Manifest Destiny

Mormons

Farmers

Native Americans 49ers

Cowboys Railroad Workers

Definition: The belief in the 1800‘s that the US was destined by God to expand across the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

Settlers

Mormons

Found Utah for religious freedom Farmers

Moving west for land

Native Americans

Forced further west

Forced onto reservations

49ersGold discovered in 1848

Gold rush begins in 1849

Railroad WorkersIrish & Chinese immigrants

Dangerous & difficult work

CowboysHerding cattle from Texas to Kansas

SettlersEconomic opportunity

Land to own and farm

MANIFEST DESTINY• In the 1840s many

Americans believed that their movement westward was predestined by God

• Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. would expand “from sea to shining sea” – from the Atlantic to the Pacific

• Westward expansion was also helped by technology

REGIONS CREATE DIFFERENCES

• The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural

• The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19th century

• New England first to embrace factory system, especially in textile (fabric) mills

SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL• Meanwhile, the South

continued to grow as an agricultural power

• Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable

• The South became a “Cotton Kingdom”

• More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves

1820 = 1,500,000 slaves Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds

BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM

• Economic differences created political tension between North & South• Tariffs (again!)

• As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted to keep nation together

• House Speaker Henry Clay’s American Plan called for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an improved infrastructure to help travel: the Erie Canal

NEW INVENTIONS HELP EXPANSION• 1837 – Samuel Morse

invented the Telegraph• Railroads were becoming

faster and more numerous by 1830 surpassing canals as # 1 means of transport

• Robert Fulton invented the Steamboat and by 1830, 200 were on the Mississippi

• John Deere’s Steel Plow and Cyrus McCormick’s Reaper improved agriculture

By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed the country

1. Mexico wins independence from Spain in 1821

2. Americans settle Mexico’s northern border (Texas) but keep US customs

3. Mexican government tries to enforce new laws that upset US settlers (like no slavery)

4. Texans clash with Mexican army led by Santa Anna

5. Sam Houston & Texan leaders declare Texas independent

6. Texas is a sovereign

(independent) nation

from 1836-1846

REMEMBER THE ALAMO• During the revolt against

Mexican rule, American Texans moved into an old mission known as the Alamo.

• After 12 days, 150 people held off an army of 6000

• The Mexican troops finally scaled the walls and killed all 187 Americans

• “Remember the Alamo!” becomes a famous battle cry.

• Why?THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO

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MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR• In 1844 President James Polk

wanted to annex Texas (make it part of the U.S.)

• Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into Mexican territory

• America victories soon followed, and in 1848 Mexican leader Santa Anna admitted defeat

• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed – U.S. won present-day Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and parts of Colorado and New Mexico

MEXICAN PRESIDENT SANTA ANNA

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The US enters in 1846 and the war lasts 20 months – helps the United States reach goal

of Manifest Destiny

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1. Mexico agreed to accept the Rio Grande River as the north border of

Texas

2. Mexico recognized that Texas was part of the US

3. Mexico gave up a large stretch of land between Texas and the Pacific

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

• After gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, migration to California rose from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850

• Folks who rushed to San Francisco in 1849 became known as Forty-niners

• By 1857, the total amount of gold mined in California topped $2,000,000,000

UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY