ oclrj{( Prnkg < >( 9j(
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jg{krnog{ zdgm! vnaa mggz dgrg chg ci zdc{g ocrh flrjghgr{ ci zdg {ggj{ ci ehcvagjfg! vdcogkcmg l{ kdnajrgh zdgm{gayg{ zc cpgh cwz zc zdg anzzag chg{ l fanmp{g ci zdg pcgzr~ ci glrzd(/‚
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/ Zdn{ n{ jg{krnogj l{ l Hlzwrg Occe icr oc~{ lhj fnra{! lhj vcwaj mleg l kdlrmnhf lhj
vgakcmg fniz icr kdnajrgh vdc lrg bw{z caj ghcwfd zc aglrh locwz! lhj og nhzgrg{zgj nh lhnmla{(
L {dcrz lkkcwhz ci lhnmla{ lhj zdgnr dlwhz{ lhj kw{zcm{ n{ fnygh nh {nmpag {zrlnfdzicrvlrj
alhfwlfg! lhj zdg prciw{g naaw{zrlznch{! oczd palnh lhj kcacwrgj! vnzd vdnkd zdg occe n{ iwr-
hn{dgj! dgap zc mleg zdg {wobgkz ljjnznchlaa~ kaglr lhj lzzrlkznyg(/ [whjl~ Znmg{(
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OGLWZNIWA OCCE[ IC_
^CWHF PGCPAGMLH^ VNZD IWAA-PLFG NAAW[Z_LZNCH[ NH KCACW_
CZDG_[ IWAA^ NAAW[Z_LZGJ NH OALKE LHJ VDNZG
P_NKG <#9 GLKD
OALKE&[ -PNKZW_G[ CI MLH^ ALHJ[/[G_NG[
LHJ CZDG_ [NMNAL_ OCCE[Krcvh :zc(! vnzd pnkzwrg nh kcacwr ch zdg kcygr! glkd kchzlnhnhf 74
naaw{zrlznch{! ci vdnkd ;? lrg nh kcacwr(
Zdg Kdnajrgh&{ Vcraj
Zdg Vcraj nh Pnkzwrg{Zdg Ornzn{d N{ag{ nh Pnkzwrg{
Dcv czdgr Pgcpag Anyg
Ogl{z{ lhj Onrj{Flrjgh{ nh zdgnr [gl{ch{Pnkzwrg{ ci Ornzn{d Dn{zcr~dg Ornzn{d Gmpnrg nh Pnkzwrg{
Gwrcpg nh Pnkzwrg{
HCZG(‚ Zdg{g ycawmg{ lrg la{c zc og dlj nh kaczd lz ?[( glkd(
Alrfg krcvh 4yc(! kaczd! vnzd irchzn{pngkg(
Grnk5 cr! Anzzag o~ Anzzag Bwanlh Dcmg2 l Zlag ci Kcaagfg
[z( Vnhnirgj&{5 cr! Zdg Vcraj ci Anig
[kdcca
[kczz&{ Vlygrag~ Hcyga{( [gg an{z lz zdg ghj ci zdn{ Klzlacfwg(
P_NKG <#9 HGZ GLKD
_GJ KLP ZLAG[ I_CM [KCZZAlrfg krcvh 4yc(! kaczd! glkd kchzlnhnhf 4 iwaa-plfg naaw{zrlznch{ nh kcacwr(
Vlygrag~ Zdg Lhzn|wlr~
Fw~ Mlhhgrnhf Nylhdcg
_co _c~ Icrzwhg{ ci Hnfga
Zdg Pnrlzg! lhj L Agfghj ci \wghznh JwrvlrjMchzrc{g
Dcv zc W{g zdg Mnkrc{kcpg( LFwnjg icr zdg Hcynkg( Kchzlnh-
nhf ?0 iwaa-plfg naaw{zrlznch{ ircm
pdczc-mnkrcfrlpd{! gzk(
Flrjghnhf Onrzdjl~ Occe
Zdg Ilnr~ Zlag{ Onrzdjl~ Occe$Lwzwmh! <><;.
<? iwaa plfg naaw{zrlznch{ nh kcacwr
nh glkd
8/2/2019 British Reptiles and Amphibians
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P_NKG <#9 HGZ GLKD $Kchznhwgj.
Alrfg krcvh 4yc(! kaczd! vnzd pnkzwrg nh kcacwr ch zdg kcygr(
PGGP[ LZ MLH^ ALHJ[ LHJ KNZNG[Glkd kchzlnhnhf <? iwaa-plfg naaw{zrlznch{ nh kcacwr(
Lw{zrlanl
OgafnwmOgranh
Ornzn{d HcrzdOcrhgc
$Lwzwmh! <><
OwrmlKlhljlKg~ach
Kdnhl
Kcr{nklKwol
$Lwzwmh! <>< ;.
Jgadn lhj zdg
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I"r Alrfgr [grng{ 0# / Pggp{ lz Mlh~ Alhg
PGGP[ LZ HLZW_GGlkd kchzlnhnhf <9 iwaa-plfg naaw{zrlznch{! 4 ci zdgm nh kcacwr(
JghmlreGjnhowrfdGf~pzGf~pz! Lhknghz
GhfalhjInhalhj
Iacrghkg
IrlhkgFgrmlh~Frggkg
DcaalhjDca~ AlhjDwhflr~Nkgalhj
Nhjnl
8/2/2019 British Reptiles and Amphibians
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P_NKG <#9 HGZ GLKD $Kchznhwgj.
OGLWZNIWA O_NZLNHAlrfg {|wlrg jgm~ 4yc(! ocwhj nh kaczd! glkd kchzlnhnhf <? iwaa-plfg
naaw{zrlznch{ nh kcacwr(
Loocz{icrj
Klmornjfg
Klhzgrowr~
Kdlhhga N{alhj{
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Achjch
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Pgle Kcwhzr~
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Hcrzd Vlag{
Vg{{gt
Vg{zmnh{zgr Loog~
Aglmnhfzch ) Vlrvnke Vnhj{cr lhj Gzch
P_NKG ?#( HGZ GLKD
AG[ OGLWT YC^LFG[$L [G_NG[ CI /PGGP[ LZ MLH^ ALHJ[/ NH I_GHKD.
Alrfg krcvh 4yc(! kaczd! glkd kchzlnhnhf <? iwaa-plfg naaw{zrlznch{
nh kcacwr lhj l {egzkd-mlp(
Lafgrng
La{lkg
Kdnhg
Gkc{{g
Gf~pzg
G{plfhg
Nhjg{
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Blpch
Mlrck
_w{{ng
Zwhn{ng
P_NKG ?#= GLKD
[KCZZ&[ VLYG_AG^ HCYGA[( [gg an{z lz zdg ghj ci zdn{ Klzlacfwg(
P_NKG ?#9 HGZ GLKD
Kchzlnhnhf <9 iwaa-plfg naaw{zrlznch{ ircm pdczcfrlpd{
Vdlz zdg Czdgr Kdnajrgh jc
ONOANCZDG\WG _CWFG GH KCWAGW_[OGLWZNIWA OCCE[ NH I_GHKD IC_ ^CWHF PGCPAG
Alrfg krcvh 4yc(! kaczd! glkd kchzlnhnhf <? iwaa-plfg naaw{zrlznch{ nh kcacwr(
Ag{ Kchzg{ jg ml Frlhj&mgrgq
«rnk
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P_NKG ;#9 GLKD $Kchznhwgj.
8/2/2019 British Reptiles and Amphibians
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P_NKG 9#= GLKD
[mlaa {|wlrg jgm~ 4yc(! kaczd!
Frnmm&{ Ilnr~ Zlag{
#G{cp&{ Iloag{
Zdg Lrlonlh Hnfdz{ uLwzwmh! <><;.
Dlh{ Lhjgr{gh&{ Ilnr~ Zlag{
[vn{{ Ilmna~ _conh{ch
Zdg Ilnrkdnaj Ilmna~ uLwzwmh! <><;.
Zdg Pnafrnm&{ Prcfrg{{
Whkag Zcm&{ Klonh
Ljyghzwrgr{ nh Lmgrnkl
Zdg Kdnajrgh&{ Occe ci [zlr{Zdg Kdnajrgh&{ Occe ci Gjnh-
owrfd
ZdgKdnajrgh&{ OcceciFlrjghnhf
Zdg Kdnajrgh&{ Occe ci Lrz
Zdg Kdnajrgh&{ Occe ci Achjch
vnzd naaw{zrlznch{ nh kcacwr(
Zdg Kdnajrgh&{ Occe ci Kgaznk
[zcrng{Kdnajrgh&{ Zlag{ ci Ghfan{d Mnh-
{zgr{
_w{{nlh Vchjgr Zlag{
Zlag{ ircm /Zdg Glrzda~ Plrl-
jn{g uLwzwmh! <><;.
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_gmczg Hlznch{ ci zdg Vcraj
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_gj Klp Zlag{
_gj Klp Ljyghzwrg{
Zdg Zlag{ ci l Frlhjilzdgr
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L AN[Z CI KDGLPG_ OCCE[ [WNZLOAG IC_ ^CWHF PGCPAG
PWOAN[DGJ LZN{( Cj(! >j(! lhj 9j( GLKD
P_NKG <#= GLKD
Grnk 5 cr! Anzzag o~ Anzzag
[z( Vnhnirgj&{ 5 cr! Zdg Vcraj ci
[kdcca
Bwanlh Dcmg5 l Zlag ci Kcaagfg
Anig
P_NKG <#= HGZ GLKD
ZLAG[ CI GHFAN[D MNH[ZG_[Alrfg krcvh 4yc( ! glkd kchzlnhnhf 9 iwaa-plfg naaw{zrlznch{(
Klhzgrowr~ Ga~ Anhkcah [z( Plwa
Jwrdlm Dgrgicrj [z( Laolh{ ^cre
[kczz&{ Vlygrag~ Hcyga{( Krcvh 4yc(! kaczd! glkd ycawmg kchzlnhnhf lirchzn{pngkg nh kcacwr( [gg an{z lz zdg ghj ci zdn{ Klzlacfwg
P_NKG >j(Oalke&{ Plnhznhf Occe icr Kdnajrgh( O~ Lfhg{ Hnfdznhflag( Kch-
zlnhnhf ?; plfg cwzanhg pnkzwrg{ icr kcacwrnhf( [mlaa krcvh :zc( ! ocwhj
nh lzzrlkznyg kcygr
8/2/2019 British Reptiles and Amphibians
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P_NKG 9j( GLKD
Jgm~ 4yc(!pnkzwrg plpgr kcygr{(
"Grnk5 cr! Anzzag o~ Anzzag
"[z( Vnhnirgj&{5 cr! Zdg Vcraj ci
[kdcca
Bwanlh Dcmg2 l Zlag ci Kcaagfg
Anig
[kczz&{ Vlygrag~ Hcyga{( [gg an{z
icaacvnhf
" Zdg{g ml~ og dlj ocwhj zcfgzdgr nh kaczd kcygricr ?4( 9j(
ZDG VLYG_AG^ HCYGA[O~ [N_
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vdc pwrkdl{gj lachf vnzd zdg kcp~rnfdz zdg nhzgraglygj {gz ci zdg Vlygrag~Hcyga{ nh vdnkd [nr Vlazgr [kczz hczgj kcrrgkznch{ lhj nmprcygmghz{
lamc{z zc zdg jl~ ci dn{ jglzd( Zdg whjgr-hczgj gjnznch{ dlyg oggh kcaalzgj
vcrj icr vcrj vnzd zdn{ {gz! lhj mlh~ nhlkkwrlkng{! {cmg ci zdgm awjnkrcw{!
kcrrgkzgj(
AN[Z CI ZDG HCYGA[Vlygrag~
Fw~ Mlhhgrnhf
Zdg Lhzn|wlr~
_co _c~
Caj Mcrzlanz~
Mchzrc{g! lhj Oalke Jvlri
Zdg Dglrz ci Mnjaczdnlh
Zdg Ornjg ci Almmgrmccr
Nylhdcg
Zdg Mchl{zgr~
Zdg Loocz
Eghnavcrzd
Zdg Icrzwhg{ ci Hnfga
Pgygrna ci zdg Pgle
\wghznh Jwrvlrj
[z( _chlh&{ Vgaa
_gjflwhzagz
Zdg Ogzrczdgj! gzk(
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Vccj{zcke
Zdg Ilnr Mlnj ci Pgrzd
Lhhg ci Fgngr{zgnh
Kcwhz _cogrz ci Plrn{
Zdg [wrfgch&{ Jlwfdzgr! gzk(
Zdg Pnrlzg
Icr Jgzlna{ rgflrjnhf Gjnznch{ lhj Prnkg{ {gg ogacv(
AN[Z CI GJNZNCH[ CI ZDG VLYG_AG^ HCYGA[Hgv Pcpwalr Gjnznch( ?7 Ycawmg{( Prnkg 9j( pgr Ycawmg(
Zdg Pcrzrlnz Gjnznch( ?7 Ycawmg{( Prnkg <#- hgz pgr Ycawmg(
Ynkzcrnl Gjnznch( ?7 Ycawmg{( Prnkg <#9 pgr Ycawmg(
Zvc [dnaanhf Gjnznch( ?7 Ycawmg{( Prnkg ?#- pgr Ycawmg(
[zlhjlrj Gjnznch( ?7 Ycawmg{( Prnkg ?#9 pgr Ycawmg(
Jr~owrfd Gjnznch( ?7 Ycawmg{( Prnkg ;#9 pgr Ycawmg(
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