mormons farmers native americans 49ers cowboys railroad workers definition: the belief in the...
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Manifest Destiny
Mormons
Farmers
Native Americans 49ers
Cowboys Railroad Workers
Definition: The belief in the 1800‘s that the US was destined by God to expand across the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Settlers
Mormons
Found Utah for religious freedom Farmers
Moving west for land
Native Americans
Forced further west
Forced onto reservations
49ersGold discovered in 1848
Gold rush begins in 1849
Railroad WorkersIrish & Chinese immigrants
Dangerous & difficult work
CowboysHerding cattle from Texas to Kansas
SettlersEconomic opportunity
Land to own and farm
MANIFEST DESTINY• In the 1840s many
Americans believed that their movement westward was predestined by God
• Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. would expand “from sea to shining sea” – from the Atlantic to the Pacific
• Westward expansion was also helped by technology
REGIONS CREATE DIFFERENCES
• The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural
• The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19th century
• New England first to embrace factory system, especially in textile (fabric) mills
SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL• Meanwhile, the South
continued to grow as an agricultural power
• Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable
• The South became a “Cotton Kingdom”
• More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves
1820 = 1,500,000 slaves Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds
BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM
• Economic differences created political tension between North & South• Tariffs (again!)
• As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted to keep nation together
• House Speaker Henry Clay’s American Plan called for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an improved infrastructure to help travel: the Erie Canal
NEW INVENTIONS HELP EXPANSION• 1837 – Samuel Morse
invented the Telegraph• Railroads were becoming
faster and more numerous by 1830 surpassing canals as # 1 means of transport
• Robert Fulton invented the Steamboat and by 1830, 200 were on the Mississippi
• John Deere’s Steel Plow and Cyrus McCormick’s Reaper improved agriculture
By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed the country
1. Mexico wins independence from Spain in 1821
2. Americans settle Mexico’s northern border (Texas) but keep US customs
3. Mexican government tries to enforce new laws that upset US settlers (like no slavery)
4. Texans clash with Mexican army led by Santa Anna
5. Sam Houston & Texan leaders declare Texas independent
6. Texas is a sovereign
(independent) nation
from 1836-1846
REMEMBER THE ALAMO• During the revolt against
Mexican rule, American Texans moved into an old mission known as the Alamo.
• After 12 days, 150 people held off an army of 6000
• The Mexican troops finally scaled the walls and killed all 187 Americans
• “Remember the Alamo!” becomes a famous battle cry.
• Why?THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO
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MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR• In 1844 President James Polk
wanted to annex Texas (make it part of the U.S.)
• Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into Mexican territory
• America victories soon followed, and in 1848 Mexican leader Santa Anna admitted defeat
• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed – U.S. won present-day Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and parts of Colorado and New Mexico
MEXICAN PRESIDENT SANTA ANNA
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The US enters in 1846 and the war lasts 20 months – helps the United States reach goal
of Manifest Destiny
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1. Mexico agreed to accept the Rio Grande River as the north border of
Texas
2. Mexico recognized that Texas was part of the US
3. Mexico gave up a large stretch of land between Texas and the Pacific
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH
• After gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, migration to California rose from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850
• Folks who rushed to San Francisco in 1849 became known as Forty-niners
• By 1857, the total amount of gold mined in California topped $2,000,000,000
UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY
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