modern indian language (mil)

Poetics of Prose, Rab De Dakiye (Punjabi Prose)and Functional Punjabi

Choice Based Credit System (C.B.C.S.)STUDY MATERIAL(LESSON NO. 1-7)

Graduate Course

MODERN INDIAN LANGUAGE (MIL)

Poetics of Prose, Rab De Dakiye (Punjabi Prose) and Functional Punjabi

Choice Based Credit System (C.B.C.S.)

S.No. Lesson Name Page no.

LESSON – 1 1-12

LESSON – 2 13-24

LESSON – 3 25-34

LESSON – 4 35-45

LESSON – 5 46-57

LESSON – 6 58-73

LESSON – 7 74-85

Lesson writer:

DR. NARINDER SINGH

Associate Professor (Retd.)

Ramanujan College (University of Delhi)

Kalkaji, New Delhi-110019

SCHOOL OF OPEN LEARNING

University of Delhi

5, Cavalry Lane, Delhi-110007

gkm Bzpo L 1

1H tkose L gfoGkPk, s~s ns/ tkose P?bh d/ r[D b~SD! vkH Bfozdo f;zx

nkozfGek

fgnko/ f;fynkoEhU ̀ ‘ukfJ; p/;v eo?fvN f;;Nw’ (;hHphH;hHn?¤;H) d/ sfjs, fdZbh :{Bhtof;NhtZb'A gk; ehs/ rJ/, ‘e'o’ n?¤wHnkJhHn?¤bH (gzikph) 1^ph g/go dk ;b/p;, fJ; gqeko j? L^

1H f;XKse gfog/y

1H1 tkose gfoGkPk ns/ sZs

1H2 tkose P?bh d/ r[D^bZSD

1H3 gzikph tkose dk fBek; s/ ftek;

1H4 g[oksB s/ BthB tkose L tzBrhnK ns/ nzso

1H5 ;µy/g T[¤soK tkba/ gqPB

2H gofwzdo ;'Yh, 2017, oZp d/ vkehJ/, u/sBk gqekPB, b[fXnkDk

2H1 nkb'uBkswe nfXn?B

2H2 tkose ftP/PsktK

2H3 ftPk t;s{

2H4 P?bh gZy

2H5 ;µy/g T[¤soK tkb/a gqPB

3H ftjkoe gzikph

3H1 ftnkeoBe P/qDhnK L BKt, gVBKt ns/ fefonk

3H2 ;to s/ ftnziB X[BhnK

3H3 fog'oN fbyDh

fJt/A ;gZPN j? fe s[jkv/ ;b/p; d/ fszB Gkr jB. n;hA jo/e Gkr ns/ T[jBK d/ T[gGkrKpko/ ft;sko Bkb uouk eoKr/.

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[jkv/ ;b/p; ftu fJe gkm g[;se th bZrh j'Jh j?, fi; dk BK j?‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’. fJj tkose dh g[;se j?. fJ; g[;se pko/ uouk, fJ; d/ gkmK, gkmK ftu fdZs/ftP/, fJ; d/ b/ye iK j'o eJh e[ZM pko/ uouk n;hA nZr/ nkT[D tkb/ gkmK ftu eoKr/. ni/ ;kBz{

! n?;';hJ/N gq'|?;o (;/tk w[es), okwkB[iB ekbi, ekbekih, BthA fdZbh.

fJ; g[;se d/ f;XKse gZy d/ e[ZM gfjb{nK T[~s/ uouk eoBh j?. Gkt n;hA fJ; d/ o{gkeko pko/ns/ T[; Bkba i[Vh ikDekoh jk;b eoBh j?. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe s[;hA T[gob/ d'^uko tkeK ftutos/ rJ/ b|I ‘tkose’ ns/ ‘o{gkeko’ pko/ osk d[ftXk ftu j'. n;hA fJj ;G ;gZPN eoKr/.w'N/ s"o ’s/ ;wM bt' fe tkose ;kfjs dk o{gkeko j?. T[dkjoB d/ s"o ’s/l s[;hA eftsk, Bktb,BkNe, ejkDh Bz{ sK ikDd/ jh j'. fJj ;ko/ o{gkeko ;kfjs Bkba ;zpzfXs jB. Gkt fJj ;kfjsd/ o{gkeko jB. ;kfjs fJBQK o{gkekoK ftu gqrN j' e/ ;kBz{ fwbadk j?. fJ;/ soQK ;kfjs dk fJeo{gkeko ‘tkose’ j?—fi; Bkb ;zpzfXs ;kvh gkm g[;se j?. n;hA tkose Bkba ;zpzfXs jh e[ZMikDekoh fJjBK w[ZYb/ gkmK ftu gqkgs eoB dk isB eoKr/. fJj ;kok f;XKse gfog/y th s[jkv/;b/p; dk fjZ;k j?.

tkose eh j? <

;kv/ ;kjwD/ gfjbk gqPB j?, tkose eh j[zdh j? < eh n;hA fJ; Bz{ gfoGkPs eo ;ed/jK < T[~so j?, tkose Bz{ eJh PpdK ftu gfoGkPs eoB d/ isB phs/ ekb ftu eJh ftdtkBKokjhA ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJj ;kohnK gfoGkPktK tkose d/ tZy^tZy sZsK T[~s/ I'o fdzdhnK jB. fJjBKBkba tkose d/ ;o{g Bz{ ;wMD ftu wdd fwbdh j?.

fi; Bz{ n;hA gzikph ftu tkose efjzd/ jK fJ;/ Bz{ jh fjzdh ftu rZd (x|) ns/ nzro/Ih ftugq'I (Prose) efjzd/ jB. |ko;h tkb/a fJ; Bz{ B;o efjzd/ jB. nzro/Ih dk b|I gq'I bkshBh GkPkd/ Ppd Prousus s'A pfDnk j?. Prosus s'A Gkt j? s[Ze ofjs PpdK dk fybko. wsbp Ppd fybo/gJ/ jB go T[jBK Bz{ fe;/ whNo, fe;/ s[Ze^s[eKs ftu pzfBQnk BjhA frnk. fJ;/ soQK i/ n;hA fjzdhftu tkose pko/ ftuko eohJ/, fi; Bz{ fjzdh tkb/ gd (x|) efjzd/ jB, sK fJj ;z;feqs d/ w{bPpd ‘ftqfs’ s'A pfDnk j?. ftqfs dk noE jz[dk j?, ;{soK dh ftnkfynk eoBh iK Nhek eoBk.fJt/A n;hA d/y oj/ jK fe tkose w[Zy o{g ftu eftsk s'A fByVdh j?. eftsk fiZE/ GktK okjhA gq;s[sheodh j?, T[~E/ tkose p[ZXh okjhA, dbhb okjhA nkgDh rZb ;wMkT[Adh j?. eftsk dk gqrNktk frnkBfJzdohnK okjhA j[zdk j?. nZyK, BZe, ezB, ihG s/ uwVh ;kvhnK frnkBh fJzdohnK jB. eftsk fJjBKokjhA gq;s[sh eodh j?. Gkt eftsk dk ;zuko frnkB fJzdohnK okjhA j[zdk j?, fit/A r[o{ BkBed/t ih id'A ‘nkosh’ dh ouBk eod/ jB sK T[j “rrB[ wfj Ekb oft uzd[ dhge pB/ skfoek wzvbiBe w'sh”, fbyd/ jB. Gkt rrB fJe Ekb j?, fi; ftu ;{[oi ns/ uzB d' dht/ pb oj/ jBns/ sko/, fi; ftu w'shnK dh soQK jB ns/ j/ gqwkswk fJt/A s/oh nkosh j' ojh j?. fJj ekftegq;s[sh j?. fJt/A jh vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk dhnK ;soK d/yhJ/ L^

T[d'A jkIo ;K w?As/o/ w{zj'A, id p'b dk N[ZeVk;[brdh bkN tKr{ fBefbnk ;h

p'b ;[DB dh P/qDh ftu nkT[Adk j?. go fJZE/ fJj N[ZeVk (fdZyD tkbak) j?l ;[brdh bkN (uwedkofdZyD tkbak ns/ rowh Bkba ;zpzfXs j?). j'o th eJh T[dkjoB j' ;ed/ jB, fit/A w'jB f;zx dheftsk ‘ski wjZb’ ftu L^

bZr NkjDK rb t/bK ;[shnK, bZr t/bK rb ebhnK.bZr ebhnK rb rzXK ;[shnK, BhAd tb/t/A tbhnK.

fJZE/ NkjDK, t/bK, ebhnK, rzXK ;kohnK wkBt pD rJhnK jB s/ T[j g[oP, Bko dh gq/w^eqhVkftu gq;s[s jB. fJj ekfte^gq;s[sh j?. p[ZXh, soe, fJ; dk ;zuko^wkfXnw BjhA.

tkose fJj' fijk nskofee ;wheoB BjhA pDkT[Adh. tkose dk soe, p[ZXh dk dbhb tkbaksoe j?.

tkose d/ s~s

1H n;hA T[go tkose d/ fJe gqw[Zy sZs dbhb iK soe pko/ rZb eo nkJ/ jK. n;hAT[dkjoB Bkba tkose Bz{ eftsk s'A tZyok gSkD th nkJ/ jK. n;hA d/fynk fe eftskfi; n?Adonkth (frnkBh fJzdohnK tkbah) dbhb dh f;oiDk eodh j?, T[; dk ;zpzXp"fXe dbhb Bkba BjhA jz[dk, go tkose, b/y, fBpzX, ihtBh, ;_? ihtBh, ;|oBkw/ nkfdfbyfdnK soe d/ nB[Pk;B dk gkbD eodh j?.

2H tkose, soe d/ nB[Pk;B dk jh BjhA, GkPk dh ftnkeoB d/ fB:wK d/ nB[Pk;B dkth gkbD eodh j?. tkose d/ tke pj[sk eoe/ ftnkeoB d/ B/w nB[;koh jh jz[d/ jB.idfe eftsk Bz{ fJ; dh e'Jh wip{oh BjhA. n;hA T[~go fdZs/ vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh eftskftub/ T[dkjoB Bz{ jh t/yhJ/ iK w'jB f;zx dh eftsk tkbak T[dkjoB t/yhJ/ sK ;gZPNj[zdk j? fe fJj tke gzikph tke^ouBk d/ f;XKs nB[;koh ;jh BjhA. tkose nfijkBjhA eo ;edh. T[; dk ;zuko PpdK Bz{ nr/ fgZS/ oZy e/ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJsBkjh BjhA eftsk b'V g?D s/ PpdK d/ i'V (Spellings) th osk nr/ fgZS/, xZN^tZX eob?Adh j?. fJj y[ZbQ tkose BjhA b?Adh.

3H tkose dh GkPk ftu GkPk e/tb wkfXnw j?. GkPk ftu fBfjs ;zd/P sZe ngVBk fJ;dk Nhuk j?. Gkt fJj fe id'A s[;hA tkose dk e'Jh wIw{B gVQd/ j' sK gVQB pknds[;hA ;zy/g ftu iK ft;sko ftu fJj dZ; ;ed/ j' fe fJ; ftu eh fejk frnk j? <s[;hA fbyD tkb/a dh GkPk, tkeK, PpdK s'A nkIkd fJe tZyok gqrNkn th gq;s[s eo;ed/ j'. ;zd/P, w{b GkPk s'A w[es j' iKdk j? idfe eftsk ftu nfijk BjhA jz[dk.eftsk nkgD/ PpdK, nkgDh w{b ;zouBk nkgD/ Gkt, nkgD/ T[uko, T[uko d/ T[sokn,uVQkn s'A nkIkd j' e/ nkgD/ noE r[nk b?Adh j?. nekdwe y/so ftu n;hA eftskd/ ;ob noE eoB torh e'fPP eod/ jB go fJj w{b eftsk d/ pokpo xZN jh gjz[udhj?. tkose ftu GkPk dk d[i?bk ;EkB j?, idfe eftsk ftu gfjbk. fJ;/ eoe/ eftskdk nB[tkd pj[s uzrk BjhA j' ;edk. jkbKfe tkose Bz{ d{ihnK GkPktK ftu nB[tkdsehsk ik ;edk j?.

T[go'es ftukoK ftu n;hA eftsk ns/ tkose d/ fBy/V Bz{ nkXko pDk e/ s[jkBz{ tkose d/e[ZM e[ r[D bZSDK Bkba i'VB dk isB ehsk j?. jkbKfe e[ZM ftdtkB eftsk ns/ tkose ftu fe;/vz{x/ nzso Bz{ gSkDB d/ jkwh BjhA. T[j efjzd/ jB fe fJj d't/A jh ;Zu dh g/Pekoh eod/ jB.

tkose dk T[d/P th ;Zu dh gq;s[sh eoBk j?. nzro/Ih dk gqf;ZX eth tovI toE eftsk ns/tkose dh GkPk ftu e'Jh nzso BjhA ;wMdk. fJt/A jh gzikph dk pj[s gqf;ZX eth gq'H g{oB f;zxth tkose dh GkPk Bz{ eftsk torh jh ;wMdk j?. T[; dk eEB j? fe “gzikph dk ;kfjs r[o{BkBe d/t ih d/ wzdoK d/ nkba/^d[nkb/a, fpqSK dhnK SktK ftu gfbank. B;o (tkose) T[jBK b'eKB/ gfjbh tko fbyh fiBQK d/ j'Am r[o{ ;kfjp d/ fgnko nzfwqs Bkba f;zu/, r[bkpK dhnK gZshnK tKrf;|s ;who ftu fjbd/ oj/.” gq'H g{oB f;zx d/ fJj Ppd T[; dh tkose dh fJe' fJe g[;se‘y[ZbQ/ b/y’ ftu'A bJ/ rJ/ jB. fJ; g[;se ftu, gq'H g{oB f;zx d/ eJh j'o b/y th jB. fijBKBz{ rj[ Bkba ftukohJ/ sK T[jBK dh GkPk ftP[ZX eftsk dh GkPk j?. go sK th nekdwe b'VK dhfJj fttZ;Ek j? fe T[j nzso gSkDB dh okj/ g? e/ tZyosk d/ ;{\w G/dK dh gSkD eoB. i/ tkosed/ gqEw ekoi Bz{ jh bZGDk j't/ sK n;hA nzro/Ih Bz{ jh gqwkfDe nXko wzBKr/. ;skoQthA ;dh d/w[ZY ftu jh fBpzX o{g Bkba tkose dk gqkozG wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ;dh d/ nkozG ftu jhBktb, BkNe, b/y nkfd fby/ ikD bZr/. ;o Nkw; w'o w[ZYb/ nzro/Ih b/ye jB. p/eB dh tkoseouBk dkoPfBe fe;w dh j?. T[j w[ZYb/ nzro/Ih b/yeK ftu'A jB. fJ;/ ;dh ftu vokfJvB dhtkose nkb'uBkswe fe;w dh j?. fJt/A n;hA d/yd/ jK fe ftfGzB soQK dh ;'u d/ gqrNkt/ bJh17thA ;dh ftu jh tkose ;kjwD/ nkT[Dh P[o{ j' rJh.

id'A wB[Zyh ;wki d/ ftuko ;gZPN j' ikD s/ fJj wfj;{; ehsk ikt/ fe fJjBK ftukoK Bz{;zy/g s/ ;gZPN o{g ftu gqrN ehsk ikt/ iK j'oK Bkba ;KMk ehsk ikt/ sK tkose dh T[gi P[o{j[zdh j?. jkbKfe n;hA tkose dh P[o{nks 17thA ;dh d/ gqkozG ftu j'Jh wzB nkJ/ jK sK th 20thA;dh Bz{ tkose dk :[Zr wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; ;w/A jh tkose dk pj[gZyh ftek; j'fJnk ns/ tkoseBz{ gqwkDe s"o ’s/ ;kfjs o{g ti'A gSkfDnk frnk. tkose d/ f;XKse gZyK pko/ ftukoK dk nkdkB^gqdkB j'fJnk. fJj uouk iK tkose Bz{ gfoGkPs eoB dh gqfefonk th nzro/Ih s'A jh gqkozG j'Jh.tkose Bz{ T[d:'rheoB Bkba sK i'V e/ t/fynk iKdk jh j?, fJ; dk ;zpzX ;wki dh wZX Pq/Dh Bkbath i'fVnk iKdk j?. tkose Bkba jh ;fGnkukoK Bz{ nkg; ftu i'VB iK T[jBK ftu nkdkB^gqdkBdk ezw j[zdk j?. ;kfjs d/ pkeh o{g nzsoht s"o s/ nkgD/ ;fGnkukoK dk fuZso jh gq;s[s eooj/ j[zd/ jB, go tkose ftukoK Bz{ ;op ;KMk eoe/ fBoD/iBe ns/ soePhb Yzr Bkba gq;s[s eodhj?. fwvbNB wo/ dk fJj eEB fe “Prose is the language not merely of exact thinking but ofexact discription.”

don;b tkose ouBk dk ftPk y/so fBPfus BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; dk y/so pVk ftPkbj[zdk j?. ;wki ftfrnkB, fJfsjk;, ebk, ftfdnk, okiBhsh, ekBz{B, gqPk;B ;G y/soK ftu ns/y/soK Bkba ;zpzfXs tkose dh ouBk j' ;edh j? ns/ j[zdh j?. fiT[A fiT[A wB[Zyh ;wki ftu ftek;jz[dk ik fojk j?, eftsk d/ xZN ikD ns/ tkose d/ tZX ikD dh ;zGktBk g?dk j' ojh j? ns/ fJ;d/ ekoB th jB. ;[szso s/ ;G: ;wki ftu ftukoK dh ;[szsosk ns/ P[ZXsk Bz{ gqrNkT[D tkbahtkose ;kjwD/ nk ojh j?. fBg[zB tkoseeko dh tkose ftu dbhb s/ ftukoK Bz{ gqrN eoB dk;woZEktkB ns/ skesto gqgzu jz[dk j?, i' gkmeK Bz{ nkgD/ ws Bkb i'V b?Adk j?. n;hA 20thA ;dhd/ d{i/ wZX ftu t/fynk jh j? fe gzikph dh wPj{o wk;e gZfsqek ‘gqhsbVh’ eJh toQ/ sZe r[op\Pf;zx dhnK tkose fbysK gq;s[s eodh ojh ns/ pj[s tZvk gkme tor T[jBK Bkba nfijh brBBkba i[fVnk fojk fe T[; dk fBozso fJzsIko eodk fojk. tkose dh ;|bsk ;wki dh dPk ns/

fdPk Bz{ pdb fdzdh j?. ;kfjse tkose ;z[do, ;[jiwJh, ;zrhse, ;fjiwJh ns/ ;Zu dh gqshsheotkT[D tkbah j[zdh j?. nfij/ ekfte r[D j'D d/ pkti{d th fJ; dk ouBjkok ftdtsk ns/ dbhbBkba i[fVnk ofjzdk j?. t/nB p{E, i' gZSw dk gqf;ZX ftdtkB j?, B/ nkgDh g[;se ‘Rhetoric ofFiction’ ftu tkose pko/ nkgD/ ftuko gqrN ehs/ jB. T[j fbydk j? fe ‘T[sw gqeko dh tkosegkme Bz{ gq/oBk fdzdh j?, feT[Afe fJ; dk ;zpzX fuzsB, ;[fjod nB[Gt ns/ nzso^gqekP Bkbaj[zdk j?.’

tkose fJe ebk

T[go'es ftuko d/ gfog/y ftu n;hA d/yd/ jK fe tkose pj[s PeshPkbh j?, fi; Bkba pj[stZvk gkme tor g/qos j[zdk j?. fJ; rZb'A d/yhJ/ sK tkose d/ d' o{g j[zd/ jB. gfjbk T[j, fi;ftu tkose tkose bJh j[zdh j? ns/ d{;ok T[j, fi; ftu tkose fe;/ ftP/P wzst dh f;ZXh bJhfbyh iKdh j?. d{ih soQK dh tkose ftu :EkoE ns/ nkdoP dk ;[w/b j[zdk j?. nzro/Ih dk fJegqf;ZX tkoseeko nkgDh jh tkose ouBk pko/ efjzdk j? fe T[j fJ; bJh fbydk j? sK fe fe;/M{m dk godk y'bQ ;e/ ns/ ;wki Bz{ fe;/ ftP/P fdPk ftu s'o ;e/. fJ;/ fdqPNh s''A gqf;ZX ftdtkB;koso dk eEB j? fe, ‘tkose ftu Ppd fJe Goh j'Jh fg;s"b dk o{g Xko b?Ad/ jB ns/ eosk,fJe fBPfus fBPkB/ s/ tko eodk j?.’ Gkt fJj fe tkose dh jo fbys dk fJe ftP/P wzstj[zdk j?, ;[fBPfus wzst. T[j fJ; wzst Bz{ th ;kXdh j?, go ;[ji ;[nkd tkb/a nzrK Bz{ th ekfJwoZydh j?. fJ;/ soQK jh ebkwJh tkose ;Ekgs j[zdh j?. ‘n"B fJzrfb; go'I’ dk ou?sk i/w; nko;[dob?Av fbydk j? fe ‘ebkwJh tkose T[j j[zdh j?, fi; ftu wB d/ GktK Bz{ gkmeK sZe P[ZX o{gftu ns/ ;zg{oB o{g ftu fpBK fe;/ o'e iK n"y d/ ns/ ;zr ;ze'u d/ gj[zuk fdZsk ikt/.’

n;hA tkose pko/ j[D fijV/ ftuko gqrN eo oj/ jK, fJj fJ; gkm e/ gq;zr ftu fdZsh tkosedh gfoGkPk s'A pj[s fGzB jB. P[o{ ftu fdZsh gfoGkPk ni'eh tkose bJh fpbe[b nX{oh j?.tkose ftu ;obsk, ;gZPNsk ns/ ;[fBPfussk jz[dh j?, i' fJ; Bz{ ftfrnkBe fuzsB gqrN eo torkpDkT[Adh j?. nZi d/ :[Zr ftu fJ;/ eoe/ tkose dk ;EkB pVk T[u/ok j? ns/ tkose Bz{, ;kfjs d/pkeh o{gK tork jh doik gqkgs j?. e'Jh ;wK ;h, id'A eth dk ;EkB pj[s T[~uk ;h. b'e ;wMd/;h fe eth e'Jh nb"fee GkPk tos e/ nb"fee Yzr Bkba rZb eodk j?, i' nkw BjhA jz[dh. T[d'Atkose Bz{ eftsk tork doik gqkgs BjhA ;h. nZi th id'A tkose dh skoh| jz[dh j? sK fJj' fejkiKdk j? fe ‘fJ; ftubk ou?sk ebkswe f;\oK S{j frnk j?, fit/A eth eodk j?. Gkt, n;hA eftskdh skoh| tkb/a wkg Bkba jh tkose dh skoh| eod/ jK. go fit/A fe n;hA T[~go efj nkJ/ jK j[Ddk ;wK tkose dk ;wK j? ns/ eftsk dh b'efgq:sk ni'e/ ;w/A ftu EZb/ tZb Bz{ ik ojh j?. tkoseftu eJh o{gkeko ;kjwD/ nkJ/ jB. ihtBh, ;_? ihtBh, ;|oBkwk, fBpzX nkfd. fJj ;ko/ tkosed/ r[D oZyd/ jB go fJjBK ;kfonK dh ;zouBk ftu nzsoht G/d jB. w[Zy ;KMh rZb fJj j? fefJj ;ko/ fi; T[d/P tZb nk:'iB eod/ jB, T[; fdPk tZb jh g{oh ouBk Bz{ e/Adfos eod/ jB.ihtBhl i' e'Jh b/ye fe;/ gqf;ZX (nkw s"o ’s/) ftnesh d/ ihtB pko/ fbydk j?, T[j wfji sZEhrZbK iK xNBktK Bk j' e/ nfijk fBo{gD j[zdk j? fe T[; ftu'A T[; ftnesh dk ihtB e'Jh ;zd/Pd/t/. fJt/A jh ;?_ ihtBh T[j o{gkeko j?, i' ;?_ Bz{ :EkoE gZXo T[~go g/P eoe/, e'Jh e/Adoh rZbefjDh ukj/. tkose nkw s"o ’s/ ;{uBk gqXkB jz[dh j?. ihtBh iK ;?_ ihtBh sZEh ;{uBktK Bkba

fBofws j' e/ th fe;/ ;Zu tZb ;ze/s eodh j?. fJj' rZb ;|oBkfwnK pko/ j?. gzikph ftu j[D fesB/jh ;|oBkw/ fwbad/ jB. edh fJjBK dk wjZst pj[s tZvk ;h, id'A nkw pzdk d{o d[o/v/ pko/ e[ZM BjhAikDdk ;h. fJe GkJhukok iK ;fGnkuko fJjBK d{o doki dhnK EktK s/ T[E'A d/ ofjD^;fjD pko/ikD b?Adk ;h. fJXo'A rJ/ ftnesh d/ gqsheow th ;kBz{ nkgD/ tor/ bZrd/ ;h feT[Afe T[j ;kv/ torkjh j[zdk j?. tkose d/ fJj ;ko/ o{gkeko ebk feosK pD e/ GkPk dk nfijk gq:'iB ;kjwD/ fbnkT[Ad/jB, fi; okjhA frnkB dk ftokN d[nko y[ZbQdk j?. tkose dh fJj Pesh Bt/ebh j?. tkose e'bth fJe fdqPNh fpzd{ jz[dk j? go sZEh j'D eoe/ ns/ skofee j'D eoe/ fJ; ftu T[bko j'D dh ;zGktBkxZN j[zdh j?. fJj sZE d/ okj ’s/ s[oe/ ;Zu tZb ;ze/s eodh j?. ;kfjs d/ pkeh o{gkeko th ;Zu sZegj[zuD dk :sB eod/ jB go T[jBK dh ;kwrqh ebgBk j?.

p"fXesk, fe;/ th tkose ouBk d/ T[~x/ bZSDK ftu'A fJe j?. Gkt i/ b/ye Bz{ nkgD/ ftP/ T[~s/dbhb :[es p"fXe geV jkf;b BjhA sK tkose ouBk ftu u[;s tke pDso ns/ ;jh Ppd u'D}?o jkIo j't/rh. tkose fbys dh dPk ns/ fdPk T[~s/ b/ye dk fB:zsqD BjhA j't/rk. tkoseekoT[jBK ftfPnK Bz{ jh u[Ddk j?, fijV/ T[; Bz{ gqGkts eoB, Mzi'VB. nfijh ;fEsh ftu T[j T[jBKftfPnK Bz{ ;ziw ns/ ;gZPNsk Bkba gkmeK ;kjwD/ gq;s[s eodk j?. T[; dh fIzdrh d/ fBZih sIop/T[; dh ouBk (tkose) Bz{ go'y o{g ftu gq'VQsk fdzd/ jB. ;[Gkte fij/ sohe/ Bkba jh fJe fB:w,T[; dh ouBk ftu nk p?mdk j? ns/ T[; dh dbhb pZX ouBk th ebk feos dh fJe fw;kb pDiKdh j?. T[; dk gqGkt ;[ji tkbak j[zdk j? ns/ fbys dk wB'oE gkme sZe gj[zudk j?.

tkose P?bh

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` P?bh Ppd nzro/Ih d/ Ppd Style dk gfonkfJtkuh j?. P?bh, Gkt Style, job/ye dh P\;hns Bz{ gqrNkT[Adk j?. jo b/ye dh fbys fe;/ d{i/ b/ye dh fbys s'A tZyoh j[zdhj?. t?;/ sK jo nkw nkdwh ftu th tZyoh P?bh (tZyo/ Style) d/ r[D fdZy iKd/ jB. go n;kXkoBP\;hns tkb/a b/yeK dhnK fbysK ftu T[jBK dh fBZih P?bh S[gdh BjhA. T[jBK dk ftnefsstT[; ftu nk jh iKdk j?. fJ;/ bJh fejk iKdk j? ‘Style is the Man’.

fe;/ gqgZe b/ye dh fbys ;fji/ jh d{finK d/ w[eakpb/ tZyoh gSkDh ik ;edh j?. fJj T[d'Ajh j[zdk j? id'A e'Jh b/ye nkw ;kXkoB wB[ZyK tKr e'Jh ;{uBk iK ;[B/jk Bk fby e/, ebkswegZXo sZe g[Zi iKdk j? ns/ ftP/P f;oiDk eodk j?. gzikph d/ T[~x/ tkoseekoK dhnK fbysK T[goi/ b/ye dk BK Bk th fbfynk j't/ sK ouBk, fbys dh P?bh s'A b/ye dk gsk uZb iKdk j?. r[op\Pf;zx gqhsbVh j't/ iK gq'H g{oB f;zx. vkH jfoGiB f;zx j't/ iK r[oBkw f;zx sho. fJt/A jh Bfozdof;zx eg{o dh tZyoh P?bh gfjukBD ftu e'Jh w[Pfeb BjhA jz[dh. n;hA ‘P?bh’ Bz{ ftnefsst d/noEK ftu fJ;/ bJh gfoGkPs ehsk j?.

i/ n;hA ;z;feqs GkPk ftu'A P?bh Ppd dh T[sgsh bZGD dk isB eohJ/ sK n;hA d/yKr/ fe‘Phb’ Xks{ T[j p[fBnkd j?, fi; s'A P?bh Ppd pfDnk. ‘Phb’ s'A Gkt j? ‘ezw eoB dk Bt/ebkYzr iK ftXh’. pkeh gqf;ZX GkPktK ftub/ ‘Style’ Ppd d/ noE th brGr fJjd/ Bkba w/b yKd/jh fwbad/ jB. e'Jh ;kfjseko id'A GktK iK ftukoK Bz{ gqrN eodk j? sK T[; bJh T[j fijVhftXh ngDkT[Adk j?, T[;/ Bz{ jh P?bh efjzd/ jB. P?bh, fi; Bz{ n;hA gqrNkU Yzr iK ftXh fejk

j?, jo ouBkeko dh nkgDh Bt/ebh jz[dh j?. fJj Bt/ebkgB iK P?bh, fe;/ b/ye dh th gSkDhik ;edh j?, fe;/ fJe ftbZyD dh th ns/ fe;/ fJe fJfsjk;e ekb dh th. n;hA fJ; rZb Bz{;wMd/ jK.

T[go n;hA fe;/ tkoseeko dh P?bh dk nfXnB eoB dh rZb eod/ nkJ/ jK. Gkt fe;/ebkeko, fe;/ tkoseeko dh P?bh d/ Bt/eb/ r[D bZSD. go fJj th ;Zu j? fe n;hA fe;/ fJeouBk dh P?bh dk nfXnB th eo ;ed/ jK. fJj' BjhA gzikph GkPk ftu fBozso tkose fbyh ikojh j?. wZXekb dh tkose, ;zeqKsh ekb dh tkose iK nkX[fBe tkose. fJjBK gzikph tkoseBw{fBnK dk P?bhrs nfXnB th ;zGt j?. ftfdnkoEh fe;/ fe;w dh rz[Mb ftu Bk g?D, fJ;/ bJhn;hA ‘P?bh’ Ppd Bz{ j[D e/tb ftnesh d/ fBZi s'A pkjo oZy e/ tZv/ noEK ftu ;wMD dk th isBeo oj/ jK. T[dkjoB d/ s"o ’s/ s[jkv/ ;b/p; ftu ‘gofwzdo ;'Yh’ dh g[;se ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ brhj'Jh j?. ftfdnkoEh ;w[Zu/ s"o ’s/ ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ dk P?bhrs nfXnB th eo ;ed/ jB ns/ fJ;ftub/ fe;/ fJe eZb/^eko/ b/y dk th. gofwzdo ;'Yh dh d{;oh tkose g[;se Bz{ th Pkwb eobJhJ/ sK n;hA gofwzdo ;'Yh dh tkose^P?bh tor/ j'o ftokN ftP/ Bkb th i[V ;ed/ jK. n;hAT[go ;ze/s fdZsk ;h fe fe;/ ekb ftP/P dh tkose P?bh d/ tZyo/ r[D bZSD dh gSkD ;ed/ jK.wZXekb ftu ouh rJh tkose ftu iBw;kyhnK dk ftP/P ;EkB j?. ;kv/ e'b iBw;kyhnK d/ eJhBw{B/ fwbd/ jB. fJj th ;zzGt j? fe n;hA fe;/ fJe iBw;kyh ftP/P dk P?bhrs nfXnB eohJ/iK ;wZ[u/ iBw;kyh ;kfjs dh Bt/ebh P?bh Bz{ gSkDhJ/. s[;hA d/y oj/ j' fe ;kvh fJ; uouk Bkba‘P?bh’ Ppd dh gfoGkPk osk tZyok o{g b? ojh j?. don;b fJj rZb j? BjhA. P?bh s'A Gkt, fe;/fbykoh dh Ppd u'D, tke pDso, g?ok^tzv, nbzeko ftT[As s/ f\nkbK dh gZXsh s'A j?.

;gZPN j? e/tb f\nkb jh fe;/ ouBk Bz{ wjkB BjhA pDk fdzd/. i/ b/ye ;jh f\nkbbJh ;jh Ppd BjhA u[D ;fenk. i/ T[; d/ tkeK dh pDso u[;s BjhA, T[j f\nkb Bz{ T[xkV BjhA;ed/, i/ T[; d/ fdZs/ T[dkjoB ns/ gqwkD T[; d/ ftP/ Bkba w/u BjhA eod/ sK b/ye d/ ftuko ;jho{g ftu gq;s[s BjhA j'Dr/. P?bh fe;/ b/ye dh ewkJh j'Jh ebk j?. b/ye B/ fonkI eoe/ T[;Bz{ fesBk fte;s ehsk j?—fJ; T[~s/ T[; dk gqGkt nkXkos ofjzdk j?. GkPk ftu Ppd, tke,nbzeko nkfd dh tos'A pko/ ftt/uB fe;/ g{oh g[;se dk th ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ fJe fbysdk th. fJj' rZb fe;/ fJe ;w/A Bkba ;zpzfXs eoe/ th t/yh ik ;edh j?. P?bh d/ wjZst pko/ ftdtkBKB/ eJh eEB ej/ jB fit/A u?;No chb B/ fejk fe, “P?bh f\nkb dk gfjoktk j?.” p|B B/ fejk,“P?bh jh wB[Zy j?.”

P?bh pko/ tZy tZy ;'u oZyD tkfbanK B/ tZy tZy soQK d/ fpnkB fdZs/ jB. wkoe;tkdh ;'uoZyD tkb/ ;kfjs Pk;soh ouDjko/ Bz{ tZX wjZssk fdzd/ jB. T[jBK w[skpe P?bh e/tb gqrNkt/ dkwkfXnw j?. feT[Afe gkme Bz{ ;Zu dk g{oB nfj;k; eotkT[Dk j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh b/ye e'Jh fdqPNhe'DsK oZydk jh j?. fJj fuzse wzBd/ jB fe P?bh dk ftPb/PD wZ[y ftP/ Bz{ Bkba oZy e/ jh ehsk ik;edk j?. ftP/ Bz{ nbZr eoe/ P?bh dk nfXnB e'Jh noE BjhA oZydk. b/ye d/; ekb ftu ofjzfdnKfe;/ wkj"b s'A gqGkts j[zd/ jB. fJ;/ bJh fe;/ d/P^ekb ftu ftP/P P?bh gquZbs j[zdh j?. nfij/fuzse fe;/ fBZih fe;w dh P?bh ftu ftPtk; BjhA oZyd/. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe ;wkie ;fEshnKd/;^ekb ftu fJe soQK dk tksktoB f;oidhnK jB. fJ; tksktoB Bkba ;zpzfXs ftP/ T[~God/ jBns/ fJjBK ftfPnK Bkba i[Vh GkPk, Ppdktbh, tke pDso T[d? j[zdh j?. fJ; Bkba jh T[; teas

dh P?bh j'Ad ftu nkT[Adh j?. wkoe;tkdh fe;/ ftnesh ftP/P dh P?bh Bz{ BjhA wzBd/. fJj efjzd/jB fe fe;/ d/P dh P?bh j[zdh j? ns/ T[; d/ b/ye T[; P?bh dhnK tZy tZy PkyktK. T[jBK w[skpefJe ;KM/ ;o's ftu'A fBebhnK PkyktK jh T[j P?bhnK jB fijBK Bz{ n;hA tZy tZy b/yeK dhnK P?bhnKefj oj/ jK. don;b fJj BjhA j?.

n;hA d/y oj/ jK fe fJj wkoe;tkdh fuzse P?bh Bz{ e'Jh pj[s wjZst BjhA fdzd/. T[j PpdftP/P tZb BjhA, T[; d/ noE tZb o[fus jB. nfij/ fuzse P?bh Bz{ o{g tork jh ;wMd/ jB ns/nfij/ noEK ftu T[; dk fto'X eod/ jB.

o{gtkdh fdqPNhe'D L P?bh pko/, i' pj[s/ b'e^gqf;ZX eEB ;kjwD/ nkJ/ T[j o{gtkdh fdqPNhe'Ds'A jh nkJ/. fJ;/ eoe/ fJj fdqPNhe'D pVk wjZst oZydk j?. fJjBK fuzseK B/ P?bh bJh nXko,ouBk Bz{ pDkfJnk. fJ; bJh ed/ T[; d/ gkmeK T[~s/ g?Ad/ gqGkt Bz{ t/fynk ns/ ed/ T[; Bz{ b/yeBkba i'fVnk frnk.

P?bh dk ouDjkok L P?bh Bz{ e'Jh oudk j?. P?bh fbys o{g ftu th ns/ p'b ukb ftu thwjZst oZydh j?. P?bh ouBjko/ dh ;'u ns/ ftukoXkok dh gqshfBXsk eodh j?. fJj' BjhA, P?bhnkgD/ f;oie dh th gqshfBXsk eodh j?. don;b fuzsB tZyok BjhA jz[dk. fuzsB th P?bh ftujh gqrN j[zdk j?. fJ;/ ftukoXkok dk ;woEB eoB tkb/a gqf;ZX ftdtkB p{|' B/ pV/ T[~u/ ;_o ftufejk fe, “b/ye dk ftnefsst jh P?bh j?.” P?bh dh fJj gfoGkPk pVh gquZbs j'Jh ns/ ftdtkBKB/ fJ; dk ;woEB th ehsk go fJj th ;Zu j? fe fJ; gfoGkPk Bz{ ftdtkBK B/ jh nX{ok ;Zuth fejk. T[jBK w[skpe tZy tZy soQK dhnK ouBktK ftu fJe' ouBjko/ dhnK tZy tZy P?bhnKfdZydhnK jB. i/ T[j gqrhs fby/rk sK tZyoh P?bh j't/rh ns/ i/ BkNe fby/rk sK j'o soQK dh.Gkt fJe' ftnefss eJh sohe/ Bkba P?bh rqfjD eodk j?. BkNe ftu gksoK d/ tkoskbkg, b/yedk ftnefsst Gkt P?bh Bz{ BjhA gq;s[s eo ;ed/. fJt/A T[go'es fdZsh gfoGkPk Bz{ e[ZM ftdtkBKB/ nX{ok ;Zu jh fejk j?.

‘P?bh’ Bz{ ouBjko/ Bkba i'V e/ t/yD tkfbanK ftu'A tkov B/ fejk fe P?bh fJe fBZih r[D j?.jo/e fbys ftu P?bh j[zdh jh j?. jo ;kfjseko fijVk fbydk j?, T[; dh fJe P?bh th j[zdh j?.fJj fJ; eoe/ j? feT[Afe T[; dh fJe P\;hns j[zdh j?. jo b/ye dh P\;hns uzrh iK wkVh j';edh j?. fJ;/ bJh fJj j' ;edk j? fe T[; dh P?bh uzrh iK wkVh j't/. i/ fe;/ b/ye dh P\;hnsBht/A iK nkw doi/ dh j't/rh sK T[; dh P?bh T[; dh P\;hns Bz{ gq;s[s eo d/t/rh. ftdtkBK B/P?bh Bz{ fJe ftneshrs bZSD wzfBnk j?. fJt/A n;hA d/fynk j? fe fInkdkso ftdtkBK B/ P?bh Bz{P\;hns Bkba i'V e/ jh t/fynk j?. fJjBK ;kohnK ;'uK B/ P?bh ns/ P\;hns Bz{ fJsBk obrZv eofdZsk j? fe P?bh nkgDh ;kwrqh ns/ wkfXnw, ‘GkPk’ d/ pzXB s'A w[es fdykJh fdzdh j?. don;bfJj jz[dk BjhA. b/ye T[~s/ GkPk dk nze[P iK GkPk dh fBoGosk ;dk pDh ofjzdh j?.

Gkosh ekft^Pk;so ouBk Bz{ goyD dk fJe sohek gkme iK ;o'sk T[~s/ g?Ad/ gqGkt Bz{ wzBdkj?. fJ; bJh T[j ;[fjod gkme dk ;zebg ;kjwD/ fbnkT[Ad/ jB. Gkt ;kfjs d/ ;[ji dk nBzdb?D bJh gkme iK ;o'sk dk ;[fjod j'Dk bkIwh Pos j?. T[~u/ nkBzd dh e;tZNh ;[fjod gkme

Bz{ gqkgs j[zdk nBzd j?. fJ; ftuko d/ ubd/ P?bh, ;[fjod gkme Bz{ nBzd d/D dh Pesh d/ noEjh rqfjD eo b?Adh j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftu ftdtkBK d/ eEB jB L

1H “P?bh, gkme Bz{ gqGkts eoB dk ;kXB wkso j[zdh j?.”(NhHJhH fjT{w)

2H “fJj fB;fus j? fe P?bh ftu, GkPkJh o{g ftu gqrN j'J/ ftP/ d/ nkeoPDs'A fGzB, fJe tZyo/ gqeko dk p"fXe nBzd gqdkB eoB dh ;woZEk j[zdh j?.”

(vhH eftB;h)

wsbp fJj j'fJnk fe ouBk B/ gkme$;o'sk Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j? sK P?bh j?, toBk P?bh BjhAj?. e[ZM ftdtkBK B/ P?bh Bz{ nfij/ sZs tKr th t/fynk j?, i' gqGkt f;oidk j?. T[jBK nB[;koi/ gqGkt f;oiDk j't/ sK P?bh dk sZs oZy fbnk ikt/ ns/ BjhA sK fJ; s'A fpBK th ;ko fbnkik ;edk j?. ;gZPN j? fJj fuzse P?bh Bz{ e/tb gqGkt f;oiD tkbak sZs wzBd/ jB. fJj ;kohnKgfoGkPktK ns/ ftuko P?bh Bz{ nX{ok fijk, r"D fijk sZs jh wzBd/ jB.

fJ;/ fdPk ftu P?bh Bz{ ftukoK d/ w[eakpb/ d[i?bk ;EkB fdzfdnK, e[ZM fuzseK B/ fJ; Bz{ ftukoKdh g'Pke jh fejk j?. fJBQK nB[;ko fJj pkjoh y'b j?. go nfij/ ftukoK dk fto'X j'fJnk ns/fJ; Bz{ ;theko Bk ehsk frnk. fto'X eoB tkb/a fuzseK dk ftuko j? fe P?bh Bz{ ftuko gq;s[shdk ;kXB wkso Bk ;wfMnk ikt/. P?bh dk n;fsst ;koEe T[d/P tkbak j?. P?bh ;kXB BjhA, ;r'A‘GkPk’ P?bh dk ;kXB j?.

P?bh Bz{ ;wMD ;wMkT[D tkbak fJe j'o ;e{b fJ; tZb o[fus BjhA fe fe;/ b/ye dh P?bhfej' fijh j? iK P?bh d/ gqGkt fej' ij/ jB. fJj ;e{b ftP/P gkm tZb o[fus jz[dk j? ns/ P?bhBz{ ftP/P GkPkJh gqrNkn tKr t/ydk j?. fJj ;e{b wzBdk j? fe P?bh dh ouBk, gkm dh ;zouBkftu j[zdh j?. fJ; dk nfXnB ou/ gkm ftu'A jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj ftuko, jkbKfe thjthA;dh ftu gq;s[s ehs/ rJ/. go fJj' fij/ jh ftuko wZXekb d/ fuzseK B/ g/P ehs/ ;h, id'A T[jBKB/ fejk fe ;jh EK T[~s/ ;jh PpdK Bz{ fbyDk$p'bDk jh P?bh j?. fJt/A jh wZXekbhB fuzse id'ABk^b'VhAd/ o{geK iK Bebh fij/ bZrd/ nbzekoK iK noEjhD fij/ PpdK dh tos'A iK Bebh gqGktf;oiD tor/ dkn g/u tkbah P?bh ouD dh e'fPP eofdnK b/yeK dh By/Xh eod/ jB sK T[j thP?bh Bz{ ouBk dh ;zouBk dk fjZ;k wzB oj/ j[zd/ jB.

fJ; ;e{b (ftuko) ftu ftPtk; oZyD tkb/a fuzse Bebh soQK dh P?bh^f;oiD Bz{ p/tiQk ehskj'fJnk tkX{ fPzrko efjzd/ jB. Bt/A b/yeK bJh T[jBK d/ ;[Mkn jB fe T[j ‘fbyD dk nfGnk;eoBl uzr/ p'bD tkfbanK Bz{ ;[DB ns/ gfjb/ j' u[Ze/ b/yeK dhnK fbysK gVQB’. fJ; ;G eZ[M dkI'o GkPk T[~s/ j?.

ftdtkB fbysK ftu P?bh Bz{ iKuD goyD tZb iK T[; tZb u/szB j'D tZb jw/PK s'A jh ikfrqsoj/ jB. T[j rZb eJh sohfenK Bkba efjzd/ oj/ jB. T[dkjoB d/ s"o ’s/ fJj efjDk feeZgV/ T[~s/ ehsh rJh eYkJh dh wjZssk eZgV/ s'A th tZX j? iK fJj fe ;kXkoB fij/ eZgV/ T[~s/th uzrh eYkJh ehsh ik ;edh j?. nfij/ eEBK Bkba T[j fJj efjzd/ jB fe ;kXkoB ij/ Ppdth i/ ;jh soshp ftu i'V/ rJ/ j'D sK pj[s tZXhnk gqGkt f;oid/ jB. fJ;/ soQK ftuko d/

T[; gqrNkt/ dk e'Jh n;o BjhA j[zdk, fi; ftu tkeK dh eVh dh soshp Y[ZethA Bk j't/. fJj;jh :'iBk gqGkt Bz{ T[xkVdh j?. P?bh fJjBK noEK ftu jh gSkDh ik ;edh j?. PpdK dh ;jhu'D ns/ ;jh iVQsl tkeK dh eKN^SKN okjhA gqGkt tXkT[Dk nkfd fwjBs d/ ezw jB, fijBK Bkbab/ye nkgDh jh fbys Bz{ g[Bo ftuko e/, ;'X e/, gkme T[~s/ g?D tkb/a gqGkt Bz{ eJh r[DK tXk;edk j?.

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` n;hA tkose dh gfoGkPk pko/, tkose d/ Bt/eb/ r[DK pko/, T[; d/ pkeh ;kfjs^o{gK d/ w[eakpb/ tZyo/ ;o{g pko/ ft;sko Bkba uouk eo u[Ze/ jK. n;hA tkose dh P?bh pko/ thikDB dk isB eo uZ[e/ jK ns/ P?bh pko/ ftdtkBK dh okJ/ th ikD u[Ze/ jK. tZy tZy ftukoXkokd/ fuzse P?bh pko/ eh ;'u oZyd/ jB—fJ; pko/ th n;hA fBZm e/ uouk eo u[Ze/ jK. fJ; T[gozsfJj Io{oh bZrdk j? fe n;hA e[ZM e[ T[dkjoBK Bkba, bzw/ ;w/A s'A fbyh iKdh ojh gzikph tkosed/ Bw{fBnK T[~s/ Mks gkJhJ/ ns/ t/yhJ/ fe gzikph tkose ;w/A d/ c/o ftu fet/A pdbdhojh. T[; e'ba fejV/ ftP/ jz[d/ ;B < fej' fij/ Ppd j[zd/ ;B < tkose fej' ij/ Ppd i'VK dkfJ;s/wkb eo ojh ;h < tkoseeko fej' fij/ tkeK dk fBowkD eo oj/ ;B, gzikph GkPk T[~s/eJh gZyK s'A pkjobhnK GkPktK dk gqGkt g? fojk ;h. ftfdnkoEhT[ ` fJj nfXnB fdbu;g thbr/rk. s[;hA nkX[fBe tkose d/ Bw{fBnK ftu th T[go'es gqPBK d/ jZb t/y'r/ iK bZG'r/. j/m n;hAnfij/ Bw{B/ d/ oj/ jK L^

1H “sp fjzd{ w[;bwkB BkT[ Xohe bZr/ nkyfD. w[;bwkB bZr/ nkfyD L n;hAdpfjzr/. ns/ fjzd{ bZr/ nkfyD L i' ‘n;hA ibkfjzr/.’ sp pkp/ nkfynk L i's[;hA d[jh tZbh c[b oyj[ dkjDh tfb fjzd{ e/ oyj[, s/ pkDh tfb w[;bwkBK e/oyj[, fi; e/ Gbe/ jo/ ofjfBr/, i/ fjzd{nK e/ jo/ ofjB sK ibkfjzr/ ns/ i/w[;bwkBK d/ jo/ ofjDr/ sK dkpfjzr/, sp pkp/ ;zrfs Bz{ j[ew[ ehsk, ‘ehosBgVj[.’ sp ;zrfs brh ehosB[ gVfD.”

(‘g[oksB iBw ;kyh’ ftu'A)

2H “21 nes{po 1706 JhH d/ j[ewBkw/ ftu d;t/A r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx, GkJh o{g/ dh;zrs Bz{ fbyd/ jB L

“4 p?b uko jS/ pjbK B' G/iD/ j[ew[ d/yfdnK, w/oh s[;K T[gfo y[;h j?, n;KdyD B' e{u ehsk j?, fifB f;y ;kv/ Bkb ubDk j'fJ, fsfB j[ew d/yfdnK ji{fonktDk.”

(vkH rzvk f;zx, j[ewBkw/, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk L 225)

3H “J/e p/fo fe;h ;zi'r r[o{ ih dkd{ d[nko/ ikfJ fBeb/. T{jk dkd{ d[nko/ ehUfo d/fy efo r[o{ pkp/ sho ;kfy Bw;eko ehnk. sp \kb;/ efjnk ;Zu/gks;kj s' puB wfj efjnk j? i' r'owVh wN G{fb Bk wkB/ s/ dkd{ d[nko/ eT[nkfg Bw;eko ehsk j?. ;' fJ; pks jw eT[ ;z;k T[gfink j?. j[ew[ j'nk\kb;k ih w/o/ gk;j[ Gh sBykj b/tj[. sk r[o{ pkp/ sBykj dhBh. c/fo fe;hf;y nodk; ehBh. ;' ;Zu/ gks;kj r[o{ pkpk sT[ nG[b o{g Ek. sBykjhnkfeT[A pfDnk. j[ew[ j'nk GkJh fBjuT[ r[o{ nG[b j?. n;K i' Bw;eko ehsk

Ek, go f;yk eT[ sBykj bktD f;ykbB/ jK. Bkb sBykj d/tD f;ykbB/ jK.sk fJj T[so ;[D efo f;y ;[gq;zB j'nk.”

(‘gouhnK ;/tkdk;’ ftu'A)

T[go'es T[dkjoB 17thA, 18thA ;dh dh gzikph tkose d/ jB. fJ; ;w/A w[Zy ftPkXkofwe y/so jh ;h. tke^pDso ftu ftnkeoBe B/wK dh gkbDk pj[sh ;\sh Bkba BjhAfwbadh. GkPk fjzdth d/ B/V/ dh gzikph j?. PpdK dk ;o{g th fjzdth d/ B/V/ j?, fit/A Libkfjzr/, dkpfjzr/, ehUfo d/y efo nkfd. Ppd i'V th fJe EK, s/ d'^fszB soQK d/ jB. fJjth B'N eo' fe ;" e[ ;kb d/ nzso Bkba GkPk d/ fJjBK ;ko/ gZyK ftu nzso th tkgoB bZrk.fJt/A tkose dh T[sgsh ns/ ftek; dh gfjukD th pDdh j? ns/ P?bh d/ fGzB fGzB ;o{g thd/yD Bz{ fwbad/ jB.

j[D nkX[fBe ekb d/ eZ[M tkose Bw{B/ s[jkv/ ;kjwD/ oyd/ jK L

1H “nrb/ fdB wbe Gkr' d/ xZb/ j'J/ gzi ;oekoh nkdwh nkJ/ fe ekodko ;kfjpB/ j[ew fdZsk j? fe nkg T[BQK gk; eufjoh jkIo j't', s/ i/ BKj ej' sKn;hA wZb' wZbh b? ubD bJh nky/ rJ/ jK. ;qh r[o{ ih ;[D e/ w[;eqkJ/ s/ efjDbr/, ‘uzrk GkJh, n;hA ubd/ jK, i/ ;kJhA B/ n?T[A jh nkgDk ezw ;koBk j? sKn?T[A jh ;jh.’ fJj efj e/ ;fji/ N[o gJ/. gq/w^v'o dk pZXk bkb' fgZS/ fgZS/N[oh frnk, j'o ph d' uko fgnko tkb/ ;ZiDK Bz{ gsk bZrk sK T[j th eufjohgj[zu rJ/, e[S swkPphB ph ik nZgV/.”

(GkJh tho f;zx, ‘r[o{ BkBe uwseko’ ftu'A)

2H “:{ogh b'e T[AM S{s Sks dk yzvB eod/ jB go J/BQK dh ;kfJz; nkydh j? feS{s Bkb s/ jtk Bkb jh nB/eK phwkohnK bZr iKdhnK jB. ngo/PB eoB bZr/vkeNo wz{jK T[~s/ Gh gNhnK pzBQ b?Ad/ jB go ykD^ghD go';B dh S{s Bz{ GowdZ;d/ jB.”

(bkb f;zx ewbk nekbh, ‘G/v ukbl ihtB^P?bh’ ftu'A)

3H “fgnko fJe dqftsk j?, fijVk Bdh d/ tfjD tKr ‘f\wk, d:k’, s/ ;dk ‘wk|h’ftu ftuodk j?. fJjdk fJB;k| p; p\PDk j?, fgnko eoBk j?. fJj sKrzrkXko j'Jh, fi; ftu ;G e{V dh w?b T[so iKdh j?. ukBD/ ftu jB/o/ fdnKe{V/ G[b/fynK s/ goSkftnK dk w[V e"D fieo eodk j? <”

(gq'H g{oB f;zxl ‘fgnko’l y[ZbQ/ b/y, ftu'A)

4H “fgnko Bz{ ftP/^tk;Bk Bkb i'V e/ fJjBz{ nS{s ;wMDk, fJjd/ e'b'A ;zrDk s/PowkDk, wBZ[yh ;wki dh gops i/vh G[b j?. fgnko Bz{ gqG{ nkyD tkb/ wjKg[oyB/ gqG{ i/vh ;ZukJh T[s'A godk bkfjnk ;h. fizBk fuo wBZ[y d/ fdwkr ftu fgnko;zpzXh g{ok ukBD BjhA j' iKdk, UBK fuo T[j ftfPnK d/ jB/o/ ftu ntZPm/v/ yKdk oj/rk.

(r[op\P f;zxl “fIdrh dh nfs ;'jDh ok;”, ‘fIzdrh dh ok;’ ftu'A)

fJj uko T[dkjoB thjthA ;dh d/ gfjb/ nZm e[ djkfenK d/ jB, fijBK ftu n;hA d/yoj/ jK fe gzikph tkose Xow d/ y/so (wZXekb) ftu'A ;fji fij/ fBeb e/ nkgDh ;z;feqsh ns/nkdoPK tZb w[V ojh j?. GkPk, Ppdktbh ns/ tke pDso ftu tZvhnK spdhbhnK nk ojhnKjB ns/ jo tkoseeko dh tkose^P?bh tZyoh gSkD ftu ;kjwD/ nk ojh j?. fJ; s'A nZr/ uZbe/, ni'e/ ;w/A sZe dh tkose s/ ni'ehnK b'VK w[skpe ns/ Bt/A ftfPnK w[skpe GkPk dk BtKo{g T[xkfVnk j?. nrb/ gkm ftu n;hA e[ZM nfs BthA tkose d/ T[dkjoB d/ e/ fJ; gk;/ dhnKftukoK eoKr/.

;zy/g T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB

1H tkose eh j[zdh j? <

2H eftsk ns/ tkose ftubk nzso ;gZPN eo'.

3H tkose d/ sZsK pko/ ;zy/g B'N fby'.

4H tkose, fJe ebk fe; soQK j? <

5H tkose P?bh s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j' <

6H P?bh d/, gkmeK T[~s/ eh gqGkt g?Ad/ jB <

7H g[oksB gzikph tkose d/ e[ZM ;KM/ r[D d;'.

—0—

gkm Bµpo L 2

gzikph tkose dk fBek; s/ ftek;ns/

g[oksB s/ BthB tkose L tzBrhnK ns/ nzso! vkH Bfozdo f;zx

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` fgZSb/ gkm ftu n;hA ‘tkose’ dh gfoGkPk Bz{ gSkDB ns/ tkoseBkba i[Vh j'o uouk pko/ rZbK ehshnK jB. n;hA tkose ns/ eftsk d/ nzso Bz{ th gSkfDnkj? ns/ tkose ftu ftdwkB P?bh pko/ th uouk ehsh j?. jZEb/ gkm ftu n;hA gzikph tkosed/ fBek; (T[sgsh) ns/ ftek; pko/ uouk eoKr/ ns/ fJ;/ gkm d/ nrb/ fjZ;/ ftu wZXekbh tkosens/ nkX[fBe tkose d/ Bw{fBnK Bz{ gSkDd/ j'J/ T[jBK d/ nzso ;wMD dk isB eoKr/.

gzikph tkose dk fJfsjk; pj[s g[okDk BjhA j?. gzikph ftu fJ; Bkba ;zpzfXs ;kv/ e'ba e[ZMe[ iBw;kyhnK jB, fijBK dk ;wK 15thA, 16thA ;dh wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. wzfBnk ik ;edk j?n;hA fJj fJ; eoe/ efj oj/ jK, feT[Afe fJjBK iBw;kyhnK T[~s/ fby/ ikD dk ;zB iK ;zws BjhAfwbad/. fJjBK ftu'A pj[shnK T[~s/ sK fbyD tkb/a dk BK th BjhA j?. fJj iBw;kyhnK r[o{ BkBed/t ih d/ ihtB Bkba ;zpzzfXs eEktK jB. i' PoXk ns/ ftPtk; dh GkPk ftu fbyhnK j'JhnK jB.

e[ZM e[ ftdtkBK B/ r[o{ BkBe ekb s'A gfjbK dhnK rZd ouBktK dh y'i d/ dknt/ th ehs/jB, go fJBQK ouBktK dh gqwkfDesk ni/ f;ZX BjhA j'Jh. fJ; eoe/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ ihtBBkba ;zpzfXs ;kyhnK, fiBQK Bz{ ‘iBw;kyhnK’ fejk iKdk j?, T[j jh gzikph dh tkose dk gqkozGbkfpzd{ wzfBnk frnk j?. iBw;kyhnK th ;kBz{ gzi d/ eohp fwbdhnK jB. fJjBK ftu'A ‘g[oksBiBw;kyh’ fijVh GkJh tho f;zx ih B/ ;zgkfds ehsh j?—;G s'A g[okDh wzBh iKdh j?. iBw;kyhgzikph dh w[ZYbh ns/ gqw[Zy tkose gozgok j?. fJ; gozgok d/ ;kBz{ fijV/ o{g fwbad/ jB, T[j j/m fbfynK nB[;ko jB L

1H g[oksB iBw;kyh, 2H nkfd ;kyhnK, 3 fwjopkB tkbah iBw;kyh,4H GkJh pkb/ tkbh iBw;kyh, 5H frnkB osBktbh.

fJjBK s'A fJbktk tkose ;kBz{ gqwkoEK, puBK, r'PNK, ;kyhnK nkfd d/ o{g ftu th fwbadhj?. fJ; tkose d/ fgZS/ ezw eo oj/ wkvbK Bz{ bZGDk j't/ sK T[j noph, |ko;h dhnK fbysK iKGkosh gozgok ftu gJ/ rzqE jB.

fJjBK iBw ;kyhnK dk i/ n;hA BIdheh nfXnB eohJ/ sK d/yKr/ fe fJ; ftu ezw eod/o{g iK wkvb p'Xh ikse eEktK iK j'o gozgoe eEktK tkb/a jh jB. fJj ;kyhnK r[o{ ih Bz{ ;opPeshwkB f;ZX eoe/ Gkosh gozgok ftu fNekT[AdhnK j?. fJt/A jh fJj iBw;kyhnK r[opkDh dhPesh Bz{ ;Ekgs eodhnK jB. fJBQK d/ ou?sk pVh fBg[zBsk Bkba nkgD/ wzst Bz{ gqkgs eoB tZbtZXd/ jB.

eJh tkoh fJj G[b/yk g?Adk j? fe iBw;kyhnK ftu'A fe;/ sohe/ fJfsjk; bZGD dh e'fPP ehshrJh j't/. go ;Zu sK fJj j? fe ;kyheko fJfsjk; fbyD tZb o[fus BjhA, T[j ;w/A^;EkB Bz{ nzfeseoB tZb o[fus BjhA. ;kyhekoK dh o[uh r[o{ BkBe Bz{ Gkosh Xow gozgok ftu d?th ;EkB fdtkT[Dkj?. fi; ftu gqfeosh Bz{ fiZsD, okePK, ikd{roBhnK Bz{ fiZsDl Xow d/ g?o'ekoK Bz{ fiZsD dh Peshj?. fJfsjk; T[jBK dh fuzsk BjhA.

e[ZM iBw;kyhnK d/ gqkozG fJjBK PpdK Bkb jB L

(1) sp pkpk ih T[ikV eT[ ub/, (2) sp r[o{ BkBe |ehoK Bkb wibf; eo?,(3) nkfrnk gqw/;o eh j'Jh, i' feofs e[S Bk eo? nkfd.

n;hA d/yd/ jK fe ;kyh ou/sk ;w/A, ;EkB Bz{ nzfes eoB tZb o[fus BjhA. fJ;/ soQK e[ZM ebfgs fe;w d/ gkso jB, fit/A ‘eb:[r’ nkfd. iBw;kyh fJfsjk; BjhA fwfEjk; f;oiD tZb o[fus j?.

fJt/A r[o{ BkBe d/t ih Bz{ e/Ado ftu oZy e/ fbyh rJh tkose d/ fJjBK isBK s'A fJj rZb sK gqgZe j[zdh j? fe g{op BkBe^ekb ftu th tkose ouBk jz[dh ojh j't/rh. (fit/A fe ftdtkB dkntk eod/ jB). go, gqwkDK dh ewhA ekoB gzikph tkose dk gqkozG g[oksB iBw ;kyh Bz{ jh wzfBnk ikDk g?Adk j?.

1H GkJh tho f;zx, fijBK B/ g[oksB iBw ;kyh dh ;zgkdBk ehsh j?, nB[;ko g[oksB iBw;kyh dk ;wK 1635 JhH wzfBnk frnk j?. nkfd ;kyhnK d/ ;zgkde vkH fgnko f;zx B/ fJ; iBw;kyh dk ;wK g[oksB iBw;kyh ns/ fwjopkB tkbh iBw ;kyh d/ ftueko dk wzfBnk j?. feT[Afe nkfd ;kyhnK ftu 18 ;kyhnK g[oksB iBw ;kyh tkbah gozgok ftu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB ns/ 7 ;kyhnK fwjopkB tkbah iBw;kyh s'A bJhnK rJhnK jB. fJ; dk eosk i'r wZs s'A gqGkts ikgdk j?. GkJh pkb/ tkbah iBw;kyh tkd^fttkd dk ftPk ojh j?. gzikph tkose d/ ftek; ftu iBw;kyhnK d'A pknd iK fJ; d/ Bkb jh gzikph tkoseK dk fJe' j'o gZy gouh, eEk iK ;kyh dk j?. fJj iBw;kyh gozgok dk jh nrb/ok o{g j?. go fit/A iBw;kyhnK ftu fJe BkfJe (r[o{ BkBe) e/Ado ftu j[zdk j?, T[~E/ fJ; ;kyh gozgok ftu fJe s'A tZX BkfJe th e/Ado ftu j' ;ed/ jB. fJj |ko;h d/ fJe tkose o{g ftu'A T[; d/ nB[o{g j' e/ T[gfink o{g j?.

nfijhnK ouBktK, i' gzikph tkose d/ fJ; w[ZYb/ d"o ftu fwbdhnK jB, T[j fJ; gqeko jB L

(1) ;[ywBh ;jz;oBkwk, (2) ;qh ;fsr[o{ ih e/ wz[{j? eh ;kyhnK, (3) f;ZyK dh Grswkbk, (40 ;" ;kyh (r[o osBwkb), (5) ;kyhnK GkJh nZvD Pkj ih, (6) gouhnK GkJh ;/tk dk;. fJj ouBktK tkose d/ fijBK o{gK ftu fwbadhnK jB, T[jBK dh tke|hns eokT[Ad/ jK.

gouh gozgok L gouh s'A Gkt, gfou? iK ikD^gSkD j?. fJ; gozgok ftu fe;/ BkfJe d/ihtB Bz{ e/Ado ftu Bk oZy e/ fe;/ ftuko iK Pze/ Bz{ e/Ado ftu oZfynk iKdk j?. fe;/ nkw wB[Zy e'b'A T[; Pze/ d/ fBtkoB bJh gqPB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ e'Jh frnkBh g[oy T[; dk T[~so d/ e/ Pzek fBtkoB eodk j?. fJj nkw fijh GkPk ftu j[zdk j?.

eEk gozgok L iBw ;kyh, ns/ gouh gozgok Bkba jh w/b yKdh fJj gozgok eEk eoB tkba/ ns/ ;o'sk ftukb/ ;ztkd dh ftXh Bkba ubdh j? ns/ fe;/ ‘Ppd’ iK ‘ftuko’ Bz{ eEk dk ftPk pDkT[Adh j?. ;[ywBh ;jz;oBkwk, ;kyhnK nZvD Pkj iK f;ZyK dh Grswkbk fJ; gozgok nXhB ouBktK jB.

gowkoE Nhek gozgok L ‘Nhek’ s'A Gkt j? fe;/ n"y/ ftuko tkbah ouBk Bz{ nkw b'eK bJh ;"yk eoe/ fbyDk. s[;hA ikDd/ jh j' fe GkJh r[odk; ih dhnK ouBktK r[opkDh d/ ;{\w ftukoK Bz{ ;ob eoe/ dZ;dhnK jB. Nhe/, eftsk s'A eftsk ftu th j[zd/ jB ns/ eftsk s'A tkose ftu th. fJ; y/so ftu fBowb/ ;zsK dh gozgok B/ th tZvk ezw ehsk ns/ T[dk;h gozgok d/ ;zsK B/th. Nhek gozgok ftu g"okfDe eEktK dk pj[s fIeo j? feT[Afe ftdtkB r[opkDh Bz{ gzitK t/d wzBd/ jB. GkJh ;zs'y f;zx ns/ nBzd xD, fJ; gozgok d/ ftP/P ftdtkB jB. pqi GkPk ns/ ;kX GkPk dk NhfenK ftu ftP/P ;EkB j?.

r'PfN gozgok L r'PfN gozgok d/ nzsors nkJh tkose dh ftXh rZbpks iK tkoskbkg dh j?. soewJh dbhbK Bkba dkoPfBe r[zMbK dk jZb r'PfN gozgok d/ nzsors nkfJnk. fJ; ftu r[o{nK Bkba ;zpzfXs r'PNK, GrsK Bkb ;zpzXs r'PNK jB. e[ZM r'PNK fjzd{^fwfEjk; Bkba th ;zpzXs jB. r'PNK dh ftXh fJj j? fe fJj ;o'sk Bz{ ;zp'fXs jB, gkme Bz{ BjhA.

T[go'es gozgoktK s'A fJbktk e[ZM j'o tkose gozgoktK th, gzikph ftu tkose dh fBek; ;fEsh ftu fwbadhnK jB. fJjBK ftu ‘Bkw/’ Gkt \s iK fuZmh jB. ‘ofjsBkw/’ ns/ ‘j[ewBkw/’ fJjBK ftu ftP/P jB. ofjsBkw/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ fBeNtosh f;ZyK d/ BK Bkba gquZbs jB. fJj ofjsBkw/, nkdoP f;Zy dh ihtB iku Bkba ;zpzfXs jB. fJt/A jh r[o{ ;kfjpkB (6t/A ns/ 10t/A) dh w'jo j/m f;Zy ;zrsK Bz{ G/i/ rJ/ ;zd/P ‘j[ewBkwk’ gozgok j/m gquZbs jB.

i/ ;zy/g ftu ;wMhJ/ sK gzikph tkose dk gqkozG 16thA ;dh s'A jz[dk j?. id'A r[o{ BkBe d/t ih tor/ wjkB g[oP dk gqGkt ;ko/ XowK ns/ wZsK T[~s/ fgnk. fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB d'jK B/fJjBK Bz{ ;thekfonk. fJj P\;hns, nkw b'eK d/ fjofdnK ftu tZ;h ns/ fJ; Bkba ;zpzfXs iBw ;kyh Bkb ;kfjs dk w[ZY pZMk. fJ; Bkba ;zpzfXs gzi iBw ;kyhnK fwbadhnK jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk ;[ywBh ;jz;oBkwk, f;ZyK dh Grswkbk, ;fsr[o{ ih e/ w{zj/ ehnK ;kyhnK, ;" ;kyh, gouhnK GkJh ;/tk dk; nkfd tkose ouBktK d/ Bw{B/ jB. fJjBK s'A fJbktk r'PNK ns/ puB jB. ‘Bkwk ;kfjs’ th fJ; d"o dk wjZstg{oB tkose o{g j?. gzikph tkose B/ fBek; eoe/ fJ; y/so ftu fijV/fJj wZ[Yb/ edw g[ZN/ fJj pj[s wjZstg{oB jB. fJ; tkose dhnK nkgDhnK \{phnK jB. fJ; dk BkfJe e//Adfos j'Dk, T[gd/Pkswe j'Dk, rbg sZsK tkbah j'Dk iK ekfte r[DK tkbah j'Dk. w[ZYbh tkose ftu soePhbsk dh pj[sh T[whd BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJj PoXk w{be jh j? feT[Afe fJ; dh t;s{ jh GktBk Goh j?. fJ; ftu p"fXesk dk ;EkB pVk xZN j?. sK th fJ; w[ZYbh tkose B/ gzikph tkose dk m[Ze sK pzBQ jh fdZsk j?.

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` T[~go fi; gzikph tkose d/ fBek; dh rZb ehsh rJh j?, fJ; dk ;wK w[}b ekb dk wZ[Ybk ;wK ;h. s[;hA ;[fDnk jh j'fJnk j't/rk fe pkpo B/ fjzd[;skB T[~s/ jwbk eoe/, nkgDk oki ;Ekgs ehsk. fJE'A d/ rohpK s/ wIb{wK T[~s/ pVk I[bw j'fJnk. fJZE'A sZe fe T[; B/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih Bz{ th nkgD/ e?d\kB/ ftu pzd eo fdZsk. fJj ekb fiZE/ w[rb ekb dk gqkozG ;h, T[~E/ jh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk ouBk ekb th ;h. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih ofus pkpotkDh dk fIeo th s[;hA ;[fDnk j't/rk. fJj' ekb gzikph dh tkose dh T[sgsh dk ekb th j?. fJ; w[ZYbh gzikph tkose dh GkPk P[ZX gzikph sK BjhA. fJ; ftu pqi GkPk ns/ ;kX GkPk d/ Ppd ns/ fe;/ jZd sZe tke pDso th Ujh d/yh ik ;edh j?. fJ; GkPk T[~s/ bfjzdh gzikph GkPk dk th pj[s gqGkt j?, Gkt T[; gzikp dh p'bh dk fijVk gzikp dk fjZ;k j[D gkfe;skB ftu ubk frnk j?. go fJ; s'A pknd dh gzikph tkose B/ pj[s ftek; ehsk. fgZSb/o/ w[rb ekb sZe gj[zud/gj[zud/ Gkt 1700 JhH sZe gj[zu e/ gzikph tkose dk ;o{g ekch jZd sZe pdb frnk ns/ T[; ftu eJh ftfPnK Bkb ;zpzXs tkose fbyh rJh. T[; d/ PpdK, tkeK dk th BtK m[Ze pZMk ns/T[; dh GkPk bfjzdh dh pikJ/ e/Adoh gzikph tZb w[VB bZrh. 1700 JhH s'A pknd sK gzikph tkose B/ nrKj s'A nrKj g[bKxK g[ZNhnK. j[D n;hA gzikph tkose d/ fJ; ftek; pko/ uouk eoKr/.

gzikph tkose dk ftek;fBek; s'A pknd gzikph tkose 1708 s'A 1800 JhH sZe fBozso ftek; eodh ojh. fJj ;wK

jkbKfe okiBhse T[Eb^g[Eb dk ;h. w[rb oki th Yfjzdh ;fEsh ftu ;h ns/ f;ZyK d/ d;t/A r[o{, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx th i'sh i's ;wk rJ/ ;B. go sK th gzikph tkose ftu g[okD/ o{g th fby/ iKd/oj/ ns/ Bt/A tkose o{g th ;kjwD/ nkJ/. tkose dk pj[gZyh ftek; j'fJnk. nB[tkdK ftu |ko;h dhnK eJh g[;seK d/ nB[tkd j'J/ ns/ Nhek gozgok th ubdh ojh. iBw ;kyh gozgok th ikoh ojh. fi; ftu GkJh wBh f;zx B/ iBw ;kyh fbyh. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx d/ BIdheh f;Zy GkJh wBh f;zx B/ f;ZyK dh ‘Grswkbk’ th fbyh, fi; Bz{ T[~sw ouBk wzfBnk iKdk j?. d; d/ eohp ouBktK ;/tk gzEhnK d[nkok ouhnK rJhnK. fJe j'o b/ye ;kX{ ;dk Bzd B/ th B"A d/ eohp g[;seK ouhnK.

gzikph tkose d/ fBek; pko/ uouk eofdnK, n;hA eZ[M PzfenK tZb ;ze/s ehs/ ;h, fit/A iBw ;kyhnK ftu GkJh pkb/ d/ gkso pko/ iK ;" ;kyh d/ eosk pko/ iK GkJh wBh f;zx d/ BK ’s/ fbyhnK j'o ouBktK dh gqwkfDesk pko/, nkfd. go fJ; ekb ftub/ b/yeK ftu'A d'^fszB dh gqwkfDesk pko/e'Jh Pze/ BjhA, fit/A ;'Yh fwjopkB, GkJh wBh f;zx dhnK e[ZM ouBktK ns/ nZvD Pkj dhnK ouBktK. fJj tkoseeko fJ; ;w/A d/ gqw[Zy tkoseeko jB. pkeh b/yeK pko/ gqwkfDesk Bkba e[M BjhA fejk ik ;edk.

1800 JhH s'A pknd brGr 50 ;kb, Gkt 1850 sZe d/ toQ/ th okiBhse s"o ’s/ pV/ nfjw ;B. wjkokik oDihs f;zx dk gzikp T[~s/ oki ;h ns/ wkj"b ;fEo ns/ PKs ;h. gzikph tkose ftu fJ; ;w/A g[okDhnK gozgoktK sK ikoh ojhnK jh ns/ fJ; d/ Bkba jh gzikph ftjkoe ihtB d/frnkB bJh th fJ;s/wkb j'D bZrh. Jh;kJh gkdohnK B/ th tkose fbytkT[D d/ sohe/ ehs/. nzihb d/ nB[tkd eokJ/ rJ/. gzikph ns/ ftnkeoB dh ouBk j'Jh. Grts rhsk dk nB[tkd j'fJnk. fJ; ;w/A ‘r[ogqskg ;{oi rzqE’ dh ouBk GkJh ;zs'y f;zx B/ ehsh ns/ r[bkp dk; d[nkok ‘rhsk ;ko’ Bkw

dk rzqE ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. fJ; ekb dh ;G s'A tZvh uouk fJ;/ eoe/ j? fe fJ; ekb ftu Jh;kJhgqukoeK B/ gzikph ftu o[uh b?Dh P[o{ ehsh. T[BQK dk wea;d nkgD/ Xow dk gquko eoBk ;h, gofJ; ekoB T[jBK B/ gzikph ftu pVk ezw ehsk. Jh;kJhns dhnK g[;seK dk nB[tkd gzikph ftueotkfJnk. fJjBK ;G eZ[M d/ Bkba jh fJ; ekb s'A pknd tkbah tkose d/ w[Zy ftP/ e/tb Xow Bkj' e/, ;z;feqs ns/ ;wkie ;[Xko pD/. fJ; Bt/A sohe/ dhnK fbysK ftu PoXk okw cb"oh dk BK\k; nfjwhns oZydk j?, fi; B/ d' g[;seK (1) f;ZyK d/ oki dh ftfEnk ns/ (2) gzikph pksuhsfbyh. fJj g[;seK T[; e'b'A fbytkJhnK rJhnK, fi; dk wzst ;h fe fijV/ nzro/I n|;o gzikpftu s?Bks j[zd/, T[jBK Bz{ gzikph f;ykJh ik ;e/. ‘gzikph pksuhs’ ouBk ftu'A, T[dkjoB d/y' L^

“iK ;Jhnd ikd/ b? e/ s[o/, sK d' fszB wok;h ph fgzv ftu gZm/ T[rokj[D nkfBeb/. nkT[AfdnK B/ jh gfjbK fgzv d/ bzpodkoK Bz{ fJ; soQK d[nk fdZsh fe ‘nZbQy?o, nZbQk y?o, dorkj'A ghoK dhnK oZyK. nZbQk u"XohnK d/ wB;p pbzd, ;oto;odkoh Bz{ ekfJw oy/’.”

fJjBK s'A fJbktk gzikph tkose ftu vkH uoB f;zx, frnkBh fdZs f;zx, frnkBh frnkB f;zx, fpjkoh bkb g[oh tor/ b/yeK B/ T[; ;w/A d/ ftfPnK pko/ tkose fbyh. ftfdnkoEhT[ ` n;hA tkose dh fJfjsk;e rsh ftu'A bzxfdnK d/y oj/ ;K fe gzikph tkose dk ftek; jo tes dhnK b'VK nB[;koh j[zdk fojk. i/ Xow gquko dh b'V ;h sK ns/ i/ ;wki ;[Xko dh b'V ;h sK. tZy tZy r[ZNK B/ nkgD/ wzst Bz{ w[Zy oZy e/ th tkose ouh. fit/A n;hA d/fynk fe Jh;kJh fwPBohnK d/nkgD/ wzst ;B ns/ f;Zy gqukoeK iK ;wki ;[XkoeK d/ nkgD/. fJZE'A sZe gzikph tkose fe;/ Bk fe;/ ;'u iK wzst dh tbrD ftu ofj e/ fbyh iKdh ojh.

fJ; T[gozs thjthA ;dh ftu gzikph tkose B/ pj[^fdPkth ftek; ehsk. fJ; ;dh d/ gfjb/d'^fszB djke/ fijBK ftu gzikph tkose g[okD/ torh jh bZrdh j? go fJ; dk nkeko ekch jZd sZe tZX frnk. fgqzfNzr gq?~; iK Skg/\kB/ B/ fJj spdhbh fbnKdh. r[opkDh ftukoK iK f;Zy Xow dk fJfsjk; nkfd Bz{ No?eNK dh Peb ftu Skg e/, Xow ftu nkT[Adh froktN fto[ZX yVQ/ j'D dk ezw, thjthA ;dh dh w[ZYbh tkose eodh ojh. d/P dh nIkdh (1947) s'A gfjbK gfjbK gzikph tkose ftu fBpzXekoh j'D bZrh. g'qH g{oB f;zx, fgqzH s/ik f;zx, r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh, pktk p[ZX f;zx, vkH w'jB f;zx dhtkBk, gq'H ;kfjp f;zx nkfd e[ZM u'Dt/A Bkw jB. fJjBK s'A fJbktk gZsoekoh okjhA th gzikph tkose ftu fB\ko nkfJnk. fJj' BjhA, eJh tkose o{g th ;kjwD/ nkJ/, fit/A ihtBh, ;?_ ihtBh, ;|oBkwk nkfd. gZSwh frnkB d/ gzikph tkose ftu gqt/P eoB Bkba gqrshtkd, :EkoEtkd, ;wkitkd, wB'ftfrnkB nkfd Bkba gzikph tkose ftu eJh ozr T[~Go/. 1947 s'A pknd ns/ ftP/P s"o ’s/ 1965^66 s'A pknd (d/P dh tzv d/ to/Q ns/ gzikp d/ fJe ;{p/ d/s"o ’s/ pD ikD d/ toQ/) gzikph tkose ftu eJh soQK dhnK P?bhnK ftef;s j'JhnK. fBpzXekoh, gZsoekosk nkfd ftu g[\sk ;'u ns/ ftfrnkBe dbhb B/ nkgDh irQk pDkJh ns/ gzikph tkose dk ;EkB ;kfjs d/ j'o o{gkekoK tKr jh ;BwkBiBe pD frnk. :{Bhtof;NhnK ns/ nekdwhnK d/ j'Ad ftu nkT[D Bkba, y'i ekoiK ns/ fvrohnK B/ gzikph tkose Bz{ okPNoh gZXo ’s/ j'o GkPktK d/ ;wkBzso yVQk eo fdZsk. pj[s tZvh frDsh ftu ihtBhnK, ;?_^ihtBhnK, ;z;woD, nkb'uBk, o/yk^fuZso, ;|oBkw/, fBpzX, bfbs fBpzX nkfd ;kjwD/ nkJ/. fBek; t/b/ fJe S'N/ fij/ uPw/ tKr c[ZNh gzikph tkose B/ fte;s j' e/ mkmK wkod/ dfonk dh Peb b? bJh. tkose d/ fte;s j'D

Bkba GkPk th ftek; eo iKdh j?. fJ; ftu BthA Ppdktbh Bt/A gqrNkt/ Bkba ezw eodh BIo nkT[Adh j?. gzikph tkose dk gkme nzsookPNoh ;'u d/ jkD dk pDdk j?. n;hA T[go :{Bhtof;Nh ;so T[~s/ j' ojh gzikph GkPk dh gVQkJh dk fIeo ehsk ;h. fJ; soQK dhnK b'VK th gzikph bJh tzrko pD e/ nkT[AdhnK jB ns/ Bt/A frnkB^ftfrnkB d/ jkD dk j'D bJh GkPk d/ nzdo ftek; dh rsh s/I j[zdh j?. GkPk p'b ukb sZe ;hws Bk ofj e/ fbys ;z;feqsh ftu gqt/P eo iKdh j? ns/ nfijh ;fEsh ftu tkose Bz{ nrtkJh eoBh g?Adh j?. gzikph tkose nZi T[; ;fEsh ftu j? fe fJj jo o'I Bt/A u?bziK dk ;kjwDk eodh j?. Bt/A ftfPnK, BthA y'i ns/ BthA seBheh ikDekoh dh gqkgsh b'eK Bz{ GkPk okjhA jh jz[dh j?. gzikph n\pkoK ns/ o;kfbnK ftu BthBsw ftfPnK T[~s/Sgd/ b/y gzikph tkose d/ ftek; dhnK p[bzdhnK Bz{ gqrNkT[D d/ T[dkjoB jB.

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[jkv/ fdwk} ftu d' gqw[Zy gqPB i' j' ;ed/ jB, T[j fJj fe gzikph tkose fiZE'A P[o{ j'Jh ;h, Gkt iBw ;kyhnK nkfd tkbak d"o ns/ T[; s'A 150^200 toQ/ nZr/ sZe dk d"o fi; sohe/ dk ;h, T[; d/ w[eakpb/ 1900 s'A b? e/ j[D se d/ d"o—fJj d' soQK dh tkose f;oiDk ftu, e'Jh ;KMK BIo BjhA nkT[AdhnK. fJj d't/A fJe^d{i/ s'A fpbe[b fGzB jB. s[;hA mhe ;'u oj/j'. n;hA fJ; gkm d/ nrb/ fjZ;/ ftu wZXekbhB gzikph tkose ns/ nkX[fBe gzikph tkose ftub/nzso gSkDB dk isB eoKr/. nfijk eofdnK ;kBz{ tkose d/ e[ZM nzsohth sZsK pko/ j'o ikDekoh th fwba/rh. n;hA T[dkjoBK Bkba GkPk, Ppdktbh, ftnkeoB ns/ ftfPnK ftu j[zd/ pdbktK Bz{ th BIdhe s'A d/yKr/. jK n;hA d' gqPBK dk fIeo ehsk ;h. ;kv/ ftuko Bkba s[jkv/ fIjB ftu d{ik gqPB fJj j' ;edk j? fe s[jkv/ ;b/p; ftu bZrh tkose dh g[;se ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ ni'e/fe;w dh tkose j?. ikgkB ftu tZ;D tkbak ;kvk gzikph b/ye uhB d/ Xkofwe doPB Bkba ;zpzfXs ftP/ Bz{ gzikph tkose d/ wIw{BK okjhA fesBh ;obsk Bkba gkmeK sZe gj[zukT[Adk j?—T[j th o"ue sohe/ Bkba. ni'eh gzikph tkose ;woZEk dh fe; p[bzdh sZe g[Zi rJh j?. fJj gqPB xZN ns/j?okBh pj[sh j?. ftfdnkoEhT[ ` fJj g[;se sK j? jh n;hA s[jkv/ ;kjwD/ ftfrnkB, nkb'uBk, okiBhsh nkfd ftfPnK d/ th T[dkjoB g/P eoKr/, fijV/ tkose dh ;woZEk pko/ j?okBh T[gikT[Ad/bZrDr/. j[D gfjb/ n;hA wZXekbhB gzikph tkose ns/ nkX[fBe gzikph tkose d/ wjZstg{oB gZyK pko/ osk ft;sko Bkba uouk eoKr/.

g[oksB ns/ BthB gzikph tkose ftub/ nzsoftfdnkoEhT[ ` g[oksB ns/ nkX[fBe iK BthB ekb dh gzikph tkose pko/ rZb eoB bZfrnK,

s[;hA d' soQK Bkba ftuko eo ;ed/ j'. gfjbk fJj fe g[oksB, Gkt fgSb/ ;w/A dh iK wZXekb dh s'A, f;ZXk wsbp ;zB s'A iK ;w/A s'A fbnk ik ;edk j?. Gkt nkozG s'A b? e/ 19thA ;dh sZe dh tkose iK 1950 JhH sZe dh tkose. s[;hA fJZE/ e/tb ekb Bkba jh i'V e/ tkose Bz{ t/yd/ j'. d{ik sohek ftuko dk j' ;edk j? Gkt, fJj th ;zGt j? fe nZi d/ ;w/A ftu fe;/ ftnesh dh ;'u g[oksB j't/ iK fJj th fe pj[s fgSb/ ;w/A ftu th e'Jh nkX[fBe ;'u oZyD tkbk ftnesh fwbadk j't/. fJj ;Zu j? fe ekb dk gqGkt jh nfijk j[zdk j? fe ;'u Bz{ gqtofss eo fdzdk j?go sK th ngtkd dh ;zGktBk th ofjzdh jh j?. go i/ n;hA nkgDh ;'u Bz{ e/tb gzikph tkose sZe jh ;hws oZyhJ/ sK ;kBz{ pj[s/ ngtkd BjhA fwbad/. ;w[Zuh g[oksB gzikph tkose ftu e[ZM rZbK pVhnK ;KMhnK jB. fJj' rZb n;hA nkX[fBe gzikph tkose pko/ efj ;ed/ jK, fit/A L

1H g[oksB tkose d/ ftfPnK dk e/Ado w[Zy s"o s/ nfXnksw, oZp iK r[o{ j?. g[oksB gzikphtkose d/ ;ko/ o{g fiBQK dk fIeo n;hA T[~go eo nkJ/ jK, T[jBK ftu r[o{ dh f;Zfynk, r[opkDhdh ftnkfynk, r[o{ dh T[;ssh, Pesh dk fIeo fwbadk j?. fJj PoXk ns/ ftPtk; Bz{ nkXko pDke/ fbyh rJh j?. idfe nkX[fBe tkose dk nkXko :EkoEtkdh ;'u j?. nkX[fBe tkose, gqukodh gqftosh s'A th w[es j? ns/ fJ; dk w[jktok PoXk Bk j' e/ soe j?. fJZE/ dbhb gqkEfweskoZydh j?. nkX[fBe tkose gk; e/tb s/ e/tb nfXnksw dk ftPk Bk j' e/ nB/eK nB/e ftP/ jB.g[oksB gzikph tkose ftu iBw ;kyhnK, r'PNK, Nhe/, gowkoE nkfd ;G d/ e/Ado ftu r[o{ dhwfjwk ns/ f;Zfynk j? ns/ b/ye PoXkb{ ftPtk;h j?.

n;hA j/mK fJe T[dkjoB gq;s[s eo oj/ jK. rj[ Bkb t/y' L^

“;qh ;fsr[o ih irs[ fB;skoD e[ nkfJnk. ebi[r ftu pkpk BkBe j'fJ iBfwnkgkopqjw ek fBi Grs.” nBjd Ppd gow/Po e/ dopko tki/. s/sh; eo'V d/tfsnKBw;eko ehnk uT[;m i'rDh ptikj pho, fSnk ikshnK, u"ok;hnK f;ZXK, Btk BkEKBw;eko ehnk, i' tvk Grs irs fB;skoD feT[ nkfJnkHHH‘fJ; eT[ Bw;ekoehihn? ih’.”

(g[oksB iBw ;kyh, ;kyh Bzpo L 1)

fJt/A jh tZy tZy iBw;kyhnK iK r'PNK iK gouhnK nkfd ftu GkPk, tke pDso iK PpdktbhBz{ b? e/ wkVk w'Nk nzso sK fwbdk j? go ftP/ d/ gZy'A fJj ;kohnK ouBktK fJe' fdPk tZb iKdhnKfdZydhnK jB. nkX[fBe tkose gk;, nB/eK ftP/ jB. w[ZYbh nkX[fBe gzikph tkose dhnK e[-ZMfbysK g[oksB gzikph tkose tKr Xow Bz{ e/Ado ftu oZydhnK ojhnK go S/sh jh nkX[fBesk dhSkg fJjd/ T[~s/ fdZyD bZrh. nkX[fBe gzikph tkose dk w[ZYbk fjZ;k S/sh jh ;wki ;[Xko iK ;z;feqsh;[Xko dh okj/ g? frnk. fJj T[dkjoB d/y' L^

“gzikp ftu nzB gkDh nkw eoe/ SzfBnK :k pkNhnK ftu ykXk ghsk iKdk ;h feT[Afe;oho tZv/ ;B, y[oke ;kdk s/ fJe nZXh dkb Gkih tkbh go \kb; s/ gdkoE Gohj[zdh ;h. fe;/ nwhoV/ B/ otki gk fdZsk e'bhnK dk s/ rbk;h dk. G/v ukb uZbgJh, b'eh ;zrd/ ;zrd/ G[y/ ofjD bZr gJ/ go fe;/ Bz{ J/; BthA ukb d/ yzvD s/GzvD dk jhnk Bk fgnk.”

(G/v ukb, bkb f;zx ewbk nekbh)

2H g[oksB gzikph tkose ftu gqrNkt/ bJh d'^uko jh o{g ;B, fit/A iBw ;kyh, gowkoE, Nhe/, gouhnK iK j[ewBkw/ nkfd. ;hfws fijh tkose ;hfws fij/ o{gK ftu jh gqrNktk b?Adh ;h. ftP/ sK ;hfws ;B jh. fJt/A gqkuhB gzikph tkose ftu pj[ozrh o{g BIo BjhA nkT[Ad/. fJ; d/ w[eakpb/ id'A nkX[fBe tkose tZb BIo wkohJ/ sK ;kBz{ fBpzX, ihtBh, ;?_ ihtBh, o/yk^fuZso, ;|oBkw/, nkb'uBk, fuZmhnK, w[bkeksK, fJzNoftT{, gZsoekosk nkfd s'A fJbktk eJh o{g fwbad/ jB. efjD Bz{ sK fJj ;G e[ZM tkose ouBk j? go jo/e dk w[jktok, ftXh, GkPk, gq;s[sh fGzB j?. j/mK g[oksB gzikph tkose ns/ nkX[fBe gzikph tkose d/ tZy tZy o{gK d/ fJe fJe T[dkjoB okjhA T[gob/ eEB dh s;dhe eod/ jK.

(T) g[oksB gzikph tkose d/ tZy tZy o{gK d/ Bw{B/ L^

“;zws 1526 pkpk BkBe iBfwnk. t?;ky' wkfj fdB shi? gjo oks ojdhiBfwnk. nBjd Ppd gow/;o dh eokwks tki/ s/sh; eo'fV d/tfsnKBw;eko ehsh. uT[ok;h f;XK BtK BkEK uT[;fm i'rBh pftik pho fSnkikshnk Bw;eko ehnk. i' fBozeko g[oy irs[ skoD eT[ G/fink j?.”

(nkfd ;kyhnK, ntsko pkbgB tkbh ;kyh)

(n) \kb;/ dh ofjs ofjDk Gzr swke{ jchw g';s[ dko{ nwb e'Jh Bjh ykDk wk;wZSbh fgnki Bkjh ykDk ukoh ikoh Bkjh eoDh.

(j[ewBkwk pkpk pzdk f;zx B/ iT[Bg[o dhnK ;zrsK Bz{12 d;zpo 1710 JhH Bz{ fbfynk)

(J) “no wksk fgsk d/fynk i' p/Nk wk:k e/ fptjko w? Bjh fus bktsk, ws cehoj'fJ ikt?. sp fttkj ehnk. no ;[zdo G{wB ;toB e/ gfjokJ/.”

(‘;kyhnK nZvD Pkj’ ftu'A fJe jtkbk L ;H r'fpzd f;zx bKpk)

(;) “r[o{ ek nkyDk j?, nzB pj[sh G[y? brh i/tDk, Go/ s/ GoDk Bkjh nzB SZvDkGh Bkjh, ;tDk sK iK pj[sh BhAd nkt/, BhAd pr?o ;tDk Bjh, r|bkJhj?. HHH ne? pkDh rktDh HHH Ppd[ rktDk, e{V Bkjh p'bDk.”

(oktbfgzvh tkbh GkJh g?E/ tkbh phV)

(j) “go jw e' feogk eoe/ fJj pks ;[Bktj[, i' T[j eow s[M/ eT[B ehBk nT[oT[j ;/tk eT[B ehBh j?. no T[j eT[B ;h nkfrnk wkBh i' r[o{ pkp/ s/o/ fpy/nkgBk ;o{g gbN S'fvnk j?” (gouhnK ;/tk dk;.

B'N L fJj gqPB GkJh pkb/ B/ r[o{ nzrd d/t ih Bz{ r[orZdh fwbD ;zpzXh gZ[fSnk.)

(e) “fiBjz{ B/ wz; yktD tkfbj[z eh fBzfdnk eoh j?. ;' fBzfdnk wz; yktD/ s/ Ghp[oh j?. fBzfdnk s/ wz; yktDk Gbk j?. ej/ s/, i' wB jzeko no nfGwkBwfj nktsk j?. sp jh fBzfdnk eosk j?.”

(gouhnK GkJh ;qh eBQh:k ihl GkJh jhok f;zx wjzs, gzBk L 51)

(y) “np ikD sz{ i' Grtzs B/ fJ; gqeko nkfrnk eoh j? i' g[oy w/o/ Bfws pqsno sg eoe/ G'r ek fsnkr eos/ j? sT[ T[B eT[ w? jh T[; ek cb d/B/ jkojz{ go pqs Gh shB gqeko dk ejk j?. ;' gqEw fJj j? i' nkgD/ fus eT[ ;zebgj{J/ s/ o'e oyDk no fus dh fpqsh eT[ Grtzs e/ ;o{g fty/ fJ;fEs eoBk.;' fJj pqs n?;k emB j? i' ip Grtzs fpBK e[Se ;zebg Gh fJ;e/ fod/ fty/c[o/ sp tj[ yzvs j' iksk j?.”

(gko; Gkr L ‘g[oksB gzikph tkose’ ;zgkH ;[fozdo f;zx e'jbh, gzBk L 85)

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` T[~go n;hA g[oksB gzikph tkose d/ i' Bw{B/ s[jkv/ bJh gq;s[s ehs/ jB,

T[j fJj dZ;D bJh jB fe s[;hA T[jBK dk ftPk, Ppdktbh, Ppd i'V, tke pDso, GkPk pko/ \[d

th nkgDh okJ/ pDk ;e'. s[;hA d/y ;e' fe 400 e[ ;kb gfjbK s'A P[o{ j' e/ v/Y d' ;" iKYkJh e[ ;" ;kb ftu fJ; ftu eh rsh iK spdhbh nkJh. fJj brB ns/ fJekrosk Bkba jhBjhA PoXk ns/ ftPtk; Bkba th fBozso ehs/ rJ/ isB jB. T[j ;wK id'A seBheh ;j{bsKdh nDj'Ad ;h. GkPk, fbgh w[ZYbh nfte;s ;fEsh ftu ;h. nkoEe, ;wkie, okiBhse gq;fEshnKth pj[shnK jZe ftu BjhA ;B. T[d'A gzikph dh g[oksB tkose dhnK fJj gqkgshnK ;kvh ;'uBz{ N[zpdhnK jB. g[oksB gzikph tkose s'A fgZS'A id'A s[jkv/ bJh nkX[fBe gzikph tkose d/tZy tZy o{gK ftu tzBrhnk d/D dk f\nkb nkT[Adk j? sK fJj ekoi pVk efmB bZrdk j?.efmB fJ; bJh feT[Afe ni'e/ ;w/A tkose d/ pj[s ;ko/ o{g ;kv/ ;kjwD/ nk u[Ze/ jB. pj[s ;ko/o{gK dh jh rZb BjhA, jo/e o{g ftu pj[s tZvh wksok ftu fbysK ;kjwD/ nk u[ZehnK jB.ftfdnkoEhnK ;kjwD/ fejVk T[dkjoB gq;s[s eohJ/, fJj, fJ; gkm b/ye bJh ;wZf;nk j?.;' ftfdnkoEhT[, e[ZM e[ u'D ehsh j?, i' gq;s[s eo oj/ jK. fJj u'D Bz{ b? e/ T[~sw iKBfyZX dk ftuko Bk ehsk ikt/. fJj Bw{B/ s[jkBz{ fJjBK o{gK dh ;zouBk pko/ ikDekoh d/D bJhjh gq;s[s jB.

(T) fBpzX L (1) ;zB 1779 ftu ;z;ko d/ gqf;ZX :'Xk B?g'bhnB p'BkgkoN dhnK |"iK B/ fw;oT[~s/ epIk eo fbnk, sK T[; d/ fJe |"ih n|;o Bz{ dfonk Bhb d/ fJe djkB/ e'b'A, fi; djkB/dk Bkw o'i/Nk ;h, fJe gZEo bZGk, fi; T[~s/ fJe' tkosk fszB fbysK ftu T[~eoh j'Jh ;h. fJBQKfszBK ftu'A fJe j/no'^rfbZc fbys ;h s/ d{ih gqkuhB fw;o d/; dh fJe j'o nb'g j'Jh fbys.shih fbys :{BkBh fbys ;h s/ :{BkBh fbys s/ GkPk dk frnkB ed/ th nb'g BjhA ;h j'fJnk.;' T[j :{BkBh fbys ;koh T[mkb bJh rJh. fJ; fbys ftu fJe fw;o d/ :{BkBh pkdPkj B/ okid/ ;w/A dk toBD ehsk j'fJnk ;h s/ fJe ;zws w;hj s'A 196 ;kb gfjbK dk fdZsk j'fJnk ;h.f;nkfDnK s/ ftdtkBK pV/ isBK Bkb j/no'^rfbZc fbys Bz[{ :{BkBh fbys Bkb w/b e/ T[mkb fbnk.;zB 1822 ftu fJe |oK;h;h ftdtkB B/ T[; gZEo dh ;koh j/no'^rfbZc fbys Bz{ T[mkb fbnk,fi; gZEo dk Bkw j[D ;ko/ ;z;ko ftu ‘o'i/Nk^fPbk’ eoe/ gqf;ZX j?. fJj o'I/Nk fPbk j[D bzvBd/ wjkB nikfJpxo, fpqfNP fwT{Ihnw ftu gJh j? s/ ;z;ko Go d/ ftfdnkfbnK s/ g[;sekfbnKftu fJ; fPbk dhnK BebK w"i{d jB. j[D j/no'^rfbZc fbys g{oB s"o T[~s/ ;wM bJh rJh j?s/ fJ; dhnK fbysK fpBK fe;/ \k; n"y d/ T[mkJhnK s/ ;wMhnK ik ;edhnK jB. j/no'^rfbZcfbys ;w/A, i' GkPk gqkuhB fw;o ftu gquZbs ;h, fi; Bz{ j[D p'bD tkbak nkdwh e'Jh BjhA fojk,T[; d/ gd^e'P s/ t:keoD th pDk bJ/ rJ/ jB s/ gqkuhB fw;o dhnK ftfdnktK d/ ftfdnkoEhfJBQK s'A bkG T[mkT[Ad/ jB.

fJj j? nuzGk eoB tkbah eEk fJe nb'g j' u[Zeh fbys s/ GkPk d/ w[V gqrN j'D dh.

(j/no'^rfbZcl eg{o f;zx nkJhH;hHn?;H)

fBpzX b/yB ftu gkmeK Bz{ fijVh nzsookPNoh gZXo dh ikDekoh go';h ik ojh j? T[; dk T[dkjoB j? T[go'es fBpzX dk fJe N[ZeVk. fJj' BjhA Bfozdo f;zx eg{o dk fJe fBpzX i' fgZS/ij/ jh ‘gzikph fNqfpT{B’ d/ d;se w?rIhB ftu 26 iBtoh 2020 Bz{ Sfgnk j? s/ fi; dk BK ‘BthnK okDhnK’ j?. ni'e/ d"o dhnK n"osK d/ nkIkdh g;zd f\nkbK Bz{ gqrNkT[D tkbak, BthBsw ;'u tkbak fBpzX j?. e[ZM e[ ;soK tkose dh ;woZEk ti'A t/y' L^

“gsh d/ d' o{g jz[d/ jB, fJe ;wki bJh, d{ik gsBh bJh. i/ gsh Bkba MrVk j't/sK fJj tZXdk jh iKdk j?. fJ;soh pokpoh d/ nXko ’s/ fJB;kB tkbak ftjko ehs/ikDk g;zd eodh j?, t;s{ d/ o{g ftu BjhA. i/ fJ;soh B/ e[ZM fBt/ebk eoBk j? sKT[; Bz{ g[oP dh SZsoh ns/ gqSkt/A s'A w[es j'D dh b'V gJ/rh. fJe fJ;soh rkT[Adh;h. T[j ftnkj T[gozs th fJ; P"e Bz{ gkbDk ns/ nkwdB dk ;o's pDkT[Dk ukjz[dh;h, go gsh Bz{ T[; dk xo'A pkjo fBebDk th g;zd BjhA ;h. ebksfwe :'rsktKtkbahnK nB/eK fJ;sohnK nfijh ;fEsh dk ;kjwDk eoB eoe/, j'oK dh T[dkjoDs'A ;pe f;Zy e/ nkgDh woIh Bkba fiT{D Bz{ soihj d/ ojhnK jB. fJ; ;w/A Gkosftu brgr ;Zs eo'V fJ;sohnK ndkbsh ekotkJh Bkba, sbke ekoB, ftXtk j'D dh;fEsh eoe/ fJeZbhnK ofj ojhnK jB. nkgDh woIh Bkba ftnkj Bk eotkT[DtkbahnK T[gobh wZX Pq/Dh dhnK gVQhnK^fbyhnK, nkgDh nkwdB tkbhnK fJ;sohnKdh frDsh ekbi, :{Bhtof;NhnK, f|bwK, N?bhftIB, jtkJh ezgBhnK, ;zuko, gZsoekohnkfd \/soK ftu ftnkge j? ns/ tZX ojh j?. j[D nfijhnK fJ;sohnK dk j'Dk, Bkfe;/ dk T[u/uk fXnkB fyZudk j? ns/ Bk fe;/ Bz{ j?okB eodk j?.”

(n) o/yk fu~so (ebwh fu~so) L fJj tkose dk T[j o{g j?, fi; ftu b/ye fe;/ ftneshftP/P (nkw s"o ’s/ gqf;ZX ns/ ikD/ gSkD/) d/ ftnefsst Bz{ nkgDh ebgBk okjhA ;keko eodkj'fJnk gqrNkT[Adk j?. fJe T[dkjoB d/y' L^

“rZb fJj j'Jh fe ;kvh rZbpks ftueko ftoe Bz{ |'B nk iKdk ;h—tZvk n|;oi' j'fJnk. T[j u"Ark u[Ze e/ j"b/ fij/ nkydk, “w?A ftoe p'bBK”. c/o nrb/ BkbrZbpks eofdnK T[j e/tb fJT[A p'bdk, “jz{HHHjKHHHnZSkHHHmhe n?” ns/ |'B oZy fdzdk.nfijk eJh t/o j'fJnk. fJe tko |'B ;[DB s'A wro'A T[j fywk^:kue fij/ YzrBkba p'fbnk, “b'e bzwk ;wK gsk BjhA fet/A s/ eh rZbK eod/ ofjzd/ B/, w?E'A BjhAjz[dhnK. ezw dh rZb ehsh s/ p;.” c/o T[j d' e[ gb oZ[e e/ p'fbnk, “w?E'A ejkDhftu th tkX{ rZb BjhA ehsh iKdh. eoBh th BjhA ukjhdh. w?A s/ohnK eZ[M ejkDhnKgVQhnK B/, mhe rZmthnK j[zdhnK B/. ejkDh ftu tkX{ rZb BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh.”

(‘w/ok nD^Xkfonk r[o{’ L e[btzs f;zx ftoel r[opuB f;zx G[Zbo)

b/ye r[opuB f;zx G[Zbo, gqf;ZX gzikph ejkDheko e[btzs f;zx ftoe dk ebwh fuZso f;oifdnK, fJe S'N/ ij/ g?o/ ftu ‘ftoe’ pko/ eJh e[ZM dZ; fdzdk j?.

(J) ;_?îhtBh L id'A e'Jh b/ye nkgD/ ihtB dh rkEk \[d fbydk j? ns/ nkgDh fJ; ;_?îhtBh ftu'A fe;/ ;Zu Bz{ gqsZy eodk j?, T[d'A n;hA T[; Bz{ ekw:kp ;?_îhtBh efjzd/ jK. fJj fIzdrh d/e"V/^fwZm/ sZEK ftu'A bzxdh j'Jh fe;/ tv/o/ ;Zu sZe g[Zidh j?. fJj efmB ekoi th j? feT[Afe fIzdrh d/ fe;/ w[ekw sZe g[Zi u[Zek j'fJnk ftnesh eJh t/o G{sekb ftu gJ/ T[jBK sZEK Bz{ BjhA co'bDk ukjz[dk fijV/ ;[ykt/A Bk j'D. ;?_îhtBh dh b'V j? fe fBoG?n j' e/ T[j ;G e[ZM fpnkB d/t/. fJ; Pesh ftu'A jh ;Zu T[d? jz[dk j?. gzikph ftu pj[s ;kohnK ;?_îhtBhnK fbyhnK fwbdhnK jB. fJj tkose dk fJe tZyok o{g j?. g/P j? fJe nfijh jh ;?_îhtBh ftu'A fJe bx{ nzP, fi; Bkba ftfdnkoEh ;?_îhtBh dh e[ZM Nj[ gk ;eD L^

“fdB d/ g?AjN o[gJ/ s/ fJe wjhB/ d/ g?AjN o[gJ/. fezBk |oe ;h. go eoBihstk;s/ j[D o[gfJnK dh UBh nfjwhns BjhA ;h ofj rJh. T[; Bz{ \[Ph fJ; rZbdh ;h fe T[j ;wki d/ ;fsekos tor ftu fJe ;BwkfBnk B"itkB ;h. fJzdo f;zx‘oki’ dh d';sh, ;kfjs Bkba vz{xh ;KM, frnkB^gqkgsh dh ifrnk;k ns/ gqrshPhbftukoK s'A gqitbs j' ojh T[jdh u/sBk T[; Bz{ nkgDk tvw[Zbk ;owkfJnk gqshs j'DbZr fgnk ;h.”

(‘jkPhJ/ dh fJpkos’, vkH eoBihs f;zx)

B'N L ftfdnkoEhT[ ` eoBihs f;zx B/ nkgDh fJ; ;?_^ihtBh ftu fbyD Yzr nfijk ofynkj?, fe T[~sw g[oy (Ist Person) ftu rZb Bk eoe/ nB: g[oy (3rd Person) ftu rZb ehsh j?.eoBihs f;zx gzikph ;kfjs d/ ftdtkBK ftu ikfDnk^gSkfDnk BK j? go e[ZM ;wK nfijk thnkfJnk ;h id'A T[j wIw/pkIh dk g/Pk eod/ oj/. fco T[jBK B/ T[j g/Pk SZv e/ nfXnkge dhB"eoh eo bJh. T[gobk g?ok T[; gq;zr tZb fJPkok eodk j?.)

P\;hns L fJj nfijh tkose ouBk j?, fi; ftu b/ye fe;/ T[~x/ ftnesh dh P\;hns(ftnefsst) d/ T[~x/ gZyK Bz{ gqrNkn e/ P\;hns Bz{ ib"n ftu gqrN eodk j?. fJe T[dkjoBgowihs YhArok d[nkok ofunk gqf;ZX PkfJo ‘e?|h nkIwh’ pko/ d/y' L^

“oks Bz{ j'D tkba/ w[PkfJo/ ftu P"es g{oh ;i Xi e/ rJh. ;|?d e[Vsk, ;btkos/ T[~s/ fJzdo XB[Ph ozrK tkbak d[gZNk, jZEK ftu wPj{o j?dokpkdh u{VhnK, g?oK ftu;[Bfjoh ozr dhnK ;bhw Pkjh i[ZshnK. id'A e?|h B/ w[Pkfjo/ ftu BIw gVQDh P[o{ehsh sK T[j wzso w[rX j'Jh ;[D ojh ;h, fit/A fe;/ B/ T[jd/ ’s/ N{Dk eo fdZskj't/. e?|h dk T[~uk bzwk ;o{ eZd, d[pbk gsbk ;oho, g[o efPP rGo{, roithA ntkIfit/A y[dk dh gBkj j't/. BIw dk BK ;h^‘ski’. J/Bh Ipod;s BIw, uko/ gk;/i'P mkmK wko fojk ;h. P"es d/ nzdo fit/A e'Jh bfj frnk ;h^PkfJd fJ;/ Bz{ gfjbhBIo dk fgnko efjzd/ jB.”

;|oBkwk L nkX[fBe gzikph tkose dh fJj tzBrh fe;/ :ksok dk fIeo nfij/ Yzr Bkbaeodh j? fe gkme Bz{ ;{uBktK th fwbadhnK jB ns/ fdqP th. r[bIko f;zx ;zX{ d/ fby/ ;|oBkwknzP i' ;wekbh ;kfjs d/ nes{po^d;zpo 2019 nze ftu Sg/ jB, d/ e[ZM nzP d/y'. fJ; dk BKofynk j? L ‘BBekDk ;kfjp, eoskog[o s/ bkj"o d/ ozr’

“i/ bkj"o dk ;jh o{g t/yDk j't/ sK fJ; dh wkb o'v s'A bzxd/ ;Zi/ gk;/ dhnK fJwkosKt/yDk jh ekch j?. eh n;?Apbh jkb s/ fwT{A;gb ekog'o/PB j?~v etkNo, tZvkvkeykBk, PkdwkB u"Ae, i/bQ o'v, jkJh e'oN, fiBkj gkoe, ;N/N p?Ae nk} gkfe;skB,Uohn?ANb ekbi s/ gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh, fdnkb f;zx w?BPBi, fvzrk f;zx v/ok, ;orzrk okw w?BPBI, PkjdhB fpbfvzr nkfd ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ wkb o'v s'A J/B/ jZNt/A jB fewkb o'v d/ nZm wkorh j'D dk gqGkt fdzd/ jB. GhV GVZek BK^wkso. w"iK jh w"iK.g?db j'JhJ/ iK eko n;tko y[bQ y/v dk nfj;k; o{j Bz{ BfPnk fdzdk j?.”

ftfdnkoEhT[ ̀ n;hA e[ZM e[ tkose o{gK dhnK tzBrhnK jh fJZE/ g/P ehshnK jB. T[AM ni'eh gzikph tkose j'o eJh o{gK ftu g/P j' ojh j? ns/ gzikph GkPk d/ Bt/A toskfonK Bz{ gq;s[s eo ojh j?.

(3) g[oksB gzikph tkose ns/ nkX[fBe gzikph tkose ftub/ nzso Bz{ gSkDfdnK s[;hA ;fji/jh fJe rZb B'N ehsh j't/rh fe g[oksB tkose d/ b/yeK dk BK fbysK T[go fbfynk BjhA fwbdkns/ pj[sh tkoh e'Jh fbyD ;wK th BjhA fbfynk fwbdk idfe ;kv/ nkX[fBe tkose fbykohnKd/ BK ns/ fbyD ;wK ;gZPN j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkba n;hA ni'e/ fbykohnK d/ ftnefsst Bz{ T[jBKdhnK fbysK ftu o{gKsfos t/yd/ jK. fJj' BjhA g[oksB tkose ftu ;kBz{ fbysK ftu fwbktN ehs/ikD d/ ;ze/s fwb iKd/ jB, fi; Bkba T[BQK fbysK dh gqkwfDesk ;Ekgs eoB ftu w[Peb nkT[Adhj?. fJj' fijh w[Peb nkX[fBe tkose ftu fpbe[b BjhA.

(4) nkX[fBe gzikph tkose soe, dbhb, ;{uBk ns/ ftfrnkBesk Bz{ nkXko pDk e/ ubdh j?.p"fXesk T[; d/ nzr ;zr jz[dh j?. wZXekbhB tkose g{o/ s"o ’s/ ekftesk s'A w[es BjhA j' ;eh. fJ;/bJh T[j ftPtk; ns/ PoXk dk jh ;jkok b?Adh j?. nkX[fBe tkose frnkB ns/ fuzsB Bkba b?; j'e/ rZb nZr/ s'odh j?. g[oksB :[Zr, eftsk dk :[Zr ;h. ethnK dk ;EkB gqEw ;h ns/ tkoseekoKdk d[i?bk. nZi d/ :[Zr ftu tkose f;oie fe;/ th j'o ;kfjs o{g f;oie d/ pokpo doikoZydk j?.

(5) g[oksB gzikph tkose e'ba GkPk dh ;hwk BIo nkT[Adh j?. j?okBh j? fe T[; ;w/A d/ feaZ;kekft Bz{ jh b? bt'l feaZf;nK dh GkPk ftubh gzikph fesBh gqgZe j? idfe T[; ;w/A d/ nk;^gk;dh gzikph tkose ftu pqi GkPk ns/ ;kX GkPk dh pj[bsk BIo nkT[Adh j?. fJj' BjhA T[;;w/A dh tkose ftnkeoBe B/wK Bz{ th pj[sh wjZssk BjhA fdzdh. ni'eh gzikph tkose PpdktbhgZy'A pVh nwho fdZ; nkT[Adh j? ns/ GkPe ;zouBk Bz{ e/Adoh iK Ne;kbh GkPk d/ B/V/ oZydh j?.ftnkeoBe T[bzxDktK sK j[D ;zGt jh BjhA. ni'eh gzikph tkose GkPk Bz{ ftek; d/ okj/ s'o ojhj?. T[j BthA Ppdktbh iK tke pDsoK Bz{ BthnK u[D"shnK d/ jkD dk pDk e/ g/P eo ojh j?.fJj rZb g[oksB gzikph tkose gk;'A ;zGt BjhA ;h.

fJt/A, n;hA ikfDnk j? fe gzikph tkose dk fBek; s/ ftek; dh :ksok fej' fijh ;h. g[oksBns/ nkX[fBe gzikph tkose fej' fijh j?. fJBQK d'jK fe;w dhnK tkosktK B/ eh^eh f;oi e/ gkmeKBz{ fdZsk < T[j ;?Agb iK tzBrhnK j?B fe; soQK dhnK < T[jBK ftu nzso eh jB < ns/ nzsob/Gkr ftu n;hA g[oksB gzikph tkose ns/ nkX[fBe gzikph tkose ftub/ nzso gSkD dk isBehsk j?. ftfdnkoEhT[ ` nzso ns/ ;KMK gSkDBk fJe ftXh j? fi; okjhA n;hA fe;/ ftP/ iK ;zpzfXsftfPnK pko/ osk BIdheh ikDekoh jkf;b eo b?Ad/ jK.

;zy/g T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB1H ‘g[oksB gzikph tkose’ d/ fBek; s/ ftek; Bkb ikD^gSkD eokT[.

2H ‘g[oksB gzikph tkose’ dhnK ouBktK pko/ ;zy/g ikDekoh fdT[.

3H ‘nkX[fBe gzikph tkose’ dk w[ZYbk ekb, fe; soQK dh tkose Bkba ;zpzfXs j? <

4H ‘g[oksB gzikph tkose’ ns/ ‘ni'eh gzikph tkose’ ftu eh nzso jB <

5H ni'eh gzikph tkose d/ e'Jh d' o{gK pko/ ikDekoh fdT[=.

gkm Bzpo L 3

2H ‘o~p d/ vkehJ/’ L nkb'uBkswe nfXn?B$gVQs! vkH Bfozzdo f;zx

nkozfGek

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[jkv/ e"o; ftu tkose dh fJe feskp bZrh j'Jh j?, fi; dk BK ‘oZpd/ vkehJ/’ j?. fJ; feskp dk b/ye gzikph dk fJe gqf;ZX b/ye ‘gofwzdo ;'Yh’ j?. gofwzdo ;'YhB/ fJ; S'Nh ijh tkose dh g[;se ftu 25 wIw{B fby/ jB. fJj ;ko/ jh wIw{B pV/ fdbu;g jB.fJj fdbu;g fJ; eoe/ jB feT[Afe jo/e wIw{B fe;/ Bt/A ftP/ Bz{ b? e/ rZb eodk j? ns/ fIzdrhdhnK dkoPfBe rZbK Bz{ jbeh c[beh go g[Z\sk dbhb Bkb ;kv/ ;kjwD/ oZydk j?. fJj dkoPfBerZbK fIzdrh dh nNZb ;ZukJh Bz{ pV/ ;kd/ Yzr Bkb eZ[M eEktK okjhA gqrN eodhnK jB. fJj eEktKS'NhnK S'NhnK jB. dkoPfBe jB. |ehokBk jB. ;fji jB. ;kdhnK jB ns/ pV/ rfjo/ noEKBkb Gog{o jB. fJ;/ eoe/ fJjBK gkmK Bz{, wIw{BK Bz{ gVQBk pVk ;fji j?, ;ob j?, ;[nkdbk j?.eJh EkJhA fJj rZbK ;[DkT[D torhnK bZrdhnK jB ns/ pks fijhnK bZrdhnK jB. fJ;/ eoe/ n;hAfJjBK Bz{ fdbu;g fejk j?. jZEb/ gkm ftu n;hA fJe fJe eoe/ fJjBK wIw{BK Bz{ ;zy/g ftu s[jkv/;kjwD/ oyKr/. ;kBz{ nk; j? s[;hA fJjBK gkmK dh fJ; gVQs Bz{ wkD ;e'r/.

eEk ;ko$ gVQs

(i) w[;k|o, dfonk s/ gfozd/

fJ; d' e[ gzfBnK d/ wIw{B ftu b/ye, ;z;ko dh rshPhbsk pko/ fbydk j?. gofwzdo ;'Yh,w[;k|o, dfonk s/ gfozd/ Bz{ rshPhb ;z;ko dk gqshe efjzdk j?. T[j j?okBh gqrN eodk j? fJjBKfszBK dh fBozso rsh Bz{ t/ye/. fit/A fe n;hA T[go fejk ;h fe b/ye fJjBK wIw{BK ftu fBZehnKfBZehnK eEktK ;[Dk e/ nkgDh rZb Bz{ gqgZe eodk j?. fJZE/ th T[j fJe :{ogh :kso{ dh rZb ;[DkT[Adkj?, fijVk ;{|hnK pko/ o'wKfus j' e/, fe;/ ;{|h |eho Bz{ fwbD dh sKx ftu J/Phnk d/ d/PK ftux[zwdk j?, bZGdk j?. id'A T[; Bz{ fJe ;{|h |eho dh M'AgVh fwb iKdh j? sK T[j j?okB j[zdk j?fe |eho dk ;wkB feZE/ j?, ;'|k, |foZi, o;'Jh nkfd < |eho sK fJeZbk jh M'AgVh d/ e'B/ ftup?mk j?. :{ogh :kso{ fJj gqPB |eho Bz{ eodk j?. |eho nr'A fJjh ;tkb T[; :{ogh Bz{ eodkj? fe T[j dZ;/ fe T[; dk ;wkB feZE/ j? < :kso{ efjzdk j? fe T[j sK fJe :kso{ j?. T[; gk;;wkB E'VQ/ jh j't/rk. |eho nr'A itkp fdzdk j? fe T[j (|eho) th fJe :kso{ j?, w[;k|o j?.;ko/ ftnesh jh BjhA, ;kohnK t;sK th fJZE'A sZe fe Xosh, uzB, ;{oi s/ sko/ th ;hfws;w/A ftu jh fJZE/ ofjDr/. b/ye ;hfws fIzdrh dk fIeo eoe/ fJe j'o gZy th fJ; Bkb i'Vfdzdk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe n;hA ;ko/ ;hfws ;w/A tkb/ n;hw ftu ;wkJ/ j'J/ jK. n;hA ekb ftu

jK go nekb dk fjZ;k jK. w[;k|o, dfonk s/ gfozd/ (gzSh) fBozso ihtB tZb, ;{\w fJPkok eod/jB. b/ye uhB d/ dkoPfBe eBf|T{;P dh rZb th ;[DkT[Adk j? fijk ‘w"s s'A pknd eh j't/rk <’tor/ gqPB Bz{ Nkb fdzdk j? ns/ efjzdk j? fe T[j T[d'A d/y b?D, id'A w"s j' ikJ/rh. b/ye, wIw{Bdk nzs fJ; fusktBh Bkb eodk j? fe fIzdrh nD^wkDh, nZX^ihth jh r[Io ikJ/, fJ; s'A gfjbKw[;k|o, dfonktK s/ gzShnK s'A fiT{D dk sohek f;Zy bJhJ/.

(ii) dbhb s/ dbhbpkIh

fJ; bx{ wIw{B ftu b/ye dbhb d/ soe dk, b"fie (logic) dk fJe soQK Bkb wIke T[vkT[Adkj?. b/ye nkgD/ wIw{B dk nkozG fJe ;{|h eEk s'A eodk j?, fi; ftu fJe g/Av{ w[;k|o nkgD/ jhsoe Bkb ;'udk j'fJnk fJj ;wMdk j? fe rZvh pVh XhwhA ubdh j?, T[; dh yZuo sK pVk s/I ubdhj?. rZvh ftu p?m/ sK ;Zs tkoh ;{oi uVQ, v[Zp u[Zek j? (rZvh ;[ozrK ftu'A bzxdh j? sK B/oQk T[ikbk j[zdkj?). T[j ni/ sZe wzfIb T[~s/ BjhA g[Zik. b/ye efjzdk j? fe jo dbhb ;Zu Bz{ gqrN BjhA eo ;edh.jkbKfe fJj th ;Zu j? fe tfjwK d/ nfrnkB ftu c;/ b'eK Bz{ fijV/ ;{oi Bz{ gkDh d/ oj/ jB, r[o{BkBe d/t ih B/ dbhb Bkb jh f;ZX ehsk fe fJsBh d{o gkDh BjhA ik ;edk. fJ; bJh T[jBK B/nkgD/ y/sK tZb wz{j eoe/ rzrk dk gkDh T[~Xo tZb ;[ZNDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. n;hA ;Zu Bz{ ;wMD ftudbhb dk fJ;s/wkb eo ;ed/ jK go ckbs{ dh dbhbpkIh Bkb ;Zu sZe BjhA gj[zu ;ed/.

b/ye B/ fJ; S'N/ fij/ wIw{B ftu th d' j'o eEktK ;[DkJhnK jB. fJe ebfgs gkso B;o{dhBdh i' fJj f;ZX eoB dk isB eodk j? fe T[; fgzv (fi; ftu'A T[j bzx fojk ;h) dh jtk thT[; d/ nkgD/ fgzv torh j?. fJj f;ZX eoB bJh B;ho{dhB efjzdk j? fe fJZE/ th n;wkB ftuT[sB/ jh sko/ fdZ;d/ jB fisB/ T[; d/ fgzv ftu fdZ;d/ jz[d/ jB. fJt/A jh fJe j'o eEk ftu T[jd' w[zfvnK d/ soe Bz{ g/P eodk j?, fijV/ ezBf|T{fP; ;kjwD/ fJj f;ZX eoB dk isB eod/ jBfe ;{oi ;t/o/ Xosh d/ B/V/ j[zdk j? fe d[gfjo/. d'jK dh nkgDh nkgDh okJ/ ns/ nkgDh nkgDhdbhb j?. b/ye Bk sK ftPtk; dh eZNVsk dk gZy g{odk j? ns/ Bk jh dbhbpkIh dh eZNVsk dk.

(iii) fpBK E~b/ tkbk M'bkjZEb/ wIw{B ftu b/ye ‘bkbu’ ftP/ T[~s/ fbydk j?. bkbuh wB[Zy Bz{ T[j T[; \or'P tork

efjzdk j? i' p/tiQk fJXo^T[Xo GZidk j? ns/ fPeko pD e/ d[Zy G'rdk j?. b/ye fJe ftdtkB ‘bhj s;{’ dh ;[DkJh ejkDh Bz{ ;[DkT[Adk j? fe fJe bkbuh pzd/ B/ GhV tkb/ pkIko ftu fe;/ dk ;'Bk u[ok fbnk. id'A T[; Bz{ iZi B/ g[ZfSnk fe fJsBh GhV ftu T[; B/ fJj fjzws fe; soQK ehsh sK u'o B/ T[~so fdZsk fe T[; Bz{ ;'B/ s'A fJbktk j'o e[ZM fdZf;nk jh BjhA. bkbuh wB[Zy Bz{ j'o^j'o^j'o s'A fJbktk e[ZM ;[Mdk jh BjhA. T[j t;sK gdkoEK s'A fJbktk j'o e[ZM BjhA ;'udk, j'o e[ZM BjhA b'udk, j'o e[ZM BjhA t/ydk.

b/ye T[jBK b'eK pko/ j?okBh gqrN eodk j? fijV/ IwhBK^ikfJdkdK dhnK jh rZbK eod/ ofjzd/jB, fit/A nBzs ekb sZe fJZE/ jh ofjDk j't/. B;o{dhB d/ bkbu Bkb ;zpzfXs T[j fJe j'o ejkDh th ;[DkT[Adk j?. fJ; wIw{B dk Ehf;; fJj' j? fe bkbu ed/ Bk w[ZeD tkbh bkb;k j?, fit/A e'Jh fpBK EZb/ tkb/ M'b/ ftu t;sK gkJh ikJ/. bkbu ;kv/ wB dh PKsh Bz{ u'oh eo b?Adk j?.

(iv) o~p d/ vkehJ/

fJ; wIw{B d/ BK T[~s/ jh b/ye B/ fJ; g[;se dk BK oZfynk j?. vkehnkl ;[B/jk, fuZmh iK;zd/P b? e/ nkT[Adk j?. oZp dh fuZmh iK ;[B/jk iK ;zd/P fejVk vkehnk b? e/ nkT[Adk j? < b/ye efjzdkj? fe fJj vkehJ/ pZu/ jB. pZfunK dk fgnko, G'bkgB ns/ ft;tkP tkb/ r[D oZp d/ ;[B/j/ tor/ jB.b/ye gofwzdo ;'Yh T[; wk;{w pZuh dh eEk ;[DkT[Adk j?, fijVh nkgD/ tZb'A ozrK Bkb oZp dh |'N' pDkojh j?. fJj efjD s/ fe oZp sK fe;/ B/ t/fynk BjhA sz{ |'N' fet/A pDkt/Arh—T[; dk T[~so ;h, ‘id'ApDk btKrh, s[;hA t/y b?Dk.’ b/ye fgek;' (gqf;ZX fuZsoeko) nkgD/ eEB ’u fbydk j? fe jo pZu/ftu iBw s'A jh ebkeko j[zdk j?. i/ T[j tZvk j' e/ th, T[; Bz{ ;zGkb ;e/ sK fJj tZvh rZb j?. fJjj? pZu/ dh wk;{whns. T[; dk ;[B/jk G'b/gB ns/ e'wbsk dk j?. fJt/A jh T[j pZfunK d/ d{i/ r[D‘T[s;[esk’ dk fIeo eodk j?. pZuk fBZeh fBr{Dh t;s iK iht tZb th T[sBk jh T[s;[e j[zdk j?,fisBk tZvh ns/ tZvw[bh t;s tZb iK iht tZb. T[; bJh gZEo ns/ jho/ pokpo T[s;[esk g?dk eoBtkba/ jB. pZfunK dk shik r[D G/y s/ gkyzv s'A w[es j'Dk wzBdk j?. pZu/ s[jkv/ fttjko s'A jh gq/fosj[zd/ jB s[jkv/ p'b/ PpdK s'A BjhA. PKsh dk gkm gVQkT[D tkb/ e[oZ\s nfXnkge d/ PpdK dk pZfunKT[~s/ e'Jh n;o BjhA jz[dk. fJt/A jh wkfgnK dk fttjko jh pZfunK Bz{ fdPk fdzdk j?. b/ye fJe p'Xh;e{b d/ nfXnkge dh eEk ;[DkT[Adk j?, fijVk pZfunK Bz{ M{m p'b fdzdk ;h. fJe tko id'A w"ekpfDnk sK pZfunK B/ th T[; Bz{ M{m p'b fdZsk. pZfunK d/ ;[Gkn ns/ T[; ftu'A fwbd/ oZp d/ ;[B/j/pko/ b/ye B/ fJj pVk ;{\w wIw{B fbfynk j?.

(v) nzso wB d/ p{j/fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ ‘;[gfBnK’ pko/ uouk ehsh j? ns/ nkgDh rZb fJe foPh u[nKr s;{

dh rZb s'A nkozG ehsh j?. fe foPh B/ ;[DkfJnk fe T[; Bz{ fJe ;[gBk nkfJnk fe T[j fJe fsZsbh j?. T[~vdk^fcodk j? ns/ ozr^pozr/ wkj"b ftu ofjzdk j?. id'A T[j T[fmnk sK T[j wB[Zy ;h go T[; e'b fJe gqPB ;h fe fes/ T[j n;b ftu fsZsbh sK BjhA fi; Bz{ j[D wB[Zy j'D dk ;[gBk nk fojk j't/. b/ye B/ g[okD/ ;w/A d/, gZSw d/ ;[gfBnK pko/ ftuko gqrN ehs/ fijBK ftu T[j ;'ud/ ;B fe ;[gfBnK ftu o{jK s/ d/ts/ ;kv/ Bkb ;zgoe pDkT[Ad/ jB. fJt/A jh b/ye B/ gzikph d/ b'e^;kfjs d/ wkfjo b/ye vkH tDikok p/dh dk jtkbk fdZsk, i' b'e^ftPtk;K ftu, ;[gB/ ftu nkswk d/ Poho s'A tZy j' e/ x[zwD^fcoB s/ ;ke^;zpzXhnK Bz{ fwbD ’s/ Bk g{ohnK j'JhnK \kfjPK g{ohnK eoB dk ;kXB dZ;d/ jB.

b/ye B/ gqf;ZX wB'ftfrnkBh f;rwzv |okfJv dk ;[gfBnK pko/ ehsk nfXnB th fIeo ftu fbnKdk. |okfJv w[skpe ;[gB/ ;kvhnK dZphnK j'JhnK nX{ohnK fJZSktK g{ohnK eoB dk ;kXB jB. T[j ;[gB/ ;[D e/ wB[Zy d/ nzdo ikD dk isB eodk ;h. b/ye w[skpe ;[gB/ pj[gosh j[zd/jB, fJjBK dk f;ZX^gZXok, fJe noE BjhA jz[dk. fJj vz{x/ wB tZb y[ZbQdk d[nkok jB ns/ gqsheK ftu ej/ iKd/ jB. b/ye B/ eJh gqsheK Bz{ y'bQD dk fJPkok th ehsk j?. fit/A ;[gB/ ftu fvrd/ikDk ;kvh n;|bsk dk gqshe j?, pZ; iK rZvh ’s/ uVQB s'A ofj ikDk, fe;/ f|eo dk gqshe j?. b/ye B/ ;[gfBnK d/ wjZst pko/ fIeo ehsk j? fe fet/A fJjBK dk nfXnB ;kv/ ihtB Bz{ ;/X d/ ;edk j?. go, fes/ Bk fes/ fJj ojZ;wJh sK j?B jh.

(vi) skes dk BPk‘skes dk BPk’ wIw{B ftu b/ye B/ skes d/ B[e;kB ns/ |kfJfdnK T[~s/ fdqPNh gkJh j?.

gfjbK T[j skes Bz{ fJe BPk efjzdk j?, fi; ftu wB[Zy nkgDk nkgk G[Zb iKdk j?. T[; dh n;bhns sK gsk bZrdh j? id'A T[; Bz{ skes fdZsh ikt/. b/ye ebfgs gkso B;o{dhB dh ejkDh ;[DkT[Adk j? ns/ fJPkok eodk j? fe skes tkb/ tZb dh rZb jh ;ko/ eod/ jB. skes g?;/ ftu o[Zsp/ ftu ns/ okiBhse gd T[~s/ t/yh iKdh j?. wB[Zy skes jkf;b eoe/ nkgDk jzeko g{ok eoBk ukjz[d/jB. T[j \Z[d Bz{ wjZstg{oB ;wMD bZr iKd/ jB. b/ye fJe gkoNh dh ejkDh ;[DkT[Adk j? fi; ftu w[Zy wfjwkB p?oQ/ e'b'A fueB dk j'o gh; wzrdk j? ns/ nkgD/ w[Zy wfjwkB j'D dk o'jp dZ;dk j? go p?oQk j'o fueB d/D s'A wBQK eo fdzdk j? ns/ nkgD/ o;'Jh d/ fBrokB j'D dk o'jp dZ;dk j?. d't/A nkgD/ nkg Bz{ wjZstg{oB ;wMd/ jB. jzekoh s/ w{oy pzfdnK e'b nkJh skes fiZE/nfsnkuko eodh j?, T[E/ uzr/ b'eK e'b nkJh skes b'eK bJh T[geko eodh j?. b/ye uhBh |eho bkUs;{ dk eEB fbydk j? fi; w[skpe n;bh skes b'eK dh gotfoP eodh j?. b'eK T[~s/ I[bw BjhA eodh, j[ew BjhA ubkT[Adh. b'eK d/ jZe ftu ;'udh j?.

(vii) ;zeN ekb s/ bVke{ w[or/fJ; wIw{B ftu b/ye ;zeN pko/ eZ[M wjZstg{oB rZbK eodk j?. b/ye efjzdk j? fe eJh

t/oK, ;zeN d/ nkT[D dk nrkT{A gsk BjhA bZrdk. pkeh b/yK tKr T[j w[Zbk B;o{dhB dh ejkDh ;[DkT[Adk j? i' rbh ftu'A ik fojk ;h. fJe wekB dh SZs s'A fe;/ pzd/ dk g?o fsbQfenk ns/ T[j f;ZXk rbh ftu'A iKd/ w[Zbk T[~s/ nk fvZrk. fvZrD tkb/ Bz{ e[ZM Bk j'fJnk go w[Zbk j;gskb gjz[u frnk. b/ye T[jBK ;zeNK dk th fIeo eodk j? fijV/ wB[Zy s/ e[dos ftukb/ jB ns/ T[jBK ;zeNK dk th fijV/ wB[Zy s/ wB[Zy ftukb/ jB. fet/A wB[Zy ;zeN ftu'A o'wKuesk wfj;{; eodk j?. T[j ;zeN tkbh ;fEsh g?dk eodk j?. fejk iKdk j? fe b'V ekY dh wK j? go b/ye efjzdk j? fe T[jBz{ ;zeN ekY dh wK bZrdh j?. fJ; fgZS'A b/ye fJe dkoPfBe gZy g/P eodk j?, fi; ftu wB[Zy ;zeN Bz{ ;zeN wzB/ jh Bk ns/ nkgDk ;fji s/ ;fEosk pDkJh oy/. nfij/ wB[ZyK Bz{ e'Jh ;zeN BjhA. b/ye fJe eEk ;[DkT[Adk j?, fi; ftu w[ofrnK Bz{ bVkJh f;ykT[D tkbk fJe nkdwh uh fwzr fJe w[or/ Bz{ T[d'A sZe f;ykT[Adk ofjzdk j? id'A sZe T[j w[ork fto'Xh w[or/ d/ T[e;kT[D gqfs osh th gqfsT[~so BjhA fdzdk. Gkt s[;hA ;zeN wfj;{; jh Bk eo' sK s[jkBz{ e'Jh BjhA jok ;edk. b/ye p'X Xow dhnK gozgoktK s'A gqGkts j?.

(viii) fwjopkBh, P[eohnk, XzBtkdfJ; wIw{B ftu b/ye XzBtkd eoB, P[eohnk eoB dh wjZssk T[~s/ I'o fdzdk j?. b/ye gzikph

j? ns/ bzw/ no;/ s'A ikgkB ftu ofj fojk j?. T[j gzikph b'eK d/ ezi{;h Bkb XzBtkd efjD gqfs y[P BjhA. T[; Bz{ ftd/PK d/ b'e i', jo rZb s/ d{;o/ gqfs XzBtkd gqrN eod/ jB fPPN bZrd/jB. b/ye w[skpe tkX{ p'bD eoe/ ;kv/ ftu ‘fwjopkBh’ iK ‘w[nk| eoBk’ Ppd tosD dh xkN j?. b/ye u/szB j? fe nfij/ PpdK dh tkX{ tos'A dzG (fdyktk) th j' ;edk j? go fJBQK Bz{ w{b'A jh Bk tosDk uzrk BjhA. fijV/ fPekfJs jh eod/ jB c[ZbK Bkb th eo ;ed/ jB fe c[ZbK

Bkb ezv/ jz[d/ jB ns/ P[eohnk eoB tkb/ e[oZ\s ftT[jko eoB tkfbnK dk th XzBtkd efjD dksoe bZG b?Ad/ jB. p'Xh fGePD ‘o/Bohs;{’ fi; Bkb b'eK B/ mzYh oks ftu th PoB Bk d/D torkftT[jko ehsk, T[j b'eK dk XzBtkd eodh j? feT[Afe T[; oks T[j u?oh d/ c[ZbK d/ pkr ftu ofjzdhj? ns/ c[ZbK dk fyVBk t/ydh s/ wkDdh j?. n;hA wB[Zyh tosko/ ftu feT[A BjhA T[jBK fw;sohnK,wId{oK dk XzBtkd eod/ i' ;kv/ ezw ;ztkod/ jB s/ n;hA feT[A T[jBK d/ ezw eoB d/ sohe/ Bz{e/tb fBzdd/ jh jK. b/ye fJ; wIw{B d/ nzs ftu e[dos d/ fdZs/ s'jf|nK bJh e[dos dk XzBtkdeodk j?.

(ix) ;/Jh fgnko/ w/b

b/ye B/ nodk; dhnK fJj ;soK tos e/ pj[s vz{x/ohnK rZbK eoB dk isB ehsk j/?. T[jb'eK Bkb fwbD ns/ fwbD d/ gqGktl fBZx dh rZb eodk j?. jK ` eJh b'e fwb e/ wZE/ tZN thgkT[Ad/ jB ns/ eJh fdb dhnK rfjokJhnK sZe S{j iKd/ jB. b/ye fJe^d' eEktK ;[DkT[Adkj?. fJe fbykoh dh ejkDh i' fJe fdB s[fonk ik fojk ;h ns/ fJe fGykoh B/ T[; gk;'A g?;/wzr/. fbykoh B/ i/pQ ftu jZE gkfJnk sK T[; gk; pN{nk BjhA ;h. T[j fJe d' edw nZr/ bzxfrnk ;h. T[j tkg; w[fVnk fGykoh d/ jZEK Bz{ nkgD/ jZEK ftu cV e/ fBZxk ehsk ns/ fejk, “w?A;Zuw[Zu g?;/ xo G[Zb nkfJnk jK.” fGykoh B/ fejk, “sz{ g?f;nK Bz{ SZv, sz{ nZi w?Bz{ fgnko, fBZxns/ ofjwfdbh Bkb pVk tZvk s'j|k fdZsk j?.” n;hA fi; Bz{ fwbd/ jK T[; d/ ftnefsst d/ ;{\wgZy ;kBz{ gqGkts eod/ jB. b/ye fJe nZXk T[dkjoD j'o th fdzdk j? ns/ nzs ftu nodk; eodkj? fe T[; dh fIzdrh ftu w'j Go/, fBZx Go/ fujfonK dh ewhA Bk nkt/ ns/ i' b'e ihtB ftuy/V/ God/ jB, T[j ;dk uVQdh ebk ftu ofjD.

(x) f;;h|; dk d[yKs

f;;h|;, fJe :{BkBh fwfEjk;e gkso j?, fi; Bz{ ;okg fwfbnk j? fe T[j fJe Gkoh gZEo dk NZ[eVk gjkV dh u'Nh sZe b? e/ ikt/rk ns/ fiT[A jh T[j gjkV dh u'Nh ’s/ gjz[u/rk, T[j Gkoh gZEo dk N[ZeVk gjkV s'A j/mK foVQ ikt/rk ns/ f;;h|; T[; Bz{ foVQdk t/y/rk ns/ fco gZEo Bz{ T[go fbikD dh gqfefonk P[o{ eo/rk. fJj fBozso ekoi j?. fJ; wIw{B dk b/ye fJ; eEk s'A ;'utzs j[zdk j?. T[j fJ; ;okg Bz{ wB[Zyh j'Ad d/ eJh gZyK Bkb i'V e/ t/ydk j?. pzd/ d/ Bk w[ZeD tkb/ ;zxoP Bkb i'Ve/ t/ydk j?. T[; Bz{ eJh tkoh fJj wB[Zy d/ e[dos Bkb i{MD dh, Bk w[ZeD tkbh gqfefonk torh bZrdh eEk ikgdh j? ns/ eJh t/oK, wB[Zyh foPfsnK d/ f;oiD ns/ N[ZND dh s;tho fdZydh j?. T[j Gkosh doPB ftu, fit/A rhsK ftu fBozso ezw eod/ ofjD dh f;Zfynk Bkb th fJjBz{ i'Vdk j?. fBZs ihtB dh d"V^GZi, wko'^wko th T[t/A jh j? fit/A gZEo XZeD tork. fJj ;G dZ; e/ b/ye fJe d{i/ gfjb{ tZb th t/ydk j? fiZE/ fJj ;dk fPZds Bkb T[sKj uVQB dk fJPkok eoB tkbh eEk j't/. Gkt/A fJj ;okg jh j't/, go i/ n;hA f;o| gkso tKr jh ftuohJ/, fJ; Bz{ fuzsk Bk pDkJhJ/, fJ; Bz{ BkNe tKr jh ;wMhJ/ sK fJj Gko{ BjhA j't/rk. fJj efj e/ b/ye, fuzsB Bz{, fuzsk Bz{, jbek c[Zb eo fdzdk j?.

(xi) i[ow, ;Ik s/ fBnKfJ; wIw{B ftu b/ye fJjBK fszBK ekoiK L i[ow, ;Ik ns/ fBnK pko/, pV/ tkfIp ;tkb

g?dk eodk j?. T[j uhB dh fJe b'e^ejkDh s'A rZb P[o{ eodk j?, fi; ftu fJe pzd/ dh e[jkVh r[zw iKdh j? ns/ T[j r[nKYh w[zv/ T[~s/ PZe eodk j?. jo joes s'A T[; Bz{ T[j w[zvk u'o fdZydk j?. fco T[; Bz{ T[j e[jkVh nkgD/ xo'A jh fwb iKdh j? ns/ T[j w[zvk fBod'P bZrD bZr iKdk j?. n;hA nkg jh uzr/ wkV/ dk fBPuk eod/ ofjzd/ jK. fJt/A jh uzrk^wkVk th n;hA nkgDh ;'u Bkb pDkfJnk j?, fit/A Pkekjkoh uzrk j? iK wk;kjkoh. ftnkj B/V/ dh foPs/dkoh ftu eoBk eJhnK bJh uzrk ns/ eJhnK bJh wkVk j?. Pokp Bz{ e[M pj[s p[ok ;wMd/ jB ns/ eZ[M fJ; pko/ nfijk BjhA ;'ud/. fJj' BjhA e[ZM ;N/NK ftu fJ; dh (Pokp ghD dh) ;Ik fdZsh iKdh j?. Gzr, Gkos ftu nkw j? go nwohek ftu fJ; bJh e?d jz[dh j? ns/ f;zrkg[o ftu cK;h. b/ye dZ;dk j? fe i[ow, ;Ik ns/ fBnK e'Jh nfijh uhI, nfijk ftuko iK ;zebg BjhA, fi; d/ noE, ;G b'eK bJh, ;G EktK bJh ;KM/ ns/ fJe' fij/ j'D. ;', oki/ fe;/ S'N/ w'N/ u'o Bz{ ;IktK ;[DkT[Ad/ jB, T[jBK B/ nkg jwbkto d/ o{g ftu fesB/ jh esb ehs/ j[zd/ jB. nZi th okiBhse bhvo iK fBnK gqDkbh, i[owK Bkb Goh j'Jh j?. d'P dh gfoGkPk th ;wK pdbD Bkb, ;EkB pdbD Bkb pdb iKdh j?. fJjBK vz{xhnK rZbK s'A pknd b/ye, ftdtkB \bhb fIpokB dh fJ; rZb ’s/ rZb\sw eodk j? fe fe;/ th pzd/ dk ehsk j'fJnk i[ow ;w[Zu/ ;wki dh ;KMh oIkwzdh Bkb jz[dk j?, fit/A fe;/ doZ\s dk ghbk g? fojk gZsk ;w[Zu/ doZ\s dh \kw'P oIkwzdh Bkb ghbk g?Adk j?.

(xii) nkX[fBe wB[~y s/ t{^t/JhfJ; wIw{B ftu b/ye wkBt iksh Bz{, T[; p/b'Vh ns/ bkbu gq/fos BZm^GZi eoB tkbh pdjtk;h

gqfs u/szB eodk j?, fi; Bkb wkBt iksh B/ nkgD/ d[Zy fJeZm/ ehs/ jB. ‘t{^t/Jh’ uhBh Ppd j?, i' dkoPfBe s"o ’s/ fJj dZ;dk j? fe e'Jh th fefonk eoB s'A p}?o oj'. ;tkb j?, fJ; Bkb eh j't/rk < eZ[M th Bk eohJ/ < fNZe e/ p?m ikJhJ/ < b/ye fJe dkoPfBe eEk ;[DkT[Adk j? fi; ftu fJe pzdk nkgD/ goSkt/A ns/ g?V ukb s'A yfjVk S[vkT[D bJh p/sjkPk GZidk j? ns/ fvZr e/wo iKdk j?. b/ye ezw Xzd/ eoB dk fto'X BjhA eodk, go p/tiQk bkbu tZ; GZih ikDk, uhIK dh ;fji ukb ftu ftxB gkT[Dk j?. fJ; s'A puDk t{^tJh j?. b/ye efjzdk j? fe wB[Zy nkgDh tZyoh j'Ad dh f;oiDk ftu o[ZMk ofjzdk j?, fit/A x[zwD^x/oh dfonk ftu tZyok fdZyD dk isB eodh j?, go fJj j? e/tb G[b/yk jh. n;hA t{^tJh f;Zy bJhJ/, Gkt eowjhD j' e/ p?mDk f;Zy bJhJ/sK PKsh ns/ ;fjisk jo gk;/ g;o ikt/rh fit/A xkj nkgD/ nkg T[~rdk j? T[; Bz{ fyZu^fyZu e/BjhA tXkfJnk iKdk. e[dos d/ w;fbnK Bz{ ns/ ;z;koe w;fbnK Bz[ th, ;fji Bkb ;theko eoBk ukjhdk j?. b/ye nB[;ko fJ; d/ p/jso Bshi/ fBebDr/.

(xiii) p~u/, G{ukb s/ o~pfJj wIw{B b/ye ikgkB ftu nkJ/ 1995 d/ fJe tZv/ G{ukb s'A gqkozG eodk j? ns/ fJ; G{ukb

Bkb T[; d/ Pfjo ftu nkJh spkjh dk fuZso g/P eodk j?. T[j nkgD/ sIop/ dh th rZb eodk j?. dZ;dk j? fe T[j fpbfvzr, fi; ftu T[; dk xo ;h, fet/A M[eh ns/ fco tkg; nk rJh.

ukbQh ;fezNK ftu gqfeosh B/ nkgDh skes dk fJe Bw{Bk g/P ehsk. 6000 d/ eohp b'e wo rJ/. oZ;dk tZ;dk Pfjo spkj j' frnk. fJ; fgS'A T[j nkgD/ pZu/ Bkb i' gzi tfoQnK dk ;h^Pfjo d/yD frnk. pZu/ B/ g[ZfSnk, “G{ukb e"D fbnkT[Adk j?.” sK b/ye B/ ;fji ;[GkJ/ efj fdZsk, “oZp”. pZu/ B/ fejk, “fJj oZp fesBk gkrb j?.” pugB d/ fJ; gqfsT[~so B/ b/ye Bz{ oZp pko/, gqfeosh pko/, T[; dh skes pko/, wB[Zy dh skes ;kjwD/ oZp dh skes pko/ ;'uD bk fdZsk. T[j ;'uD bZrk oZp fwjopkB th j? ns/ PeshwkB th. e[dos ejhJ/ fe oZp. b/ye T[; ;fEsh ftu j?, fiZE/T[; gk; e'Jh T[~so BjhA. ;G ojZ; j?.

(xiv) Boe dh jB/ohfJ; b/y ftu b/ye ‘r[Z;/’ pko/ dkoPfBe gZy g/P eodk j?. T[j nkgD/ s'A rZb P[o{ eodk j?

fe fet/A r[Z;k nkT[D s/ T[j gk}b j' iKdk j?. r[Z;k T[; Bz{ y{z{yko ikBto tork bZrdk j? ns/ T[; d/ nkT[D s/ p[ZXh, ;'u, ;wM ;G }kfJp j' iKd/ jB. fJj ;'uD bZrdk j? fe fes/ jT[w? jh r[Z;/dk eoB sK BjhA. b/ye fJe eEk ;[DkT[Adk j?, fi; ftu fJe f;gkjh fJe |eho s'A g[ZSdk j? fe eh ;tor^Boe ;Zuw[y jz[d/ jB. |eho (jkfJeB) T[; dh p/fJIsh eodk j? ns/ efjzdk j? fe sz{ (f;gkjh) fGZy wzrk fdZydk j?A. f;gkjh sbtko eZY b?Adk j?. |eho efjzdk j?, “fJj' (eq'X) Boe dk d[nko j?.” r[Z;k jT[w? s'A g?dk j[zdk j? ns/ fJj T[; teas fJe d"o/ tork j[zdk j?. fJj nfijh jB/oh j[zdh j?, fi; ftu ;{M p{M d/ dht/ p[M iKd/ jB. i' ftnesh r[Z;k nkT[D s'A gfjbK u/szB j' ikJ/ ns/ nkgD/ PpdK gqfs, ftT[jko gqfs u/szB j' ikJ/ T[j p[ZX g[oP j?. pkeh b'e r[Z;k eod/ns/ gSsktk eod/ ofjzd/ jB.

(xv) p[~X d/ w;\o/fJ; wIw{B ftu b/ye nkgDh rZb, p[ZX d/ pDkJ/ T[; w;\o/ fGyP{ dh rZb s'A P[o{ eodk j?,

i' x[wZeV ;h ns/ rbhnK u"okfjnK ftu yVQk jZ;dk ofjzdk ;h. T[j b'eK T[~s/ jZ;dk, fijV/ fIzdrh Bz{ ;EkJh ;wMh p?m/ ;B. fIzdrh s'A o[\;s j'D t/b/ T[; B/ nkgD/ eZgfVnK ftu gNk\/ S[gk bJ/ns/ ;;eko t/b/ T[j uZbD bZr gJ/. fJt/A T[d'A th b'eK Bz{ jZ;k frnk. p[ZX nB[;ko, fIzdrh d[Zy ghV jh j? ns/ i/ fJ; d[Zy ghV Bz{ osk ftZE T[~s/ oZy e/ t/yhJ/ sK jk;^o; g?dk j' iKdk j?. jk; o; ;kBz{ d[ZyK s'A gko b? iKdk j?. b/ye ikgkBh ;soK dh eftsk jkfJe{ dk nkXko jh, p[ZX dh fJ; ;'u ftu d/ydk j?, fiZE/ ;koh d[BhnK d/ gkso wIkehnk gkso pD iKd/ jB. p'Xh I?~B gozgok d/ ;kX{ jk;/ wIke Bz{, w;\o/gB Bz{, fIzdrh d/ r[ZM/ ojZ; ;wMkT[D bJh tosd/ jB. b/ye fJ; b/y ftu eJh bx{ eEktK th ;[DkT[Adk j?, fijVhnK jk;/ jh jk;/ ftu rzGho frnkB d/ fdzdhnK jB, fit/A p[ZX Bz{ fgnko eoB tkbh T[; fGePDh dh eEk, fi; ftu T[j p[ZX d/ p[Zs T[~s/ ;'B/ dk gsok uVQtk b?Adh j? ns/ X{g X[yk e/ fJe ghe (Funnel) okjhA ;kok Xz{nK nkgDh w{osh T[~s/ ;[ZNdh j?, fi; Bkb w{osh dk BZe ekbk j' iKdk j? ns/ GZdk fdZydk j?. fJt/A jh b/ye ebfgs gkso B;o{dhB dhnK d' e[ ejkDhnK ;[DkT[Adk j? ns/ ftnzr Bkb rzGho fuzsB gq;s[s eodk j?. b/ye gqf;ZZX BkNeeko poBkov Pkn dh T[j rZb dZ;dk j?, fi; ftu T[j efjzdk j? fe d/P Grsh tkb/nkgD/ d/P Bz{ fJ; eoe/ wjkB efjzd/ jB, feT[Afe T[j T[~E/ g?dk j'J/ jB. fJt/A jh b/ye bhvofPg dk wIke T[vkT[Adk j? fe bhvo ;kBz{ nZr/ brk b?Ad/ jB ns/ ed/ T[j ;kv/ wro bZr iKd/ jB.

w;\o/ ;kBz{ ;kvh n;bhns, ;kvk nzdobk fdykT[Ad/ jB. fJ; Bkb jk;k g?dk j[zdk j?. fJj w;\o/jh p[ZX g[oP jB.

(xvi) ;fji:'rh dh fJe~bskn;hA fJeZb/ sK eJh tko j[zd/ jK go ‘fJeZbsk’ wfj;{; eo ;eDh pVh tZvh rZb j?. fJ;

wIw{B ftu b/ye ‘fJeZbsk’, nzsoht, dkoPfBe fJeZbsk dk ;ze/s eodk j?. fJeZbsk fJe nfXnkswe, p"Xh ;fEsh j? i' e'fPP eoB Bkb gqkgs BjhA jz[dh, ;r'A ;fjisk Bkb jh gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJ; Bkb ;koh ekfJBks fJe fJekJh fdydh j?. p[ZXh Bkb n;hA tZyosktK g?dk eod/ jK. nkb/^d[nkb/ Bz{ fto'Xh ;wMd/ jK go p'Xh^;fji ftu ;koh ekfJBks fJeZmh ubdh j?. jho ns/oKMk fJe j' iKd/ jB. nkgD/ nkg ftu jh ;kok pqfjwzv BIo nkT[Adk j?. fJj ;fji Bkb gqkgs fJeZbsk fto'X w[ek e/ fJeZb/ Bz{ ;ko/ pqfjwzv Bkb i'V fdzdh j?. b/ye eZ[M ‘jkfJe{’ g/P eodk j?, i' fJ; gow ;Zu tZb ;ze/s eod/ jB. fco b/ye uhB^ikgkB dh I?~B gozgok dk fIeo eodk j? (fijVh p[ZX Xow ftu'A jh fBebh) fi; bJh gk;ko/ dk, ;zpzXK dk ikb fJe ;[Gkte fijk jh j?. I?~B gozgok pVh r[ZMh j?, fijVh efjzdh j? fe n;hA d{finK ftu tZ;d/ jK fit/A T[j ;kv/ftu tZ;d/ jB. b/ye fJe I?~B p'Xh ;Kr :[B dh ejkDh ;[DkT[Adk j?, fi; B/ id'A woB dk |?;bk ehsk sK T[; dh EK s/ T[; dh Xh, fco g[Zso, fco gsBh ;fji/ jh Poho fsnkr rJ/. Gkt T[j ;ko/ jh ;KM/ ihn oj/ ;B. b/ye T[u/u/ s/ ;{\w I?~Btkd d/ rfjo/ sZsK tZb ;ze/s eodk j?. T[j ;g/; d/ ;KM/ c?bkn dk fIeo eodk j?, fi; ftu n;hA ;ko/ fJe fJekJh tKr jh ofjzd/jK. fJeZbsk s/ ;w[Zu fJe j' iKd/ jB. “tZvk fpoy thl w?A th, e[Zsk thl fGZi oj/ feDfwD j/m.” (fJe jkfJe{).

(xvii) u[~g dk ;|ofJ; wIw{B ftu b/ye u[Zg pko/, p'bD pko/, ;ztkd pko/, pfj; pko/ ;{\w rZbK eo fojk j?.

T[j fJjBK d/ nzso th ;wMkT[Adk j? fe fet/A u[Zg s'A pknd ;ztkd, ;ztkd s'A rZbpks ns/ rZbpks s'A pfj; sZe gj[zu ikJhdk j? ns/ fet/A pfj; ftu fiZs jko sfj j[zdh j?. b/ye I?~B wZs dh fJe eEk ;[DkT[Adk j?. I?~B wZs dh gozgok j? fe |eho x[zwd/ x[zwd/ id'A I?~B wzdo ftu oZ[eD bJh iKd/jB sK T[~E/ ofj oj/ ;zsK Bkb ;ztkd eod/ jB. i/ fiZs ikD sK jh T[~E/ mfjod/ jB. T[j fJe wzdo dh eEk ;[DkT[Adk j?, fi; ftu nkfJnk ;zs T[~E/ ofj oj/ fJe w{oy ;zs Bkb u[Zg dh GkPk ftu ;ztkd eodk j?$fJPkfonK ftu j'J/ ;ztkd ftu d't/A nkgD/ nzdo dh f;nkDg ns/ w{oysk gqrN eod/ jB ns/ pkjo'A nkfJnk ftdtkB ;zs nkgD/ nkg Bz{ jkfonk wzB e/ ubk iKdk j?. b/y d/d{i/ fjZ;/ ftu b/ye Ppd, GkPk, p'bh, fbZgh d/ ft;Eko Bz{ fJe uhe s'A T[gfink wzBdk j? i' nkfd wB[Zy B/ vo dh ;fEsh ftu wkoh j't/rh. b/ye fszB^uko ;soK dhnK ekft N[ZeVhnK Bkb ;ze/se rZbpks tZb fJPkok eodk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe n;hA ;kXkoB fe;w d/ gk}b jK i' nkgD/ nkg Bkb ;ztkd eod/ jK. gVQ fby e/, o[sp/ jkf;b eoe/ th n;hA nfrnkB d/ jB/o/ ftu ofjzd/ jK s/ ;kv/ nzdo o"bk j[zdk j?. T[j T[[BQhthA ;dh dh fJe eEk ;[DkT[Adk j?, fiZE/ |eho e/Jhu{ Bz{ fwbD nkfJnk e:'sk dk rtoBo ehskrkeh nzdo gouh G/idk j? ns/ T[; T[~s/ nkgDk BK ns/ o[Zspk th fby fdzdk j?. |eho T[; Bz{ gSkDB s'A BKj eo fdzdk j?. ehskrkeh (rtoBo) fco gouh

G/idk j? ns/ rtoBo (o[Zspk) eZN fdzdk j?. j[D |eho T[; Bz{ fgnko Bkb nzdo p[bkT[Adk j?. n;hA ;zuko fet/A eo oj/ jK fJj wjZstg{oB j?. ;ztkd ftu d' fXoK vz{x/ ik e/ fes/ fwbd/ jB—T[j Ppd tosD iK Bk tosD. gj[zu/ j'J/ ftdtkBK dk ;ztkd fpBK PpdK d/ th j' ;edk j?. p[ZX g[oP g{oh ekfJBks Bkb ;ztkd ftu j[zd/ jB^c[ZbK Bkb skfonK Bkb th. Ppd tos e/ n;hA eJh t/o rZb Bz{ r[nk b?Ad/ jK. noEK d/ nBoE j' iKd/ jB. Ppd tos e/ fdZsk T[gd/P th eJh t/o nkgDk n;bh we;d r[nk fdzdk j?. fssbh nkgD/ goK dh ezgB Bkb jh nkgD/ Gkt gqrN eo fdzdh j?. fJt/A fJj b/y ‘u[Zg dh :ksok’ pko/ ;{\w ftuko gqrN eodk j?.

(xviii) BIo s/ BIohnkfJ; f;ob/y tkb/ wIw{B ftu b/ye BIo s/ BIohJ/ ftubk nzso P[o{ ftu jh ;gZPN eo

fdzdk j?. BIo ;kBz{ e[dosh fwbh j'Jh j? ns/ BIohnk Gkt t/yD fdqPNh n;hA Xow, ;fGnkuko, ftukoXkok, okiBhsh nkfd okjhA ;w/A Bkb nkgD/ nzdo g?dk eod/ jK. fJe tko fJj g?dk j' ikJ/sK fco fJ; s'A yfjVk S[vkT[Dk n"yk j' iKdk j?. e/tb p[ZX g[oP jh fJ; soQK eo ;ed/ jB. b/ye T[; I?~B ;zs dh eEk ;[DkT[Adk j? fijVk id'A okixokD/ ftu j'Jh w"s dhnK o;wK eokT[D frnk sK u/szB j' frnk, g;hB' g;hBk j' frnk, ;kXkoB Bk fojk. T[; ;zs B/ tkg; nk e/ fco Pfrodh eo bJh ns/ nZm ;kb j'o nfGnk; ehsk. fJt/A jh b/ye BIo Bz{ ;k| gkDh tork efjzdk j? ns/ BIohJ/ Bz{ fJfsjk;, ;wki, nB[Gt nkfd d/ ozrK tkbk gkDh. b/ye T[; nk;ktkdh dh ejkDh dZ;dk j? i' pj[s T[~uh wzIb s'A fvZfrnk. okj ftu 12thA wzIb tkb/ B/ T[; dk jkb g[ZfSnk sK T[; B/ fejk fe jkb/ sK mhe jh jK. b/ye BIohJ/ pko/ rZb ;gZPN eoB bJh d' fszB j'o eEktK th ;[DkT[Adk j? fit/A fe fe;/ GhV Go/ pkIko ftu e'Jh gq/wh nkgDh gq/fwek Bz{ uz[w bt/ sK tZy^tZy ;'u oZyD tkb/ fJ; pko/ tZy^tZy gqsheow d/Dr/. e'Jh d{;ok gq/wh eh ej/rk. e'Jh Xow r[o{, e'Jh nkdoPtkdh, e'Jh okiBhse nkr{, e'Jh g[fb; nfXekoh, e'Jh wB'ftfrnkBhl ;G d/ nkgD/ nkgD/gqsheow j'Dr/. fJj BIohnk j?. b/ye gzikph d/ ;kfjsekoK dk BK b? e/, ebgBk eoe/ T[jBK d/ gqsheow th fbydk j?. Gkt n;hA nkgD/ BIohJ/ dh r[bkwh eod/ jK. fJt/A jh fJe ejkDh, fi; ftu fJe fe;kB dk x'Vk u'oh j' iKdk j? s/ T[; dk r[nKYh nk e/ n|;'; eodk j?, go fe;kB fJj' efjzdk j? fe “eh uzrk s/ eh wkVk fJj rZb e"D efj ;edk j?”, fJ; eEk ftu j'o eJh gVkn nkT[Ad/ jB, fi; ftu ed/ y[Ph dk w"ek pDdk j? s/ ed/ }wh dk go fe;kB dk T[~so T[jh ofjzdk j?. Gkt p[ZX g[oP uzr/ s/ wkV/ dk torheoB eoe/ BjhA ubd/. n;hA ;[u/s iK nu/s, BIohnk u[D b?Ad/ jK. eZ[M e[ d[PwD s/ eZ[M e[ fwZso. go f;qPNh ;kvh ;'u s'A p/\po j? T[j Bk ;kvh d[PwD j? Bk d';s. fJt/A jh uzr/ wkV/ pko/ fBoDk th n;hA BIohJ/ Bkb jh pDkfJnk j?. i/ s[;hA ;G Bz{ uzrk ;wM'r/ sK uzr/ ns/ i/ wkV/ ;wM'r/ sK wkV/. fJ; pko/ th fJe ejkDh b/ye ;[DkT[Adk j?. n;hA T[jBK nzfBQnK dh GhV tor/ jK fijBK B/ jZE brk e/ jkEh Bz{ wfj;{; ehsk j?. fiZE/ fe;/B/ jZE bkfJnk Uj' fijk jh jkEh T[; B/ nkgD/ wB ftu Xko fbnk. g{ok jkEh sK jh ikfDnk ik ;edk j? i/ nZy y[ZbQ ikJ/. b/ye efjzdk j? fe pZu/ dh nZy fBogZy jz[dh j?, fco ikDekoh b?AfdnK T[; ftu gZy nk iKd/ jB, fco frnkB sZe gj[zu e/ T[j fco fBogZy j' iKdh j?. fJj b/y BIohJ/s'A w[es j'D tZb ;ze/s eodk j? ns/ fBo'b nkgD/ nB[Gt Bz{ BIo efjzdk j?. BIohJ/ dh pkoh g{oh jehes BjhA gqrN eo ;edh.

‘nZr’ efjD Bkb s[jkvk wz{j BjhA ;VB bZrkgkDh efjD Bkb, s[;hA v[Zp BjhA ikDk.

(xix) fJe fdB fJe T[wofJ; wIw{B ftu gofwzdo ;'Yh (b/ye) ‘T[wo’ tor/ ftP/ d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dkoPfBe uouk dk

ft;sko f;oidk j?. T[j eJh gZyK tZb o[fus j[zdk j? go T[j gqkozG fpoX j' u[Ze/ uhBh f|bk;|o pko/ T[; ejkDh s'A eodk j? fi; ftu T[j nkw w[zfvnK d/ ;tkbK dk itkp d/D ftu T[~e iKdk j?. Gkt tZvh T[wo dk j' e/ n;hA Io{oh BjhA f;nkD/ j' ikJhJ/. jK n;hA nkgDk G'bkgB s/ ;fjisk Io{o r[nk b?Ad/ jK. T[wo Bz{ NZ[efVnK ftu tzv e/ BjhA t/fynk ik ;edk, fit/A tZrd/ dfonk Bz{ N[ZefVnK ftu BjhA tzv ;ehdk. b/ye p'X frnkB s'A gq/fos j' e/ efjzdk j? fe nkekP dk skok ns/ gkDh dk p[bp[bk d't/A jh nkgDh T[wo ftjk e/ w[V nkgD/ w{b ftu ;wk iKd/ jB. b/ye ftfrnkB dh rZb eod/ efjzdk j? fe i/ pqfjwzv 8 nop ;kb gfjbK pfDnk j? ns/ jo/e eD T[d'A dk j?ukj/ skok j't/ ukj/ p[bp[bk sK fco dhox T[wo ns/ xN T[wo dh uouk feT[A j?. b/ye fJ; fgZS'A wB[Z[yh T[wo dh rZb S/Vdk j? ns/ ;z;ko dh ;G s'A tZX T[wo (122 ;kb 165 fdB) G'rD tkbh |oK; dh n"os dh rZb eodk j?. T[wo ;kbK, wjhfBnK dk i'V j? ns/ fIzdrh T[wo ns/ nB[Gt dk i'V. b/ye dZ;dk j? fe UP' (UP' oiBhP) w[skpe pzd/ d/ jo ;Zs ;kb pknd fJe BtK uZeo P[o{ j[zdk j?. T[wo d/ 7t/A, 14t/A, 21t/A, 28t/A HHHtoQ/ T[; ftu spdhbh fbnkT[Ad/ jB. ebfgs gkso B;o{dhB s'A fe;/ B/ g[ZfSnk n;hA feZE'A nkT[Ad/ jK ns/ feZE/ iKd/ jK sK T[; dk T[~so ;h “w?Bz{ gZek sK BjhA gsk go bZrdk j? T[j EK pVh vokT[Dh j?. feT[Afe n;hA o'Ad/ j'J/ nkT[Ad/jK ns/ o'Ad/ j'J/ jh iKd/ jK.” f;qPNh ns/ e[dos ftu spdhbh j[zdh ofjzdh t/y e/ wB[Zy B/ fdB, wjhB/, ;kb pDk bJ/ ns/ T[wo BkgDh P[o{ eo fdZsh. ehfVnK, ikBtoK, cbK ns/ wB[ZyK dh T[wo. fJj wB[Zy dh nkgDh ekY j?. e[dos fBozsosk ftu j?. fJZE/ e[ZM izwdk, wodk BjhA. tZy tZy eoe/ t/yDk iK nkfd nzs t/yDk wB[Zy B/ Po{ ehsk j?. ;G e[ZM fJe ;w[Zu dk fjZ;k j?. ;G fJe fJekJh j?. ;w[Zu s'A tZyo/ j[[zd/ jK sK ;kBz{ T[wo torh ;'u dh b'V g?Adh j?. n;hA fi; Bz{ nkgD/iBw dk nkXko wzBd/ jK, Gkt fgsk dk ;gow ns/ wksk dk nzvkl i/ fJ; s'A fgZS/ iKd/ojhJ/, iKd/ ojhJ/ sK s[;hA fe;/ fNekD/ BjhA bZr ;ed/. don;b, ;kvh y'i jh p/wkfJBk j?. fit/A wZSh ;kro pko/ E'VQk fijk jh ikD ;edh j?. b/ye nB[;ko i/ n;hA u/szB j' e/ ftuohJ/ sK w"s s'A gko ikD dk okj fwb ;edk j? ns/ fJj ezw ;kBz{ j[D/ fJ;/ gb eoBk j?. fJj' fBotkD tZb MkeD dh fyVeh j?. b/ye I?~B T[;skd s'PhU ;{d' dk eEB efjzdk j?, fi; w[skpe fJe fdB fJe T[wo j[zdh j?. jo tko ;"D Bkb fJe nzs j[zdk j? ns/ fJe BthA P[o{nks th j[zdh j?. BhAd ns/ w"s ftu ;KM d/yh rJh j?. fJt/A b/ye p'X fuzsB ftu ftuo e/ T[wo pko/ ;{\w ftuko gqrN eodk j?.

—0—

gkm Bzpo L 4

‘o~p d/ vkehJ/’^g[;se d/ gkmK dh gVQsns/ nkb'uBkswe nfXnB (Gkr^2)

! vkH Bfozzdo f;zx

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` fgSb/ gkm ftu n;hA ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ gkm g[;se Bz{ gVQ e/, jo/e ftP/Bz{ ;ko o{g ftu ;wMD dk isB eo oj/ ;K. jZEb/ gkm ftu n;hA fJ; ekoi Bz{ j'o nr/ s'ooj/ jK.

(xx) sz{ t~vk w?A S'Nk

fJj wIw{B wB[Zyh ;wki ftu gJ/ soQK soQK d/ ftsefonK d/ nfs ;{\w ;o{g Bz{ pV/ dkoPfBegZXo s/ fdqPNhr'uo eodk j?. wB[Zy B/ eJh sohfenK dh fBPkBd/jh d{finK T[~s/ ehsh j'Jhj?. B;b, e"w, GkPk, ozr, d/;, iks nkfd eJh mZg/ T[; B/ (wB[Zy) d{finK T[~s/ brk oy/ jB,fiBQK j/m wkBt dh fBo'b wkBtsk X[zdbh g? rJh j?. ftseok eoB tkbak njzeko nB[Gt eodkj? ns/ fi; Bkba ftseok jz[dk j?, T[j d[yh ns/ dZfpnk j'fJnk wfj;{; eodk j?. fJj tZyoh rZbj? fe nZi, fJ; EK, fi; d/ ;kjwD/ T[; Bkba ftseok j' fojk j?, eZb fe;/ j'o EK fe;/ j'o ;kjwD/T[j ftseok eoB tkbak j't/rk. jo d/;, jo ;wki ftu fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftu fJj pdB[wk dk}wkBtsk d/ fujo/ T[~s/ bZrk fwb jh iKdk j?. p[ZX g[oP jo j'Ad Bz{ ftseo/ s'A goQ/ ;[szso ns/w[ezwb wzBd/ jB. T[j fe;/ wkBf;e g"Vh ’s/ yV' e/ j/mK yV'fsnK Bz{ BjhA d/yd/ ;r'A gZXoh XoshT[~s/ yVQh ;koh ekfJBks Bz{ ;KMk, fJe' fijk fBjkod/ jB. b/ye G/VhJ/ s/ b/b/ tkbh T[j ejkDh;[DkT[Adk j?, fi; ftu jT[w?A d/ }o{o tkbak G/Vhnk ftseo/ dk pjkBk pDk e/ wk;{w p/r[Bkj b/b/Bz{ yk iKdk j?. ;kvh jT[w?A jh ;kv/ ftu tZvk S'Nk tkbah wkBf;esk f;oidh j?. e[dos B/ ;kBz{tZyok, ftfGzB sK pDkfJnk j? go G/dGkt tkbah wkBf;esk n;hA nkg f;oih j?. ftfrnkB dh rZbeofdnK b/ye efjzdk j? fe ;koh wB[Zysk ;KM/ g[ofynK s'A nkJh j?, go n;hA ni/ th B;btkd\sw BjhA eod/. j' ;edk j? fe;/ t/b/ ephfbnK B/ fJe d{i/ s'A d{oh fJ; bJh oyh j't/ sK fe;[oZfynk j' ;e/ go pknd ftu fJj ephbktkd iK ikshtkd pD frnk. b/ye sK tsB^gq;sh Bz{th ftseo/pkIh efjzdk j?.

d/PK dhnK |"iK ftu d/P Grsh d/ BK ’s/ fesBk i'P Go fdZsk iKdk j? sK fe T[j d{i/d/P d/ |"ihnK Bz{ wko d/D ns/ nkg th Gkt/A wo ikD. nfij/ woB tkfbnK Bz{ n;hA Pjhd ns/BkfJe efjzd/ jK. b/ye p[ZX dk puB efjzdk j? fe ;kvh wkBf;esk fej' fijh j?—fJ; rZb s'Ajh ;kvh iks fBPfus j't/rh. n;hA id'A ftd/PK ftu ik e/ ftseo/ dk fPeko j[zd/ jK sK ;kBz{pj[s p[ok bZrdk j?. fJj' BjhA, Gkos d/ nzdo th tZyo/ tZyo/ gqKsK ftu GkPk, Xow, ;fGnkuko

dh gZXo ’s/ ftseok j[zdk j?. go fXnkB Bkba d/yhJ/ fe n;hA \[d id'A nkgD/ fgzv gosd/ jK sK \[d jh ftseo/ eoB br iKd/ jK. p[ZXst sK fJj j? fe n;hA s[bBk eoB tKr ;'uhJ/ jh BKj. fpoy, c[Zb gZs/, ekfJBks nkg; ftu s[bBk BjhA eod/. T[j e'ba e'ba ofjzd/ jB ns/PKs ftuod/ jB. fJj wB[Zy jh j? i' eJh soQK dhnK s[bBktK eodk ofjzdk j?. p[ZX g[oPK Bz{ ;ko/jh wB[Zy fJe' fij/ bZrd/ jB. ;koh ekfJBks fGzBsktK Bkba Goh j'Jh j?, go T[; ftu T[~u/Bht/A tkbak G/d BjhA. wB[Zy Bz{ nfijh wkBf;e ;fEsh se gj[zuDk ukjhdk j?. fJj p[ZXst dh ;fEsh j?.

(xxi) BzrK Bz{ Bzr wDhfJ; wIw{B ftu b/ye B/ wB[Zy dh T[; :ksok dh rZb ehsh j?, fijVh T[; B/ e[dos s'A

ube/, ;z;feqse irs pDk e/ ehsh j?. nkg/ Bz{ ;hwk pZX eo fbnk j?, BrBsk s'A Ujbk eo fbnk j?. b/ye fJ; b/y ftu T[jBK ;ko/ UjfbnK dk fIeo eodk j?, fijV/ wkBtsk B/ f;oi/ jB. wB[Zy izrb Bz{ SZv e/ M[zvK, ;w{jK ftu ftuoB bZrk—fJj T[jdk gfjbk Ujbk (godk) ;h. fJ; Ujb/dh b'V T[jBz{ ;[oZfynk ekoB gJh. j[D ephb/ pD rJ/, fi; ftu ;G e[ZM ;KMk j[zdk j?. e/tb gqfeosh$izrb s'A Ujbk. fJ; fgZS'A id'A wB[Zy Bz{ wB[Zy s'A Ujb/ dh b'V gJh sK fBZih gfotko j'Ad ftu nkJ/. fJj ;wki s'A Ujbk ;h. j[D foPs/ Bks/ j'Ad ftu nkJ/, fJj gfotko d/ nzdo Ujb/dh f;oiDk ;h. uz[Bh, x[zv s/ p[oe/ tor/ Ujb/. b/ye fJ; s'A nZr/ T[; Ujb/ dh rZb eodk j?, fijVk wBZ[y B/ nkgD/ nkg s'A ehsk. T[; d/ ;[u/s ns/ nu/s wB ftu Ujbk. jK ` id'A nu/s wB Gko{ j' iKdk j? sK wB[Zy ;zs[bB r[nk b?Adk j? ns/ i/ ;[u/s wB Gko{ j't/ sK wB[Zy frnkBh j' iKdk j?.

T[gob/ tosko/ s'A fJbktk j[D b/ye UjfbnK dh BthA ftnkfynk eodk j?. fJ; ftu b/ye gfjbk Ujbk p/\poh dk wzBdk j?, Gkt nfijk pj[s eZ[M j?, fi; s'A p/\po jh n;hA fIzdrh ihn iKd/ jK. d{i/ ;so s/ n;hA i' ;z;feqsh f;oih j?, T[; Bkba n;hA nkgD/ gP{ ;z;ko s'A d{oh pDk bJh j?. eko ftjko, t;so, p'bh, eZgV/ nkfd Bkba n;hA nkgD/ gkPfte fe;w tkb/a ;z;ko s'A goQK j' rJ/ jK. b/ye shik Ujbk p'bh s/ PpdK dh ;hwk dk wzBdk j?. n;hA PpdK dh ;hws ukodhtkoh ftu fxo iKd/ jK. p'bh B/ ftek; ftu wdd sK ehsh go ;hwk ftu pzBQ fdZsk. u"Ek Ujbk b/ye n"os wod d/ foPs/ Bz{ wzBdk j?. fJ; Ujb/ d/ eoe/ jh ;wki ftu G/d oZyD, SZb eoB, r[gs foPs/ oZyD tor/ Ujb/ d/ gk;ko ;kjwD/ nkT[Ad/ jB. fJj b[Zet/A foPs/ oZyD bJh wod$ n"os ;G e[ZM dkn ’s/ brk fdzd/ jB. b/ye B/ nwoheh okPNogsh d/ T[; b[Zet/A foPs/ dk fIeo th ehsk, fi; dh uouk whvhnk ftu j'Jh ;h ns/ okPNogsh Bz{ Bw'Ph dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk ;h. b/ye b'e^p'bh ns/ nkX[fBe ethnK dhnK ekft^;soK fdzdk j?, fit/A ‘dhtk pkb ;yh ` f;oiDk dk nkgDk Ujbk j?, Ujb/ ftu T[finkok eo.’ (w'jBihs)

gzit/A Ujb/ dh rZb eofdnK b/ye B?fsesk, iks^gks, o[sfpnK, B?fsesk, Xkofwesk nkfd d/ gkyzvK d/ Ujb/ dk fIeo eodk j?. ns/ T[jBK wjKg[oPK tZb fJPkok eodk j?, i' fJjBK UjfbnK fgZS/ BjhA S[gd/. T[j ;fji ntZ;Ek |eho jz[d/ jB. b/ye I/B fG\P{ jke{fJB dh eEk ;[DkT[Adk j? fe fet/A fJe eztkoh e[Vh Bz{ pZuk izw fgnk. id'A T[jBz{ pZu/ d/ fgsk dk BK g[ZfSnk sK T[jB/T[; fG\P{ dk BK b? fdZsk. jke{fJB B/ wkso fJsB/ b|I ej/ “nZSk ` fJj rZb j?.” fco e[ZM

fuo pknd e[Vh B/ pZu/ d/ n;bh pkg pko/ dZ; fdZsk. fG\P{ s'A wk|h wzrh rJh ns/ pZuk tkg; b? fbnk frnk. fG\P{ jke{fJB B/ fco Ujh Ppd ej/ “nZSk ` fJj rZb j?.” fJj ;wkie gkyzv dk T[dkjoB th j? ns/ T[; s'A fBofbgs p[ZX g[oPK dk th.

gkm d/ nzs s/ b/ye T[; Ujb/ dk fIeo eodk j?, fijVk ;kv/ nkw wkBtK ns/ ;wZ[u/ n;fsst ftueko pfDnk j'fJnk j?. fJj godk ed/ edkJhA, fe;/ fe;/ dk fvZrdk j? ns/ ft;wkd (oZph \[Ph) gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJj owI Gfonk, G/s Gfonk Mbekok j?, fi; bJh ;{|h PkfJo so;d/ jB L xzz[rN uZe UJ/ ;iDk ` j[D PowK ekjBz{ oyhnK. j[D b/ye ojZ;wJh dkoPfBesk tZb fJPkok eodk j?ns/ wIw{B Bz{ ft;wkd Goh fJe eftsk T[~s/ \sw eodk j?.

(xxii) \kbh j~E, Bzr/ g?ofJ; wIw{B ftu b/ye w"s pko/ rZb S/Vdk j?. T[j b/y d/ P[o{ ftu jh fszB soQK dh w"s dk

fIeo eodk j?. w"s nkw wBZ[y bJh voktDh j?. Pjhd s/ gq/wh w"s Bkba o[wK; eod/ jB. pZ[X g[oP w"s Bz{ ;fji ;theko eod/ jB. b/ye w"s Bz{ o[wK; eoB tkfbanK dh rZb gfjbK eodk j?. fJj T[j b'e jB, fijV/ fe;/ \k; ftuko Bkba p/jZd wIp{s geV wfj;{; eod/ jB. fJj nkw ;'u tkb/a ftnesh BjhA jz[d/. fJj gq/wh th j' ;ed/ jK ns/ d{;o/ Pjhd th. fe;/ gq;zr ftu b/ye igkB dh o;w ‘jkokehoh’ dh rZb s'odk j? ns/ 1970 ftu whPhwk BK d/ igkBh Bktbeko d[nkok ;G d/ ;kjwD/ ehsh ‘jkokehoh’ dh rZb S/Vdk j?. ‘jkokehoh’ wZXekbh igkB ftu fJe\k; o;w Bkba ehsh rJh nksw jZfsnk j?. fJj ;kw{okJh :'fXnK Bkba i[Vh j'Jh o;w j?. izr ftu d[PwD dh e?d ftu nk u[Ze/ :'X/ iK fe;/ irhodko dh t|k ftu ewhA eo p?m/ :'X/ jkokehoh eod/. fJ; ftu T[j \k; soQK d/ t;so gfjB B/, \k; w[dok ftu p?m e/ sbtko Bkb nkgD/ fYZv d/ yZp/ gk;/ sbtko tkVdk j? ns/ uhodk j'fJnk ;Zi/ gk;/ fbiKdk j? ns/ fyZu e/ pkjo eZYdk j?. T[j nksw jZfsnk Bz{ ebkswe pDkT[Adk j?. ;?_ fJZSk dh wIp{sh ns/ Pohoe skes s'A fpBK fJj ;zGt BjhA. go nfijh t|kdkoh dh nZi pj[sh ;koEesk BjhA ojh.

p[ZX g[oP fJj' fij/ t|kdkoh tkb/a o[sfpnK s'A goQ/, ;fjisk d/ nkBzd ftu ;[szso ofjDk g;zd eod/ jB. b/ye fJe dkoPfBe u[nKr s;{ dh eEk ;[DkT[Adk j?, fi; B/ okie[wko d[nkok G/fink gqXkB wzsoh dk o[spk m[eok fdZsk. T[j nkIkd eZS{ tKr fuZeV ftu g{S fjbkT[Dk ukjz[dk j? ns/g{i/ ikD tkba/ e?d eZS{ tork BjhA pDBk ukjz[dk.

b/ye d{i/ Gkr ftu ihtB d/ o[wK; d/ o{g ftu nkgphsh ;[DkT[Adk j?. fJ; ftu, T[j ihtB Bz{ w[ZbtkB efjzdk j? ns/ w"s d/ o[wK; d/ w[eakpb/ ihtB d/ o[wK; Bz{ g;zd eodk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe fJj ewkb dh xNBk j? fe n;hA ihn oj/ jK. n;hA fJe^d{i/ Bkba i[Vd/ jK. fJe d{i/ bJh e[ZM eod/ jK. fJj ewkb j?. eth ;kBj'ek dk S'Nk fijk ekft pzd fbydk j? L “gkb/dh toyk, b'e fezB/ ofjw fdb ;B, ;'u e/ nZyK ’u jzM{ Go nkJ/.” j'o fJj fe ihtB fBozso tZrdh Xkok j?. g[ofynK s'A s[odh T[j w/o/ sZe nkJh o"PBh torh j?, i' nrKj w/ohnK nrbhnK ghVQhnK sZe ikt/rh iK jIkoK jh wDfenK dh wkbk torh j?, fi; ftu'A fJe wDek w?A jK. b/y e'pk:kPh fJZ;k eth dhnK ;soK fbydk j? “fJj gjkV d/y/ j'Dr/, w/o/ pkg B/ fJ;/ soQK, ;odhnK d/ w";w ftuHHH.”

ihtB gqfs nkgD/ o[wK; s'A pknd b/ye nzsb/ fjZ;/ ftu p[ZX dk o[wK; fbydk j?, ihtB gqfs. T[j igkB dh fJe gozgok pko/ fbydk j?, fi; nB[;ko woB s'A gfjbK nbftdk eftsk fbyh iKdh j?. p'Xh I?~B T[;skd e'IkB dh nfijh eftsk j? L “\kbh jZE w?A nkfJnk, Bzr/ g?o w?A s[o uZfbnk, w/ok nkT[Dk w/ok ikDk d' nkw fijhnK rZbK, nkg; ftu obrv j'JhnK.” nfijhnK j'o eJh ekft ;soK T[j fbydk j?. fJe eth B/ nkgDh G?D dh w"s s/ fbfynk, “T[dk; w?A d/ydk, fJe o"PBh w/oh sbh ’s/ p[M rJh, fJe i[rBz{.” fJj' fijhnK eJh nbftdk ;soK d/ e/ b/ye B/ fJ; gqGkt Bz{ rkVQk ehsk j?.

b/ye u/szB j? fe fJj ekft ;soK fes/ fBokPktkdh Bk bZr ojhnK j'D. T[j efjzdk j? fe fJj fIzdrh Bz{ ;fji tosko/ tKr b?D dk eow j?. b/ye wjkswk p[ZX dh ;[DkJh fJe eEk T[~s/rZb ;wkgs eodk j?. T[; ftu fJe nkdwh P/o d/ vo s'A GZi e/ fJe gjkV dh f;\o ’s/ gj[zu iKdk j? nr/ ik BjhA ;edk. j/mK ykJh ftu fJe j'o P/o j? ns/ fJj pzdk fJe t/b d/ ;jko/bNfenk j'fJnk j?. fJe ekbk ns/ fJe fuZNk u{jk fJj t/b j"b/ j"b/ e[Zso oj/ jB. pzd/ dh BIo fJe fwZmh o;Goh T[~s/ gJh. T[; B/ o;Goh yk bJh ns/ T[; dk ;[nkd wkfDnk. fJj gqshekswe ejkDh j?. P/o w"s jB, t/b ;kv/ ;kj jB, fi; Bz{ fdB s/ oks o{gh u{j/ (;wK) eZ[so oj/ jB. jK ` fJ; d"okB j[D tkbak gb o;Goh j?. fJ; Bz{ wkDB bJh n;hA ;[szso jK. b/ye B/ fIzdrh ns/ w"s d/ o{g fdyk e/ fJ; d/ dkoPfBe noE ehs/ jB.

(xxiii) feDe/ ftu ekfJBksfJj wIw{B nkgDh j'Ad pko/ gqPB s'A P[o{ j[zdk j? ns/ \[d Bz{ sB, fdwk} ns/ fdb dh

iwQK efjzdk j?. fco w/oh j'Ad d/ ;EkB pko/ gqPB j?. T[~so j?, T[; ;EkB s/ jK, fiZE/ jkIo jK. go u/sBk i' ;{\w ns/ nfdZy j? w/o/ G"fse Poho s'A goQK th jz[dh j?. ikrfdnK j'o soQK s/ ;[ZfsnK j'o soQK. b/ye S'N/ ij/ fJ; ;?_ ftu nBzs ekfJBks t/ydk j?. fco jZ;dk j? fe fJj ;tkb nfij/ jB, fi; dk f;ok gsk BjhA. b/ye dZ;dk j? fe Xow pko/ ;zy/g ftu T[; dh wK efjzdh ;h fe fe;/ Bz{ d[Zy Bk d/Dk jh Xow j?. b/ye Bz{ fJj ;G s'A tZvh rZb ikgdh j?. p[ZX Bz{ i/ ;jh noEK ftu ;wM ikJhJ/ sK fe;/ Bz{ dZ[y d/ jh BjhA ;ed/. p[ZX s'A gqGkfts j'J/ ftnesh Bz{ id'A fe;/ B/ g[ZfSnk, “eh sz{ nkdwh J/A <” sK p[ZX dk itkp ;h “BjhA ` w?A ikr fgnk jK.” ikfrqs j' ikD Bkba ;koh p"Mbsk w[Ze iKdh j?. G{s, GftZy s/ toswkB pko/ p"Mbsk. fJ; fSD, i' j? T[jh ;Zu j?.

fJ; s'A nZr/ b/ye ftneshnK dh rZb eodk j?, fijV/ fIzdrh ftu nk e/ fIzdrh ftu Bt/A ozr God/ jB. nkw b'e th ns/ fJfsjk;e b'e th. b/ye wjkswk p[ZX, ekob wkoe; ns/r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx s'A gqGkts j?. nkgD/ nkg/ ftu fJ; s'A nZr/ T[j feskpK dk ;EkB d/ydk j?. T[j wzBdk j? fe feskpK Bkb d';sh ;kBz{ nzdo'A nwho pDkT[Adh j?. feskpK ftu T[j nb"fee nBzd wkDdk j?. fJZE/ T[j nkgDh (PkfJd) fJe eftsk dhnK e[ZM ;soK fdzdk j?.

y[bQdh j? feskp, ikrdk ;{oi, MbeD bZrd/ feDe/, o"PB jz[d/ fujo/.

b/ye j'Ad ftu nBzs f;qPNhnK d/ydk j?. uko/ gk;/ |?bh ekfJBks ftu e/tb uzrk iK e/tb wzdk BjhA. ;kvk BIohnk eh j?—fJj wjZstg{oB j?. b/ye ;ZukJh, B/eh ns/ ;[zdosk t/yDk ukjz[dk

j?. p/JhwkBh, e[ji Bz{ T[j T{oik jh BjhA d/Dk ukjz[dk. T[jdh iku/ fgnko, ;[ji ns/ PKsh Bz{ wjZst d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

wB dh fJe j'o B[Zeo ftu T[j ojZ;tkdhnK ns/ fJBebkphnK ftu e'Jh fto'X BjhA d/ydk. T[j tZyo/ tZyo/ gbK ftu d'jK e'b'A T{oik b? b?Adk j?. bkT[s;/ e'b'A th, Grs f;zx e'b'A th. nzsow[yh gbK ftu ojZ;tkdh ns/ pkjow[yh gbK ftu fJBebkp T[; Bz{ gq/oBk fdzd/ jB. T[j fBZe/ fBZe/ ekft pzd fdzdk j?, fiBQK ftu fJj d't/A gZy T[xVd/ jB, fit/A ijkI ;[ZND tkbah pzd{e dh Bkbah T[go, pkjo dk whAj Gk| pD T[~v fojk.

T[j (b/ye) T[; ewo/ dk fenk; eodk j?, fi; d/ uko'A e'fBnK ftu fto'Xh fe;w d/ ftukoK tkb/a b'e p?m/ jB ns/ T[; ;G Bkba ;ztkd eo ;edk j?. b/ye u/szB j? fe fJ; b/y ftu T[; B/rZb Bz{ Gkok eo fbnk j?. fJ;/ bJh nzs ftu T[j p[ZX Xow d/ gqf;ZX T[ukoD ‘p[[ZXw PoDw rSkfw’ Bz{ fbydk j? ns/ efjzdk j? fe p[ZX g[oPK dh ;zrs eo'.

p[ZX g[oPK dhnK rZbK Bz{ wjZst fdT[. p[ZX g[oPK d/ dZ;/ fB:wK Bkba fJe;[o j't'. fJjh uzrk ezw j?.

n;hA d/yd/ jK fe b/ye fJ; b/y ftu bx{ fij/ wB[Zy nzdo c?bh nBzs ekfJBks d/ eJh gZy T[ikro eodk j?.

(xxiv) Bt/ebk pKdo s/ uhBh |b;|kfJj gkm fJ; g[;se dk ;G s'A tZv/ nkeko dk gkm j?. fJ; gkm ftu b/ye uhBh |b;|/

Bz{ ;wMkT[D dk isB eodk j?. fJj |b;|k ‘skUtkd’ eoe/ ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJ; gkm ftu skUtkd Bkba i[V/ ojZ;wJh gZyK tZb fXnkB fdtkT[D dk isB ehsk frnk j?.

gkm d/ gqkozG ftu fJe ejkDh ;[DkJh iKdh j?. fJj eEk u[nKrs;{ ;[DkT[Adk j? ns/ efjzdk j? fe gjkV dh T[ukJh s/ yVQk o[Zy nkgDk t?oh nkg j[zdk j?. eEk ftu fJe pKdo gops dk fIeo j?, fiZE/ fJe okie[wko iKdk j?. okie[wko B{z d/y ;ko/ pKdo S[gD bZr iKd/ jB go fJe pKdo BjhA S[gdk ns/ fJZXo T[~Xo Ng{;hnK wkodk ofjzdk j?. T[j nkgD/ nkg Bz{ Bt/ebk f;ZX eodk j?. okie[wko shoK Bkb T[; pKdo Bz{ wko fdzdk j?. rZb dk Gkt fJj dZf;nk fe nkgD/ nkg Bz{ Bt/ebk Bk ;wfMnk ikJ/. s[;hA fisB/ nkw, fpbe[b nkw j't'r/, T[sB/ jh gqGktPkbh j't'r/.

skUtkd dk iBw L ‘bkUs;{’ i' S/thA ;dh Jh;k g{ot j'fJnk, T[; s'A skUtkd dk iBw wzfBnk iKdk j?. bkUs;{ d/ ihtB pko/ pj[s xZN gsk j?, go fIzdrh d/ nk\oh e[ZM fdBK ftu T[; B/ gzi e[ jIko PpdK dh fJe g[;se fbyh ‘skU s? fuzr’. fJ; ftub/ |b;|/ B/ bzw/ ;w/A sZe uhB d/b'eK d/ ihtB Bz{ gqGkts ehsk. bkUs;{ r[ZMk dkoPfBe ;h, fi; B/ e'Jh Xow ;Ekgs eoB dk isB Bk ehsk. T[; dh ftXh r"sw p[ZX ns/ eBfcT{;; s'A tZyoh ;h. bkU s;{ uhB, igkB, e'ohnk ns/ thnsBkw dhnK Xow ns/ ebk ;zpzXh gozgoktK Bz{ gqGkts eodk j?. ftdtkBK B/ skU d/ uko gZXo ;wM/ jB. n;hA j/m fIeo eod/ jK. gfjbh gZXo s/ skU ojZ; Bkb fJ; soQK i[fVnk j?fe soe Bkb fpbe[b BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk. skU np[M j?. skU pko/ bkU s;{ dh g'Eh ftubhnK ;soK Bz{ b/y ftu fJ; soQK fbydk j? L

fi; ‘okj’ dh ftnkfynk j' ;e/, T[j ‘okj’ ;dhth BjhA j?.

fi; Bkw dh fwEDk j' ;e/, T[j Bkw ;dk fJe^o; ofjD tkbk Bkw BjhA. fJjBK ;soK s'A gsk bZrdk j? fe skU dk ;zebg r[opkDh ftub/ ;zebg tork jh j?. r[opkDh th ‘;Zu’ (skU) Bz{ efjD, eED s'A T[~go wzBdh j?. bkU s;{ ns/ j'o ftdtkB fJj wzBd/ jB fe skU ;G tosko/ftu jkIo j?. T[jh oudk, T[jh gkbdk ns/ T[jh ;zg{oB eodk j?. skU Bz{ ikDB tkb/ skU pko/e'Jh rZb jh BjhA eod/, T[j fJsBk ojZ;wJh j?.

d{ih gZXo s/ ftdtkB skU Bz{ ;koh f;qPNh ftu ftdwkB gqtkj tKr wzBd/ jB Gkt fJj fJe ;op ftnkge B/w j?, i' g{oh ekfJBks Bz{ s'odk j?. skU ;G ekoiPhbsk fgZS/ ezw eodh Pesh j?, T[sgsh j?. skU T[gikT[Adk j? go nkgD/ r[bkw BjhA pDkT[Adk. T[;/ Bkba e[dos dk tfjD tfjzdk ofjzdk j?.

sh;oh gZXo s/ skU Bz{ ihtB ns/ ;wki Bkba i'V e/ t/fynk frnk j?, Gkt fJj wB[Zyh ihtB ftu fJ; soQK ekoi eodk iK ftuodk j? fe ;G eZ[M e[dos d/ nB[e{b j[zdk iKdk j?. ;z;ko fJ; d/ j[ew (order / system) ftu jh ubdk j?. i/ ftnesh nfijk eoB dh e'fPP eo/rk sK T[j c/bQ j't/rk. skU nuBu/s BjhA ;fji j?. g{o/ ;z;ko Bz{ fJe jh fB:w Bkba ubkT[Adk j?. fJj ;[Gkte j?. fJj gkDh tork j?, i' GbkJh eodk j? ns/ fBtkD tZb tZr iKdk j?.

u"E/ gZXo s/ fJj wB[Zy Bkba i'V e/ t/fynk iKdk j?. skU wB[Zy Bkba i[V e/ ed/ fe;/ bJh B[e;kBdkfJe BjhA jz[dk. skU Bkba i[V/ wB[Zy fjsekoh j[zd/ jB ns/ i' nkgD/ jh fjZsK dh gotkj eod/ jB, T[jBK Bz{ B|os th BjhA eodk. b'ehA i' GhV wro ubd/ jB T[jBK Bz{ B|os BjhA eodk—jkbKfe T[j \[d GhV d/ wro BjhA ubdk. nfijk wB[Zy i' skU nB[;koh j?, T[j S[g e/, Bk^j'fJnK tKr ofjDk g;zd eodk j?.

skUtkd ^ skU nB[o{g ihtB Bz{ YkbDk jh skUtkd j?. e[dos ns/ ;wki Bkba ;fji foPsk. fJ; ;'u B/ uhB d/ ebkekoK Bz{ th gqGkts ehsk ns/ T[j bzp/ ;w/A sZe e[dos Bkba fJe b?n j' e/ T[; T[gozs jh g/AfNzr pDkT[D br/. T[jBK fuZsoK ftu wB[Zy Bz{ gqw[Zysk jkf;b BjhA. wB[Zy fiZE/th j? T[j e[dos ftu jh g/P j?. skU Bkba fJefwe j'fJnk skUtkdh, ;ob ;fji ns/ ;kdk j[zdk j?. fJ; jZd sZe ;ob, ;kdk fe e'Jh T[; Bz{ w{oy Bkba th w/b ;edk j?. T[j nzdo'A Go/ j'J/j[zd/ jB go fdZyd/ \kbh jB. T[j T[~u gdthnK Bkba BjhA ;kXkoB b'eK Bkba ofjzd/ jB. gdkoEe gqkgshnK T[jBK bJh p/wkBhnK jB. b/ye fJe eEk ;[DkT[Adk j?, fi; ftu nZm g[ZsoK tkbak fJe ftnesh ‘etkB’ id'A fe;/ s'A fJj g[ZSdk j? fe T[; dk fejVk g[Zso ;G s'A GkrPkbh j't/rk sK ftdtkB GftZy tesk dZ;dk j? “fJj w[zvk, fJj o'I wk; ykJ/rk ns/ Pokp ght/rk” fJ; itkp T[~s/ ‘etkB’ pj[s d[yh j' iKdk j? ns/ o' g?Adk j?. T[; Bz{ fJj n?P fJe ;Ik brdh j?.

skUtkd fe;/ fto'Xsk Bz{ BjhA wzBdk. fto'X T[; ftu g{oe wzB/ iKd/ jB. uzrk^wkVk, rowh^;odh, o'PBh^jB/ok, skUtkd ftu fJj fJe d{i/ d/ g{oe jB. fJe ftu'A w[V d{i/ dh P[o{nks j[zdh j?. fJ;/ bJh skU Bkba i[V/ ftnesh d[Zy ns/ \[Ph d/ gbK ftu fJe' fijk ftT[jko eod/ jB.

skUtkd w[eakpb/ eoB dk fto'Xh j?. w[eakpbk ;kvh s[bBk eoB dh gqftosh ftu'A T[gfink j?. skUtkd ;koh j'Ad Bz{ pokpo wjZssk Bkba t/ydk j?. xkj dh gZsh ns/ T[~uk doZys d't/A nkgDh

nkgDh EK T[~s/ wjZstg{oB jB. skUtkd nzBQh d"V s'A toidk j? ns/ ;kXkoBsk ns/ ;fjisk ftu ofjD Bz{ efjzdk j?. b/ye skUtkdh ;zs u[nkr s;{ d/ Ppd gq;s[Zs eodk j?, fi; ftu T[j tZv/eko'pkoh Bz{ tZvk b[N/ok efjzdk j? ns/ f;nk;sdkBK dh th fBzdk eodk j?. T[; dh iku/ S'Nh ijh u'oh dh tZvh ;Ik fwbdh j? ns/ tZv/ u'oK Bz{ g[o;eko fwbd/ jB.

skUtkdh wB[Zy e[dos Bkba fwZsosk ftu j[zd/ jB. T[j e[dos T[~s/ fiZsK jk;b BjhA eod/, e[dos Bkba d';sh eod/ jB, e[dos Bkba fJe;[o jz[d/ jB. wB[Zy fit/A Bdh feBko/ \[P j[zdk j?fit/A jh wZShnK Bdh ftu \[P j[zdhnK jB. jo P? nkgDh nkgDh EK T[~s/ \[P j[zdh j?. e[dos fJ; bJh BjhA pDh fe wB[Zy T[; Bz{ tos/. ;ko/ iht ;wkB jB ns/ e'Jh B;b eoe/ T[~uk BhtK BjhA. e'Jh fJe d{;o/ bJh g?dk BjhA ehsk frnk. i/ wZSo wB[Zy Bz{ uZe wkod/ jB sK fJ; dk fJj wsbp BjhA fe wB[Zy wZSo bJh pfDnk j?.

t{^t/Jh L t{ t/Jh pko/ n;hA fgZS/ th rZb eo u[Ze/ jK. t{^t/Jh fefonkjhDsk j? Gkt^eow Bk eoBk. w'N/ s"o T[~s/ fJj e[dos d/ uZb oj/ ekoi ftu p/b'Vh d\b nzdkIh s'A j'VBk j?. b/ye bkU s;{ d/ Ppd fbydk j? L ‘fJ; bJh p[ZXhwkB fefonkjhD ezwK ftu fBtk; eod/ jB ns/Ppd ofjs f;Zfynk ’s/ nwb eod/ jB.’ (oZp d/ vkehJ/, gofwzdo ;'Yh, gzBk L 123)

b/ye p'Xh u/sBsk dhnK pVhnK ;koEe ;soK fJZE/ fdzdk j? L^

“PKs fuZs p?m', e[ZM eoB dh th b'V BjhA j?, xkj nkgD/ nkg T[~rdk ikt/rk.” skUtkd jT[w?A dh fBy/Xh eodk j?. wB[Zy ftu fJj ftuko pko pko nkT[Ad/ jB fe T[j T[~uk j?. skUtkd Bkba ftuoD tkbak wB[Zy \[d Bz{ BhtK ;wMdk j?—fgZS/ fgZS/ ofjzdk j?. \[dh Bz{ nr/ BjhA eodk. B/eh Bz{ skUtkd ;dkuko BjhA wzBdk pbfe B/eh Bz{ ;fji/ jh ;[Gkn dk fjZ;k wzBdk j?. B/eh Bk j't/sK n;hA wB[Zysktkd dh rZb eod/ jK ns/ id'A wB[Zysktkd Bk j't/ sK n;hA JhwkBdkoh dh rZb eod/jK. i/ B/eh Bz{ n;hA rtkfJnk Bk j't/ sK pkeh d' wB[Zysktkd iK JhwkBdkoh dh b'V jh wfj;{; BjhA j[zdh.

(xxv) fB~ehnK fB~ehnK r~bKg[;se d/ fJ; wIw{B ftu b/ye ;kXkoB d/, wkw{bh d/, nkw d/ wjZst T[~s/ pb fdzdk j? ns/

dZ;dk j? fe fijVhnK rZbK, ftnesh iK xNBktK pj[s wkw{bh iK fBZehnK fdZydhnK jB, T[jBK dk th pj[s wjZst j?. b/y d/ P[o{ ftu jh T[j (b/ye) p'Xh I?~B gozgok dk fJe pj[s wjZstPkbh eEB fdzdk j?, fi; nB[;ko, “id'A fe;/ nkw nkdwh Bz{ frnkB jkf;b j' ikt/ sK T[j dkoPfBe iK ftt/eh j' iKdk j? ns/ id'A fe;/ dkoPfBe iK ftt/eh Bz{ frnkB j' ikt/ sK T[j nkw nkdwh pD iKdk j?.” Gkt fJj fe jo wjkB ftu nkw ftdtkB j[zdk j?.

b/ye dk fJj efjDk j? fe ;ko/ nkw gbK ftu jh, wjkBsk tkgodh j?. ;kBz{ ukjhdk j? fe toswkB d/ fJjBK gbK dk jh ;fseko eohJ/. phs u[Ze/ gb fe;/ ehws ’s/ th tkg; BjhA nk ;ed/ ns/ nkT[D tkb/a gbK dk ni/ fpbe[b gsk BjhA, fJ; bJh fJj uZb oj/ gb jh nfs wjZst d/ jB. b/ye T[jBK gbK Bz{ :kd eodk j?, fijBK ftu T[j nkgD/ fwqs fgsk Bkba e[ZM gb rZbK eoBhnK ukjz[dk j? ns/ T[; bJh nkgDh ;w[Zuh gz{ih, nkgD/ sB d/ eZgV/ th d/D Bz{ fsnko j[zdk

j? go fJj ;zGt BjhA j' ;edk. ;kv/ fJjBK toswkB d/ fBZe/ fBZe/ gbK ftu jh y[PhnK gqkgsj' ;edhnK jB. fJj gb fBeb ikD pknd fco T[jBK Bz{ geV ;eDk ;zGt BjhA. fJ;/ bJh gbi' uZb fojk j?, pj[s ehwsh j?. fJZE/ eth e[ZM ftdtkBK dhnK ekft ;soK (jkfJe{) okjhA rZb Bz{dkoPfBe pDkT[Adk j? L

fBZeh fuVh, gqrN eo/ y[Ph, ;w[Zu/ goK BkbHHH. (;/ehT{)

b/ye p[ZX d/ ftuko okjhA d;dk j? fe dZ[y fwFNkD/ j'D sK w"s dk nfj;k; fsZyk j'Dk ukjhdkj?. ;kBz{ tZvhnK tZvhnK rZbK dk fJzsIko BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. fIzdrh fBZehnK fBZehnK rZbK BkbapDh j?. e'Jh fBZeh rZb ;kvh fIzdrh T[~s/ ;koh T[wo n;o eo ;edh j?. fJZE/ b/ye nkgD/ ihtBdh fJe xNBk ;[DkT[Adk j? fe fet/A T[j nkgDh wK Bkba p?Ae g?;/ eYkT[D frnk. p?Ae tkba/ eboeB/ }bsh Bkba tZX g?;/ d/ fdZs/ ns/ wK B/ T[j g?;/ eboe Bz{ w'V fdZs/. b/ye B/ id'A wK Bz{ g[ZfSnkfe T[j nfijk feT[A eo ojh j? sK wK dk T[~so ;h fe “fJj g?;/ ;kv/ BjhA jB.” b/ye T[~s/fJ; fBZeh fijh xNBk dk sk^T[wo n;o fojk ns/ ;kok Xow Pk;so gVQfdnK, fJj xNBk T[;dh ;jkfJsk eodh ojh.

b/ye pugB dh fJe j'o eEk ;[DkT[Adk j? fe fet/A pugB ftu T[j fJe es{ok gkbD bJhb? nkfJnk ;h go T[j es{ok xo ftu uT{A uT{A HHH eodk ;h, fi; eoe/ wK pkg B/ T[; Bz{ pkjoSZv nkT[D dk j[ew ikoh ehsk. b/ye T[; Bz{ (es{o/) Bz{ SZv nkfJnk. e[ZM e[ wjhfBnK pkndid'A T[j (b/ye) ;e{b'A nk fojk ;h sK fJe e[Zsk T[; d/ g?oK ftu fJZXo T[~Xo b'ND bZrk. wBQKjh Bk j't/. b/ye B/ T[; Bz{ I'o dh bZs wkoh sK T[j o'Adk o'Adk GZi frnk. pknd ftu ;wM nkfJnkfe T[j Ujh es{ok ;h, fi; Bz{ b/ye e[ZM wjhB/ gfjbK SZv e/ nkfJnk ;h. fJ; xNBk, fBZeh xNBkBkba i[V/ nfj;k; ;koh T[wo bJh b/ye dh fIzdrh dk fjZ;k pD rJ/. w'j, fgnko, fjz;k tkbkgqfsT[~so T[; dh u/sBk ftu ;wkfJnk fojk. T[; dh eftsk ftu'A th Mbfenk L^

fJe e[Zsk, fe;/ g[oksB dot/P tKrnkgD/ ti{d dk nEkj fBZx, w/o/ bJh fgSKj SZv e/nrb/ okjK tZb s[o frnk HHH

fJt/A jh b/ye fJe ejkDh T[; B/e ;kJheb mhe eoB tkb/a dh ;[DkT[Adk j?, fijVk S[ZNh tkba/fdB d[ekB dk ;kJheb ftu jtk GoB tkbak gzg d[ekB d/ pkjo oZy iKdk j? sK fe b'eK Bz{ ;[ftXkj't/. T[; Bz{ fJ; dfJnk Gkt iK ;/tk pdb/ e'Jh fJBkw BjhA fwbDk. pZ; fBZeh ijh rZb. fJ;rZb B/ eJhnK nzdo B/eh d/ GktK Bz{ pbtkB pDkfJnk j't/rk. fJt/A n;hA fBZehnK fBZehnK rZbKBkba tZv/ gqGkt f;oid/ jK. b/ye e[ZM ftdtkB p"X g[oPK d/ ekft^pzd g/P eodk j? L^

;kXkoB s/ fJwkBdko, ;|kJh eo nkfJnk r[nKYh p{j/ se T[j B"eo HHH (e"pk:k;hfJZ;k)

(oZp d/ vkehJ/, gzBk L 133)

p[ZX Xow dh I?~B gozgok ;kvh u/sBk Bz{ jo gb, jo fBZeh xNBk iK t;s{ pko/ ;zt/dBPhb j'D bJh efjzdh j? sK fe e[ZM th nDr"fbnk Bk oj/. b/ye p[ZX d/ ihtB Bkba ;zpzfXs fJe xNBk ;[DkT[Adk j? fe fet/A wjkswk p[ZX fG\P{nK dh ;Gk ftu jo o'I e[ZM gqtuB d/D bJh nkfJnk eod/

;h. fJe fdB id'A T[j nkJ/ sK T[jBK d/ jZE ftu fJe c[Zb ;h. T[jBK dk BIdheh fPZP ;wM frnk fe nZi p[ZX e[ZM p'bDr/ BjhA. fJj fBZeh fijh xNBk, t;s{ pko/ th fJsBk ;zt/dBPhb j'Dk j?. fBZeh rZb Bz{ th fBr{Dk Bk ;wMDk.

p[ZX dk jh fJj |b;|k fi; Bz{ I?~B gozgok efjzd/ jB. nk; gk; d/ eJh d/PK ftu'A igkB rJh. fJ; nB[;ko, ;kBz{ ;dk u/szB ntZ;Ek ftu j'Dk ukjhdk j?. e[ZM th i' tkgo fojk j? T[; tZb'A nt/;b/ BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. ;[Zs/ f;ZX jh BjhA ihth ikDk ukjhdk. fJ; Bkba fJj j't/rk fe n;hA jo fBZeh s'A fBZeh j'Ad pko/, xNBk pko/ ikro{e j'tKrk. b/ye dZ;dk j? fe fBZehnK fBZehnK rZbK eJh t/o ftPt gZXo d/ fjz;kswe ekoi Bz{ iBw fdzdhnK jB, fit/A s{|kB ftu jo/e eD nkgDh G{fwek fBGk fojk j[zdk j?. fJ; wIw{B d/ b/y ftu b/ye fJe eEk ;[DkT[Adk j?. eEk fJe I?~B T[;skd s/BB' dh j?, fi; B/ eJh tfoQnK dh fwjBs pknd T[;skd dk gd jkf;b ehsk ns/ T[; d/ eJh Pkfrod th pD/. fJe tko s/BB' fJe j'o T[;skd BkBfBB Bz{ fwbD frnk. fdB pkoP dk ;h. s/BB' id'A BkBfBB d/ xo gj[zfunk sK T[; B/ pkjo jh nkgDh SZsoh ns/ i[Zsh T[sko fdZsh. s/BB' id'A BkBfBB e'b g[Zik sK BkBfBB B/ g[ZfSnk fe s/oh i[Zsh, SZsoh d/ ;Zi/ gJh j? iK yZp/. s/BB' Bz{ itkp Bk ;[ZMk. fJj ezw T[; B/ p/fXnkB/ ehsk ;h. s/BB' B/ nkgDh fJ; }bsh ekoB T[;skd dh gZdth fsnkr fdZsh, S/ ;kb j'o fonkI ehsk ns/ nkgDh u/szBsk Bz{ j'o r{VQ ehsk. fBZehnK fBZehnK rZbK d/ wjZst pko/ fJj b/y I?~B gozgok dh p[fBnkdh f;Zfynk Bz{ T[ikro eodk j?.

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` n;hA ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ BK dh g[;se, i' ;kv/ gkmeqw dk fjZ;k j?, Bz{ gVQ fbnk j? ns/ T[; Bz{ ;zy/g o{g ftu nkgD/ gkmK ftu ;wM th fbnk j?. n;hA jo/e gkm ftu'A bzx e/ T[; ftubh ;kwrqh Bz{ ikfDnk j?. fJj ;kwrqh eh efjzdh ;h, fej' fijh ;h, fet/A gq;s[s j'Jh, iK ;kv/ fJ; pko/ eh ftuko jB—fJ; Bz{ n;hA nkb'uBkswe nfXnB efjzd/ jK. fJj nkb'uBkswe nfXnB n;hA fJe ftfdnkoEh d/ s"o ’s/ eoKr/. Gkt n;hA fe;/ nfij/ gkme tKr nkgD/ gqsheow BjhA fdnKr/, i' fJ; Bz{ e/tb uzrk iK wkVk efje/ rZb w[ek d/t/. ;kfjs d/ftfdnkoEh dk ezw j? fe T[j nkgD/ ftuko nkgDh gqshfefonkl dbhb okjhA, soe okjhA gq;s[s eo/ sK fe s[jkvh rZb fgZS/ ezw eod/ f;XKs th ;gZPN j'D.

s[;hA ikDd/ jh j' fe fJj fJe tkose o{g dh g[;se j?. Gkt fJj eftsk, Bktb, ejkDh, BkNe nkfd BjhA j?. ‘tkose’ pko/ n;hA ft;sko Bkba fgSb/ gkmK ftu rZb eo nkJ/ jK. tkose, Gkt nfijh gq;s[sh i' GkPk Bz{ soe Gog{o sohe/ Bkba fJ;s/wkb eodh j?, GkPk Bz{, tke pDso Bz{ ftnkeoBe B/wK ftu ;jh pzB e/ ;kjwD/ oZydh j? ns/ fBPfus ftP/ Bz{ gkmeK$;o'fsnK ;kjwD/gq;s[s eodh j?. jZEbh g[;se ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ th fJe tkose dh g[;se j? fijVh eJh ftfPnK Bz{ gkmeK ;kjwD/ oZydh j? (n;hA jo/e ftP/ pko/, gkm pko/, ;zy/g ftu ikD u[Ze/ jK.)

2H1 ‘o~p d/ vkehJ/’ L nkb'uBkswe nfXn?BftfdnkoEhT[ ` nkU j[D E'VQk j'o BIdhe s'A fJ; g[;se dh gVu'b eohJ/ iK fJ; g[;se

dk nkb'uBkswe nfXnB eohJ/. s[;hA g[;se gVQfdnK fJj d/y jh fbnk j't/rk fe fJ; g[;se dk jo/e gkm p[ZX Xow dhnK f;ZfynktK s'A gqGkts j? ns/ p'Xh ihtB^iku Bz{ fIzdrh ftu bkr{

eoe/ d/ydk j?. p[ZX Xow dh th I?~B gozgok dh ihtB iku, ;'u, doPB fJ; g[;se d/ jo/egkm d/ nzsoht ftu p?mk j'fJnk j?. I?~B gozgok dk pkBh bkU s;{ Bz{ wzfBnk iKdk j?. bkUtkddk doPB ekch jZd sZe g{op d/ pkeh Xow doPBK Bkba nzsoht s"o ’s/ ;zpzfXs sK j?, go fJ;dh ftP/P rZb fJj j? fe fJj fe;/ oZp, JhPto iK ;Zsk dk u/szB s"o ’s/ fIeo BjhA eodk. soeBkba ubdk j'fJnk Xow doPB Bz{ ;wMkT[Adk j?. fJj rZb nkgD/ nkg ftu Bt/ebh j?. ftPtk;fJ; ftu tZvk ;EkB BjhA oZydk.

feT[Afe fJj doPB Bkba ;zpzfXs ftP/ Bz{ e/Ado ftu oZy e/ fbyh rJh tkose j?, fJ; eoe/eJh EktK ’s/ b/ye eEktK ns/ eftsktK okjhA nkgDh ;'u Bz{, nkgD/ ftuko Bz{ iK dbhb Bz{ ;woEBdtkT[Adk j?. fJj eEktK pVhnK o'ue j[zdhnK jB ns/ gzikph d/ gkmeK bJh BthnK th j[zdhnKjB. p[ZX Xow iK I?~B gozgok pko/ gzikph dk gkme pj[sk BjhA ikDdk. g[;se dk b/ye ‘gofwzdo;'Yh’ igkB ftu fgSb/ 30 ;kbK s'A ofj fojk j?. igkBh GkPk th T[j ikDdk j?. p[ZX s'A gqGktsth j?. g[;seK gVQB dk P"ehB th. fJ;/ eoe/, gzikph dh fJ; tkose dh g[;se ftu pVk e[ZMBtK j?. irQk irQk fdZshnK fJjBK eEktK B/ g[;se Bz{ pVk o"ue pDk fdZsk j?. fi; irQk ftukon"y/ th jB, T[~E/ jh eEktK T[jBK Bz{ ;"yk eo fdzdhnK jB.

eEktK jh BjhA fBZehnK fBZehnK eftsktK th dkoPfBe rZbK Bz{ ;fji eo fdzdhnK jB. eJhEktK s/ igkBh fszB ;soK dhnK eftsktK ‘jkfJe{’ fJj ekoi eodhnK jB. pV/ EktK s/ p"Xh fuzseKd/ ‘jkfJe{’ efmB doPB Bz{ ;"yk, T[ikro eod/ jB. e[ZM e[ EktK s/ b/ye gzikph b'e ;kfjs Bkbai[V/ ekft N[ZeV/ iK eEktK th Pkwb eodk j?, fi; Bkba dbhb dk w[jKdok ikfDnk^gSkfDnk pDiKdk j?.

n;hA P[o{ ftu jh fejk ;h fe fJ; g[;se dh nkswk ftu p[ZX Xow dh I?~B gozgok tZ;hj'Jh j?. fJj doPB Bz{ gq;s[s eoB tkbh g[;se j?. fJ; eoe/ eJh EktK T[~s/ fJ; Bz{ gq;s[seod/ tke osk bw/o/ ns/ r[zMbdko j' iKd/ jB. ;gZPN j?, i/ efmB ftuko Bz{ gq;s[s eoBk j't/sK GkPk Bz{ pj[s ;"yk oZy ;eDk efmB j[zdk j?. b/ye pj[shnK EktK T[~s/ ;ob GkPk Bkba ezw ubkb?Adk j? go fco th eJh EktK T[~s/ tke pDso bzw/oh j' iKdh j?. vz{x/oh rZb efjD bJh fJ;s'A S[ZN gkT[Dk ;"yk BjhA. ftfdnkEhT[ ` s[;hA B'N ehsk j't/rk fe g[;se dk b/ye id'A e'Jh eEk;[DkT[Adk j? sK nkgDh IpkBh BjhA ;[DkT[Adk. T[j eEk ftub/ gksoK Bz{ T[jBK d/ vkfJbkr fdzdkj?. gkso p'bd/ jB. GktK ns/ ;fEshnK Bkba i[Vh GkPk p'bd/ jB ns/ fJt/A eEk dk fBGkU jz[dkj?. fJ; ftXh Bkba o"uesk j'o tZX iKdh j?. eEk sK o"ue ns/ Bt/ebh j[zdh jh j?, T[; dk BkNehfBGkn T[; Bz{ ihtzs eo fdzdk j?. T[dkjoB d/ s"o ’s/ gzBk L 104 T[~s/ p[ZX Bkb rZb eodknkdwh L “fgnko/ ` sz{ e"D j?A < sz{ e'Jh noPh iht J/A iK fco e'Jh pqjw b'e d/t <”

“BjhA `” p[ZX B/ itkp fdZsk.

“fco sz{ e"D J/A < Io{o e'Jh ikd{ro iK sKsfoe j't/Ark <”

“BjhA”, pZ[X B/ fco itkp fdZsk.

“go fJzBk sK dZ; fe. j?A sz{ nkdwh jh <”

“BjhA.” p[ZX fco p'fbnk.

“sK fco fgnko/ ;ZiD ` sz{ j?A e"D <”

p[[ZX B/ w[;eok B/ itkp fdZsk, “w?A ikr frnk jK.”

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[;hA ebgBk eo' fJsBh e[ tkoskbkg i/ b/ye nkgD/ pDkJ/ fposKs ftu efjzdkGkt \[d jh p'bdk sK fej' fijk gqGkt g?Adk. fJZE/ pZ[ZX dh frnkB Goh wk;{whns ns/ T[; nkdwhdh ifrnk;k d'jK dk gq;s[sheoB jz[dk j?.

fJt/A fJ; g[;se dk gkm eofdnK n;hA ikfDnk j? fe b/ye B/ efmB ftfPnK Bz{ th o"ueftXh okjhA gkmeK sZe g[Zidk ehsk j?. GkPk e/Adoh gzikph Bz{ oZfynk j? ns/ ftP/ d/ ;pZp gkmeKBz{ pj[s ;koh BthA ikDekoh fdZsh j?. gzikph tkose ftu nZi ebQ fby/ ik oj/ wIw{B gkmeK Bz{eJh soQK dhnK y'iK Bkba i'V oj/ jB. fJj rZb pVk wkD eoB tkbah j? fe gzikph d/ tkoseb/ye frnkB ftfrnkB, Xow, ebk, okiBhsh nkfd Bkba pV/ y'i nkXkos wIw{B fby oj/ jB.gofwzdo ;'Yh dh fJj g[;se ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ fJ;/ soQK dh r"otwJh fw;kb j?.

;zy/g T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB

1H ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ g[;se d/ fe;/ fJe nfXnkfJ dk ;zy/g ;ko fby'.

2H skU^tkd iK bkU s;{ d/ eZ[M ftuko nkgD/ PpdK ftu fby'.

3H ‘fBZehnK fBZehnK rZbK’ gkm dh e'Jh fJe eEk fby' ns/ dZ;' fe fJj eh ;zd/P fdzdh j?<

4H ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ g[;se dk nkb'uBkswe nfXnB gq;s[s eo'.

5H s[jkBz{ fJ; g[;se ftu eh uzrk bZrk j? ns/ feT[A < ft;sko Bkb fby'.

—0—

gkm Bzpo L 5

‘o~p d/ vkehJ/’ L nkb'uBkswe nfXn?B$gVQs!vkH Bfozdo f;zx

nkozfGek

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[jkv/ ;b/p; ftu bZrh tkose dh g[;se ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ d/ jo/e gkmd/ ;zy/g ;ko ns/ nkb'uBkswe nfXn?B Bz{ n;hA fJ; yzv d/, gfjb/ d' GkrK ftu uouk dk ftPkpDk u[Ze/ jK. nfijk eofdnK n;hA pV/ ft;sko Bkb fJ; g[;se d/ jo/e gkm Bz{ BIdhe s'A ikfDnkj?. j[D ;wK nk frnk j? fe n;hA fJ; g[;se dhnK tkose ftP/PsktK pko/, fJ; ftu gq;s[sftP/ t;s{ pko/ ns/ fJ; ftubh tkose d/ P?bh^gZy pko/ uouk eohJ/. :kd oj/ nfijk eoBk;kv/ ;b/p; dk fjZ;k j? ns/ fJj ;kvhnK fJwfsjkBh b'VK bJh Io{oh th j?.

2H2 tkose ftP/PsktK

gofwzdo ;'Yh dh fJj g[;se gzikph tkose dh nfijh g[;se j?, i' fe fJe pj[s tZvk doPBgq;s[s eoB dh fJZSk oZydh j?. fJ; ftu g/P gzMh fBpzX tZy tZy nkeko d/ sK j?B jhl T[jBKdk ftPk th tZyok tZyok j?. tZy tZy ftP/ d/ j[zfdnK th jo/e fBpzX pkeh fBpzXK Bkb ;KM ftuj?, Gkt jo/e fBpzX dh ;'u, doPB, fdqPNh fpzd{ fJe e/Ado Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. fJ;/ bJhfJj ;ko/ fBpzX fJe g[;se dk fjZ;k fJ; gqeko jB fe fit/A nzfsw s"o s/ fJj fJe fuzsB Bz{gqrNktk d/ oj/ j'D. gzikph tkose ftu fBpzX ;zfrqjK dhnK nB/eK g[;seK jB, go jo/e g[;seftub/ fBpzX g{o/ o{g ftu ;[szso j[zd/ jB. T[j fJe jh b/ye d/, fJe jh GkPk d/ fBpzX sK j[zd/jB, go T[jBK ftueko nkg; ftu e'Jh ;KMh szd gSkDBh n"yh j[zdh j?. gofwzdo ;'Yh dh fJ;tkose fBpzXK dh g[;se d/ ;ko/ fBpzX fe;/ ;KM/ e/Adoh ftuko, doPB, ihtB iku iK fdqPNh ftu'AT[d? j'J/ jB. fJ;/ bJh fJj g[;se fJe nfijh fJekJh j?, fi; dk gkm n;hA tZy tZy wIw{BKd/ s"o ’s/ eod/ sK jK go T[j j?B ;ko/ fJe jh—gfjbh ftP/Psk iK ftbZyDsk, fJ; ftubh tkosedh j?. fJ; ;KM/ e/Ado ftu'A gqc[bs fBpzXK B/ fJ; g[;se Bz{ g/sbk BjhA j'D fdZsk. ;KM dkoPfBee/Ado ftu'A T[d? j'D ekoB jh fJj tkose dhox j?.

ftfdnkoEh ;'ud/ j'Dr/ fe i/ fJj g[;se fe;/ doPB (Philosophy) Bkba ;zpzfXs j? ns/ dhoxfe;w dh tkose j? sK ntZP jh efmB j't/rh. BjhA, nfijk BjhA j?. fJj' fJ; tkose dktZv/ok r[D iK ftP/Psk j?. ojZ;wJhsk pko/ uhB d/ gqkuhB doPB Bz{ gqrNkT[AfdnK fJ; tkose B/efmB BjhA j'D fdZsk. ;fji oZfynk j?. jo/e gkm dk f;ob/y jh nfijk j? fe ;ob bZrdk j?ns/ T[s;[esk irkT[Adk j?. ‘fpBK pZb/ tkbk M'bk’, ‘;/Jh fgnko/ w/b’, ‘skes dk BPk’, ‘w?A tZvk

sz{ S'Nk’, ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’—fJBQK f;ob/yK tkb/a fBpzX ;fji fij/ PpdK Bkba P[o{ j' e/ e'Jh rzGhorZb gkmeK sZe gj[zuk fdzd/ jB. ;kdrh s/ ;obsk fJ; g[;se dh tkose d/ ftP/P r[D jB.

j[D Iok d/yhJ/ fe nkb'ue tkose d/ fejV/ fejV/ r[DK Bz{ gqw[Zysk fdzd/ jB. j/m fbfynkeEB d/y' L^

“uzrh rd^ouBk ;gZPN j[zdh j?. n;gZPN BjhA, ;ob s/ ;kdk j[zdh j?, r[zMbdkos/ ifNb BjhA, fJ; ftu e'Jh T[u/uk fPzrko BjhA j[zdk. fJj ;fji j[zdh j?. n"ykj' e/ fbyD Bkba p/^o;h T[gidh j?. fJ; ftu fJe b|I tkX{ BjhA jz[dk j?. fJjp'Mb s/ Gko{ BjhA j[zdh. ;G e[ZM j[zfdnK j'fJnK th fJ; ftu nkgDh e'Jh T[u/uhs/ nZvoh fyZu BjhA j[zdh, fJ; dk ezw sK ftP/ Bz{ gqrNkT[Dk j?, Bk e/tb nkgD/ o;ftu pzBQ e/ fpmkT[Dk j?.”

T[go'es eEB gzikph d/ gqf;ZX ftdtkB feogkb f;zx e;/b d/ jB, i' T[jBK B/ ;kfjs;wkuko d/ tkose nze ftu gzBk 43 T[~s/ fby/. fJ; dh o"PBh ftu id'A ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ g[;sedh tkose Bz{ goyd/ jK sK fJj ;ko/ r[D T[; ftu fwbd/ jB. fJ; dk b/ye fes/ th T[u/u/s"o ’s/ fyZu g?dk eoB dh e'fPP BjhA eodk, ;r'A ftP/ Bz{ jh gqrNkT[D dk ;fji isB eodk j?.T[dkjoB L^

“n;hA gVQkJhnK, ewkJhnK s/ nj[d/ jkf;b eod/ jK. go ;kv/ nzdobk jB/ok ;kv/Bkb'A^Bkb uZbdk j?. fJe fBZek fijk MNek ;kv/ nzdo p?m/ vo, r[Z;/ iK Jhoyk Bz{gb ftu irk fdzdk j?. ;kv/ nzdo ;ztkd BjhA o"bk ;[DkJh fdzdk j?.”

(oZp d/ vkehJ/, u[Zg dk ;|o, gzBk L 58)

T[gobk g?ok, fBpzX ftu ubdh ;fji dbhb dk fjZ;k j?. fJ; d/ tke T[~sw g[oy (n;hA, ;kv/ nkfd) ftu p'b/ ik oj/ jB. nfijk eoB Bkba PZe dh r[zikfJP BjhA ofjzdh. n;hA \[d nkgD/nkg ftu'A jh goy b?Ad// jK fe, i' rZb ejh ik ojh j? T[j fesBh ;jh$g[\sk j?. ftfdnkoEhT[, s[;hA nkg t/y' fe fJBQK ;soK ftu e'Jh th Ppd n"yk iK T[u/uk gqGkt g?dk eoB tkbka BjhA. Ppd jh ;"y/ BjhA, dbhb th pVh ;fji ns/ ;"yh j?. Ppd ‘;kv/ nzdobk jB/ok’ fszB PpdK ftu ;kvhnK ;kohnK S[gkJhnK j'JhnK rfjohnK ewhnK Bz{ gqrNktk d/ fdzd/ jB. fJj j? |kbs{ Ppd Bk p'bDk, tkX{ gqGkt Bk gkT[Dk, n"y/ Ppd Bk tosDk, S'N/ s/ ;kdk ij/ tke tosDk, fJ; ;G e[ZM Bkba nkgD/fBPfus ehs/ wzst tZb nr/ tZXDk. gofwzdo ;'Yh dh tkose ftu fJj ;kohnK \{phnK EK^go^EK fwbdhnK jB.

;kvh gkm g[;se ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ d/ fBpzXK ftu eJh t/o tZvk fjZ;k S'NhnK S'NhnK eEktK dk jz[dk j?. fJj eEktK fBpzXK ftu uZb ojh uouk dh dbhb Bz{ gogZe eodhnK jB. fJj eEktK ukb{ fe;w dh u[Neb/pkIh BjhA jz[dhnk, ;r'A rfjohnK, ;ze/se eEktK jz[dhnK jB, i' ihtB d/gow ;Zu tZb ;ze/s eodhnK jB. pj[sk eoe/ fJj eEktK p[ZX Xow iK T[; dh I?~B gozgok Bkba i[VhnK j[zdhnK jB ns/ fBpzX ftu ;EkB rqfjD eoe/ fBpzX dk nfGzB nzr pD iKdhnK jB. ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ dk b/ye eohp eohp jo/e gkm ftu fJe, d' iK fszB nfijhnK eEktK g/P eodk j?. ‘fBZehnK fBZehnK rZbK’ gkm d/ gzBk L 35 T[~s/ fdZsh eEk t/y' L^

I?~B gozgok ftu fBZeh s'A fBZeh joes th ;[u/s ns/ ;ktXkBh Bkba eoBhwjZstg{oB ;wM iKdh j?.

“s/BB' BK d/ fJe ftnesh B/ eJh ;kb d/ nfGnk; ns/ gVQkJh Bkba I?~B T[;skddk o[spk jk;b ehsk ;h. fJe fdB T[j d{;o/ T[;skd Bz{ fwbD T[; d/ xo frnk.fi; dk BK BkBfBB ;h.

po;ks dk fdB ;h. s/BB' B/ nzdo ikD s'A gfjbK nkgDh i[Zsh s/ SZsoh poKv/ftu oZy fdZs/ s/ nkg p?me ftu ub/ frnk.

jkb/ T[j nkokw Bkba p?mD jh bZrk ;h fe T[;skd BkBfBB B/ T[; Bz{ ;tkbehsk, “id'A sz{ nzdo tfVnk ;h sK sz{ nkgDh iZ[sh SZsoh d/ yZp/ gk;/ oZyh ;h iK;Zi/ gk;/HHH<”

s/BB' Bz{ fuZs^u/s/ th BjhA ;h fe T[; B/ i[Zsh fe; gk;/ y'bQh ;h. fJe fBZehfijh rZb B/ T[; Bz{ wfj;{; eotk fdZsk fe T[j I?~B nB[e{b, jo gb ikr e/ ftuoBtkbah ntZ;Ek ’s/ g{ok BjhA T[sodk j?.

T[; B/ T[;/ fdB s'A T[;skd tkbak o[spk fsnkr fdZsk ns/ BkBfBB dh Pfrodheo bJh, fiZE/ T[; B/ S/ ;kb j'o f;Zfynk jkf;b ehsh, nkgDh u/szBsk Bz{ I?~B^p'Xd/ nB[e{b Ykfbnk.”

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` T[go'es eEk fi; gkm ftu dbhb Bz{ gogZe eoB bJh gq;s[s ehsh rJhj?, T[; gkm dk nfGzB nzr pD rJh j?. s[;hA d/y'r/ fe fJ; ;[DkJh rJh eEk d/ fBZe/ fBZe/eJh g?oQ/ jB, fijV/ eEk Bz{ ;w/A ns/ pdbdh ;fEsh d/ w[skpe tzvd/ jB. fbys tkose d/ fJjr[D gkme Bz{ S'NhnK S'NhnK ;N/iK d/ pdbkn Bkba nZr/ j'o nZr/ s'oh oZy e/ fdbu;gh pDkJhoZyd/ jB.

fdbu;gh g?dk eoB dk r[D fJ; tkose ftu eJh o{g ftu gq;s[s j'fJnk j?. fJj tkoseeJh EK ’s/ gkme d/ fJsB/ eohp j' iKdh j? fe gkme gkm dk ;o'sk pD iKdk j?, Gkt tkosepks ;[DkT[D torh fdbu;gh g?dk eo b?Adh j?. fJ; ftubhnK eEktK i' p'X gozgok ftu'A th jBns/ Gkosh iK gzikph b'e ;kfjs ftu'A th, gkme Bz{ pzBQ e/ oZydhnK jB.

eEktK jh BjhA ekft^NZ[eVhnK th fJ; g[;se dh tkose dk tv/ok fjZ;k jB. eEktK tKrfJj th dbhb Bz{ wIp{sh fdzdhnK jB ns/ gkmeK Bz{ rzGho ekft Bkb i'VdhnK jB. I?~B doPBBkba ;zpzfXs ;zsK dhnK eftsktK, b/ye dhnK nkgDhnK eftsktK, gzikph, fjzdh d/ ethnK dhnKeftsktK iK b'e ;kfjs ftub/ ekft N[eV/ fJ; tkose ftu EK^go^EK fwbd/ jB ns/ fBpzXK ftubhsoepX dbhb Bz{ ;kE fdzdhnK jB. nkgD/ fBpzX ‘w?A tZvk sz{ S'Nk’ ftu nkgD/ jh, j/m fby/ ftukod/ ;woEB ftu b/ye eftsk dhnK YZ[ethnK ;soK g/P eodk j?. gfjbK ftuko t/y' L^

“jo fe;/ Bz{ ;[Gkte ns/ nkgD/ nkg ftu w[ezwb fJekJh ikD b?D Bkba n;hA ftseo/s'A w[es j' iKd/ jK. p[ZX g[oPK nB[;ko n;fsst ftu fJe gZsk ns/ gjkV nkg'nkgD/ gZXo ’s/ w[ezwb jB s/ ;koEe jB.”

pb{s dk fpoy

e'Jh o[uh BjhA oydk;kGok d/ c[ZbK ftu

p[ZX d/ o{gftu sokfPnkp?mk j? fJe gZEo

T[go tkose d/ o{g ftu fi; p"fXe doPB dh gq;s[sh b/ye B/ ehsh ;h—fijVh fJj dZ;dh;h fe n;fsst ftu jo/e fJekJh dh nkgDh ;[szso j'Ad j? ns/ e[ZM th w[ekpb/ ftu BjhA, T[;/dkoPfBe ftuko bJh b/ye B/ ekft N[ZeVhnK b? e/ gqrNktk ehsk j?. fJ; tkose dh fJj \{phj? fe fJj eEktK Bz{ eftsktK Bz{ pV/ rfjo/ o{g ftu Bkba b? e/ ubdh j?. nfijk eoB Bkba tkoseftub/ ftP/ dh g[\srh iK ;ZukJh j'o gogZe j[zdh j?.

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` b/ye fes/ fes/ ojZ; dk doPB gq;s[s eodk, s[jkBz{ i/ osk efmB thbr/ sK th T[; dh tkose T[; rZb Bz{ ;fji eo fdzdh j?. eftsk iK eEk Bz{ T[j ;fji ;zd tKrtosdk j? L^

“ihtB fJe fBozso tr ojh Xkok j?. jIkoK ;kbK s'A fJ;/ soQK tr ojh j?. n;hAfJ; ftu ;wk iKd/ jK. ihtB s/ w"s d/ ftuekob/ y/so ftu ftuoB ;w/A w?Bz{ fJjbZr fojk ;h fe fJe o"PBh s/Ih Bkb bzx ojh j?. w/o/ jIkoK bZyK g[ofynK ftu'Abzxdh j'Jh fJj w/o/ sZe gj[zuh j? ns/ j[D nZr/ tZb fes/ ik ojh j?. w/o/ pZu/ okjhAns/ nZr/ T[; d/ pZu/ okjhA. w?A sK ftueko fe;/ wkfXnw tKr yb'sk jK. e[ZM fuobJh. w/o/ nzdo T[; ;w/A wkbk dk gqshe T[Gfonk ;h. w?Bz{ bZfrnk ;h, w?A wkbkd/ jIkoK wDfenK ftu'A fJe wDek jK. fJj ihtB T{oik Bz{ nZr/ tZb s'oB bJhjh w?A fJZE/ w"i{d jK.”

j[D ekft ;soK t/y' L^

fJjh gjkV d/y/ j'Dr/w/o/ pkg B/ fJ;/ soQK;odhnK d/ w";w ftu. (e'pk:kph fJZ;k)

bzwh oksw?A ;'udk jKjiko ;kb pknd tkb/ fJe fdB pko/ (Pheh wk;kUek)

tkose dhnK ;soK tkba/ ftuko fe fet/A ihtB T{oik fBozsosk ftu ubdh nk ojh j?. ;w/A Bkba, ;w/A d/ phs ikD pknd, ftnesh Bkba, fJ; fBozsosk ftu |oe BjhA g?Adk. iK fJT[A ejhJ/ fe phsdk e[ZM BjhA. phs u[ZfenkHHHj[DHHHnkT[D tkbak ;G e[ZM fBozso jB. fJjBK ftukoK Bz{ T[gobhnK ekft^;soK ;fji Bkba gqrNkT[AdhnK jB.

fJ;/ bJh n;hA fejk ;h fe eEktK iK ekft ;soK fJ; g[;se dh tkose dk fjZ;k jB. fJjfJ; tkose dh ftbZyD ftP/Psk j?. ftfdnkoEhT[ ` gqf;ZX ftdtkB fcNI i?okbv jkb B/ fJe uzrhb/yDh d/ r[D j/m fby/ nB[;ko ej/ jB L^

;gZPNsk L nfijh ftXh Bkba ftuko gqrNkJ/ ikD fe gkme Bz{ ftP/ dh g{ohikDekoh j' ikt/.

;ziwsk L fbys ;zy/g j't/, PpdK ftu Gkt^g{os frnkB fdZsk j't/.

;obsk L ;fji ;[Gktesk Bkba ftukoK dk gqrNkn j't/.(T[Xfos, ouBk s/ ;ztkd, ;zgkde L vkH Bo/P e[wko)

T[~go dZ;/ rJ/ ;ko/ r[D, ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ dh tkose ftu jB. fJ; d/ Bkba jh fJj tkose p"fXesk s/ Gkt[esk Bkba b?; j?. PpdK dk gq:'r ;[uZik j?. fB:wpZX sohe/ Bkba ouh rJh fJj tkose wkBt fjs?Ph wea;d Bkba i[Vh j'Jh j?.

2H3 ftPk^t;s{ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[jkv/ ;b/p; ftu brh gkm^g[;se ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ tkose dh g[;se j? ns/

fJ; ftu tZy tZy ftfPnK T[~s/ fby/ fBpzX (iK S'N/ wIw{B) ;kBz{ fwbd/ jB. s[;hA tkose fBpzXK dhnK eJh g[;seK j'o th d/yhnK j'DrhnK. fBpzX ;zfrqj dhnK g[;seK ftub/ fBpzX tZy tZy ftfPnK Bkba ;zpzfXs j[zd/ jB. s[jkvh gkm^g[;se th fBpzX^;zrqfj dh g[;se jh j?. fJ; ftu th tZy tZy ftfPnK tkb/a fBpzX ;kBz{ fwbd/ jB, go don;b fJj ;ko/ fBpzX nzsoht s"o ’s/ nkg; ftu i[V/j'J/ jB. fJj g[;se w[Zy s"o s/ p[ZX Xow d/ dkoPfBe (|b;|/) ftukoK Bz{ iK pZ[X Xow ftu'A fBebhnK j'o PkyktK d/ fuzsB Bz{ fit/A I?~B gozgok Bz{ iK fJjBK gozgoktK Bkba i[V/ ;zsK, nfGnk;hnK d/ ftukoK Bz{ fBpzXK dh Peb ftu gq;s[s eodh j?. fJj ftuko iK fJj doPB e'o/ PpdK ftu jh BjhA fgnk, ;r'A ihtB Bkba i[V e/ ftjkoesk okjhA gq;s[s j'fJnk j?. ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ d/ ftP/^t;s{ pko/ i/ e[ZM e[ PpdK ftu jh efjDk j't/ sK fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe fJj g[;se T[go'es dkoPfBe ftjkoesk Bz{ iK ihtB ftu gJh fJ; ftukoXkok Bz{ gzikph gkmeK ;kjwD/ fBpzXK dh Peb ftu g/P eodh j?.

s[;hA gzikph ftu fJ; s'A gfjbK fJjBK ftfPnK pko/ pj[s xZN jh gfVQnk ;[fDnk j't/rk. s[;hA sK nkdwhnK$n"osK d/ fJj BK th ed/ BjhA ;[D/ j'D/, i' fJ; g[;se ftu jB. gzikph gkmeK dh y[PB;hph j? fe fJ; g[;se dk b/ye gofwzdo ;'Yh, i' fgSb/ 25 ;kbK s'A igkB ftu ofj fojk j?, T[; B/ fJ; soQK d/ doPB pko/ rfjokJh Bkba nfXnB eoe/, fBpzXK dh Peb ftu ;kv/ ;kjwD/gq;s[s ehsk j?.

jo fBpzX fJe tZyo/ ftP/ pko/ ;kBz{ fdbu;g sohe/ Bkba ikDekoh fdzdk j?. ftfdnkoEhT[ ` n;hA fJ;/ yzv d/ gfjb/ d' gkmK ftu fJ; g[;se d/ jo/e fBpzX dk ;ko ns/ nkb'uBkswe nfXnB ehsk j?. fJj ;ko ns/ nkb'uBkswe nfXnB fJ; g[;se ftub/ ftfPnK d/ t;s{ Bz{ th T[ikro eodk j?. ftP/ eJh jB. n;hA T[~go fIeo ehsk j? fe T[j wZ[y s"o s/ p[ZX Xow gozgok dh ftukoXkok ftu'A T[d? j[zd/ gq;s[s j'J/ jB. T[j gquZbs eEktK dh Peb ftu jh jB. T[j gow ;Zu

ns/ B?fsesk Bkba i[V/ j'J/ jB, i' ;w[Zuh wkBtsk dk ;KMk ftPk j?. wkBtsk dh rZb fJZE/ fe;/ftfynkB tKr BjhA ehsh rJh, ;r'A ;fji o{g ftu ebkswe sohe/ Bkba gq;s[s ehsh rJhj?. id'A dkoPfBe rZb th jz[dh j? sK T[j th wkBth w[ZbK Bkba i'V e/ ehsh iKdh j?. T[dkjoBd/ s"o ’s/ gfjb/ jh nfXnkJ/ ftu ihtB dh fBozsosk tZb ;ze/s eodk ‘w[;k|o, dfonk s/gfozd/’ fJj' efjzdk j? fe jo uhI dk ;wK ;hfws j? ns/ ;G e[ZM n;hw ftu ;wkfJnk j'fJnkj? ns/ ;kBz{ w[;k|o, dfonktK s/ gzShnK gk;'A fiT{Dk f;y b?Dk ukjhdk j?. fJt/A jh ‘fpBK EZb/ tkbkM'bk’ ftu wB[Zy Bz{ ‘bkbu’ s'A nrkj ehsk j?. ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ fBpzX, fi; d/ BK ’s/ fJ; g[;sedk BK j?, ftu pZfunK d/ ;[Gkn dh wk;{whns s/ T[s;[esk tZb ;ze/s eofdnK tZfvnK Bz{ T[jBK;kjwD/ uzr/ nkdoP oZyD dh ;bkj fdZsh j?. fJt/A jh ‘skes dk BPk’ ftu ‘jzeko’ dh fBzdk ehshj? fet/A jzekoh pzdk skes dk }bs fJ;s/wkb eodk j? ns/ uzr/ pzd/ e'b nkJh skes b'eK dhgotfoP eodh j?.

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` n;hA d/y oj/ jK fe fJBQK ;ko/ jh fBpzXK dh ;kwZroh iK t;s{, wkBth nkdoPKBz{ gogZe eoB tZb iKdh j?. T[j ‘fwjopkBh, P[eohnk, XzBtkd’ efjD dh nkds dh skoh| eodkj? ns/ fuzss j? e/ gzikphnK ftu fJj nkds xZN j?. b/ye, fit/A fe n;hA T[~go fejk, fJBQK ;ko/nkdoPK Bz{ gqukodk BjhA, gq;s[s eodk j?. T[j p'Xh fGePD ‘o/Bohs;{’ dh ejkDh ;[DkT[Adk j?,fi; Bz{ b'eK B/ oks ofjD bJh EK Bk fdZsh ns/ T[; Bz{ pkjo y[ZbQ/ ’u mzY ftu oks r[IkoBh gJh.go T[; B/ oks uzB dh ukBD ftu u?oh d/ c[ZbK Bz{ fyVd/ d/fynk ns/ wkfDnk. T[j ;'uD brh,i/ fJj b'e w?Bz{ oks bJh EK d/ fdzd/ sK w?A fJj ndG[Zs BIkok fet/A t/ydh. b'eK dh pd;b{ehbJh th T[BQK dk XzBtkd eoB dk sohek T[; fGePD B/ bZG fbnk.

e[ZM fBpzX osk jN e/ jB, fit/A ‘f;;hc; dk d[yKs’ ftu T[j wkBtsk d/ fIzdrh Y'D d/ ;okgBz{ fBozso ezw eod/ ofjD dh f;Zfynk Bkba i'Vdk j?. fJt/A jh T[j fJe fBpzX ftu wB[Zy Bz{ bkbutZ; GZid/ ofjD s'A ;[u/s eodk j? ns/ uhBh ;'u ‘t{ t/Jh’ Gkt e[ZM Bk eoBk, tZb fJPkok eofdnKefjzdk j? fe eowjhDsk Bkba PKsh ns/ ;fjisk nk iKdh j?, fit/A xkj nkgD/ nkg T[~rdk j?.fJjBK fBpzXK ftu nkdoP jB, uzr/ nkuoD dh gq/oBk j?, uzrh ;wkiesk ns/ wkBtsk d/ r[D jBns/ fJjBK ftu'A pj[fsnK dk e/Ado uhBh doPB j?, iK I?~B doPB j?. nfij/ doPB iK |b;|/Bkba i[V e/ fJj fBpzX fiBQK nkdoPK Bz{ gq;s[s eod/ jB, T[j tIBh BjhA ofjzd/ feT[Afe fJj |b;|/fe;/ dkoPfBe d/ BjhA ;r'A fXnkB Bkba i[V/ j'J/ ;zsK |ehoK d/ jB.

T[dkjoB d/y' L^

“fJe tko igkBh |"i dk ePZsoh :'Xk fJe pZ[X g[oP e'b frnk. :'Xk nkgD/nj[d/, Iks s/ skes d/ BP/ ftu ro{o ;h. fit/A fe nZi eZbQ d/ ;oekoh n|;oj[zd/ jB. go id T[j |"ih :'Xk p[ZX g[oP d/ B/V/ nkfJnk sK T[; |eho d/ ;fjinkBzd Bz{ d/y e/ j?okB ofj frnk. |eho dh ;kdk s/ ;ob j;sh dh nkGk d/y e/T[; Bz{ nkgDk nkg fBr{Dk fijk bZfrnk.

T[; B/ nkgDh PzeK |eho Bz{ dZ;h sK |eho jZ; fgnk s/ T[; :'X/ Bz{ ewo/ s'Apkjo b? nkfJnk. pkjo ;[jDh e[dos d{o d{o sZe c?bh j'Jh ;h. T[; B/ :'X/ Bz{fejk, “fJBQK fpoyK tZb d/y (fJj fJe d{i/ Bkba nkgDh s[bBk BjhA eod/. tZv/ s'A

tZv/ fpoy j/mK th S'N/ s'A S'Nk g"dk gq;zB fuZs j' e/ jtk ftu M{b fojk j?. T[;B/ ed/ tZv/ fpoy Bz{ fPekfJs BjhA ehsh fe T[j fBr{Dk ofj frnk j?.”

f;o| wB[Zyh ;z;ko jh s[bBk d/ uZeo ’u g? e/ MrV/ yV/ eoh oZydk j?. feZ;/ Bz{ T[~u/eZd dk wkD j?, fe;/ Bz{ r'o/ ozr dk. fe;/ Bz{ skes dk BPk j?, fe;/ Bz{ nj[d/ dk. s[bBk dh fJjfposh jh wB[Zy Bz{ wB[Zy s'A d{o b? rJh j? s/ ftseo/pkIh dk fJe Bk w[ZeD tkbak f;bf;bkikoh j?.

p[ZX g[oPK Bz{ sK ;ko/ jh wB[Zy fJe' fij/ bZrd/ jB.(gzBk 83^84)

fJt/A fJ; g[;se dh ftP/^t;s{ th ;kdk ns/ ;ob j? ns/ T[; dh g/Pekoh th ;kdk ns/ ;ob. T[go'es ;ko/ ftuko fiBQK dk fIeo n;hA ehsk j? ns/ i' fJ; g[;se dk fjZ;k jB, T[j e'Jh n;b'A gfjbK Bk ;[D/ j'J/ BjhA. ;kXK, ;zsK, |ehoK dhnK eEktK Bkba i[V e/ T[j n;odko j' rJ/ jB.

eZ[M e[ fBpzX osk jNthA fe;w d/ ftuko gq;s[s eod/ jB, fit/A ‘Bt/ebk pKdo s/ uhBh |b;|k’ BK d/ fBpzX ftu b/ye uhBh doPB okjhA fJj rZb dZ;dk j? fe ;kBz{ Bt/ebk j'D dk isB BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. fJ;/ fBpzX dk nkozG T[j fJ; tke s'A eodk j?, “gjkV dh T[~ukJh s/ yVQk o[Zy ngDk t?oh nkg j[zdk j?.” Gkt T[j tZyok, Bt/ebk fdZyD dk isB eodk j?. fJ;/ fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ skUtkd d/ iBw s/ doPB dk fIeo ehsk j? s/ |eho ‘bkUs;{’ pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh j?. bkUs;{, i' uhBh ojZ;wJh P\;hns tkbka doPBt/sk ;h, pko/ ikDekoh fJ; fBpzX Bz{ ikDekoh Gog{o pDkT[Adh j?. T[go'es fBpzXK ftu dZ;/ ;ko/ ftukoK dk nkXko bkUs;{ d/ doPB Bkba i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. fJt/A fJ; g[;se dh ftP/ t;s{ wkBtsktkdh ftukoK Bz{ gq;s[s eodh j?. fdZyD Bz{ fJj nfXnkswe fijh bZrdh j? go BjhA, fJj fe;/ oZp dk fIeo BjhA eodh. s[;hA ikDd/ jh j' fe p[ZX Xow oZp dh j'Ad pko/ u[Zg j?. fJj g[;se, fi; ;kwrqh Bz{ g/P eodh j? T[j th nfijk jh eodh j? go wB[Zyh ihtB Bz{ nfXnkswe sohe/ Bkba y[Pjkb ns/ nBzfds eodh j?.

2H4 P?bh g~yftfdnkoEhT[ ` yzv fJe, fi; ftu n;hA tkose d/ f;XKse gfog/y pko/ uouk eo oj/ ;h,

T[; ftu n;hA tkose P?bh d/ r[D^bZSDK pko/ th fIeo ehsk ;h. T[~E/ n;hA P?bh dh gfoGkPk sZe gj[zufdnK, tkose P?bh pko/ tZy tZy ftdtkBK d/ ftuko th ikD/ ;B ns/ P?bh d/ wjZst Bz{ gSkfDnk ;h. f;XKse uouk ftu th n;hA gzikph d/ tkoseekoK dhnK fbysK ftu'A T[dkjoB b?e/ P?bh dh ftfGzBsk, fJ; d/ gqGkt, fJ; d/ r[D^bZSDK nkfd pko/ ft;sko Bkba ikfDnk ;h. nkgDh gkm^g[;se ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ dh tkose P?bh pko/ ft;sko Bkba ikDBk ;kv/ fJ; T[g^yzv (2H4) dk T[d/P j?. s[;hA f;XKse gfog/y tkb/a yzv d/ T[; T[g^yzv Bz{ th fXnkB ftu oZy' sK fe fJj uouk tX/o/ ;koEe pD ;e/.

‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ g[;se ftub/ fBpzXK dh tkose jo/e fBpzX ftu ftP/ Bz{ fJsBh rzGhosk Bkba gq;s[s eodh j? fe T[; ftu eEB (statements) ;fji/ jh nk fNZed/ jB. eEB dk ;o{g gfoGkPk

iK |kow{b/$;{so tork ;zy/g j[zdk j?. eEB E'VQ/ ij/ PpdK ftu e'Jh nfijh rZb efjzdk j? fijV/;op EktK ns/ ;fwnK bJh ;Zu j't/. eEB fbyD dh P?bh sK jh fte;s j' ;edh j?, i/ ftP/T[~s/ geV pj[s rfjoh j't/. fJ; g[;se ftu fJj EK^EK ’s/ gJ/ jB. eEB iK eEBK tor/ tkewB[Zyh ;ZukJh d/ ;ko Bz{ gqrN eod/ jB. T[dkjoB L^

(i) n;hA ;ko/ fe;/ ;dhtsk ftu ;wkJ/ j'J/ jK. nkfd ;Zu, i[rkfd ;Zu.(gzBk L 8)

(ii) dbhb ;Zu Bz{ gqrN eo/, fJj Io{oh BjhA j[zdk. (gzBk L 9)

(iii) p[ZX^g[oP toswkB ftu fiT{Adk j?. (gzBk L 12)

(iv) pZuk tZfvnK d/ PpdK wro BjhA, ;r'A T[BQK d/ nwbh fttjko wro ubdk j?.(gzBk L 6)

(v) nkdwh dh n;bhns d/yDh j't/ sK T[; d/ jZE ftu skes d/ e/ t/y'.(gzBk L 9)

(vi) w;\ok ihtB dh dzGh s/ rzGho, go g/sbh gos s'A j/mK d/yD dh ;woZEk oZydkj?. (gzBk L 42)

(vii) fJeKs s/ fJeZbk fwbe/ th fJeZbsk g?dk BjhA eo ;ed/. (gzBk L 49)

(viii) p[ZX g[oPK Bz{ sK ;ko/ jh wB[Zy fJe' fij/ bZrd/ jB. (gzBk L 84)

T[go'es ;ko/ T[dkjoB ;fji ;[Gkn jh g[;se y'bQD Bkba fwb rJ/ jB. fJj tkose nkgD/ftfPnK Bz{ pj[s rfjokJh Bkba ikD e/ fbyh rJh tkose j?.

fJ; g[;se ftubh tkose dh P?bh, doPB Bz{ gq;s[s eoe/ fco T[; Bz{ eEk ;[Dk e/ ;kpseodh j?. dkoPfBe ftukoK Bz{ e/tb dbhbK okjhA jh gkme sZe gjz[ukT[D dk isB BjhA eodh.fJe T[dkjoB g/P j? L^

“skUtkdh ;hws BIohJ/ dh wko s'A puD bJh fto'Xh toskfonK B{z fJe' ;Zu d/ d'nzr wzBd/ jB. fi; Bz{ f:B s/ :kB fejk iKdk j?. S'Nk^tZvk, fuZNk^ekbak, uzrk^wkVk,nZr/^fgZS/, T[~go^Bhu/ nkfd ;ko/ fto'Xh tosko/ fJe' ;Zu d/ nzr wzB/ iKd/ jB.”

(oZp d/ vkehJ/, gzBk L 64)

fJ; ftuko s'A pknd eEk P[o{ jz[dh j? L^

“fJe fe;kB dk x'Vk fJe fdB sp/b/ ftu'A }kfJp j' iKdk j?. T[; dk r[nKYh n|;';eoB nkT[Adk j? ns/ efjzdk j?, “s/o/ Bkba pj[s wkVh j'Jh. s/ok x'Vk sK pj[s ehwshB;b dk ;h.” fJj ;[D e/ fe;kB nkgD/ r[nKYh Bz{ itkp fdzdk j?, “eh uzrk s/eh wkVkHHHfJj rZb e"D efj ;edk j? <”

nrb/ fdB d"V frnk x'Vk izrb ’u'A tkg; w[V nkT[Adk j?. Bkba jh T[; wro bZr e/ izrbh x'fVnK dh fJe i'Vh th sp/b/ ’u nkD tVdh j?. r[nKYh fe;kB Bz{ tXkJhnK d/D nkT[Adk j?.

go fe;kB w[V T[jh rZb efjzdk j?, “fJj rZb Go';/ Bkba e"D efj ;edk j? fe uzrk eh j? s/wkVk eh <”

nrb/ fdB fe;kB dh ejh rZb ;Zu j' iKdh j?. fe;kB dk fJeb"sk w[zvk izrbh x'V/ Bz{ ekp{eoB dh e'fPP ’u nkgDh bZs s[Vtk p?mdk j?. r[nKYh fJe tko fco n|;'; eoB nkT[Adk j?.go fe;kB f;o| fJjh rZb d[jokT[Adk j? fe uzr/ wkV/ dk |?;bk e"D eo ;edk j?.

e[dosh nrb/ fdB oki d/ T[~u nfXekoh ;?Bk dh Gosh bJh fgzv gj[zu iKd/ jB. feT[Afe:[ZX fSVB dk wkj"b pDh ik fojk ;h. fe;kB dk w[zvk N[ZNh bZs eoe/ Gosh j'D s'A pu iKdk j?.fJe tko c/o w[pkoeK d/D nkJ/ r[nKYh Bz{ fe;kB uzr/ s/ wkV/ dk |?;bk eoB s'A toidk j? ns/efjzdk j?, “eh uzrk s/ eh wkVkHHHfJj rZb e'Jh BjhA ikDdk.” tkose dh fJj P?bh T[ekT{gB BjhAg?dk j'D fdzdh ns/ n"y/ dkoPfBe ftukoK Bz{ th ebkswe Yzr Bkba ;fji/ ftPtk; eoB bkfJepDk fdzdh j?.

fJj' rZb fJ; tkose ftu fJ;s/wkb j'Jh eftsk pko/ th j?. eEktK tKr ekft Bz{ th fJ;g[;se dh P?bh dk nzr ;wMDk ;jh brdk j?. T[j fJ; bJh feT[Afe fJ; ftu ;zi[rs j'J/ ekft^N[ZeV/ iK ekft^;soK, ub ojh tkose tkbah ftuko Bz{ jh gogZe eod/ jB. uZb ojh ftuko ekft^;soK fpBK nX{oh j? ns/ ekft^;soK T[jBK T[gobh ftuko fpBK nX{ohnK.

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` fJ; g[;se dk b/ye gofwzdo ;'Yh, tkoseeko j'D d/ Bkba Bkba fJe ethth j?. fgSb/ bzw/ no;/ s'A igkB ftu ofjzd/ j'D eoe/ ns/ gVQB fbyD Bkba rfjoh soQK i[V/ j'Deoe/ T[j p[ZX Xow ns/ p[ZX Xow dh I?~B gozgok s'A th \k;k gqGkts bZrdk j?. eftsk ns/ p[ZXwZs d/ ftukoK B/ gofwzdo ;'Yh d/ ftnefsst T[~s/ rfjo/ gqGkt gkJ/ bZrd/ jB. fJ;/ eoe/ fJj;kok e[ZM T[; dh tkose dk ;fji nzr j' rJ/ jB. tkose d/ f;XKse gZy dh uouk eofdnKid'A n;hA P?bh (tkose P?bh) pko/ gfoGkPk ;Ekgs eo oj/ ;K sK n;hA P?bh Bz{ ftnefsst Bkbai[V/ j'D dh rZb ehsh ;h. n;hA fejk ;h fe fij' fijk fe;/ dk ftnefsst j[zdk j?, T[j' fijhP?bh T[; dh tkose ftu'A T[~Go nkT[Adh j?. ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ ftu gofwzdo ;'Yh dh tkose P?bhftu'A gofwzdo ;'Yh dk ftnefsst Mkedk BIo nkT[Adk j?. tkose dh g[;se ftu fJsBh tZvhwksok ftu eftsk. I?~B ;'u pko/ fJsBh pkohe geV. p[ZX wZs pko/ fJsBhnK eEktK. I?~B ;zsKns/ T[jBK dh ;'u pko/ fJsBh ;kwrqh. fJj fe;/ \k; ftnesh dh tkose P?bh ftu jh d/y/ ik;ed/ jB. gofwzdo ;'Yh dh tkose P?bh, fJjBK ekoBK eoe/ jh Bt/ebh j? ns/ fJ;/ eoe/ fJjb/ye fJe P?bheko j'D dk wkD oZydk j?.

tkose ns/ eftsk Bz{ fJefwe j'J/ j'D d/ eJh T[dkjoB fJ; g[;se ftu fwb ;ed/ jB.fJe d' T[dkjoB g/P eod/ jK L

“w/o/ wB dh nrbh B[Zeo ftu feskpK dk tk; j?. feskpK gVQB Bkba n;hAihtB Bz{ tX/o/ d/y, wkD ns/ wfj;{; eo ;ed// jK. feskpK Bkba d';sh ;kv/ ihtBBz{ tX/o/ nwho eodh j?. feskpK tkb/a ewo/ ftu yVQk w?A nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nb"feenBzd ftu v[Zfpnk wfj;{; eodk jK L^

y[bQdh j? feskpikrdk ;{oiMbeD bZrd/ feDe/o"PB j[zd/ fujo/ikD/^nDikD/ (gzBk L 105^106)

T[gob/ ftuko ns/ ekft^;soK fJe d{i/ dk fjZ;k jB. fJj P?bh fJ;/ eoe/ Bt/ebh j?. tkosedhnK g[;seK ftu ekft^;soK eJh EkJhA d/yhnK iKdhnK jB, go T[j tkose^P?bh dk fJ; soQKfjZ;k BjhA pDdhnK, fij' fijk fJZE/ fJ; g[;se ftu d/yD Bz{ fwbdk j?.

fJe j'o T[dkjoB d/y' L^

“j[D wB dh T[; B[Zeo dh rZb eodk jK, fi; ftu ojZ;tkdh s/ fJBebkph ftPokweod/ jB. d/yD ;[DB Bz{ fJj d't/A fto'Xh tosko/ bZrd/ jB. go w/o/ wB dh fJ;B[Zeo ftu fJj d't/A ;fji rb/ fwb b?Ad/ jB.

fe;kB dk pZukdkD/ SZNdk o[Ze frnks/ d/yD bZrk uzB tZb `

ijkI ;[ZND tkbhpzd{e dh Bkbh T[go'Apjko dk whAj Gk| pD T[~v fojk `

so/b dh d[Bhnks/ so/b d/ fJe s[ge/ nzdo thseoko uZbdk j?.

(gzB/ L 107^108)

fejk iKdk j? fe tkose nkgDh gq;s[sh soe Bkba eodh j?. fJ; g[;se ftubh tkose ftu th soe j?, go fJZE/ soe dh gqfeosh tZyoh j?. ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[;hA d/yd/ j' fe tkoseeko nkgD/ soe ftu th ebgBk Bz{ ;EkB d/ fdzdk j?. fJj fJ; eoe/ j'fJnk j? feT[Afe ebgBk tkoseeko d/ ftnefsst dk nzr j?. fJj ebgBk, fJj eftsk fJ; tkose P?bh dh gSkD j?.

fJ; tkose ftu Pkfwb eEktK s/ eftsktK B/ fJe nfijh tkose P?bh Bz{ T[Gkfonk j?, fijVh Ppd ns/ ftuko Bz{ pj[ noEh pDk e/ g/P eodh j?. nkw s"o ’s/ tkose dk fBpzX o{g, ftP/d/ ft;sko Bz{ gqrNkT[Adk j?. Gkt tkoseeko iK fBpzXeko, i' th ftPk u[Ddk j?, T[; ftP/ Bkba ;zpzfXs ;koh ikDekoh gkmeK ;kjwD/ oZydk j?. eJh tkoh T[; ftP/ d/ dkoPfBe gZZyK Bz{ th T[ikro eodk j?. ftfrnkBe ftfPnK Bkba ;zpzfXs fBpzX ;w[ZuhnK y'iK Bz{ gkmeK Bkba ;KMk eod/ jB. go fJ; gkm g[;se (oZp d/ vkehJ/) d/ fBpzXK dh P?bh jh nfijh j? fe ftP/ dh rfjokJh T[~Go

e/ ;kwQD/ nkJh j?. eJh t/o ftP/ dh nfXnkswesk$ojZ;wJhsk th gkmeK Bz{ gqkgs j[zdh j?. I?~B;zsK dhnK eEktK iK p"X rzqE d/ ekft^pzd nfijk ;fji ;zuko eod/ jB.

T[dkjoB d/D/ fJ; tkose P?bh dh gqw[Zy \{ph j?. tkoseeko id'A th e'Jh BthA ;'u gq;s[seodk j? sK Bkba jh T[dkjoB th gq;s[s eodk j?. fJj T[dkjoB nkw fIzdrh ftu'A jz[d/ jB ns/g/P ehsh ;'u Bz{ ;fji jh gkme dh ;wM dk fjZ;k pDk fdzd/ jB. eJh t/o fJj T[dkjoB fsZykgqshT[~so pD e/ gkme Bz{ osk jZ;k th fdzd/ jB. gzBk 88 T[~s/ Ujb/ (god/) pko/ rZb eodkb/ye fbydk j? L^

“d{ik Ujbk ;fGnkuko dk j?. fJj Ujbk n;hA nkgD/ gkPth nshs s'A d{ohekfJw eoB bJh g?dk eod/ jK. fit/A eZgV/ gkT[D, xoK ftu god/ NzrD, T[~mD^p?mD, ykD^ghD, p'bD^ukbD ns/ eko^ftjko eoB ftu fJe \k; nzdkI XkoB eoBk;kv/ ns/ gkPth ;z;ko ftu Ujbk f;oiD eoe/ j?. Gkt ;kvh ;w[Zuh ;z;feqsh jhUjb/ dk ;wo{g j?.

fJe T[sPkfjs pkg B/ nkgD/ i[nkB j' oj/ g[Zso Bz{ fejk, “ekek ` T[j tesnk frnk j? fe j[D nkgK ;?~e; pko/ th rZb eo ;ed/ jK.”

g[Zso B/ fejk, “jK pkg{ ` sz{ ;?~e; pko/ i' e[ZM ikDBk ;wMDk j't/, T[j w/o/s'A g[ZS bJhA.”

nfijh P?bh fi; ftu osk jk;k wIke th j't/, fJ; g[;se dk tv/ok fjZ;k sK BjhA, go sKth eJh EkJhA nfij/ w"e/ d/yD Bz{ fwba/ jB. fJe d' EK s/ eftsk dhnK N{eK iK b'e ;kfjs d/T[b/y rzGho pfj; ftu th jk;k g?dk eo fdzd/ jB.

;"y/ PpdK Bkb, S'N/ g?foQnK ftu, Y[Zet/A w[jkto/ ftu, rZb s'oBh fJ; tkose dh P?bh dh gSkDj?. nfijk BjhA fe fJ; g[;se d/ ftP/ jbe/^c[be/ jh jBl ;r'A eJh EkJhA sK uouk rzGhodkoPfBesk Bkba ik i[Vdh j? go sK th b/ye dh gq;s[sh ;"yh, ;ob ns/ T[dkjoB, eEktK Gog{ojh ofjzdh j?.

b/ye gk; fJ; rZb dh ;'Mh j? fe T[; dk gkme fejVh GkPk Bz{ ;wM ;edk j?. p'Mb PpdktbhT[; dh tkose dk fjZ;k BjhA. fJt/A jh ftukoK Bz{ th T[j p'Mb sohe/ Bkba g/P BjhA eodk. fJ;Bt/ebh P?bh eoe/ jh gofwzdo ;'Yh dh fJj g[;se Bt/ebk ;EkB oZydh j?.

2H5 ;zy/g T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB

1H ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ g[;se d/ fe;/ fJe fBpzX dk nkb'uBkswe nfXnB, nkgD/ PpdK ftu gq;s[s eo'.

2H ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ g[;se dhnK tkose ftP/PsktK pko/ B'N fby'.

3H nkgDh gkm g[;se ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ d/ ftPk^t;s{ Bz{ ft;sko Bkb ;wMkT[.

4H s[jkvh gkm g[;se ‘oZp d/ vkehJ/’ fJe tkose dh g[;se j?. fJ; eh tkose P?bh pko/ uouk eo'.

;jkfJe g[;seK dh ;{uh

1H P?bh ftfrnkB fJfsjk; f;XKs s/ ftuko L vkH okfizdo f;zx ;/y'Al dhge gpfbPoI ibzXo, 2010

2H ouBk s/ ;ztkd L ;zgkde vkH Bo/P e[wkol u/sBk gqekPB b[fXnkDk, 2017

3H oZp d/ vkehJ/ L gofwzdo ;'Yhl u/sBk gqekPB, 2017

4H gzikph ftnkeoB s/ ouBktbh L Bfozdo f;zx d[Zrbl joihs gqekPB, ibzXo

5H gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk; L gq'H ;[fozdo f;zx Bo{bk, fBT{ p[e ezgBh

6H g[oksB gzikph tkose dk fJfsjk; L eoBihs f;zx, gzikph nekdwh fdZbh

7H gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;, Gkr^d{ikl ;zgkde ;[fozdo f;zx e'jbhlgzikp :{Bhtof;Nh, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', uzvhrVQ

8H ;kfjs ftfrnB L vkH jfoGiB f;zxl Btu/sB gpfbPoI, nzfwqs;o

9H tkose foPwK (frnkoQthA iwks bJh)l ;hHphHn?;HJhH, fdZbh

—0—

gkm Bzpo L 6

3H ftjkoe gzikph! vkH Bfozdo f;zx

3H1 ftnkeoBe Pq/DhnK L BKt, gVBKt ns/ fefonk

nkozfGek

fgnko/ ftfdnkohT[ ` s[jkv/ ;b/p; ftu fJe Gkr ftjkoe gzikph d/ BK Bkb Pkfwb j?. ‘ftjko’dk Gkt j? o'I dh fIzdrh ftu fJ;s/wkb j'D tkbah, tosh ikD tkbah, fi; Bz{ nzro/Ih ftu n;hAPractice th efj ;ed/ jK. fJj e/tb f;XKs Bkba ;zpzfXs BjhA jz[dh, ftjko Bkba tos/ ikD Bkba;zpzfXs jz[dh j?. fJj j? sK ftnkeoB Bkb ;zpzfXs, go fJj e/tb ftnkeoB dk f;XKsh gZy jhgVQB Bkb ;zpzfXs BjhA, T[; s'A nr/ T[; d/ o'IwoQk d/ fJ;s/wkb Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. fJt/A fJj Gkr,GkPk ftubh ftnkeoB Bz{ GkPk d/ ftjkoe o{g ftu Bkba i'V e/ t/yD T[~s/ I'o fdzdk j?. GkPk n;bftu ftT[jko Bkba, fJ;s/wkb Bkba jh i[Vh jz[dh j?. ftnkeoB T[; ftu r[ZM/ o{g ftu gJh j[zdhj?. n;hA nkgD/ pZfunK Bz{ id'A gzikph p'bDh f;ykT[Ad/ jK sK T[jBK Bz{ ftnkeoB BjhA f;ykT[Ad/.ftnkeoB sK p'bh d/ tkeK ftu j[zdh jh j? ns/ nkw s"o s/ pZu/, ftnkeoB dh }bsh p'bukb ftueod/ th BjhA.

;tkb T[~mdk j? fco ftnkeoB f;ZyD dh eh b'V j? < ftfdnkoEhT[, GkPk e/tb p'bukb sZejh ;hws BjhA j[zdh. GkPk, nrb/o/ gZXo s/ eko^ftjko bJh th tosh iKdh j?. ftfdnk d/ eJhnB[Pk;BK fit/A fJfsjk;, G{r'b, ftfrnkB, ebk, ;wki Pk;so iK nfij/ eJh j'o nB[Pk;BK Bz{nfXnB eoB iK T[jBK dk nfXnkgB eoB bJh th GkPk dh tos'A jz[dh j?. j[D GkPk dk w"fyeo{g jh ezw BjhA ubk ;edk. j[D ;kBz{ GkPk d/ fbysh o{g dh b'V g?Adh j?. Gkt, GkPk dk fwnkosfj eoBk g?Adk j?. p'bukb sZe sK eJh ewhnK th ub iKdhnK ;B. fit/A e'Jh T[ukodk fojk,;wM fbnk iKdk fojk. fJe fJbke/ s'A d{i/ fJbke/ sZe gj[zufdnK T[ukoB, tke pDso, ;G pdbiKdk j?. fJj pdb/ o{g wBI{o eo bJ/ iKd/ oj/. fJjB{z jh n;hA GkPk dk w"fye o{g efjzd/ jK,go GkPk d/ nrb/o/ gVkn T[~s/ fiZE/ frnkB^ftfrnkB B/ GkPk okjhA gqrN j'Dk j?, T[~E/ ezw ubkT{tshok ezw BjhA eodk. T[~E/ ;gZPN fB:wK tkbh GkPk jz[dh j?. fB:w i' GkPk ftu fBfjs j' e/ezw eod/ j'D, fJe ftnesh s'A d{i/ ftnesh sZe fJt/A ;zuko eoB fe ;w/A s/ ;EkB d/ pdbDBkb Bk pdbD tkb/ j'D. nfij/ GkPk B/ B/w jh ftnkeoB jB ns/ fJjBK d/ ftjkoe fJ;s/wkbdh ;jh geV jh GkPk dh ftjkoe gSkD j?. n;hA ftnkeoB Bz{ ;kd/ fij/ nzdkI ftu ;wM fbnkj?. fJ; Bz{ gfoGkPk ftu ;wMD d/ isB th j'J/ jB, fit/A fJB;kJheb'ghvhnk fpqN/fBek ftuftnkeoB Bz{ fJzM gfoGkPs ehsk frnk j? L^

“ftnkeoB f;Zfynk dh T[j Pkyk j?, fijVh fe;/ GkPk d/ fB;fus iK ;{\w bZSDdh g[D^SkD eodh j?. T[j T[jBK bZSDK dk th toDB eodh j?, fijV/ T[jBK d/;zrmB, ;zi'r, w/b s/ noE Gkt Bz{ fB:zsqD eod/ jB.”

;z;feqs dk w'Yh ftnkeoBeko gkfDBh foPh wzfBnk frnk j?. ;z;feqs ftu ftnkeoB dk noEftPb/PD eoBk j?, GkPk dk ftPb/PD eoBk. GkPk dk ftPb/PD eoB tkbk frnkB gqpzX jhftnkeoB j?. jo/e GkPk dh nkgDh ftnkeoB jz[dh j?. jo GkPk dh ftnkeoB, fJe^d{i/ s'A tZyohsK jz[dh j? go T[j tZXhnk iK xZNhnk, n"yh iK ;"yh BjhA jz[dh. gzikph dh ftnkeoB ftu—gzikphGkPk ns/ T[; ;zpzXh fB:w doI jB.

;kv/ ;b/p; ftu gzikph ftnkeoB d/ i' gZy gVQB bJh ej/ rJ/ jB, T[jBK ftu'A gfjbk j?L^

BKtfit/A fe ‘BKt’ Ppd Bz{ d/yd/ jh iK T[ukod/ jh fJe f\nkb wB ftu nkT[Adk j? fe fJj BK iK

Bkw tork eZ[M bZrdk j?. fpbe[b mhe BKt don;b ‘BK’ jh j?. g{oh ekfJBks, g{ok pqfjwzv, t;s{nK, ftneshnK iK ;EkBK Bkb pfDnk j'fJnk j?. fJjBK t;s{nK, ftneshnK iK EktK d/ BK Bz{ jh ‘BKt’ efjzd/ jB. i/ gfoGkPk tKr fbyDk j't/ sK efj ;ed/ jK fe ihtK, EktK s/ t;s{nK d/BK Bz{ BKt efjzd/ jB. go fJj gfoGkPk ni/ th w[ezwb BjhA wzBh ik ;edh. id'A n;hA BKt dk ftPb/PD eofdnK nZr/ tXKr/ sK d/yKr/ fe e[ZM j'o th j?, i' BKt dh P/qDh ftu nkT[Adk j?, go fJZE/ ;kvh gfoGkPk dk fjZ;k BjhA pfDnk. n;hA nr/ uZb e/ id'A BKt dhnK Pq/DhnK Bz{ gfjukBD dk isB eoKr/ sK fJ; pko/ j'o gZy th T[~Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Dr/. gzikph GkPk dk fJe tke t/y' L^

‘oki{ ftu ni/ pugBk j?’. s[;hA d/yd/ jh efj fdUr/ fe ‘oki{’ BKt j?, go ftfdnkoEhT[ Ppd ‘pugBk’ th BKt j?. fJ;/ bJh n;hA T[go ;ze/s fdZs/ ;h fe ;kvh T[gobh gfoGkPk ftu eZ[M S[ZN frnk bZrdk j?. BKt dk ftPb/PD eoB t/b/ n;hA fJ; d/ ;ko/ gk;koK Bz{ ;wMD dk isB eoKr/, feT[Afe n;hA ftnkeoB Bz{ ;wMd/ t/b/ fJj fejk ;h fe ftnkeoB GkPk ftu gJ/ B/wK dk ftPb/PD eodh j?. ;kBz{ fJj sK bZrD bZr frnk j? fe ‘BKt’ dk x/ok pVk ftPkb j? ns/ GkPk dh ;zouBk ftu fJ; dk pVk tZvk wjZst j?. don;b BK Bkb jh n;hA gfjukD pDkT[Ad/ jK, n;hA tZyosk gfjukBd/ jK. Ppd ‘w{bh’ iK Ppd ‘e/bk’ BKt jh jB ns/ fJe t;s{ Bz{ d{ih t;s{ s'A tZy gfjukBD dh ;woZEk gqdkB eod/ jB. t;s{nK jh BjhA ikBtoK, ftneshnK, PfjoK, fgzvK, skfonK, rqfjnK, T[g^rqfjnK d/ BktK Bkba jh nr/ uZb e/ eJh ftfrnkBe PkyktK ezw eodhnK jB. gzikph ftnkeoB B/ BKt Bz{ gzi gqeko dk wzfBnk j? L^

1H nkw BKt L fit/A fe n;hA BKt dh gfoGkPk eofdnK fejk ;h fe BKt t;s{nK, ftneshnK s/ EktK d/ BK Bz{ efjzd/ jB. j[D ftjkoe o{g ftu t/yhJ/ sK jo/e t;s{ fit/A jhok, ;'Bk, n\pko, gzShl jo/e ftnesh fit/A joB/e, T{Pk, w[zvk, nkdwh iK jo/e EK fit/A Gkos, nwohek, fdZbh, byBT{ nkfd BK jh jB go eh fJjBK ftu e'Jh tzv ;wM nkT[Adh j? < ftPb/PD eoe/ t/yhJ/ sK fJjBK ftu'A e[ZM BktK bJh fJe ;KMk Ppd iK BK j' ;edk j?, fit/A joB/e ns/ f;woB w[zv/ jB. fJj joB/e ns/ f;woB bJh ;KMk BKt ‘w[zvk’ j?. ‘w[zvk’ nkw BKt j' frnk. fdZbh ns/ byBT{ Pfjo

jB. fJjBK bJh ;KMk BKt ‘Pfjo’ j?. ;'Bk, uKdh iK sKpk bJh ;KMk BKt ‘Xks{’ j?. fJt/Aw[zv/, Pfjo, Xks{, gjkV, d/P nkfd nkw BKt jB. T[j BKt fijV/ fe;/ fJe gqeko dh ;koh iksbJh nkw s"o ’s/ tos/ ikD, nkw BKt ej/ iKd/ jB fit/A, e[Vh, nkdwh, gjkV, d/P, Pfjo nkfdnkw BKt jB. fit/A L

‘PfjoK d/ ;e{bK ftu w[zv/ e[VhnK fJeZm/ gVQd/ jB.’

fJ; tke ftu PfjoK, ;e{bK, wz[v/, e[VhnK Ppd nkw BKt Bz{ gqrN eod/ jB. nkw BKt s'A tZyoskpDkT[D tkbh BKt dh fJe d{ih Pq/Dh j?, fi; Bz{ ‘\k; BKt’ efjzd/ jB. fJ; dh gSkD eohJ/HHH

2H \k; BKt L T[j BKt fijV/ fe;/ \k; ftnesh, \k; Pfjo, \k; Bdh, \k; d/P, \k; Xks{nkfd dk BK j't/ T[; Bz{ ‘\k; BKt’ efjzd/ jB, fit/A jogkb f;zx, Gkos, uzvhrVQ, fjwkbk, rzrknkfd. fJj ;ko/ fijBK iksK Bkb i[V/ jB T[jBK Bz{ ‘nkw BKt’ fit/A w[zvk, d/P, Pfjo, gjkV, Bdhnkfd. n;hA d[jokT[ eoe/ ns/ Bkba Bkba oZy e/ nkw BKt ns/ \k; BKt ftub/ nzso Bz{ j'o ;gZPNeoB dk isB eo oj/ jK. ftnkeoB d/ wkfjoK B/ BKt dh shih Pq/Dh pDkJh j?, T[; dk Bkw j? L

3H t;s{ tkue BKt L t;s{ tkue BKt T[jBK t;s{nK bJh wzfBnk iKdk j?, fijBK Bz{ s'fbnk iKfwfDnk ik ;e/ fit/A eDe, d[ZX, eZgVk, g?No'b, rkio, ;'Bk, o/s nkfd. tkeK ftu t/yhJ/ sK fit/A L

1) fJe o/VQh o/s dh wzrtk bt'.

2) g?No'b pj[s wfjzrk j' frnk j?.

3) eVkj goPkd ftu d/;h fxT[ g?Adk j?.

4) fJ; ;{N bJh fesBk eZgVk br/rk <

T[go'es tkeK ftu o/s, g?No'b, fxT[, eZgVk nkfd t;s{ tkue BKt d/ T[dkjoB jB.

4H fJe~m tkue BKt L fJeZm tkue BKt T[; Bz{ efjzd/ jB fijVk BK ;w{j bJh, fJeZm bJhtofsnk ikt/, fit/A |"i, iwks, Y/oh, fJZiV, ezgBh, Nhw, ;[;kfJNh nkfd. tkeK ftu t/yhJ/ sKL^

1) Gkosh |"i ftu ;{ophosk e[ZN e[ZN e/ Goh j'Jh j?.

2) G/vK dk fJZiV gjkV s'A EZb/ nk fojk ;h.

3) ;kvh iwks ftu shj ftfdnkoEh jB.

4) oDihs ;kvh jkT{f;zr ;[;kfJNh dk gqXkB j?.

5) wzvh ftu nkb{nK dh Y/oh bZrh j'Jh ;h.

T[go'es tkeK ftu fJZiV, |"i, iwks, ;[;kfJNh, wzvh, Y/oh nkfd BK fJeZm tkue BktK d/T[dkjoB jB.

5H Gkt tkue BKt L fi; ntZ;Ek iK ;fEsh Bz{ wfj;{; sK ehsk ik ;e/, go t/fynk iK S'fjnk Bk ik ;e/, T[; d/ BK Bz{ Gkt tkue BKt Bkba ikfDnk iKdk j?, fit/A pugB, }ohph, ;Zu, ;z[dosk, e'qX, bkbu, }wh, e[VZsD, ;odh, fwmk; nkfd. tkeK ftu t/yhJ/ sK L

1) pugB tkbah wk;{whns itkBh ftu BjhA bZGdh.

2) }ohph ekoB pzd/ Bz{ ;ZukJh dk gZbk BjhA SZvDk ukjhdk.

3) T[j ;odh Bkba ezp fojk ;h.

4) eq'X ftu fe;/ dh th ;z[dosk fcZeh g? iKdh j?.

5) dtkJh dh e[VZsD ekoB T[j fwmkJh ykD bZrk.

T[go'es tkeK ftu pugB, wk;{whns, itkBh, }ohph, ;ZukJh, ;odh, eq'X, ;z[dosk iK e[VZsDnkfd BKt ‘Gkt tkue BktK’ d/ T[dkjoB jB.

ftdtkBK B/ T[go'es gzi fe;wK ftu tzv e/ BKt Bz{ ;wMD dk isB ehsk j?. fJjBK gzi fe;wKs'A fJbktk BktK dh spdhbh j'o soQK Bkba th j[zdh j?. BKt dk fbzr, tuB iK ekoeh o{g eoe/spdhbh j' ikDk. i/ fbzr dh rZb eohJ/ sK jo BKt dk fJe fbzr j[zdk j? L g[fbzr iK fJ;sohfbzr. gzikph ftu ftnesh, t;s{, ;EkB ;G Bz{ fbzr tzv ftu tzfvnk frnk j?. fit/A, bVek, ;'Nk,e[Zsk, gjkV, nzfwqs;o. i/eo g[fbzr jB sK, bVeh, ;'Nh, e[Zsh, gjkVh, fdZbh Bz{ fJ;soh fbzr eoe/gqrN ehsk iKdk j?. fJsBk jh BjhA GktK ftu nZSk, p[okJh, nZSh, p[oh torh fbzr tzv ftu nkT[Dtkba/ BKt jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk th jo/e BKt Bz{ Gkt/A T[j eko, ;e{No, g?B, g?Af;b, e[o;h, w/Inkfd j't/, T[; Bz{ fJe fbzr Bkb i'V e/ ;zp'fXs ehsk iKdk j?. fit/A, ;kvk w/I, ;kvh e[o;h, gkbakbrdk j?, ;odh brdh j?. fJt/A n;hA d/y oj/ jK fe BKt fbzr d/ pdbD Bkba th ;o{g pdb b?Ad/jB, feT[Afe jo BKt g[fbzr iK fJ;soh fbzr j[zdk j?. ftnkeoB B/ BktK d/ fbzr pdbD d/ fB:wgSkD/ jB L

fbzr pdbD d/ fB:w

1H (T) w[es/ s'A fpjkoh ftu pdbDk, fit/A L^

g[fbzr fJ;soh fbzr

BN BNh

fjoB fjoBh

g[Zso g[Zsoh

ep{so ep{soh nkfd

(n) w[es/ Bkba ‘Dh’ i'VBk L^

T{m T{mDh

;zs ;zsDh

Bkr BkrDh

;Zg ;ZgDh nkfd

(J) w[es/ Bkba ‘Bh’ i'VBk L^

g[fbzr fJ;soh fbzr

w'o w'oBh

|eho |ehoBh

;odko ;odkoBh

;{p/dko ;{p/dkoBh

iwkdko iwkdkoBh nkfd

(;) w[es/ dh EK ‘ezBk’ bk e/ ‘Dh’ i'VBk L^

gzvs gzvskDh

;/m ;/mkDh

B"eo B"eokDh

i/m i/mkDh nkfd

2H (T) g[fbzr d/ n\ho ftu bZr/ ezB/ Bz{ fpjkoh ftu pdbDk L^

g[fbzr fJ;soh fbzr g[fbzr fJ;soh fbzr

BkBk BkBh dkdk dkdh

w'Nk w'Nh M'Nk M'Nh

pZuk pZuh x'Vk x'Vk nkfd

(n) g[fbzr d/ n\ho ftu ezB/ dh EK ‘B’ i'VBk L^

;g/ok ;g/oB

wS/ok wS/oB

(J) eZ[M BktK Bkba ezBk brk d/D Bkba jh fJ;soh fbzr pD iKdk j? L^

nfXnkge nfXnkgek

b/ye b/yek

;/te ;/tek

(;) g[fbzr d/ n\ho ftu fpjkoh nkT[D s/ T[; fpjkoh Bz{ w[es/ iK f;jkoh ftu pdbe/ ‘D’ brk d/Dk L^

BkJh BkfJD

s/bh s/bD

gzikph gzikpD

pzrkbh pzrkbD

3H e[M BKt Bo ns/ wkdk d't/A bJh tos/ iKd/ jB, fit/A L^

prbk, pkI, r?Avk, wrowZS nkfd.

4H eZ[M BKt nfij/ jB fiBQK Bz{ g[fbzr s/ fJ;soh fbzr eoB bJh g{ok Ppd iK fJe fjZ;kpdbDk g?Adk j?, fit/A L^

w[zvk e[Vh

itkJh Xh

Gok GoikJh

g[Zso Bz{j

g[oP fJ;soh

5H fit/A e[ZM BKt e/tb g[fbzr jh j[zd/ jB T[t/A jh eZ[M BKt e/tb fJ;soh fbzr jh j[zd/ jB, fit/A L^

Xosh, nZy, nZr, SK, eftsk, iwks, ezX nkfd.

T[go'es fB:wK s'A fJbktk th eJh fB:w BKt d/ fbzr gfotosB bJh ftuko/ ik ;ed/ jB.

fbzr tKr jh tuB pdbD Bkb th BKt ftu spdhbh j[zdh j?. tuB T[j Ppd jB fijBK okjhAfJe iK fJe s'A tXhe EktK, t;sK iK ihtK dk gsk bZr/ fit/A nkdwh, fuVh, XhnK, e[Vh nkfd.

tuB d' gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB L fJetuB s/ pj[tuB.

fJetuB L T[j Ppd jB, fijV/ fJe t;s[{, ;EkB iK iht d/ j'D dk frnkB d/D, fit/A Xh,g[;se, ;/p, e/bk nkfd ns/

pj[tuB L T[j tuB fijV/ fJe s'A tZX t;sK, EktK iK ihtK dk gsk dZ;D fit/A oki/, feskpK,ewo/, fuVhnK nkfd.

t?;/ sK fJetuB iK pj[tuB dk ;jh fBy/Vk T[jBK dk tke ftu tos/ ikD Bkb j[zdk j?, gosK th BktK Bz{ fJetuB s'A pj[tuB ftu pdbD d/ eZ[M fB:w gSkD/ rJ/ jB L

1H (T) fijBK fJetuBK d/ n\ho ftu w[esk j't/, T[jBK Bz{ ezBk ns/ fpzdh ( K ) ftupdbDkL

fJetuB pj[tuB fJetuB pj[tuB

;e{b ;e{bK feskp feskpK

g?B g?BK tke tkeK

Pfjo PfjoK rkio rkioK

sbkp sbkpK P/o P/oK

jZE jZEK g?o g?oK nkfd

2H (T) fijBK fJetuB PpdK d/ n\ho ftu ezBk nkt/, T[; Bz{ bK ftu pdbDk L^

fJetuB pj[tuB fJetuB pj[tuB

wkwk wkw/ ;'|k ;'|/

w[zvk w[zv/ skbak skba/

x'Vk x'V/ ikbak ikba/

s'sk s's' bVek bVe/

(n) e[ZM ‘ezBk’ nzs tkb/a fJetuB PpdK Bz{ ‘tK’ tXk e/ pj[tuB ftu pdbDk L^

rK rktK ;Gk ;GktK

wK wktK EK EktK

SK SktK eEk eEktK

jtk jtktK Gok GoktK nkfd

3H fpjkoh nzs tkb/a fJetuBK Bz{ ‘nK’ tXk e/ pj[tuB pDkT[Dk L^

pkoh pkohnK jZNh jZNhnK

Xh XhnK ejkDh ejkDhnK

xVh xVhnK X'ph X'phnK

e[Vh e[VhnK u"Vh u"VhnK nkfd

4H fijBK fJetuBK d/ n\ho fpjkoh, n"AeV, d[b?AeV/, j'Vk nkfd wksoktK nkT[DT[jBK Bz{ pj[tuB pDkT[D bJh ‘nK’ i'VBk L^

t;s{ t;s{nK rGo{ rGo{nK

P? P?nK i"A i"AnK

b' b'nK ;j[z ;jz[nK

b{ b{nK oz{ oz{nK

5H fit/A n;hA T[~go fIeo ehsk ;h, e[ZM BktK d/ tuB dk By/Vk tke ftu tosD Bkba j[zdkj?. T[j fet/A tos/ rJ/ jB—fJ; s'A jh T[jBK d/ fJetuB iK pj[tuB j'D dk gsk bZr/rk. e[ZMT[dkjoB d/y' L^

w[zv/ B/ ezw ehsk w[zv/ ezw eod/ jB

P/o d"fVnk P/o d"V/

oki/ B/ j[ew fdZsk oki/ j[ew fdzd/ jB

w/ok g?~B bkb j? s[jkv/ e'b fesB/ g?~B jB

T[~go tkeK ftub/ o/yKfes BktK dk ;o{g fJetuB ns/ pj[tuB d'jK ftu fJe' fijk j?.

fJt/A n;hA BktK Bz{ tZyo/ Yzr Bkba gSkfDnk j?. BKt dh gfoGkPk ns/ goeko th ikD/ jBns/ fbzr s/ tuB d/ pdb ikD Bkba T[jBK (BktK) d/ Bt/A ;o{g (Ppd i'V) Bz{ th ikfDnk j?. n;hAT[jBK fB:wK Bz{ th gSkDB dk isB ehsk j?, fijBK okjhA BKt d/ fbzr dk gfotosB j[zdk j? iKtuB dk gfotosB jz[dk j?. ‘ftjkoe gzikph’ d/ fJ; Gkr ftu ‘BKt’ Bz{ o'I d/ ftT[jko ftu gSkDBs'A pknd n;hA ftjkoe gzikph d/ jh nrb/ gkm ‘gVBKt’ pko/ ft;sko Bkb uouk eoKr/.

fgnko/ ftfdnkohT[ ` Ppd ‘gVBKt’ ftu ‘BKt’ Ppd th Pkwb j?. bZrdk j?, gVBKt dk ;zpzXBKt Bkba j?. gzikph tKr nzrq/Ih ftu th ‘Noun’ (BKt) ns/ ‘Pronoun’ (gVBKt) ;zpzfXs fij/ bZrd/jB. fJj don;b jB th ;zpzfXs. gVBKt Bz{ gfoGkPs eoB dh e'fPP eohJ/ sK ejKr/ gVBKtT[j Ppd jB i' BKt dh EK s/ tos/ ikD. fJ; rZb dh ;gZPNsk bJh fJe d' T[dkjoB b? b?Ad/jK. d' uko ;soK dk fJe g?oQk fbyd/ jK L

feogkb jkeh dk uzrk fyvkoh j?. feogkb B/ jkeh S/thA iwks s'A jh f;ZyDh P[o{ ehsh. feogkbdh S/thA iwks ftu ;[o/P th feogkb dk fwZso pD frnk. feogkb s/ ;[o/P oZb e/ g?qefN;eod/ ;B.

fJ; S'N/ fij/ g?oQ/ Bz{ n;hA fJt/A th fby ;ed/ jK L

feogkb jkeh dk uzrk fyvkoh j?. T[; B/ jkeh S/thA iwks s'A jh f;ZyDh P[o{ ehsh. T[; dhfJ;/ iwks ftu ;[o/P th T[; dk fwZso pD frnk. T[j d't/A oZb e/ gq?efN; eod/.

n;hA d{i/ g?oQ/ ftu gfjb/ tke Bz{ SZv e/ pkeh tkeK ftu feogkb dh EK ‘T[;’ iK ‘T[; dk’Ppd tos bJ/ jB. fJt/A jh feogkb s/ ;[o/P d'jK bJh ;KMk Ppd ‘T[j’ tos fbnk j?. n;hAgVBKt dh gfoGkPk ftu fJj' fejk ;h fe i' Ppd BKt dh EK s/ tos/ ikD T[j gVBKt ejkT[Ad/jB. fJt/A T[;, T[; dk, T[j nkfd Ppd gVBKt jB. fJe j'o T[dkjoD d/yd/ jK L

pbpho, pbpho d/ fgzv tkb/a xo frnk. pbpho B/ pbpho d/ y{j ftu'A gkDh eZfYnk. pbphoB/ mzY/ gkDh Bkba fJPBkB ehsk. pbpho B/ nkgD/ fwZso wBihs Bz{ xo p[bk fbnk. pbpho s/wBihs skP y/vD bZr/.

fJ; g?oQ/ Bz{ n;hA fJe d{i/ sohe/ Bkb fbyd/ jK, fijVk ftnkeoBe s"o ’s/ ;jh th j't/rkns/ gVQB ftu otkBh tkbak th br/rk.

pbpho nkgD/ fgzv tkb/a xo frnk. T[; B/ nkgD/ y{j ftu'A gkDh eZfYnk. T[; B/ mzY/ gkDhBkba fJPBkB ehsk fco T[; B/ nkgD/ fwZso wBihs Bz{ xo p[bk fbnk. d't/A skP y/vD bZr/.

pdb/ j'J/ g?oQ/ ftu n;hA BKt ‘pbpho’ d/ d[jokT[ Bz{ jNk e/ T[; dh EK ‘T[;’, ‘T[; B/’ nkfdtos bJ/ jB. fJ; Bkba d[jok ns/ ne/tK xNdk j?, ;ziw s/ ;obsk tZXdh j?, fbys Bz{ gVQBkuzrk brdk j?. fJjh gVBktK dk wzst j?.

j[D n;hA gVBKt pko/ osk ft;sko Bkba uouk eoKr/. n;hA w'N/ s"o ’s/ ikD fbnk j? fe BKt dh

EK ’s/ tos/ ikD tkb/a Ppd gVBKt jB. j[D id'A n;hA nrKj fJjBK dk ftPb/PD eoKr/ sK fJjBK dhnK(gVBKt dhnK) gqekoK t/yKr/. fJt/A gVBKt Bz{ ;{\w tzv ftu gSkD e/ fJ; dh rfjokJh sZe iktKr/.ftnkeoB dk wzst fJj' j[zdk j? fe T[j GkPk ftu S[g/ B/wK dk rfjokJh Bkba ftPb/PD eo/.

gVBKt d/ gqeko

gVBKt S/ gqeko d/ jz[d/ jB L^

1H g[oytkue gVBKt L g[oytkue gVBKt, gVBKt dh T[j P/qDh j?, fi; dh tos'A f;o| g[oyKbJh ehsk ikt/. nzrq/Ih ftu fJ; Bz{ ‘Personal Pronoun’ efjzd/ jB. ftfdnkoEh ;'uDr/ feftnkeoB d/ w[skpe sK fszB g[oy j[zd/ jB L T[~sw g[oy, wZXw g[oy ns/ nB: g[oy Gkt FirstPerson, Second Person ns/ Third Person. T[~sw g[oy T[j g[oy j?, i' rZb eodk j? fit/A w?A,n;hA, ;kvk nkfd. wZXw g[oy T[j g[oy j?, fi; Bkba rZb eodk j? ns/ nB: g[oy T[j j? fi;pko/ rZb eodk j?l fJj, T[j, T[; dk, T[jBK nkfd. s[;hA mhe ;'u oj/ j'. d[jokT[ dk d'P b?e/ th n;hA g[oytkue gVBKt dhnK fszB Pq/DhnK ;gZPN o{g ftu nzfes eod/ jK L^

(T) T[~sw g[oy L fijVk ftnesh rZb eodk j?, T[; dh EK s/ tofsnk ikD tkbk gVBKt,‘T[~sw g[oy gVBKt’ j[zdk j?, fit/A L w?A, n;hA, w?Bz{ nkfd.

w?A ;e{b iktKrk.

w/ok ;e{b B/V/ jh j?.

n;hA c[ZNpkb y/vKr/.

;kvk y/v dk w?dkB B/V/ jh j?.

T[go'es tkeK ftu o/yKfes Ppd T[~sw g[oy gVBKt d/ fJ;s/wkb d/ T[dkjoB jB. T[~swg[oy Bz{ gfjbk g[oy (First Person) th efjzd/ jB.

(n) w~Xw g[oy L fi; ftnesh Bkba rZb ehsh ikt/, T[; dh EK s/ tofsnk ikD tkbka gVBKt‘wZXw g[oy gVBKt’ ejkT[Adk j?, fit/A L s?Bz{, s/ok, s[jkv/ nkfd.

sz{ feZE/ ofjzdk J/A <

s[;hA eh ykT[r/ <

s[jkvk xo feZE/ j? <

T[go'es tkeK ftu o/yKfes Ppd wZXw g[oy gVBKt d/ fJ;s/wkb d/ T[dkjoB jB. wZXw g[oyBz{ d{ik goy th fejk iKdk j?.

(J) nB: g[oy L T[j ftnesh, fi; pko/ rZb ehsh ikt/, T[; bJh tofsnk ikD tkbkgVBKt, ‘nB: g[oy gVBKt’ j[zdk j?, fit/A L fJBQK, T[BQK, T[j, T[;, T[; dk nkfd.

T[j w/ok fwZso j?.

T[; dk xo ;e{b s/ B/V/ j?.

T[jBz{ M{m g;zd BjhA.

T[-BQK dh y/v ftu pVh o[uh j?.

T[go'es tkeK ftu o/yKfes Ppd nB: g[oy gVBKt dh tos'A d/ T[dkjoB jB. nB: g[oyBz{ shik g[oy th fejk iKdk j?.

fJe tke t/y' L^

w?A s[jkv/ Bkb T[; d/ xo ubKrk.

T[go'es tke ftu ‘w?A’ T[~sw g[oy gVBKt j?. w?A rZb eoB tkbk ftnesh j? iK rZb eoBtkb/ ftnesh bJh tofsnk frnk j?. fJt/A jh ‘s[jkv/’ Ppd th fJe gVBKt j?, i' T[; ftneshbJh tofsnk frnk j?, fi; Bkba rZb j' ojh j?, Gkt wZXw g[oy gVBKt. ‘T[; d/’ Ppd nB:g[oy gVBKt j? feT[Afe fJj T[; ftnesh bJh tofsnk frnk j?, fi; pko/ rZb j' ojh j?. fJjBKfszBK Bz{ eqwtko gfjbk g[oy, d{ik g[oy ns/ shik g[oy gVBKt th efjzd/ jK.

n;hA gVBKt dh fJ; gqeko Bz{ g[oy tkue gVBKt Bkb ikfDnk j?. fJ; dk wsbp fJj BjhAfe fJj e/tb g[fbzr bJh j?, fJ;soh fbzzr bJh BjhA. fJ; dk fbzr G/d tke ftu tosh rJh fefonkjh dZ;dh j? fit/A tke ‘T[j w/oh ;j/bh j?’ ftu ‘w/oh’ Ppd T[~sw g[oy gVBKt Bz{ do;kT[Adk j?.T[t/A jh fit/A ‘T[j w/ok fwZso j?’. ftu ‘w/ok’ Ppd T[~sw g[oy gVBKt j?. fbzr G/d ekoB g[oytkue gVBKt ftu e'Jh nzso BjhA nkT[Adk. ‘g[oy’ Ppd fJZE/ fJ;soh fbzr ns/ g[fbzr d'jK bJhj?. fit/A L T[j y/vdk j?. T[j y/vdh j?. fJjBK tkeK ftu fefonk B/ fbzr G/d dh gSkD eokJhj?, fJ;/ soQK tuB pko/ th fXnkB oZyD dh b'V j?. fit/A T[j pIko frnk. T[j pIko rJ/. tkeKftu fJetuB ns/ pj[tuB dh gSkD fefonk Bkb j'Jh j?. T[~sw g[oy gVBKt pko/ d' wjZstg{oBrZbK B'N dh Peb ftu d/DhnK Io{oh ikgdhnK jB, feT[Afe ftjko ftu fJ; gVBKt Bz{ fJj, fJjBKBz{, fJt/A jh fJ;s/wkb ehsk iKdk j?.

B'N L (1) ‘w?A’ Bkb ‘B/’ BjhA nkT[Adk. T[dkjoB d/ s"o ’s/ ‘w?A B/ jkeh y/vh’ BjhA tofsnkiKdk. fJ; dh EK s/ ‘w?A jkeh y/vh’ ;jh j?.

(2) eJh tkoh ;fseko ti'A nkg iK nkg ih Ppd wZXw g[oy iK nB: g[oy bJhtofsnk iKdk j?, Gkt/A T[j don;b fJetuB j't/. T[dkjoB d/ s"o ’s/ r[op\Pf;zx gzikph d/ gqf;ZX b/ye jB. nkg B/ gqhsbVh BK dh w?rIhB P[o{ ehsh.fJt/A jh.

G?D sz{ w/o/ e'b nk e/ ofj dh EK G?D ih s[;hA w/o/ e'b nk e/ oj'.

o/yKfes Ppd ;fseko ti'A tos/ rJ/ pj[tuB g[oy tkue gVBtK jB. jkbKfe fJjBK dk ;zpzXfJetuB Bkb j?, r[op\P f;zx ns/ G?D ih eqwtko.

2H fB~i tkue gVBKt L T[j gVBKt fijVk tke ftu eosk Bkb nk e/ T[; dh ftP/PskdZ;/ iK eosk dh EK tofsnk ikt/, T[; Bz{ fBZi tkue gVBKt efjzd/ jB.

fit/A L w?A nkg T[; d/ Bkb iktKrk.

T[j \[d w?Bz{ fwbD nkfJnk.

T[go'es tkeK ftub/ o/yKfes Ppd fBZi tkue gVBKt d/ T[dkjoB jB. gfjb/ tke ftu ‘nkg’eosk ‘w?A’ dh ftP/Psk dZ;D eoe/ fBZi tkue gVBKt j?, fJt/A jh d{i/ tke ftu ‘y[d’ eosk ‘T[j’dh ftP/Psk dZ; fojk j?, fJj th fBZi tkue gVBKt j?. fit/A fe n;hA g[oy tkue gVBKt ftut/fynk ;h T[t/A jh fBZi tkue gVBKt th fszBK g[oyK ns/ d'jK tuBK bJh tofsnk iKdk j?.

(T) T[~sw g[oy Bkba ;zpzfXs T[dkjoB jB L^

(i) w?A nkg T[; Bz{ gZEo wkod/ d/fynk j?.

(ii) n;hA \[d |;b eNKr/.

(n) wZXw g[oy Bkba ;zpzfXs fBZi tkue gVBKt d/ T[dkjoD jB L^

(i) sz{ nkg nk e/ wk|h wzr/rk.

(ii) s[;hA nkg nk e/ t/y bt'.

(J) nB: g[oy Bkb ;zpzfXs fBZi tkue gVBKt d/ T[dkjoD jB L^

(i) T[j \[d w/oh wdd bJh nkfJnk.

(ii) T[j nkg; ftu bV gJ/.

T[go'es P/qDhnK T, n s/ J ftub/ T[dkjoDK ftu'A gfjbk tke fJetuB Bkba ;zpzfXs j? ns/d{ik tke pj[tuB Bkba.

3H ;zpzX tkue gVBKt (Relative Pronoun) L e[ZM gVBKt nfij/ jz[d/ jB fijV/ d' tkeKBz{ i'Vd/ th jB. nfij/ gVBKt Bz{ ;zpzX tkue gVBKt fejk iKdk j?. fJj :'ieK tork ezw sKeod/ jB, go fJj don;b gVBKt j[zd/ jB. fit/A L^

‘i' fwjBsh j[zd/ jB, T[j ekw:kp j' iKd/ jB’ fJ; tke ftu ‘i'’ Ppd ;zpzX tkue gVBKtj?. fJt/A jh ‘fijV/ i[ow eod/ jB T[j ;Ik G[rsd/ jB’ tke ftubk ‘fijV/’ th ;zpzX tkue gVBKtj?. fJt/A jh ‘fijVk gfjbK ;pe :kd eo/rk, T[; Bz{ fJBkw fwb/rk’ ftu ‘fijVk’ th ;zpzX tkuegVBKt dk T[dkjoD j?.

4H gqPB tkue gVBKt L fijV/ gVBKt e/tb gqPB eoB ;w/A tos/ ikD, T[BQK Bz{ gqPB tkuegVBKt efjzd/ jB, fit/A L^

e"D nkfJnk j? <

fejVk j? i' w/ok w[eakpbk eo/rk <

fe~E/ uZb/ j' <

T[go'es tkeK ftu o/yKfes Ppd gqPB tkue gVBKt d/ T[dkjoD jB.

5H fB;u/tkue gVBKt L T[j gVBKt fijVk fe;/ t;s{ iK iht tZb fJPkok eoe/ BKt dh EK T[~s/ tofsnk ikt/ ns/ fijVk T[; pko/ fBPuk eotkJ/, T[; Bz{ fB;u/tkue gVBKt efjzd/jB, fit/A L^

1H T[j gJh j? w/oh feskp.

2H fJj w/ok g?~B j?. nkfd

T[go'es tkeK ftu o/yKfes Ppd fB;u/tkue gVBKt d/ T[dkjoD jB.

fB;u/tkue gVBKt Bz{ nZr/ d' GkrK ftu tzfvnk frnk j? L^

(T) fBNetosh fB;u/tkue gVBKt ns/

(n) d{o tosh fB;u/tkue gVBKt

(T) B/VbhnK uhIK tZb fJPkok eoB tkb/ gVBKt Bz{ fBeNtosh fB;u/tkue gVBKt fejk iKdkj?, fit/A L fJj, fJ;, fJBQK nkfd.

tkeK ftu d/yhJ/ sK L^

fJj w/ok xo j?.

fJ; nzp ftu yNk; j?.

fJBQK Bz{ o'Nh fdT[.

(n) d{o dhnK uhIK tZb fJPkok eoB tkb/ gVBKt Bz{ d{o^tosh fB;u/tkue gVBKt fejk iKdkj?, fit/A L T[j, T[;, T[BQK nkfd.

i/ fJ; Bz{ tkeK ftu t/yhJ/ sK fJt/A j't/rk L^

T[j y/v fojk j?.

T[; gk;/ d/y'. nkfd

6H nfB;u/tkue gVBKt L T[j gVBKt fi; okjhA fe;/ t;s{, iht nkfd dk ;jh^;jh frnkBBk j't/, fJe ;ze/s fijk fwb/ iK T[j gVBKt i' fe;/ uhI dk nzdkIk sK dZ;/, go T[; dh mhefrDsh Bk dZ;/, T[; Bz{ nfB;u/tkue gVBKt efjzd/ jBl fit/A L ;ko/, ;G, eJh, nB/e, E'VQ/, e[ZM,e'Jh nkfd. T[dkjoD d/ s"o ’s/ L^

(i) jB/ok j'D ekoB e[~M pZu/ xo ub/ rJ/.

(ii) ;ko/ fyvkoh y[P j' rJ/.

(iii) ;G e'b'A fj;kp wzfrnk ikt/rk.

(iv) wB[Zyh ihtK gk;'A nB/e rbshnK j' iKdhnK jB.

T[go'es tkeK ftu o/yKfes Ppd nfB;u/tkue gVBKt d/ T[dkjoD jB.

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` j[D sZe n;hA ftjkoe gzikph ftu BKt ns/ gVBKt pko/ ikDB dk isB ehsk j?. ;kv/ gkmeqw ftu ftjkoe gzikph ftu nrbk ftPk j?, ‘fefonk’. j[D n;hA fefonk pko/ikDekoh jkf;b eoB dk isB eoKr/.

fefonk

i/ fefonk dh gfoGkPk tZb o[fus j'JhJ/ sK ejKr/, fefonk T[j Ppd j? fi; Bkb fe;/ ezwd/ eoB iK j'D pko/ frnkB gqkgs j't/, fit/A L y/vDk, gVQBk, BZuDk, fbyDk, ;wMkT[Dk nkfd.fefonk dh eJh gqeko Bkb s/ ekb nB[;ko Pq/Dh tzv ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; Bkba fefonk pko/ ft;EkoBkba ikDekoh fwbdh j?. j[D n;hA fJ; pko/ uouk eoKr/.

eosk s/ eow L s[;hA ikDd/ jh j' fe ezw eoB tkb/ Bz{ ‘eosk’ fejk iKdk j? s/ fi; T[~goezw dk gqGkt gt/, T[; Bz{ ‘eow’ nkyd/ jB. ‘wfjzdo cZ[Npkb y/vdk j?’, tke ftu wfjzdo eoskns/ c[ZNpkb eow j?, feT[Afe wfjzdo d/ ezw eoB dk gqGkt, c[ZNpkb T[~s/ g?Adk j?, fJ;/ nB[;kofefonk dh gfjbh gqeko dh tzv ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fejk iKdk j? fe fefonk d' gqeko dh j[zdhj? L (1) neowe fefonk, (2) ;eowe fefonk.

1H neowe fefonk L neow s'A Gkt ‘eow s'A fpBK’. T[j fefonk fi; Bkb eow Bk j't/iK fi; fefonk Bkba eow dh b'V Bk gt/, e/tb eosk jh j't/, T[; Bz{ neowe fefonk nkyd/jB, fit/A L^

(1) e[bdhg y/vdk j?.

(2) wfjzdo BZfunk.

(3) okDh fby/rh.

(4) T[j s?o/rk.

T[go'es tkeK ftu e[bdhg, wfjzdo ns/ okDh eosk jB ns/ (1) y/vdk j?, (2) BZfunk, (3)fby/rh s/, (4) s?o/rk fefonktK jB. T[go'es tkeK ftu e/tb eosk ns/ fefonktK jh jB. fJ;bJh fJj fefonktK neowe fefonktK jB.

eJh tkeK ftu fJzM bZrdk j? fit/A d' fefonktK j'D, fit/A L BZudk ;h iK jZ;dk j? nkfd.fJjBK ftu BZudk ns/ jZ;dk w{b fefonktK jB ns/ ;h ns/ j? ;jkfJe fefonktK jB.

2H ;eowe fefonk L T[j tke fi; ftu fefonk Bkba eosk ns/ eow d't/A j'D, T[;Bz{ ;eowe fefonk efjzd/ jB, fit/A w[zv/ jkeh y/vd/ jB. oke/P eko ubkT[Adk j?. s[;hA ezweo'. fJjBK tkeK ftu w[zv/, oke/P, s[;hA eosk j?. jkeh, eko, ezw eow jB. y/vd/ jB,ubkT[Adk j?, eo' fefonktK jB. fJjBK fefonktK Bkba eow nkJ/ jB. ;', fJj fefonktK ;eowejB.

fefonktK eJh tkoh ;kXkoB jz[dhnK jB ns/ eJh tko gq/oBkoEe.

(1) ;kXkoB fefonktK dk eosk nkg jh jz[dk j? ns/ (2) gq/oBkoEe fefonktK dk eosk fe;/j'o s'A ezw eotkT[Adk j?. fit/A (i) joh y/vdk j?, (ii) w[e/P gVQtkT[Adk j?. gfjb/ tke ftu \[d ezw ehsk frnk j?. ;', ;kXkoB fefonk j? ns/ d{i/ tke ftu w[e/P d{i/ e'b'A ezw eotkT[Adk j?, gVQB dk ezw. ;', T[j gq/oBkoEe fefonk j?.

(T) tku (Voice)

tku L fefonk d/ fi; o{g s'A fJj ikDekoh fwb/a fe tke ftu e"D w[Zy j?, eosk iK eowT[; Bz{ tku fejk iKdk j?. tke d' gqeko d/ jz[d/ jB L^

(1) eosoh tku (2) eowDh tku

(1) eosoh tku L T[j tku fi; ftu eosk gqXkB j't/, T[; Bz{ ‘eosoh tku’ efjzd/ jB,fit/A L ‘w'jB jkeh y/vdk j?’, tke ftu ‘y/vdk j?’ eosoh tku ftu j?.

(2) eowDh tku L id'A tke ftu eow gfjbK nkJ/ ns/ eosk pknd ftu nkJ/ sK T[j‘eowDh tku’ jz[dk j?. fit/A L ‘jkeh w'jB okjhA y/vh rJh’, eowDh tku tkbk tke j?.

tku pdbD/

eosoh tku s'A eowDh tku ftu iK eowDh tku s'A eosoh tku ftu pdbD Bz{ ‘tku pdbDk’efjzd/ jB. fJj ekoi fefonk ftu e[ZM spdhbh fbnk e/ iK T[; Bkba d[nkok, gk;'A, okjhAnkfd ftu'A e'Jh Y[ZetK Ppd bZrk e/ ns/ fefonk Bz{ eowDh tku ftu pdb fbnk iKdk j? iK eJhtko e'Jh j'o spdhbh ehsh iKdh j?. nkgDh rZb Bz{ ;gZPN eoB bJh n;hA eZ[M T[dkjoDKfdzd/ jK L^

eosoh tku eowDh tku

1H w[e/P \s fby/rk. \s w[e/P d[nkok fbfynk ikJ/rk.

2H pbZp fe; B/ s'fVnk j? < fe; okjhA pbZp s'fVnk frnk j? <

3H w[zv/ o'Nh yk u[Ze/ jB. o'Nh w[zfvnK s'A ykXh ik u[Zeh j?.

4H T[j ;?o eo fojk ;h. ;?o T[; d[nkok ehsh ik ojh ;h.

5H cV b' fJ; u'o Bz{. fJj u'o s[jkE'A cfVnk ikt/.

6H wksk ih B/ ;pIh pDkJh. ;pIh wksk ih okjhA pDkJh rJh.

7H sz{ }bsh ehsh. }bsh s?E'A j' rJh.

8H wksk ih B/ ;t?No \ohfdnk. ;t?No wksk ih okjhA \ohfdnk frnk.

9H n;hA ikJhJ/. ;kv/ d[nkok ikD bJh p/Bsh ehsh rJh.

10H ;oeko B/ ekBz{B bkr{ ehsk. ekBz{B ;oeko d[nkok bkr{ ehsk frnk.

11H fwjBs eoBk Io{oh j?. Io{oh j? fe fwjBs ehsh ikJ/.

12H M{m p'bDk SZv fdT[. M{m p'bDk SZfvnk ikJ/.

13H oki/P B/ gkDh gh fbnk ;h. gkDh oki/P okjhA ghsk ik u[Zek ;h.

14H w/o/ ’s/ dfJnk eo'. s[jkE'A w/o/ ’s/ dfJnk ehsh ikt/.

Xks{ ouBk

e[ZM Ppd fit/A fby, jZ;, yk, ik nkfd fe;/ ekoi tZb ;ze/s eod/, ;G s'A w[ZYb/ iK w{b PpdjB. fJj j?B sK fefonktK feT[Afe fJj ekoi tZb ;ze/s eod/ jB go fJj Xks{ j?. ‘Xks{’ T[jw{b Ppd j[zd/ jB fiBQK s'A fbzr, tuB, ekb nkfd ;zpzXh ikDekoh d/D tkbhnK fefonktK pD;edhnK j'D. fit/A L ‘ik’ Xks{ s'A ikDk, ikJ/rk, iKdk, ikU nkfd. iK ‘yk’ Xks{ s'A ykJhJ/, y[nkT[Dk,yKdk, ykXk nkfd. fe;/ Xks{ ftu tkXk sK ehsk ik ;edk j?, fJ; Bz{ xNkfJnk BjhA ik ;edk.fJ; Bkba nr/so fgS/so brk e/ BthA fefonk pD ;edh j?.

feqdzs L n;hA T[~go fejk j? fe Xks{ Bkb tX/so (nr/so$fgS/so) bZrk e/ BthnK fefonktKpDkJhnK ik ;edhnK jB. ‘feqdzs’ T[j fefonk Ppd jB i' fefonk j[zfdnK th fefonk tKr BjhAtos/ iKd/. fit/A L^

1H BZudhnK e[VhnK o'D br rJhnK.

2H gVQh eftsk wkDh rJh.

3H Sgh g[;se dh xz[v u[ekJh j'Jh.

4H s?odk pZuk v[ZpD br frnk.

fJjBK tkeK ftu BZudhnK e[VhnK dk, gVQh eftsk dk, Sgh g[;se dk ns/ s?odk pZu/ dk r[Dj?, fJj BjhA ekoi jB. t?;/ ;[szso s"o ’s/ BZuDk, gVQBk, SgDk, s?oBk nkfd fefonk jB. gofJjBK tkeK ftu fJj ftP/PD d/ s"o ’s/ tos/ rJ/ jB. fJj' feqdzs dk r[D j?. fJj fefonk dkT[j o{g j? i' fefonk dh EK fe;/ j'o Ppd G/d (BKt iK ftP/PD) d/ o{g ftu tofsnk ikJ/. fJj'Ppd id'A, e[VhnK BZudhnK jB, eftsk gVQh rJh, g[;se Sgh j? iK pZuk s?odk j? tor/ tkeKftu tos/ iKd/ jB sK fefonk o{g jB.

ekb L ekb T[; ;w/A Bz{ efjzd/ jB, fi; ;w/A e'Jh ezw j[zdk j?. fit/A L gVQdk, gfVQnk, gVQ/rk nkfd fefonktK tZy^tZy ;fwnK tZb ;ze/s eodhnK jB. gfVQnk s'A Gkt gVQB dk ezw j' u[Zekj? fJt/A jh gVQ/rk s'A Gkt gVQB dk ezw ni/ j'Dk j?. ekb fszB wzB/ iKd/ jB L^

(1) G{s ekb (2) toswkB ekb (3) GftZys ekb.

(1) G{s ekb L G{s ekb phs u[Ze/ ;w/A Bz{ fejk iKdk j?. tke ftu fefonk d/ tos/ ikDs'A jh fJj ;gZPN j' iKdk j?, (1) T[j y/vD frnk, (2) wksk ih o'Nh pDk u[Zeh ;h, (3) bVkJh fSV u[Zeh ;h. fJjBK tkeK ftu frnk, pDk u[Zeh ;h, fSV u[Zeh ;h fefonktK s'A G{s ekb d/ Gkt phs u[Ze/ ;w/A dk gsk bZrdk j?. ;gZPN j? fe fJj G{s ekb dk ;ze/s fdzd/ jB.

(2) toswkB ekb L toswkB ekb T[j ;wK j? i' fJ; ;w/A tos fojk j?. e[[ZM tke d/yd/jK fiBQK ftu tosh rJh fefonk jh fJj ;gZPN eo fdzdh j? fe ekoi fJ; ;w/A dk j?. fit/A (1) okw y/vdk j?, (2) oki/P o'Nh yk fojk j?, (3) eh s[;hA fdZbhUA nk rJ/ j' < fJjBK tkeK ftu y/vdk j?, yk fojk j?, nk rJ/ j', PpdK tkbahnK fefonktK toswkB ekb Bz{ ;gZPN eodhnK jB. ;', fJj tke toswkB ekb d/ jB.

(3) Gft~ys ekb L GftZys ekb T[j ;wK j? i' ni/ nkT[D tkbk j?. fefonk dk tke ftufJ;s/wkb jh fJ; ekb dh ;{uBk d/ fdzdk j?. fit/A L (1) fJj pZuk c;N nkJ/rk, (2) pZ; nkrokikJ/rh, (3) T[j fwjBs eoBr/. fJjBK tkeK ftu c;N nkJ/rk, nkrok ikJ/rh, fwjBs eoKr/nkfd tke nkT[D tkba/ ;w/A tZb ;ze/s eod/ jB. ;', fJj tke GftZys ekb Bkba ;zpzfXs jB.

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` fJj mhe j? fe n;hA ekb Bz{, w'N/ s"o ’s/ fszB fjZf;nk ftu jh tzfvnk j?,go ekb dk j'o ;{\w nfXnB eoB tkb/a fJjBK ekbK dh j'o t/oftnK Bkba th uouk eod/jK. fit/A L^

G{sekb Bz{ L

(1) nfB;fus G{s ekb, (2) ;whgh G{s ekb, (3) g{oB G{s ekb (3) ng{oB G{s ekb ns/(5) Posh G{s ekb ftu tzv e/ fJ; ekb d/ j'o gfjb{nK dk gsk fdZsk j?.

toswkB ekb Bz{ L

(1) nfB;fus toswkB ekb, (2) ukb{ toswkB ekb, (3) g{oB toswkB ekb, (4) g{oB ukb{toswkB ekb, (5) Posh toswkB ekb ns/ (6) j[ewh toswkB ekb

Gft~ys ekb Bz{ L

(1) nfB;fus GftZys ekb, (2) ;zGkth GftZys ekb, (3) j[ewh GftZy ekb, (4) fB;fusGftZys ekb.

jZEb/ gkm ftu ekbK d/ fJjBK nrb/o/ yzvK dk fIeo fJ; eoe/ BjhA ehsk, feT[Afe ;b/p;dk x/ok, fJ; dh Io{os tZb ;ze/s BjhA eodk.

;zy/g T[~soK tkb/ gqPB

3H1 (i) ftnkeoB dh gfoGkPk fby'.

(ii) BKt eh j[zdk j? < T[dkjoB fdT[.

(iii) BKt dhnK fe;wK pko/ fby' ns/ T[dkjoB fdT[.

(iv) gVBKt dk BKt Bkba eh ;zpzX j? <

(v) gVBKt fesBh soQK d/ jB < T[dkjoB d/ e/ ;gZPN eo'.

(vi) fefonk dh gfoGkPk fby'.

(vii) fefonk fesBh gqeko dh j[zdh j?. T[dkjoB d/ e/ T[~so ;gZPN eo'.

—0—

gkm Bzpo L 7

3H ftjkoe gzikph L ;_o s/ ftnziB X[BhnK! vkH Bfozdo f;zx

nkozfGek

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` ;kv/ ;b/p; d/ ‘ftjkoe gzikph’ tkb/ yzv ftu fJe ftPk ‘;_o’ ns/ ‘ftnziBX[BhnK’ pko/ j?. j/mK n;hA ftjkoe ij/ o{g ftu fJ; ftP/ Bz{ ;wMD dk isB eoKr/. ;tkb j?X[Bh eh j? <

GkPk nktkIK dk fJe f;;Nw j? ns/ X[Bh GkPk dh ;G s'A S'Nh fJekJh j?. ;kv/ p'bD :zso,fi; ftu rbk, skb{, ihG, dzd, j'Am nkfd ekoiPhb j[zd/ jB, ftu'A X[Bh fBebdh j? ns/ id'A fJjX[BhnK fJe \k; f;;Nw ftu, gqpzX ftu rb/ ftu'A fBebdhnK jB sK p'bh GkPk pD e/ ;kjwD/nkT[AdhnK jB. X[Bh fit/A fe T[go dZf;nk j? fe GkPk dh S'Nh s'A S'Nh fJekJh j?, fi; Bz{ j'onZr/ BjhA tzfvnk ik ;edk. n;hA, fJe T[dkjoD d/ e/ rZb ;gZPN eod/ jK. n;hA fJe tke fbyd/jK L ‘;[o/P B/ e/bk ykXk’. fJ; tke ftu uko Ppd jB. fJjBK ftu'A e'Jh noE d/Adk j? ns/e'Jh d{i/ Ppd Bkb ;zpzX gqrN eodk j?. n;hA fJ; tke Bz{ X[BhnK dh gZXo se s'V e/ d/yd/jK. ;, T, o, J/, ;, B, J/, e, J/, b, nk, y, nk, X, nk fJj 15 X[Bhnk jB. X[BhnK jhw[ZY w{b jB, fijBK T[~s/ GkPk yVQh j[zdh j?. GkPk p'bD, ;[DB t/b/ n;hA fJjBK X[BhnK d/ frnkBBkb jh noEK dh T[sgsh ns/ ;zuko eod/ jK. id'A n;hA p'bD, ;[DB s'A nZr/ fbyD, gVQB sZeikDk j[zdk j? sK fJBQK X[BhnK Bz{ e[ZM fuzBQK okjhA gqrN eod/ jK. fJj fuzBQ ;kvh fbZgh d/ nZyojB—T, n, J, ;, jHHHnkfd. n;hA fJjBK nZyoK Bz{ ‘toB’ th efjzd/ jK. Gkt/A fbfynk j'fJnkjh gfVQnk ik ;edk j?, fco th gfjbK gVQBk ns/ pknd ftu fbyDk f;Zfynk iKdk j?, feT[AfegVQBk, fbyD Bkb'A ;"yk j?.

n;hA ikD fbnk j? fe GkPk, X[BhnK dk jh y/v j?. jo GkPk d/ b'e, ftPt dhnK ;kohnKX[BhnK BjhA T[uko ;ed/ iK fJT[A efj bt', jo GkPk dhnK nkgDhnK X[Bhnk j[zdhnK jB. e[ZM GkPktKftu e[M X[BhnK ;KMhnK th j' ;edhnK jB sK th e[ZM Bt/ebhnK X[BhnK th GkPk Bz{ tZyok ;o{gfdzdhnK jB. gzikph GkPk bJh tosh iKdh r[ow[yh fbgh Bz{ g?Ash nZyoK dh toDwkbk fejk iKdkj?. |ko;h d/ gqGkt EZb/ nk e/ gzikph GkPk dhnK X[BhnK ftu gzi j'o X[BhnK i[V rJhnK, i' P,\, }, I ns/ | jB. fJ;/ soQK fJe ba dh X[Bh th i'Vh rJh j?, i' nkIkdh s'A pknd gzikphX[BhnK dk nzr wzBh ikD brh. fJt/A ni'e/ ;w/A ftu gzikph GkPk d/ 41 nZyo jB.

X[Bh Bz{ ;wM b?D pknd gzikph GkPk dhnK X[BhnK dh tzv th gSkDBk ukjz[d/ jB. fJjBK X[BhnKBz{ w'N/ s"o ’s/ d' GkrK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? L^

3H2 ;_o s/ ftnziB X[BhnK

(1) ;_o X[BhnK (Vowels) ns/ (2) ftnziB X[BhnK (Consonents)

1H ;_o L ;_o T[j X[Bh j? fijVh T[ukoB ;w/A ;kj nzrK ftu'A fpBK fe;/ o[ektN d/ pkjo nkT[Adhj?. ;_o X[Bh, fpBK fe;/ d{ih X[Bh dh ;jkfJsk s'A p'b/ iKd/ jB. fbZgh (r[ow[yh) d/ nZyoK ftut/yhJ/ sK fszB nZyo jh ;_o tkje jB L T, n ns/ J. ns/ i/ e[Zb ;_o t/yhJ/ sK gzikph GkPkftu d; ;_o X[BhnK jB L^

n, nk, fJ, Jh, T[, T{, J/, n?, U, n"

fJj ;_o X[BhnK th don;b d' soQK dhnK jB L^

(1) bx{ ;_o ns/ (2) dhox ;_o L ‘bx{ ;_o’ dhnK X[BhnK Bz{ dhox (r[o{) ;_o dhnKX[BhnK d/ w[eakpb/ nZXk ;wK bZrdk j?. gzikph ftu n, fJ, T[ bx{ ;_o jB. pkeh ;ko/ dhox;_o jB. dhox ;_o Bz{ jh r[o{ th fejk iKdk j?. ;_oK pko/ ftjkoe o{g ftu eZ[M e[ j'o rZbKth jB fit/A L ‘noX ;_o’ : s/ t gzikph ftu ‘noX ;_o’ wzB/ iKd/ jB. fe;/ Ppd d/ ftuekonkT[D ;w/A ‘t’ pj[s tko ‘T’ ftu spdhb j' iKdk j?, fit/A ‘;tkb’ Ppd ;[nkb ftu pdb iKdkj? ns/ rtkuk, r[nkuk ftu. fJt/A jh ‘:’ eJh tko ‘i’ ftu pdb iKdk j?, fit/A :[Zr, i[Zr ftuns/ ;z:[es, ;zi[es ftu.

g[bs ;_o L g[bs ;_o T[j ;_o jB, fiBQK d/ T[ukoB ftu w{b ;_o Bkb'aA fszB r[DK ;wK brdkj?. fit/A s[;hA nktkI d/Ad/ fe;/ pzd/ Bz{ ;[fDnk j't/rk U ekek ` UJ/ GkJh ` nkfd. fJj U dkgq:'r dhox ;_o Bkb'A th bzpk j?.

2H ftnziB L ftnziB T[j nZyo jB, fijV/ fe;/ br (wksok) dh ;jkfJsk s'A fpBK p'b/ iKfby/ BjhA ik ;ed/. r[ow[yh ftu ‘;’ s'A ‘V’ sZe 32 nZyo ftnziB jB. fJ; rZb Bz{ i/ X[Bh T[ukoB:zso d/ fj;kp Bkba ;wMhJ/ sK ftnziB X[Bhnk d/ T[ukoB ;w/A T[ukoB nzr ;kj Bz{ eZ[M o'ed/ jB.wB[Zy dh ihG ed/ ed/ skb{ Bz{ bZrdh j? s/ ed/ dzdK Bz{, ed/ dzd d/ nzdob/ gk;/ bZrdh j? ns/eJh t/o j'Am whND/ g?Ad/ jB. j/mK gzikph dhnK ftnziB X[BhnK d/ oj/ jKl Bkb jh T[jBK d/ T[ukoBt/ba/ tos/ iKd/ X_Bh :zso dk fjZ;k th d/ oj/ jK L^

ezm L e, y, r, x, C, \, }, j

skb{ L u, S, i, M, R, P, I

T[bN ihGh L N, m, v, Y, D, V, ba

dzsh L s, E, d, X, B, b, ;, o

j'AmhA L g, c, p, G, w, |

3H4 fog'oN fbyDkftfdnkoEhT[ ` ftjkoe gzikph tkb/a Gkr ftu jh, s[jkv/ ;b/p; dk fJe fjZ;k j?—fog'oN

fbyDk. s[;hA ikDd/ j' fog'oN eh jz[dh j? < fog'oN j[zdh j?, i' d/ye/ nkJ/ T[jd/ pko/ sZEh fe;w dk gqrNktk gkmeK, doPeK ;kjwD/ eoBk. n;hA ‘doPeK’ Ppd fJ; bJh Pkfwb ehsk j?, feT[Afe NhHthH ftu th fog'oN g/P ehsh iKdh j?. jK n\pkoK, o;kfbnK ftu sK fog'oN SZgdh jh j?. fijVk fog'oN fbydk j? T[; Bz{ fog'oNo efjzd/ jB ns/ fJ; ezw Bz{ Gkt fog'oN fbyD Bz{ fog'ofNzr efjzd/ jB. e'Jh xNBk iK d[oxNBk tkgo/ sK fog'oNo T[; EK ’s/ ik e/ fJj ikDB dh e'fPP eodk j? fe fJj fet/A, feZE/, ehjd/ Bkb, fe; t/b/ tkgoh. jkbks eh ;B, gqGkt eh j'J/, ekoB eh ;B, j[D nZr/ eh j't/rk nkfd. fog'ofNzr th gZsoekoh dk jh ftPk j?. fog'oNo b'eK Bz{ ebgBk ofjs ns/ e/tb rZbK Bkb ikDekoh fdzdk j?. fJj n\pkoK, o;kfbnK iK NhHthH u?BbK dk gqshfBXh jz[dk j?, i' nkgDh fog'oN ;zgkde Bz{ fdzdk j?. ;zgkde dk ezw j? fe fog'oN dh goy gVskb eo/ns/ b'V g?D s/ T[; ftu spdhbh iK eKN^SKN eoe/ n\pko, o;kb/ nkfd ftu Skg/. fJ; gqfefonk ftu'A bzx e/ fog'oN n\pko, o;kfbnK ftu SZg e/ ;kv/ sZe gj[zudh j? ns/ ;kBz{ T[j nZyhA fvZmh xNBk$d[oxNBk torh bZrdh j?.

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[;hA d/fynk jh j't/rk fe n\pkoK, o;kfbnK ftu \poK th fbyhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ ;zgkdeh th, go fog'oN fsnko eoBk fJjBK ezwK s'A tZyok ezw j?. fJjBK Bz{ nkg; ftu fwfbnk j'fJnk Bk wzfBnk ikt/. fog'oNo gk;'A ftP/P fe;w dhnK :'rsktK dh T[whd ehsh iKdh j?. fog'oN fJj' fijh BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh fe T[; Bz{ gVQB tkb/ j|Vk^d|Vh wfj;{; eoB. b'eK ftu xpokjN g?dk j' ikJ/ iK j|Vk^d|Vh wZu ikJ/—fJ; s'A puD bJh fog'oNo sZEK s'A iK ;Zu s'A th goQ/ BjhA ik ;edk. b'V j[zdh j? fe fog'oNo ;zs[fbs o{g ftu fBogZy fog'oN fsnko eo/. nkws"o ’s/ b'eK ftu ;jh, sZEh ;Zu ikDB dh T[s;[esk jz[dh j?. fog'oNo dk ezw j? fe T[j fJ; T[s;[esk Bz{ th g{ok eo/, b'eK Bz{ ;zs[PN eo/. fog'oN fbyDk fJ;/ ekoB fJe ;{M p{M tkbka, ;zs[bB oZyD tkbak ekoi j?. fJj n\pko$o;kb/ nkfd bJh ehsk frnk ezw sK j?, go j? fJj ebkekoh.

nfijk jh ;zs[bB fog'oNo Bz{ T[d'A th pDkT[Adk g?Adk j? id'A T[j ;zrhs, ;zrhs^BkN, w{osh^ebk, fuZso^ebk, f;B/wk, g/AfNzr nkfd y/soK Bkba i[V/ gq'rokwK dh fog'oN fsnko eo fojk j't/. fJjBK ;{\w ebktK Bkba ;zpzfXs fog'ofNzr eofdnK fog'oNo Bz[ b'V s'A tZX gq;z;k iK fBzdk eoB dh Io{os BjhA jz[dh. fog'oNo bJh T[j p/b'VhnK jB. gq;z;k iK nkb'uBk eoBk fog'oNo dk ezw BjhA. fJj ezw ;{\w ebktK d/ ;whfynkekoK dk j?. fog'oNo Bz{ fJjBK ebktK pko/ e'Jh fNZgDh eoB s'A th puDk ukjhdk j?. feT[Afe T[j fJBQK ebktK dk ftP/PZr BjhA, fJ; eoe/ T[; dh ehsh fNZgDh, gq;z;k iK nkb'uBk Bkba fe;/ ebkeko Bkba p/fJB;k|h th j' ;edh j?. fog'oNo Bz{ u/szB j'Dk ukjhdk j?fe Bk sK fe;/ ebkeko Bkba p/fJB;k|h j't/ ns/ Bk jh b'eK gk;l gkmeK gk; M{mh ns/ }bs fe;w dh fog'oN gj[zu/. n;hA fJ;/ Bz{ fog'oNo dk ;zs[bB fejk j?. fog'oNo ebktK pko/ fNZgDh nkfd sK jh eo ;edk j? i/ T[; Bz{ fJjBK y/soK dk gqgZe frnkB j't/l ftjkoe s/ f;XKse ikDekoh j't/. nfijk Bk j'D s/ T[j noE dk nBoE eo ;edk j?.

n\pko, o;kb/, N?bhftIB iK o/vhU nkfd fe;/ th ;zuko wkfXnw Bkba fog'oNo dk ;zpzXj' ;edk j?. T[j fe;/ th xNBk iK d[oxNBk Bkba ;zzpzfXs fog'oN fsnko eo ;edk j?. go

fit/A p/jhnK^pk;hnK \poK pj[s wjZst BjhA oZydhnK fJt/A jh xNBk d/ tkgoB ns/ fog'oN d/b'eK e'b gj[zuD ftueko pj[sk ;wK bzx ikJ/ sK fog'oN th nkgDk wjZst r[nk p?mdh j?. ni'e/ ;w/A ftu ;zuko wkfXnw pVh s/Ih Bkb ezw eo oj/ jB. fJzNoB?~N B/ d{oh Bz{ fJedw \sw eo fdZsk j?. N?bh|'B, w'pkfJb, N?bhfgqzNo, |?e;, N?b/e; nkfd gbK fSDK ftu ;zuko eo fdzd/ jB. fJ;/ ekoB jo n\pko, N?bhftIB u?Bb fJ; d"V ftu j[zdk j? fe T[j fesBh S/sh nkgD/ gkmeK$ doPeK gk; fe;/ xNBk dh fog'oN gj[zukT[Adk j?. eJh tkoh nfijh s/Ih ftu fog'oNo xNBk Bkba i[V/ sZEK dh gqwkfDe gVskb eoB s'A th u[Ze iKd/ jB. nfij/ jkbks ftu T[jBK d[nkok gq;s[s ehsh fog'oN ftu eJh T{DskJhnK ofj iKdhnK jB ns/ fog'oN }bs ;kps j' iKdh j?. fJ;/ bJh n;hA fog'oN fbyD Bz{ pVh fIzw/tkoh dk go c[osh dk ezw wzBd/ jK.

j[D nrbk wjZstg{oB B[esk j?—fe;/ fog'oN dh nfjwhns iK wjZst. jo fog'oN dk jo/e pzd/ bJh wjZst BjhA jz[dk. fdZbh ftu tkgoh fe;/ xNBk pko/ fdZbh d/ b'eK dh o[uh ;G s'A tZX j't/rh iK fco fJ; s'A pknd pkeh d/P d/ b'eK dh. fog'oN nkb/^d[nkb/ d/ b'eK Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j'Dh ukjhdh j? sK fe T[j T[; ftu fdbu;gh fdyk ;eD. b'eK B/ EktK d/ BK d/y/ ;[D/j'D iK T[j xNBk$\po pko/ e[ZM e[ ikDd/ j'D sK sZEK ftu T[jBK dh o[uh tZX iKdh j?. T[j T[s;[e j[zd/ jB fJj ikDB ftu fe don;b ;G eZ[M fet/A tkgfonk. fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[j ftP/ fijV/b'eK bJh nfjwhns oZyd/ jB T[jBK pko/ fog'oN tX/o/ wjZst oZydh j?. eZ[M ftP/ nfij/ j[zd/ jB fijV/ pj[s tZvh frDsh ftu ;zpzX oZyd/ jB, iK fijBK dh ikDekoh T[jBK bJh bkGekoh j[zdh j?. T[j ftP/ b'eK Bz{ nkgD/ bZrd/ jB. fJj' fij/ ftfPnK pko/ fog'ofNzr tX/o/ b'efgqnsk jkf;b eodh j?.

fJj mhe j? fe fog'oN sZEK Bz{ fXnkB ftu oZye/ fsnko ehsh iKdh j?, go fJj th BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk fe fJe gk;/ d/ jh sZE gq;s[s eoe/ fog'oN pDk fdZsh ikt/. fit/A fJj Bk j't/ fe ;wki Bkb ;zpzfXs e/tb wkV/ gZy jh ;kjwD/ nkT[D. fJjBK d/ Bkba Bkba uzr/ gZyK dk th gqdoPB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. w;bB, i/ ;oeko dhnK ngqkgshnK ftukohnK ikD sK ;zs[bB bJh gqkgshnK th T[ikro j'D. fJ; Bkba gkmeK$doPeK ;kjwD/ fBogZy s;tho T[xV e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adh j? ns/fog'oNo T[~s/ gZygksh j'D dk d'P BjhA bZrdk. ;{MtkB gkmeK bJh nkw b'e GbkJh d/ ftP/fit/A ;wki ;[Xko, ftek;, gqrsh nkfd th b'efgqn j[zd/ jB. nfij/ ftfPnK pko/ gq;s[s ehshnK fog'oNK th fJe tZv/ tor dh o[uh Bz{ g{ok eodhnK jB.

n\pko, o;kb/ gVQB tkb/ nkw gkme iK fJj' fij/ jh NhHthH t/yD tkb/ doPe nkw fe;w dhnK fdbu;gh s/ o[uh Bkba i[VhnK fog'oNK gVQB, ;[DB s/ t/yD ftu tX/o/ o[uh oZyd/ jBl fit/A fe y/vK, bVkJh, w[eZdw/, wfjzrkJh, dki, pbkseko, esb nkfd Bkba i[VhnK fog'oNK T[j pV/fXnkB Bkba gVQd/ ;[Dd/ jB. fJj nkw wB[Zy d/ wB'ftfrnkB Bkba i[Vh tiQk j?. i/ fog'oNo fJ; wB'ftfrnkBe gZy Bz{ ;kjwD/ oZyfdnK fog'oN fsnko eo/rk sK b'eK dh fyZu nfijh fog'oN tZb tX/o/ j't/rh. fJ; gZy tZb th fog'oNo Bz{ u/szB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[; (fog'oNo) bJh eJh j'o y/so fit/A ftfrnkBe gqkgshnK, y/vK, g[;seK, f|bwK, okiBhsh nkfd th y[ZbQ/ jB. fJj y/so th nkw b'eK dh fyZu d/ ftP/ jB. ;kXkoB gkme$doPe fJBQK gk;koK ftu tkgo ojhnK xNBktK pko/fog'oN ikDB ftu o[fus ofjzd/ jB sK fe iKu gVskb ehsh fog'oN, fijVh fBogZy j't/l T[jBK ;kjwD/ nkt/.

fog'oNo Bz{ ukjhdk j? fe fe;/ th xNBK$d[oxNBk d/ tkgoB fgZS/ gJ/ j'J/ ekoBK dh gVskb eo/ feT[Afe jo xNBk$d[oxNBk d/ ekoB sK jz[d/ jh jB. fJjBK d/ ekoB jh BjhA j[zd/, fJjBK d/gqGkt th j[zd/ jB. fJj gqGkt okiBhsh T[~go, GkJhuko/ T[~go, Xow T[~go, nkoEe y/so T[~go, bzp/ iK S'N/ ;w/A bJh n;o gk ;ed/ jB. fog'oN dk x/ok fJ;/ eoe/ pVk ftPkb jz[dk j?. fJj pV/ u/szB j' e/ fBGkJh ikD tkbh ebk j?. fJ; ebk ftu fBg[zB j'D bJh fBozso nfGnk; eoBk g?Adk j?. fog'oN B/ nkw gkmeK, doPeK e'ba ikDk j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh fog'oN ftu tosh rJh GkPk ;kXkoB ns/ ;"yh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fog'oN ftu pj[s/ n"y/ Ppd BjhA j'D/ ukjhd/ ns/ Bk jh pj[s/seBheh Ppd j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fog'oN ;"y/ sohe/ Bkba gkmeK, ;o'fsnK iK doPeK sZe gj[zu ;e/, fJ; bJh ukjhdk j? fe fiE'A sZe j' ;e/ S'N/ tkeK dh tos'A ehsh ikt/. fog'oNo Bz{ ukjhdk j? fe tZyo/ ftukoK bJh tZyo/ gfjo/ f;oi/ ns/ nkgD/ ftukoK dh fBozsosk Bz{ th pDkJh oy/. ;zihdrh ns/ ;gZPNsk pDkJh oZyD bJh fog'oN ftu fJe ;w/A s/ fJe' ftP/ Bz{ S'fjnk ikt/. T[go'es rZbK dk fXnkB oZyD Bkba fog'oN ftu rZb ;jh Yzr Bkba ;zukoh iKdh j? ns/ fog'oN th gqGktPkbh pD iKdh j?. fJj ;kohnK rZbK e/tb f;XKse BjhA ;r'A ftjkoe jB. n;hA T[go'es rZbK Bz{ eZ[M e[ fog'oNK fby e/ j/mK ftjkoe o{g d/D dk isB eoKr/.

1H Pjhdh i'V w/bk L fJe fog'oN;ziht pZphuwe"o ;kfjp, 21 d;zpo

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx d/ tZv/ ;kfjpIkfdnK^pkpk nihs f;zx, pkpk i[Mko f;zx ns/ uwe"o ;kfjp d/ w[}b ;kwoki Bkba j'J/ fJfsjk;e :[ZX ftu Pjhd j'J/ f;zxK dh :kd ftu bZrD tkbka ;kbkBk fszB fdBK Pjhdh i'V w/bk nZi uwe"o ;kfjp ftu P[o{ j' frnk. i'V w/b/ d/ gfjb/ fdB fJfssjk;e r[od[nkok ;qh easbrVQ ;kfjp ftu r[opkDh gqtkj uZfbnk. fJ; d"okB okrh^Ykvh iZfEnK B/ ;zrs Bz{ r[o^fJfsjk; Bkb ikD{ eotkfJnk.

r[od[nkok ;qh esbrVQ ;kfjp d/ w?B/io GkJh wfjzdo f;zx u"jkB B/ dZf;nk fe fJj dhtkB 23 d;zpo d/o oks sZe ;i/ ofjDr/. ;wkrw d/ nZi gfjb/ fdB tZvh frDsh ftu ;zrs r[od[nko/Bsw;se j'Jh. fgzv fgZgb wkiok, jkf|ikpkd, weV"Bk y[od, d[rbh, wkD/ wkiok, ekb/ wkiok, weV"Bk ebK, esb"o, UfJzd ;w/s doiBK fgzvK dhnK ;zrsK tZb'A ns[ZN bzro toskJ/ ik oj/ ;B. i'V w/b/ d/ nZi gfjb/ fdB eZ[M fgzvK ftu Bro ehosB th ;ikJ/ rJ/ fiBQK dk r[[od[nkok gqpzXeK ns/ ;zrs tZb'A ;[nkrs ehsk frnk. fJ; d"okB fIbQk gqPk;B B/ ;[oZfynk d/ g{o/ gqpzX ehs/ j'J/ ;B. T[jBK dZf;nk fe fJZE/ n?;HghH (n?u) irihs f;zx ns/ vhHn?;HghH ;[yihs f;zx ftoe ;ko/gqpzXK dh fBrokBh eo oj/ jB.

;wkrw d/ d{i/ fdB 22 d;zpo Bz{ oki;h ekB|oz;K j'DrhnK. r[od[nko/ d/ w?B/io GkJh wfjzdo f;zx u"jkB B/ dZf;nk fe fJ; d"okB r[od[nkok ;qh esbrVQ ;kfjp dh ;N/i s'A Pq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh d/ gqXkB r'fpzd f;zx b"Ar'tkb, s\s ;qh e/;rVQ ;kfjp d/ iZE/dko frnkBh oxpho f;zx ns/ ;kpek ;z;d w?Apo gq/w f;zx uzd{wkiok ;w/s j'o eJh nkr{ ;zp'XB eoBr/ ns/ Pq'wDh ew/Nh nXhB g?Ad/ ;w{j ;e{bK s/ ekbiK d/ 5 jIko d/ eohp ftfdnkoEh 22 d;zpo Bz{ ;t/o/ 11 s'A 12 se r[od[nkok ;kfjp fty/ gkm eoBr/. ;N/i T[~s/ ;kpek ;gheo othfJzdo f;zx d[ZwDk ;w/s j'o nkr{ th gj[zu oj/ jB.

2H nk;Nq/bhnk d/ izrbK ’u n~r

s/i;dhg f;zxw?bpoB, 4 iBtoh

dZyD^g{oph nk;Nq/bhnk ’u bZZrh nZr B/ fGnkBe o{g Xko fbnk j?. fJ; Bkba tZv/ gZXo ’s/spkjh ikoh j?. j[D se 1500 xo spkj j' rJ/ jB. eohp 72 ;EkBK ’s/ nZr ekp{ s'A pkjodZ;h iKdh j?. nZr Bkba 60000 tor feb'whNo y/so ;V frnk j? i' p?bIhnw d/P d/ e[Zb\/so dk d' r[Dk j?. brGr 23 b'eK d/ wko/ ikD dh ;{uBk j? ns/ wko/ ikD tkb/a ikBtoK dh frDsheo'VK ftu dZ;h iKdh j?. 2018 ftu e?bh|'oBhnk (nwohek) ftu fijVh nZr bZrh ;h ns/ fi;Bz{ ;G s'A fGnkBe wzfBnk ikD tkbk nZr jkd;k fejk iKdk j?, T[; d/ w[eakpb/ nk;Nq/ohnk dk fJjnZr jkd;k eJh r[Dk tZvk j?. e?bh|'oBhnk dh nZr ftu 8000 tor feb'whNo \/so ;fVnk ;h.

gqXkB wzsoh ;e"N w"oh;B B/ nk;Nq/bhnB |"i dh foIot Pq/Dh d/ fszB jIko |"ihnK Bz{ gqGkftsy/soK ns/ okjs e?AgK ftu fbikD dk n?bkB ehsk j?. gkDh dk fSVekn eo oj/ uko ijkIK bJhd' eo'V vkboK d/ piN dk n?bkB ehsk j?. fteN'ohnk d/ fgzvK ’u c;/ jIkoK b'eK Bz{ pkjo eZYDbJh jtkJh ns/ ib ;?Bk d/ ;w[zdoh ijkIK dh tos'A ehsh ik ojh j? ns/ eohp 20 xzN/ d/ ;|owro'A b'eK Bz{ w?bpoB d/ okjs e?AgK ’u gj[zukfJnk ik fojk j?.

;kb dh fJ; fGnkBe nZr B/ jIkoK gfotkoK dk ;G eZ[M ;kV e/ ;[nkj eo fdZsk j?. fJ;sqk;dh ’u wdd bJh nwohek, e?B/vk ns/ fBT{Ihb?Av s'A ;jkfJsk eowh gqGkfts fJbkfenK ftugj[zu oj/ jB. T[Xo nkw b'eK B/ ghVsK dh ;jkfJsk bJh okjs ;kwrqh tZvh gZXo ’s/ fJeZmh ehshj?. gZSwh rkfJe ‘fgze’ B/ 5 bZy vkbo wdd d/ o{g ftu d/D dk n?bkB ehsk j?.

3H ;Ve jkd;k L eko s/ ihg dh N~eo

PrB eNkohnki?s', 4 iBtoh

i?s'^r'fBnkDh wkor ’s/ fgzv uzB GkB B/V/ P[eotko oks eko ns/ ihg dh nkjw'^;kjwDh j'Jh NZeo ’u fszB ftnesh wko/ rJ/ idfe S/ j'o I\wh j' rJ/. I\whnK ’u'A d' dh jkbs fuzskiBe dZ;h iKdh j?.

ikDekoh nB[;ko foNi eko ’u ;tko S/ iD/ G[Zu' wzvh ’u ftnkj ;wkrw wro'A fgzv joh B"A ik oj/ ;B. i?s' s'A r'fBnkDk tZb ik ojh fJe ihg Bkba eko dh nkjw'^;kjwDh NZeo j' rJh. ihg ftu fgzv o'Vheg{ok d/ ftZeh g[Zso ibzXo f;zx, e[bdhg f;zx ;g[Zso okw f;zx ns/ ;fstho f;zx ;tko ;B. NZeo fJzBh fGnkBe ;h fe fJ; dk yVke d{o sZe b'eK B/ ;[fDnk. ;ko/ I\whnK Bz{ n?Ap{b?A;K okjhA pfmzvk d/ j;gskb ftu gj[zukfJnk frnk. fJbki d"okB joh B"A tk;h eko ;tko G[fgzdo f;zx T[o| G'bk (57), T[; dh g'soh J/ewtho e"o (5) ns/ e'm/ bkb f;zx d/ t;Bhe i;gkb e"o (74) gsBh w[\fsnko f;zx dw s'V rJ/. eko ’u ;tko G[fgzdo f;zx G'bk dh gsBh ;[yfizdo e"o, Bz{j f;woBihs e"o I\wh j' rJhnK. g[fb; jkd;/ d/ ekoBK dk gsk bZrk ojh j?. gfjbh iKu s'A gsk bZrk j? fe eko dk vokJhto Pokp d/ BP/ ftu ;h.

4H f;js iKu e?Ag

gZso gq/oeGtkBh rVQ, 7 d;zpo

nZi fJZE/ fpPB Bro d/ r[od[nkok ;zrs;o ;kfjp ftu e?pfBN wzsoh fti/fJzdo f;zrbk dh nrtkJh j/m nZyK, uwVh ns/ w?vh;B dk w[|s w?vheb e?Ag brkfJnk frnk. fJ; e?Ag dh T[dxkNBh o;w eoB T[gozs ;qh f;zrbk B/ dZf;nk fe jbek ;zro{o d/ d'tK PfjoK ns/ fgzvK ftu b'eK Bz{ T[jBK dhnK rbhnK ns/ xoK sZe w?vheb ;j{bsK T[gbpX eokT[D bJh fJjBK e?AgK dh bVh P[o{ ehsh rJh j?. T[jBK fejk fe fJ; wjhB/ nzdo fJj shik w?vheb e?Ag brkfJnk frnk j? ns/jbe/ d/ fe;/ th wohI Bz{ w?vheb ;j{bs s'A tKMk BjhA oZfynk ikt/rk. gqpzXeK B/ dZf;nk fe fJ; e?Ag ftu 620 wohIK dk u?enZg ehsk frnk, 200 wohIK Bz{ w[|s n?BeK tzvhnK rJhnK ns/ 20 wohIK Bz{ nZyK d/ ngo/PB bJh ;zro{o G/fink frnk. e?Ag ftu nkJ/ wohIK ftu n"osK dh frDsh tZX ;h. wohI jo iks, T[wo ns/ nkoEe P/qDh Bkba ;zpzXs ;B.

e?Ag ;t/o/ 8 ti/ s'A P[o{ j' e/ PkwhA uko ti/ sZe uZfbnk. vkeNoK dh Nhw ftu nZyK ns/uwVh o'rK d/ ftP/PZrK s'A fJbktk fszB j'o vkeNo ns/ ;Nk| th ;h. nkw b'eK B/ vkeNoK dh Nhw ns/ gqpzXeK dh Pbkxk ehsh. fJ; w"e/ nk; gk; d/ fJbkfenK d/ ;EkBe B/sk th jkIo ;B. gzukfJs d/ w?ApoK B/ toeoK dk o'b ndk ehsk.

5H g[;se w/bk (fd~bh)

gZso gq/oefdZbh, 28 cotoh

fdZbh ftu jo ;kb tKr g[;se w/bk 14 s'A 28 cotoh sZe gqrsh w?dkB ftu bZrk. fJ; w"e/T[go p'bfdnK fdZbh d/ f;Zfynk wzsoh B/ g[;seK d/ wjZst T[~go I'o fdZsk. wzsoh ih dk efjDk ;h fe fJ; :[Zr ftu p/Pe fJzNoB?N ;/tktK B/ eJh ;kXB g?dk eo fdZs/ jB sK th g[;seK dk wjZst ;dk pfDnk oj/rk.

gqrsh w?dkB d/ ;ko/ tZv/ jkbK ftu g[;seK d/ ;Nkb brkJ/ rJ/. w/b/ ftu tZvh frDsh ’u b'e nkJ/ jkbKfe ftPt g[;se w/b/ tkbh XZek^w[Zeh BjhA ;h. uzrh fyVh X[Zg d/ w";w ftu g[;se gq/whnK B/ w/b/ dk nBzd wkfDnk. g[;seK s'A fJbktk gqrsh w?dkB d/ fszB jkbK ftu tZXhnk fe;w dh ;N/PBoh d/ ;Nkb th ;B, fiBQK tZb doPeK dk ftP/P fXnkB fojk.

g[;se w/b/ ftu dk\b/ dh fNeN 20 o[gJ/ oZyh rJh go ftfdnkoEhnK bJh dk\bk w[|s ;h. w/b/ ftu ;|kJh ns/ ;[oZfynk d/ gqpzX pj[s uzr/ ;B. EK EK s/ yVQ/ tbzNhno nkw b'eK dh wdd eo oj/ ;B. gqrsh w?dkB d/ w[Zy dotkI/ s'A g[;se w/b/ sZe gqrsh w?dkB dhnK rZvhnK w[|s ;/tk gqdkB eo ojhnK ;B. brGr ;ko/ jh ;NkbK T[~go feskpK, ;hHvhH, e?;NK dh fteoh d/yh rJh.

fJ; g[;se w/b/ ftu jo o'I fBozso r'PNhnK ns/ ;?whBko nkfd dk gqpzX eotkfJnk iKdk fojk, fi; ftu fdZbh ns/ nk;^gk; d/ wPj{o b/yeK, nkb'ueK, gpfbPoK ns/ fgqzNoK B/ tZX uVQ

e/ fjZ;k fbnk. fJj gqpzX c?vo/PB nk| fJzvhnB gpfbPoI tZb'A eotkJ/ rJ/. ftfdne ndkfonKftu bkfJpq/ohnK dk fesBk wjZst j?, nzso GkPkJh nB[tkd, ekgh okJhN ekBz{B, feskpK d/ GftZy,y/soh GkPktK dhnK g[;seK dh xZN ojh fteoh, gVQB dh xNdh o[uh nkfd pko/ rzGho uouktKB/ b'eK Bz{ ikro{e eotkfJnk ns/ T[BQK d/ gqPBK d/ jZb d;/. ekbiK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B/ fJjBKr'PNhnK ftu \k; o[uh fdykJh.

w/b/ dk nk\oh fdB pVk o[uh Gog{o ns/ wjZstg{oB ;h. fJj fJBkw d/D dk fdB ;h. feskpKd/ ftek; bJh tZXhnk gqekPB, uzrh SgkJh ns/ tZXhnk fteoh bJh fJBkw tzv/ rJ/. fJj ;jhj? fe fJ; g[;se w/b/ Bz{ pj[s tZvk BjhA fejk ik ;edk go fij' fijk gqpzX fJZE/ d/fynk frnkT[; fj;kp Bkba fJj ;|b w/bk ;h. gqpzXeK d[nkok nk:'is gq'rokw ns/ w[jZJhnk eotkJhnKiKdhnK ;/tktK B/ b'eK ns/ g[;se fte/qsktK d'jK Bz{ tZXhnk ;j{bsK fdZshnK.

fJ; g[;se w/b/ dh ekw:kph dk f;jok—;kfjs nekdwh, B?PBb p[Ze NoZ;N, c?vo/PB nk|gpfbPoI nkfd d/ f;o iKdk j?, fijBK B/ nkg;h skbw/b dh tZXhnk fw;kb g/P ehsh. g[;segq/whnK B/ fJ; Bz{ ;jh o{g ftu wkfDnk ns/ e/tb w/bk Bk pDk e/ g[;se w/bk pDkfJnk.

3H3 ;zy/g ouBk

ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[jkv/ ;b/p; d/ ‘ftjkoe gzikph’ tkb/ Gkr ftu fJe ftPk ‘;zy/g ouBk’ dkj?. fJ; dk Gkt j? fe;/ g?oQ/ Bz{ ;zy/g eoe/ fbyDk. nzrq/Ih ftP/ ftu s[;hA Presis, eod/ j't'r/.;zy/g ouBk T[t/A jh j?. fJ; d/ Bkba gqPB ftu nfijk j[zdk j? fe s[jkBz{ fJe g?oQk fdZsk iKdk j?ns/ T[; Bz{ ;zy/g eoe/ fbyD bJh fejk iKdk j?.

pZu/ nkw s"o ’s/ fJ; gqPB Bz{ tZv/ fXnkB Bkb BjhA b?Ad/ ns/ ;'ud/ jB fe g?oQ/ ftu'A e[ZMSZv e/ s/ eZ[M b? e/ fJ; Bz{ S'Nk eo d/Dk j?. d/fynk frnk j? fe fJ; gqPB bJh ftfdnkoEh nfGnk;th BjhA eod/. eZ[M ftfdnkoEh g?oQ/ ftub/ B[efsnK Bz{ ftnkfynk eoe/ tXk fdzd/ jB ns/Bshi/ ti'A ouBk$g?oQk j'o tZvk j' iKdk j?. fJj d't/A }bs jB ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ e'Jh nzeBjhA fwbd/.

;zy/g ouBk dh b'V L fe;/ g?oQ/ iK wIw{B Bz{ ;zy/g fJ; eoe/ ehsk iKdk j? sK fe p/b'VhnKrZbK T[; ftu'A eZN fdZshnK ikD. ;ko/ Io{oh fpzd{ S/sh ns/ E'VQ/ ;w/A ftu ikD bJ/ ikD. tkeKBz{ u[;s pDkfJnk ikJ/.

ftfdnkoEh fet/A eoB L s[;hA nkgD/ gqPB gZso ftu nkfJnk fJe g?oQk d/y'r/. s[;hA fJ;Bz{;zy/g eoBk j't/rk. s[jkv/ ;zy/g ehs/ g?oQ/ ftu fJj rZbK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB L^

1H w{b g?oQ/ ftub/ ;ko/ Io{oh fpzd{, s[jkv/ T[~so ftu nk ikD.

2H s[jkvk T[~so tkbak g?oQk, w{b g?oQ/ dk brGr fJe fsjkJh j't.

3H s[jkv/ T[~so tkb/a g?oQ/ ftub/ tke, w{b g?oQ/ ftu'A fiT[A d/ fsT[ Bk bJ/ rJ/ j'D. fJjs[jkv/ nkgD/ j'D.

4H s[;hA T[~so ftu fJ; g?oQ/ Bz{ Y[ZetK f;ob/y fdZsk j't/.

;zy/g ouBk pko/ T[go'es rZbK s'A fJbktk eZ[M gZy j'o th jB, i' n;hA s[jkv/ Bkba ;KM/ eoBkukjz[d/ jK sK fe s[;hA ekw:kph Bkba fJ; gqPB Bz{ fJwfsjkB ftu jZb eo ;e'.

(1) w{b nDfvZmk g?oQk fijVk s[jkv/ gqPB gZso ftu j't/rk T[; Bz{ d' fszB tko gVQ' ns/T[; ftub/ Io{oh fpzd{nK j/m beho brkT[. fJ; d/ Bkba jh s[jkv/ bJh Io{oh j? fe s[;hA sZEKfit/A fe nKeV/, sohyK, BktK Bz{ th o/yKfes eo bt' sK fe T[j s[jkv/ T[~so ftu S[ZN Bk ikD.

(2) w{b g?oQk eJh tko fJe' rZb eJh tkeK ftu efjzdk j?. T[; Bkb pj[s ;ko/ Ppd tos/iKd/ jB. s[;hA tkeK Bz{ ;KMk eoe/ ns/ d'jokT[ Bz{ jNk e/ E'VQ/ PpdK ftu jh T[jh rZb efj ;ed/j'. w{b g?oQ/ ftu T[dkjoBK Bkba ;wMkJh rJh rZb Bz{ s[;hA pj[s E'VQ/ PpdK ftu g/P eo ;ed/j'. tkeK Bz{ eKN^SKN eoe/ u[;s eo ;ed/ j'.

(3) eJh tko s[jkBz{ gqPB gZso ftu T[u/u/ s"o ’s/ f;ob/y fbyD bJh BjhA fdZsk frnk j[zdk.nfijh ;fEsh ftu th s[;hA nkgD/ g?oQ/ Bz{ Y[ZetK f;ob/y d/Dk j?. fJj f;ob/y nfijk j'Dk ukjhdkj?, fijVk g?oQ/ d/ e/Adoh ftP/ tZb ;ze/s eodk j't/ ns/ fi; s'A gsk bZr/ fe g?oQ/ ftu fe; ftP/pko/ rZb ehsh rJh j?. f;ob/y th ;zy/g eoB dk Gkr j?.

(4) w{b g?oQ/ ftu fdZs/ nbzekoK ns/ T[dkjoBK Bz{ s[;hA nkgD/ T[~so ftu Bk fby'.

(5) ;zy/g eoe/ fby/ rJ/ g?o/ ftu s[;hA nkgD/ e'b'A eZ[M BjhA efjDk ns/ Bk jh w{b g?oQ/ d/fe;/ B[es/ Bz{ SZvDk j?. fe;/ ftuko dh gq;z;k iK fBzdk th BjhA eoBh. e/tb t;s{goe ofj e/w{b gkm Bz{ jh ;zy/g eoBk j?. s[jkvk f;ofink g?oQk nkgD/ nkg ftu ;[szso j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

(6) w{b gkm ftub/ B[efsnK dh ftnkfynk fpbe[b BjhA eoBh.

(7) w{b gkm ftub/ tkeK Bz{ th ;zy/g ouBk tkb/ gkm ftu T[;/ o{g ftu BjhA tosDk. T[go'es;ko/ fpzd{ f;XKse geV bJh pV/ wjZstg{oB jB, go n;hA ukj[zd/ jK fe e[ZM e[ g?foQnK Bz{ftjkoe o{g ftu ;zy/g eoe/ s[jkv/ ;kjwD/ g/P eohJ/. fJ; bJh n;hA e[ZM T[dkjoBK s[jkv/ ;kjwD/oZyKr/.

T[dkjoB^1

;'Gk f;zx g'oNq/N dk T[;skd ;h. T[; B/ GhV Bz{ iK sK fuZsfonk BjhA iK pj[s xZN fusfonkj?. ib{;, ib;/ iK bVkJh dh T[; B/ e'Jh s;tho BjhA pDkJh. j?okBh dh rZb fJj j? fe T[;B/ fdqP^fuZsoD tZb th pj[s xZN fXnkB fdZsk j?, jkbKfe gqfeosh T[; d/ p{j/ d/ nZr/ fBZs nkgD/B/e ozr^o{gK dh yN ftSkJh oZydh j?. T[; Bz{ PkfJd fJT[A wfj;{; j[zdk j? fit/A GhV ftu T[; dkftnefsst rtku iKdk j't/. T[j PkfJd fBo'b gqfeosh^fuZsoD ftu bZr/ ofjD Bz{ jh gbkfJBho'wKfuesk ;wMdk j?. T[; dk ftPtk; j? fe ;kvh d[BhnK tKr fuZsoekoh dh d[BhnK ftu th wBZ[ydh ;odkoh ekfJw ofjDh ukjhdh j?. fJ;/ bJh T[j tX/o/ eoe/ wB[ZyK dk fus/ok j?—wB[Zy th T[ji' ;kv/ Xow ebuo dk gqshe pD rJ/ jB.

(b/ye L gqhsw f;zx, fBpzX L X"bkXko dk g[Zso ftu'A)

gqPB L T[go'es g?oQ/ Bz{ ;zy/g eoe/ fby' ns/ Y[ZetK f;ob/y fdT[.

T[~so L ;'Gk f;zx Xow iK ebuo Bkb i[V/ wB[ZyK d/ g'oNq/N pDkT[D Bz{ gqkEfwesk fdzdk j?.GhV, fdqP iK gqfeosh fusoB tZb T[j o[fus BjhA. T[j wB[Zy Bz{ w[Zyh pDkT[Adk j?. gqfeoshg/AN eoBk T[; Bz{ gbkfJB eoBk bZrdk j?.

f;ob/y L g'oNq/N f;oie ;'Gk f;zx.

T[dkjoB^2

gqPB L j/m fdZs/ g?oQ/ Bz{ gVQ' ns/ ;zy/g eoe/ (fJe fsjkJh) fby'. g?oQ/ Bz{ Y[ZetK f;ob/y thfdT[.

Gkos ftu Grsh bfjo B/ pj[s ;ko/ tfjwK Bz{ o'e fdZsk, tfjw dk oki :{og ftu ea[o[Zs/ pZdbKtKr SkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. g'g j'ohA fJeoko Bkw/ fby e/ d/Ad/ ;B fe nZr/ pfjPs fwb/rk. fJjBKfbysK dh nZv' nZv ehws j[zdh ;h. fJj fbys o/b tKr ;h s/ U; Bkb jo doi/ d/ \kB/ phV/j'Ad/ ;B. wkofNB b{Eo B/ dbhb dh r?Ash Bkb ijkbs dh bkJhB T[y/V goQK wkoh, vZp/ ueBk u{oj' rJ/. fJj u{ok fiZE/ fiZE/ fgnk T[~E'A T[~E'A jh jIkoK po{N/ eh p'VK tKr xD gsokb/ fpoS j'rJ/. fi; soQK ;[zG d?As d/ bj{ d/ jo N'g/ s'A d?As gqrN j[zdk ;h J/;/ soQK tfjw d/ u{o/ s'A g[BotfjwftdwkB j's/ GJ/.

(b/ye L jfozdo f;zx o{gl fBpzX L tfjw s/ tfjwh ftu'A)

T[~so L Grsh bfjo B/ fit/A Gkos ftu tfjwK^GowK Bz{ o'e gkJh. fJt/A jh :{og ftu g'gd[nkok fbye/ fdZshnK ;tor dhnK fNeNK tor/ nzX ftPtk;K Bz{ wkofNB b{Eo dhnk dbhbK B/T[y/V fdZsk ns/ b'eK ftu ;e{B ;Ekgs ehsk.

f;ob/y L tfjwK dk fBdkB

T[dkjoB^3

gqPB L j/m fby/ g?oQ/ Bz{ ;zy/g eo' ns/ Y[ZetK f;ob/y fdT[.

fJj ;wM b?Dk s[jkv/ bJh e'Jh w[Peb BjhA j'D bZrk fe f;o| uhIK dh pj[bsk fe;/ d[BhnKBz{ ;zg{oB BjhA eo ;edh. uhIK f;o| ;zg{oBsk d/ skD/ g/N/ dhnK szdK jB. j[Bo s/ neb jh fJjBKszdK ftu'A ;zg{oBsk T[D ;ed/ jB. ebk, okr, j[;B, B/eh s/ fgnko dh e'Jh Bh:s f;yo BjhA.nkT[D tkbah d[BhnK ftu uhIK dh gqkgsh s'A fB;fuzs j'fJnk wB[Zy T[gobhnK f;\oK bJh jh sKx/rk.s/ fijBK Bz{ fJjBK f;\oK—ebk, okr, j[[;B, B/eh s/ fgnko—dk eZ[M th sIopk j?, T[j ikDd/ jBfe J/; G[Zy dh e'Jh fsqgsh BjhA, f;o| J/; G[Zy dh fsqgsh d/ isBK ftu d[BhnK d/ g?o fwZXD dhekjb BjhA jz[dh Bk Jhoyk, Bk w[eakpbk, Bk d{i/ Bz{ fgSKj SZv ikD dh j|Vk d|Vh j[zdh j?.

(b/ye L r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVhl fBpzX L B"itkB fJ;sohnK s/ wodK d/ ftu'A)

T[~so L fJj ;wMDk w[Peb BjhA fe uhIK jh fIzdrh dhnK f;\obhnK gqkgshnK BjhA. id'AuhIK dh pj[sks j't/rh sK wB[Zy T[gobhnK f;\oK—ebk, okr, j[;B, B/eh s/ fgnko bJh sKx/rk.T[j t;s{ gqkgsh dh d"V ftu w[eakpb/ tkba/ pb'V/ ;zxoP BjhA eo/rk.

f;ob/y L f;\obhnK gqkgshnK

T[dkjoB^4

gqPB L j/m fby/ g?oQ/ Bz{ gVQ e/ ;zy/g eoe/ fby' ns/ Y[ZetK f;ob/y fdT[.

;kv/ ;e{bK s/ ekbiK ftu wkfgnK dk pV/ fjs s/ y/ub Bkb nkgD/ wz{j'A puk e/ eZmk ehskxo dk fxT[ o;'JhJ/ fw;o d/ ekb eVS/ d/ jtkb/ eoe/ nZr T[~s/ c{e fdZsk iKdk j? s/ dkb GkihBz{ P[o P[o eoe/ S{jk fdZsk iKdk j?. ed/ J/jBK gVQke{nK B/ y/ub BjhA ehsh fe J/; ‘s[Ve/’ j'J/fxT[ dh fgZS'A Peb t/yD fe fJj fet/A w?bak j' e/ ykD ghD d/ ;G sZs rtk p?mdk j?. G/v ukbB/ n;bh e[dosh ;[nkdK Bz{ w/N e/ b|k| ykD^ghD dh tkdh gk fdZsh j?. gsk;/ s/ fw;ohnK SZve/ ozrdko Bebh fwZmk tosDk, i/ fxT[ ykDk j't/ T[; Bzz{ ‘s[Ve’ e/ nEtk c{e e/ ykDk, rzBk u{gDkrtkoK dh fBPkBh ;wMDk go nrK dhnK rzv/ohnK f;|b;h jZEK Bkb bZE gZE j'JhnK fuZN/ o[wkbftu b? e/ y[P j'Dk, J/j ;G rZbK fgZSbr{ ftukoK s/ c[ofBnK d/ eosp jB s/ ;[nkXhB ;[szso;[Zuh p[ZXh d/ fuzBQ BjhA.

(b/ye L bkb f;zx ewbk nekbhl b/y L G/v ukb ftu'A)

T[~so L j';NbK ftu gVQd/ pZu/ wkfgnK tb'A feo; Bkb ;KG e/ fdZsk fxT[ sVfenK ftu;kV e/ g'PNesk s'A tKMk eoe/ yKd/ jB. T[j fwZm/ Bz{ ozr e/, fxT[ Bz{ ;kV e/ yKd/ jB. c?PBekoB T[j rzBk u{gD dh pikJ/, rzd/ jZEK dhnK pDhnK rzv/ohnK yKd/ jB. fJj ;[Gkn }[bkwh dkfuzBQ j?.

f;ob/y L G/v ukb

T[dkjoB^5

gqPB L j/m fby/ g?oQ/ Bz{ ;zy/g eoe/ fby' ns/ f;ob/y th fdT[.

eJh pzd/ M{od/ ofjzd/ jB. fJj ;'u/ fpBK fe fi; nZr/ T[j nkgDk o'Dk o' oj/ jB, fi; Bz{nkgDk d[Zy dZ; oj/ jB T[j jwdodh Gfonk j[zrkok Go fojk j? iK BjhA. n?t/A T[; nZr/ d[Zy c'bhikDr/. eJh tko fJzM th j[zdk j? fe d{ik pzdk n?t/A jK jz{ eoh ikJ/rk, fJj ;'u, ;'u e/ fe ed'AT[j M{oBk SZv/ sK T[j nkgD/ ezw Xzd/ ikt/. M{oB tkfbnK Bz{ i/ e'Jh pzdk ;[DB tkbk BjhA th bZGdksK T[j nkgD/ nkg Bkb rZbK eoe/ M{od/ ofjDr/. go shi/ gksPkj pzd/ Bz{ M{oB'A toid/ jB. T[jM{oB tkb/a Bz{ efjzd/ jB, ‘j/ w{oy ` sz{ edh th Bk M{o.’

(b/ye L skok f;zx nBikDl b/y L ‘MM? ed/ B M{ofj w{V/’ ftu'A)

T[~so L eJh pzd/ T[; nZr/ th M{od/ jB fijVk e'Jh jwdodh BjhA fdykT[Adk. eJh e/tb wip{ohtZ; M{oBk ;[Dd/ jB. eJh nkgD/ nkg ftu jh M{od/ jB. r[o{ nwodk; ih M{oB tkb/ Bz{ fJ;s'A toid/ jB.

f;ob/y L M{o' Bk iK M{oB dk bkG BjhA.

;zy/g T[~soK tkb/ gqPB

3H2 (i) X[Bh eh j[zdh j? <

(ii) gzikph dhnK ;_o X[BhnK fejVhnK jB <

(iii) gzikph GkPk dhnK ftnziB X[BhnK T[~s/ fJe B'N fby'.

(iv) bx{ ;_o ns/ dhox ;_o eh j[zd/ jB <

3H3 (i) fe;/ g?o/ Bz{ ;zy/g eoB bJh, fezBK rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? <

(ii) j/m fby/ g?o/ Bz{ ;zy/g eoe/ fby' ns/ YZ[etK f;ob/y fdT[.

3H4 (i) fog'oN fbyD s'A eh Gkt j? <

(ii) fe;/ nZr bZrD dh d[oxNBk pko/ fJe fog'oN fby'.

—0—

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