music & technology i: electronic music
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Music & Technology I:Electronic Music
Terminology
! Electronic/Electroacoustic Music
! Tape music (fixed media): musique concrète, elektronische Musik
! Computer Music
! Algorithmic composition
! Stochastic music
! Synthesizers
! Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
! Interactive composition
! Acousmatic composition
! Radiophonic Art
! New media: webcasts, podcasts
Technology
Technology
Some Historical Precedents:
! Crook system on brass instruments (mid-18th century)
! Introduction of valve system on brass instruments (early-19th century)
! Double-action harp (early-19th century)
! Böhm key system on woodwind instruments (mid-19th century)
! Invention of tuba and saxophone (mid-19th century)
! Pedal mechanism on timpani (early-20th century)
! Player piano (early-20th century)
Conceptual Precedents:
! Ferruccio Bussoni: “Outline for a New Aesthetic of Music” (1907)
! Luigi Russolo: “The Art of Noises” (1913)
! John Cage: “Credo: The Future of Music” (1937)
! Edgard Varése: “The Liberation of Sound” (1936-62)
The definition of “music” was questioned in unprecedented ways:
Umberto Boccioni: !The City Rises (1910-11);"Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1915)
Futurism
Sound Poem by Filippo Marinetti.
Futurism
Luigi Russolo (with fellow futuristsFilippo Marinetti and Ugo Piatti) andintonarumori instruments.
Futurism
Luigi Russolo: The Art of Noise (1913)
Futurism
Russolo outlined the followingcategories of sounds:
Luigi Russolo (with fellow futuristsFilippo Marinetti and Ugo Piatti) andintonarumori instruments.
! Rumbles, roars, explosions, crashes,splashes, booms.
! Whistles, hisses, snorts.
! Whispers, murmurs, mumbles,grumbles, gurgles.
! Screeches, creaks, rustles, buzzes,crackles, scrapes.
! Noises obtained by percussion onmetal, wood, skin, stone, terracotta, etc.
! Voices of animals and men: shouts,screams, groans, shrieks, howls, laughs,wheezes, sobs.
Luigi Russolo: Score to Awakening of a City (1914)
Early Electronic Instruments
"Theremin
!Tellharmonium
! Tellharmonium: invented by Thaddeus Cahill in 1902.
! Theremin: invented by Leon Theremin in 1920.
! Ondes-Martenot: invented by Maurice Martenot in 1928.
#Ondes-martenot
Leon Theremin with his eponymous instrument.
Early Electronic Instruments
$Thereminist Clara Rockmore
"Theremin ensemble,illustrating the popularity
of this instrument.
Camille Saint-Säens: The Swanperformed by Clara Rockmore on theremin
VIDEO
Maurice Martenot andhis instrument the
ondes-martenot
ondes-martenot
Electronic Music: Post-WWII Developments
! Following World War II, studios associated with radio stations began to flourishthroughout Europe:
! In the United States, electronic music studios were affiliated with universities :
• Radiodiffusion-Télévision Françaises (RTF), Paris: founded by Pierre
Schaeffer and Pierre Henry
• Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR), Cologne: founded by KarlheinzStockhausen and Herbert Eimert
• Studio di fonologia, Milan: founded by Luciano Berio and Bruno Maderna
• Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center, New York City: founded byVladimir Ussachevsky and Otto Luening (Columbia); and Milton Babbitt and
Roger Sessions (Princeton).
• University of Illinois Experimental Music Studio, Urbana-Champaign:founded by Lejaren Hiller.
• Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), StanfordUniversity: founded by John Chowning.
• Other major centers include those at UC San Diego (CRCA), UC Berkeley(CNMAT), MIT, and University of North Texas (CEMI).
Musique concrète
Pierre Schaeffer: Étude aux chemins de fer (1948)
# Pierre Henry (b. 1927)# Pierre Schaeffer (1910-1995)
! Associated with RTF studio and composers Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Henry.
! Microphone and tape recorder are the primary tools: pre-recorded sounds aremanipulated (via loops, speed change, tape direction) and recombined in variousways.
! Sound originally drawn from “non-musical” sources; later broadened to includemanipulated recordings of musical instruments/voice.
"François Bayle at GRM.
$Pierre Schaeffer at the Radiodiffusion-TélévisionFrançaises (RTF), later known as the Groupe deRecherches Musicales (GRM).
Musique concrète
Elektronische Musik
! Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928-2007) and the NWDR Studio
! Associated with NWDR Studio and composers Karlheinz Stockhausen andHerbert Eimert.
! Oscillators and sine-tone generators are the primary tools: sounds are created“from scratch” then recorded and combined on tape.
! Consistent with the aesthetics of integral serialism, because the composer hadtotal control of the sound at the timbral level.
Karlheinz Stockhausen: Studie II (1954)
Edgard Varèse with assistant in thePhilips Studio (Eindhoven, Netherlands).
Edgard Varése and Le Corbusier
Edgard Varése and Le Corbusier at the
Brussels World Fair (!) and in front ofthe Philips Pavilion ("), c.1958.
Le Corbusier: Philips Pavilion;Brussels, Belgium (1958)
Sketch for Le Corbusier!s Philips Pavilion
Sound pathways for the 425-speaker configuration used forVarèse!s Poéme électronique in the Philips Pavilion.
Edgard Varèse: Poéme électronique sketch
Edgard Varèse: Poéme électronique score (detail)
Advertisement for first performanceof Varèse!s Poéme électronique.
Composers at Brussels World Fair (1958)
HenkBadings
MauricioKagel
EarleBrown
JohnCage
KarlheinzStockhausen
LucianoBerio
BrunoMaderna
HenriPousseur
PierreSchaeffer
Vladimir Ussachevsky and Otto Luening,Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center
Milton Babbitt (b. 1916) with the RCA Mark IIComputer, Columbia-Princeton Electronic
Music Center.
The Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center andcomposers Milton Babbitt, Vladimir Ussachevsky, OttoLuening (front row); unidentified person, Pril Smiley,Mario Davidovsky, and Alice Shields (1970)
" Mario Davidovsky (b. 1934)Synchronisms No. 5 (1969)
Center for Experimental Music and Intermedia(CEMI), formerly the Electronic Music Center
(EMC), at the University of North Texas(founded 1963).
Merrill Ellis (1916-1981)
Robert Moog (") and DonaldBuchla (#) with their eponymous
synthesizers.
Buchla synthesizers
Wendy (Walter) Carlos (b.1939)
Carlos! “Switched-On Bach” album (1969),realizations of Bach keyboard works on the
Moog synthesizer.
Yamaha DX-7 (1983-86)
Synclavier (1975-91)
Yamaha Disklavier (1987- )
a. Karlheinz Stockhausen: Kontakte (1958-60)
Notation of Electronic Music
b. Mario Davidovsky: Synchronisms No. 1 (1963)
Notation of Electronic Music
c. Milton Babbitt: Philomel (1964)
Notation of Electronic Music
Avant-Garde Mobile
From David Cope, New Directions in Music
$Thomas Edison and his phonograph (1878).
"An early recording session
Luigi Russolo (left) with UgoPiatti and intonarumori
Futurism
Russolo!s intonarumori used inan ensemble of traditional
instruments.
Umberto Boccioni: Unique Forms ofContinuity in Space (1915)
Futurism
Thaddeus Cahill!sTelharmonium (c. 1904)
Early Electronic Instruments
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