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Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 1
Why are Personal i ty Theory and Personal i ty
Assessment Integral to Cl in ical Pract ice?
Insights f rom Mi l lon 's Evolut ionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Topics
Why Focus on
Personality and
Personality Theory?
I. II.Millon’s Evolutionary
Theory
A. Overview
B. The Prototypes
C. Functional and
Structural Domains
D. Subtypes:
Admixtures of
Prototypes
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 2
Personality (General Definition)
“…individual differences in characteristic patterns of
thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality
focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding
individual differences in particular personality
characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other
is understanding how the various parts of a person come
together as a whole.”
Source: Adapted from Encyclopedia of Psychology (Ed. Kazdin, A. E., 2000)
Traditions in Personality Study
Biophysical Models Phenomenological Models
• Temperament &
Neurobiologic
• Mind-Body Connectedness
• Existential/Humanistic
• Cognitive/CBT, ACT,
Mindfulness
Behavioral Models
• Conditioning
• Social Learning
Sociocultural Models
• Ecological/Group
• Interpersonal/Narrative
Intrapsychic/Developmental Models
• Psychodynamic
• Structural/Objects
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3
Purpose of Personality Study?
Personality Disorders
“Personality disorders represent the failure to develop a
sense of self-identity and the capacity for interpersonal
functioning that are adaptive in the context of the
individual’s cultural norms and expectations.” (DSM-5
Personality & Personality Disorders Work Group).
This definition aligns with Millon’s Evolutionary Model.
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 4
Personality Disorders
Adaptive failure is manifested in one or both of the following
areas:
1. Impaired sense of self-identify
i. Identity integration
ii. Integrity of self-concept
iii. Self-directedness
2. Failure to develop effective
interpersonal functioning
i. Empathy
ii. Intimacy
iii. Cooperativeness
iv. Complexity and integration of representations of others
Personality on a Continuum:
Adaptive to Maladaptive
Adaptive Maladaptive
Personality disorders are quantitative dimensions of severity
instead of qualitatively discrete categories.
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 5
Mil lon’s Evolut ionary Theory
A. Overview
Personality (Millon’s Evolutionary Theory)
“(Personalities) are the only organically integrated system
in the psychological domain… The intrinsic cohesion of
persons is not merely a rhetorical construction, but an
authentic substantive unity… segments of an inseparable
biopsychosocial entity, as well as a natural outgrowth of
Darwinian evolution’s progression.”
Source: Millon (2011) Disorders of Personality (3rd ed). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 6
Role of Personality
Clinical Symptomology
(Anxiety, Dysthymia
= Fever, Cough)
Role of Personality
Individual Wellness &
Psychosocial Context
Clinical Symptomology
(Anxiety, Dysthymia
= Fever, Cough)
(Marital, Economic, Health
= Infectious Agents)
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 7
Role of Personality
Individual Wellness &
Psychosocial Context
Personality Dynamics
Clinical Symptomology
(Anxiety, Dysthymia
= Fever, Cough)
(Personality Spectra
= Immune System)
(Marital, Economic, Health
= Infectious Agents)
Evolutionary Theory of Personality
Existence
Pleasure(Life Enhancing)
Pain(Life Sustaining)
Adaptation
Passive(Accommodating)
Active(Modifying)
Replication
Self(Independent)
Other(Dependent)
Three basic polarities (dimensions)
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 8
Mil lon’s Evolut ionary Theory
B. The Prototypes
Evolutionary Theory of Personality
Existence
Pleasure(Life Enhancing)
Pain(Life Sustaining)
Adaptation
Passive(Accommodating)
Active(Modifying)
Replication
Self(Independent)
Other(Dependent)
Three basic polarities (dimensions)
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 9
Evolutionary Theory of Personality
Existence
Pleasure(Life Enhancing)
Pain(Life Sustaining)
Adaptation
Passive(Accommodating)
Active(Modifying)
Replication
Self(Independent)
Other(Dependent)
Three basic polarities (dimensions)
Evolutionary Theory of Personality
Existence
Pleasure(Life Enhancing)
Pain(Life Sustaining)
Adaptation
Passive(Accommodating)
Active(Modifying)
Replication
Self(Independent)
Other(Dependent)
Three basic polarities (dimensions)
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 10
2011: Millon Introduces a “Spectrum”
Each personality prototype is described through these three
levels:
Normal StyleAbnormal
Traits/Type
Clinical
Disorder
Millon Personality Patterns–SpectrumSpectrum Normal Style Abnormal Type Clinical Disorder
AASchd Apathetic Asocial Schizoid
SRAvoid Shy Reticent Avoidant
DFMelan Dejected Forlorn Melancholic
DADepn Deferential Attached Dependent
SPHistr Sociable Pleasuring Histrionic
EETurbu Ebullient Exuberant Turbulent
CENarc Confident Egotistic Narcissistic
ADAntis Aggrandizing Devious Antisocial
ADSadis Assertive Denigrating Sadistic
RCComp Reliable Constricted Compulsive
DRNegat Discontented Resentful Negativistic
AAMasoc Abused Aggrieved Masochistic
ESSchizoph Eccentric Schizotypal Schizophrenic
UBCycloph Unstable Borderline Cyclophrenic
MPParaph Mistrustful Paranoid Paraphrenic
Millon, T. (2011). Disorders of personality: Introducing a DSM/ICD spectrum from normal to abnormal. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 11
Motivating Aims(Aberrations in Motivation)
Existence
Pleasure(Life Enhancing)
Pain(Life Sustaining)
Adaptation
Passive(Accommodating)
Active(Modifying)
Replication
Self(Independent)
Other(Dependent)
Polarity Orientation
Strong
Average
Weak
Unaffected
Conflicted
Reversal
Wavering
Immovable
Polarity Dynamic
Personality Vulnerability: Four General Tendencies
Interpersonally Imbalanced
Spectra
Emotionally Extreme Spectra
Intrapsychically Conflicted Spectra
Structurally Compromised
Spectra
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 12
Interpersonally Imbalanced Spectra
Self-Other
Self (low)
Other (high)
Dependent
Personalities
Self (high)
Other (low)
Independent
Personalities
Passive
DADepn
Deferential Attached
Dependent
CENarc
Confident Egotistic
Narcissistic
Active
SPHistr
Sociable Pleasuring Histrionic
ADAntis
Aggrandizing Devious
Antisocial
CENarc (Narcissistic) Spectrum(MCMI-IV Scale 5)
Existence
Pleasure(Life Enhancing)
Pain(Life Sustaining)
Adaptation
Passive(Accommodating)
Active(Modifying)
Replication
Self(Independent)
Other(Dependent)
Polarity Orientation
Strong
Average
Weak
Unaffected
Conflicted
Reversal
Wavering
Immovable
Polarity Dynamic
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 13
Emotionally Extreme Spectra
Pleasure-Pain
Passive
Low Pleasure
Low Pain
Low Pleasure
High Pain
AASchd
Apathetic
Asocial
Schizoid
DFMelan
Dejected
Forlorn
Melancholic
Active
High Pleasure
Low Pain
Low Pleasure
High Pain
EETurbu
Ebullient
Exuberant
Turbulent
SRAvoid
Shy
Reticent
Avoidant
SRAvoid (Avoidant) Spectrum(MCMI-IV Scale 2A)
Existence
Pleasure(Life Enhancing)
Pain(Life Sustaining)
Adaptation
Passive(Accommodating)
Active(Modifying)
Replication
Self(Independent)
Other(Dependent)
Polarity Orientation
Strong
Average
Weak
Unaffected
Conflicted
Reversal
Wavering
Immovable
Polarity Dynamic
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 14
Intrapsychically Conflicted Spectra
Pleasure-Pain Reversal
Self-Other Discordance
Passive
AAMasoc
Abused
Aggrieved
Masochistic
RCComp
Reliable
Constricted
Compulsive
Active
ADSadis
Sociable
Pleasuring
Sadistic
DRNegat
Discontented
Resentful
Negativistic
RCComp (Compulsive) Spectrum(MCMI-IV Scale 7)
Existence
Pleasure(Life Enhancing)
Pain(Life Sustaining)
Adaptation
Passive(Accommodating)
Active(Modifying)
Replication
Self(Independent)
Other(Dependent)
Polarity Orientation
Strong
Average
Weak
Unaffected
Conflicted
Reversal
Wavering
Immovable
Polarity Dynamic
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 15
Structurally Compromised Spectra
Spectrum Style Type Disorder
ESSchizoph Eccentric Schizotypal Schizophrenic
UBCycloph Unstable Borderline Cyclophrenic
MPParaph Mistrustful Paranoid Paraphrenic
UBCycloph (Borderline) Spectrum(MCMI-IV Scale C)
Existence
Pleasure(Life Enhancing)
Pain(Life Sustaining)
Adaptation
Passive(Accommodating)
Active(Modifying)
Replication
Self(Independent)
Other(Dependent)
Polarity Orientation
Strong
Average
Weak
Unaffected
Conflicted
Reversal
Wavering
Immovable
Polarity Dynamic
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 16
Mil lon’s Evolut ionary Theory:
C. Functional and Structural Domains
Pleasure Pain
Active Passive
Self Other
Evolutionary Polarities
Functional/Structural Domains
Domain/Facet Level of Personality
Level Functional Domains Structural Domains
BehavioralEmotional ExpressionInterpersonal Conduct
Phenomenological Cognitive Style Self-Image
IntrapsychicIntrapsychic Dynamics Intrapsychic Content
Intrapsychic Architecture
Biophysical Mood/Temperament
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 17
Characterizing the Personality Prototypes
Functional Domain
Emotional
Expression
Interpersonal
Conduct
Cognitive Style
Intrapsychic
Dynamics
Self-Image
Intrapsychic
Content
Intrapsychic
Architecture
Mood/
Temperament
Structural Domain
EETurbu (Turbulent) Spectrum(MCMI-IV Scale 4B)
Existence
Pleasure(Life Enhancing)
Pain(Life Sustaining)
Adaptation
Passive(Accommodating)
Active(Modifying)
Replication
Self(Independent)
Other(Dependent)
Polarity Orientation
Strong
Average
Weak
Unaffected
Conflicted
Reversal
Wavering
Immovable
Polarity Dynamic
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 18
ImpetuousExpressive Emotion
MercurialMood/Temperament
ExaltedSelf-Image
High-Spirited
Interpersonal Conduct
ScatteredCognitive Style
PiecemealIntrapsychic Content
UnsteadyIntrapsychic Architecture
MagnificationIntrapsychic Dynamics
Personologic Domains: EETurbu Spectrum
Millon, T., Grossman, S., & Millon, C. (2015). Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, Fourth Edition: Manual. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson.
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 19
Mil lon’s Evolut ionary Theory:
D. Subtypes: Admixtures of Prototypes
Multiple Elevations: Narcissistic (CENarc Scale 5) and Avoidant (SRAvoid Scale 2A)
Pleasure Pain
Polarity Orientation
Strong
Average
Weak
Unaffected
Conflicted
Reversal
Wavering
Immovable
Polarity Dynamic
Passive Active
Self Other
CENARC (5)
Pleasure Pain
Passive Active
Self Other
SRAVOID (2A)
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 20
AASchd
SRAvoid
DFMelan
DADepn
SPHistr
CENarc
ADAntis
ADSadis
RCComp
DRNegat
AAMasoc
ESSchizoph
UBCycloph
MPParaph
ExpressiveEmotion
InterpersonalConduct
CognitiveStyle
Content
Self-Image
Dynamics Architecture
Mood/Temperament
Abstinent Acquiescent Diffident Undeserving
Impassive Unengaged Impoverished Complacent Meager IntellectualizationUndifferentiated Apathetic
FretfulAversive
Distracted Alienated Vexatious Fantasy Fragile Anguished
Disconsolate Defenseless Fatalistic Worthless Forsaken Asceticism Depleted Woeful
Puerile Submissive Naive Inept Immature Introjection Inchoate Pacific
Dramatic Flighty Gregarious ShallowAttention-Seeking Dissociation Disjointed Fickle
Haughty Exploitive Expansive Admirable Contrived Rationalization Spurious Insouciant
Impulsive Irresponsible Nonconforming Autonomous Debased Acting-Out Unruly Callous
Precipitate Abrasive Dogmatic Combative Pernicious Isolation Eruptive Hostile
Disciplined Courteous Constricted Reliable ConcealedReaction
Formation Compartmentalized Solemn
Embittered Contrary Cynical Discontented Fluctuating Displacement Divergent Irritable
Discredited Exaggeration Inverted Dysphoric
Peculiar Secretive Circumstantial Estranged Chaotic Undoing FragmentedDistraught
or Insentient
Spasmodic Paradoxical Vacillating Uncertain Incompatible Regression Split Labile
Defensive Provocative
Mistrustful Inviolable Unalterable Projection Inelastic Irascible
EETurbu
IntrapsychicTraitDomains
SpectrumDisorders
ImpetuousHigh-
SpiritedScattered Exalted Piecemeal Magnification Unsteady Mercurial
Grossman Facet Scales Highlighted
Clinical Presentation
(Anxiety, Dysthymia
= Fever, Cough)
Questions
Why are Personality Theory and Personality Assessment Integral to Clinical Practice?
Insights from Millon's Evolutionary Theory
Seth Grossman, Psy.D.
Copyright © 2015. Pearson, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 21
References
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: Author.
Choca, J. P. (2004). Interpretive guide to the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory,
Third Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Grossman, S. & Amendolace, B. (2017). Essentials of Millon Inventory
assessment. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Kazdin, A. E. (2000). Encyclopedia of psychology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University
Press.
Millon, T. (2011). Disorders of personality: Introducing a DSM/ICD spectrum from
normal to abnormal. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Millon, T., Grossman, S., & Millon, C. (2015). Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory,
Fourth Edition. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson.
PearsonClinical.com/MCMI-IV
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800-627-7271 (USA)
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