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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
-
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
- -
1.4
1.5
1.6 , ,
1.7
1.8
1.9
-
- ( ) .
- .
- .
- (, , ) (, ) .
- .
-
1.1
.
(Remote Sensing)
(Electromagnetic Wave/: Radiation).
( ) 3(, , )
()
. 36,000km
.
() .
-
.
- () ()
m .
- ()
(s-1) .
1 1
- -
- (c) 30 km/s
.
(1.1)
- () cm-1.
-
(Photon) .
.
E = h (1.2)
h 6.6262x 10^-34Js. (1.1)
.
.
-
1.1
(0~) ,
(, , ...)
. ,
(0.390-0.760m) 1.1
( 1.1).
, , .
.
(m)
0.390 0.455
0.455 0.485
0.485 0.505
0.505 0.550
0.550 0.575
0.575 0.585
[ 1.1]
2 1
- -
0.575 0.585
0.585 0.620
0.620 0.760
[ 1.1]
(m)
-
1.2
, ,
.
1.2 .
.
J. (Radiant Flux)
[W: J/s].
(Irradiance or Radiant Emittance) [W/m]
.
(
- Steradian: sr) (Radiance)
[W/m/sr] .
(Monochromatic Radiance) [W/m/sr/m] .
.
(, )
.
1 3
- -
2 3 . 2
3
3 (Solid Angle) .
.
r
. ,
r (d)
.
d = rd rsin d (1.3)
d (r=1)
() r2 .
d = d/r2 = sin d d ( sr ) (1.4)
-
1.2
[ 1.2]
(Radiant Energy) dE J (Joules): N.m
(Radiant Flux) dE/dt J/sec (W)
(: Irradiance)
dE/dt/dA W/m2
(Radiance) dE/dt/dA/d W/m2/sr
(Monochromatic Radiance)
dE/dt/dA/d/dor
dE/dt/dA/d/d
W/m2/sr/mor
W/m2/sr/cm-1
4 1
- -
-
1.3
19 , , ,
.
.
,
.
.
1.5 .
,
.
Max Planck(1858-1947) 1900
( ) [Wm-2sr-1m-1]
- .
1 5
- -
(1.5)
c (2.998108ms-1), h (6.6262x10-
34Js), k (1.38x10-23JK-1).
1.2
.
(
) . .
exp
-
1.3
6 1
- -
[ 1.2]
-
1.4
1.4.1
1.2
. Wilhelm
Wien(1864-1928) 1893 ( )
.
(1.6)
T (K) (m).
(mK-1) .
( 1.2).
6000K 0.5m
300K 10.0m.
1 7
- -
-
1.4
1.4.2 -
1.2
() . ,
Josef Stefan(1835-1893) 1879
.
Ludwig Boltzmann(1844-1906) 1894
.
(1.6)
Wm-2, =5.6710-8 (Wm-2K-4).
, T
( ) 4
- .
(6.34107Wm-2)
8 1
- -
(6.34107Wm-2)
.
(6.34107 /5.6710-8/)1/4 =5780K
,
.
-
1.4
1.4.3
.
( ) .
(1.8)
. ( )
.
(1.9)
, 1.0 .
1 9
- -
1855 Gustav Kirchhoff(1824-1887)
.
(1.10)
, .
" ,
."
-
1.4
. (r )
.
(1.11)
.
( )
.
(1.12)
0 ,
.
10 1
- -
1.3 .
0 8-
12m . 8-12m
.
. 9.6m
11 12m
.
, ,
.
-
1.4
[ 1.3]
1 11
- -
-
1.5
() , , 3
.
.
,
.
,
.
. 1.4
.
12 1
- -
[ 1.4]
-
1.5
.
, ,
. ,
(1.13)
.
. () Z 1.9
,
(1.14)
. (1.10) (Beer's Law)
. ( )
.
( ), (1.13) (1.14)
1 13
- -
(1.15)
(1.16)
.
-
1.5
(1.13) (1.16)
(Absorption Optical Thickness) .
,
.
,
(1.17)
. ,
,
(1.18) .
(1.18)
, .
.
14 1
- -
,
( ) ,
.
,
5, 8 .
, (1.9)~ (1.16)
(Scattering Optical Thickness) .
,
(Extinction Coefficient)
.
(1.19)
-
1.5
(s,S)
(Optical Thickness) ,
(1.20)
. , ,
, ,
.
1 15
- -
-
1.6 , ,
, , 4
. ,
( ) , ,
.
(1.21)
, , .
1 0.
1(0) 0(1). 0
+ = 1 .
Kirchoff ( ) ( )
.
16 1
- -
() ,
.
,
/
.
.
.
--
.
-
1.6 , ,
1.6.1
, , ,
.
.
.
,
.
. ,
() ,
(Quantization) .
.
.
1 17
- -
(1.22)
h , 6.626x10-34 Js .
, .
.
-
1.6 , ,
. , X-, ,
.
/
. ,
,
.
3 ( : CO2, H2O, O3)
, /
. , 2 ( : O2, N2)
.
.
,
18 1
- -
.
. ,
.
-
1.6 , ,
1.6.2
() (0~100%)
.
. .
,
. .
.
2/3
. 1.3
. (50%)
, , .
. ,
1 19
- -
. ,
.
1.3
.
[ 1.3]
0.1-0.25
, 0.25-0.4
0.15-0.25
0.1-0.2
0.75-0.95
0.25-0.75
( >25)
-
1.6 , ,
1.6.2
.
. .
. , .
,
.
.
.
( 1.5).
.
20 1
- -
.
[ 1.5] , .
-
1.7
1.7.1
,
. 4 1 1%
. ,
.
.
1.6 /X-
/ .
99% 0.15~4.0m ,
.
1 21
- -
[ 1.6] () 5780K () (Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc. 84, 311)
-
1.7
1.7.2
.
1.4968 x 1011m, 1 1
1.67% , 7 1 1.67% .
,
3.37% .
1360Wm-2.
2327
( 1.7) . ()
() (- )
() . ,
. / .
.
22 1
- -
[ 1.7] . 90-2327=6633 , 24 , 24 . 6 6
-
1.7
1.8 .
(3 21, 9 21)
(cosine) .
.
( ).
.
(Polar Night) 0 .
.
1 23
- -
-
1.7
[ 1.8] .
24 1
- -
. .
35 ,
.
[ 1.8] . MJm-2day-1. . (Meteorological Tables,
Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C. (1951), p.417.)
-
1.7
1.7.3
. ,
1% ,
40% . 1.9
.
13% ,
.
, O3(), O2(),
H2O(), CO2()
( 1.9). 0.1m
N2(), O2(), O() .
, 90km .
0.1~0.2m
1 25
- -
0.1~0.2m
.
(1.23)
100km . ,
O O
. 0.2~0.3m
.
-
1.7
26 1
- -
.
.
0.7m , , ,
.
[ 1.9] . , .
-
1.7
1.7.4
. 10m,
.
.
50% .
, , .
,
20%, 30%, 60-70%,
90% .
.
, 50% (, ),
30% , 20% .
1 27
- -
.
. ,
.
-
1.7
( 103cm-3,
105cm-3 ).
.
(1) , , , ,
(2) SO2 H2SO4
10-4m 10m ,
.
0.1m
.
,
.
.
28 1
- -
,
.
-
1.8
. 290K ,
10m .
.
, , 3
. ,
.
,
.
1.8.1
1 29
- -
[ 1.10] Nimbus 4
-
1.8
6.3m
( 1.10). 8m 12m
.
.
() ,
.
50m
90% .
1.11 (Infrared Cooling)
.
. (Column) .
1.8.2
30 1
- -
[ 1.11] . (Wm-2), (day-1) . 1
-
1.8
(a) .
.
(b)
. ,
,
.
.
(c)
, . ,
. ,
. (b) (c)
.
(d)
1 31
- -
.
,
. ,
.
(e)
.
,
.
. .
(f)
.
.
,
, .
-
1.9
1.12 -
.
% .
30% , 6%
. 50% ,
0.5% ,
25% . 20% . 4%
. (6+20+4)=30%
.
19% ,
51% .
51% 21% .
. 21% , 15%
32 1
- -
, 6% 10m
.
.
[ 1.12] - . %
-
1.9
. mm
.
,
.
, 10 .
, ,
38% ,
(, ) .
.
51%
51% . 70%
1 33
- -
, 30% , 100%
.
, 19%(16+3)
45%(23+7+15) . 64% , ,
(26+38) . (5) (16)
.
238Wm-2,
.
-
1.9
1.13 (
- ) . ,
40
.
, ,
15 ,
70 .
(6, 7, 8) (12, 1, 2) .
. 1
.
34 1
- -
[ 1.13] (Wm-2)
-
1.9
- ,
.
. ,
.
, -
( ) .
, ,
.
, (Gulf Stream)
(Kuroshio Current)
.
.
1 35
- -
-
1.9
1.9.1
/ 0.3 ,
.
(1.24)
r (1360Wm) , 4r
.
238Wm .
/
, 238Wm
.
, / -
, .
36 1
- -
(1.25)
Te .
(Tsfc=288K) Te=255K -18
.
T .
.
(1.26)
T .
.
, ,
.
,
.
-
1. 3(, , )
,
.
2. ,
, , , .
3. ,
.
4. .
5. 0 (0 K)
.
6. (
).
7. 20()
, ,
( ) ,
.
8.
1 37
- -
8.
,
.
10.8m(IR1), 12.0m(IR2) .
-
1. .
2. 6000K, 300K ,
( 1.5)
( 1.6) .
3. .
4.
.
38 1
- -
-
1. , , 1999: , 126-157
2. , 2004: , 23~27
1 39
- -
-
2.1
2.2
2.3 (CMDPS)
- -
-
- (COMS)
(CMDPS: COMS Meteorological Data
Processing System) 16
.
-
2.1
2003 ,
, , 2010
6 27
2011 4 .
36,000km, 128.2
,
1)
, 2) , , 3)
, ( 2.1).
8
.
16
.
2.1 1 4
2 1
- -
5 (MI: Meteorological
Imager) .
1km
.
.
.
, , , ,
. 1 2
, 4km.
, .
.
1 2 , , ,
.
. ,
.
-
[ 2.1]
5(1, 4)
27
[ 2.1]
2.1
2 2
- -
()
(km)
0.67 1 , ,
3.7 4 , ,
6.7 4 ,
1 10.8 4 , ,
2 12.0 4 , ,
.
,
3 ( 2.2).
MTSAT-1R 2 2
4 .
,
.
-
[ 2.2]
FD*(Full Disk)
ENH *(Extended Northern
Hemisphere)
LA *
2.1
2 3
- -
LA *(Local Area)
*
2011 4
MTSAT-1R
MTSAT-2
.
. MTSAT
.
(KOICA)
.
-
2.2.1
. 2.2 ,
.
,
.
2.2
4 2
- -
(Radiometric Calibration)
(Geometric Correction)
, ,
.
.
2.3 .
[ 2.2] (,2011)
-
.
(:
: 1km , : 4km )
.
,
.
,
. 36,000km
~
km . ,
2.2.2
2.2
2 5
- -
1
.
2 . ,
( )
() (Radiometric
Calibration: Level 1A) (I J)
(, ) (Geometric
Correction). Level 1B
, , , (Level 2)
. ,
,
.
-
1.
RF
L/S-Band .
2.
(Raw) (Radiometric Calibration)
(Geometric Correction) ,
LRIT(Low Rate Information Transmission) /HRIT(
High Rate Information Transmission) .
3.
(Level 1B) ,
, 16 (
, , , , , /, ,
, , , , ,
, , /, )
,
[ 2.3] (, 2011)
2.2
6 2
- -
.
4.
, 16 , ,
, GUI
.
5.
, ,
, ,
.
-
6.
, , , ,
.
7.
.
8.
.
9.
(Web) , 16
.
10.
DLP Cube, PC, SMS, NMS, CCTV .
10.
, ,
.
[ 2.3] (, 2011)
2.2
2 7
- -
-
(Degradation) ,
(Radiometric Calibration) .
,
(Brightness Temperature)
.
.
( : )
(: Vicarious
Calibration) .
,
. MODIS, SeaWiFS
, GOES-R ABI(Advanced Baseline Imager)
2.2
2.2.2.1
8 2
- -
, GOES-R ABI(Advanced Baseline Imager)
.
,
.
(Intersatellite Calibration)
.
.
, --
.
, , , , ,
.
. ,
(Radiance) = a DC + b ( Rad. = a(DC - DCo))
a, b () () DC(DCo)
( ).
-
[ 2.3] (Rad.(WT- Warm Target): , Rad.(DC): ; Rad.(CT-Cold
Target) )
2.2
2.2.2.2
2 9
- -
( ), (
),
.
( )
.
.
(Geometric Distortion) .
,
(: )
.
(Image Navigation and Registration)
(I, J) (Lat., Lon.) 1:1
. (Image
Navigation) ()(Image Registration) .
-
(I, J)
(Lat., Lon.)
.
.
, ,
.
.
36,000km (
, , , ...)
km .
(Landmark: ) .
2.2
2.2.2.3
10 2
- -
.
Level 1A
(Level 1B, 2.4).
(2011) .
-
[ 2.4] () ()
2.2
2 11
- -
-
, . ,
Level-1B
. 8 10
2003 (COMS
Meteorological Data Processing System: CMDPS)
(, 2009). CMDPS Level-1B
(
2.5).
CMDPS
16 .
.
2.3 (CMDPS)
12 2
- -
,
.
.
.
CMDPS 16
.
-
2.3 (CMDPS)
2 13
- -
. 2.6
16 , ,
.
[ 2.5] ( )
-
[ 2.6] 16 : (2011), (I)
2.3 (CMDPS)
14 2
- -
CMDPS . CMDPS
,
.
.
,
.
, .
/ - .
CMDPS
. 30
.
2.3.1
-
, ,
. ,
.
,
3 .
1, 2
.
.
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3 (CMDPS)
2 15
- -
2/3
(
) . 2
.
, .
1
.
,
. (
) 4 .
.
. CMDPS
, 3
.
2.3.4
-
.
( ) .
,
. COMS
6 .
,
(< 1km) .
2.3.6
2.3.5
2.3 (CMDPS)
16 2
- -
, ,
.
.
,
. COMS 7
.
-
,
, , , .
2.3.8
2.3 (CMDPS)
.
.
, .
,
( 1 -
2
-
cm
.
, , (ARGOS)
2/3
. ,
.
1 2 ( )
. CMDPS
10 .
2.3.9
2.3 (CMDPS)
2.3.10
18 2
- -
, ,
.
.
. CMDPS
1 2
10 .
-
(Upper Troposphere Humidity:
UTH, : %)
,
.
.
.
UTH .
UTH
. 2.7 (6.7m)
. ,
.
. CMDPS
2.3.11
2.3 (CMDPS)
2 19
- -
. CMDPS
.
[ 2.7]
-
.
mm (Total Precipitable Water:
TPW) . TPW
. TPW
.
TPW
6 .
2.3.12
2.3 (CMDPS)
2.3.13 ()
20 2
- -
.
.
,
.
,
. (
100km )
.
.
-
30% , ,
, ,
.
0.05() 0.4 ,
0.9 , -
.
.
.
NOAA/AVHRR Terra/MODIS
DMSP SSM/I .
/
. ,
/ / .
2.3.14 /
2.3 (CMDPS)
2 21
- -
/ / .
10 .
-
2.3 (CMDPS)
(Insolation)
.
, - -
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
,
, ,
.
2.3.15
22 2
- -
.
,
. , - ,
, //
. ,
.
.
(Broad-band)
(Narrow-band) . COMS
(Narrow-band)
.
2.3.16
-
1. 2010 6 27
2011 4 .
2. 1km 4km
1 2 , 5
.
3. 1)
, 2) , ,
3) ,
.
4.
Level-1B .
5.
.
6.
COMS (CMDPS)
.
2 23
- -
.
7. CMDPS (Level-1B) , ,
, 16
()
DB .
-
1. (Calibration)
.
2. (Geometric Correction)
.
3. COMS 16 .
4. -
. ()
5.
(CMDPS) . ()
24 2
- -
-
1. , 2011: (I), 191pp.
2. , 2009: ,
846pp.
2 25
- -
-
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
- -
3.4
-
-
.
- ,
.
-
.
-
. .
-
3.1
(, 100%)
( )
. ,
() (
) .
() (
) . ,
, . (, , , )
(), ()
()
.
. km 36,000km
3 1
- -
. km 36,000km
.
(VIS 1km, IR 4km)
. ,
,
(
).
.
-
3.2
,
(, ) .
. Ci(),
Cm(), St(/), Cb(), Cg(Cumulus Congestus:
), Cu(), Sc() 7 .
(Ci, Cm, St) (Cb, Cg, Cu) Sc
.
.
() .
3.2.1
2 3
- -
.
. ()
() () . ,
.
,
.
. , St Ci .
.
Cu
Cg, Cg Cb .
Ci
. Ci Ci
.
Ci .
3.2.1.1
3.2.1
-
, (
) .
() () .
Ci , Cm, St .
Ci
Ci
. Ci
Cm . Ci Cb
, Cb .
St
.
Cb Cg Cu
.
3.1
. , ,
3.1 .
3.1 3.1
. ,
3.2
3 3
- -
. ,
.
[ 3.1] (, 2011)
-
3.2
(10)
-
: :
:
:
: :
- -
-
, ,
[ 3.1] (, 2011)
4 3
- -
-
, ,
-
,
-
, ,
,
, , , ,
-
3.2
3.2.1.3
. St
. Ci (Ci streak), Cb
( ), (Transverse Line)
.
.
,
.
Cb, Cg, Cu . , ,
.
.
3.2.1.2
3 5
- -
.
.
.
. St, Sc, Cu Ci
. Cb Cg
Ci .
3.2.1.5
3.2.1.4
(life time)
.
Cb Ci ,
Ci .
-
3.2
3.2.2.1 /
,
.
,
( 3.2).
~ , .
, 3.7 .
3.2.2
6 3
- -
[ 3.2] (2012 9 29 23:45 KST) IR() SWIR() (2012 9 30 07:15 KST) IR() VIS()
-
3.2
, , ( 3.3).
.
. ~,
.
3.2.2.2
3 7
- -
(Cumulus
Congestus) , "Cg"
. , , ,
( 3.4).
3.2.2.4
[ 3.3]
,
, , , ~
, ~ ( 3.4).
3.2.2.3
-
3.2
, , , ,
. ,
, .
(Anvil) ,
( 3.4).
3.2.2.5
8 3
- -
[ 3.4] (Cu), (Cg),(Cb)
-
3.2
,
, ,
, , , "" .
,
~ ( 3.5).
3.2.2.6
3 9
- -
[ 3.5]
-
3.2
, . ,
,
. ,
.
, , .
, .
, ,
. ""
"" , ""
( 3.6).
3.2.2.7
10 3
- -
[ 3.6]
-
3.3
,
, , ,
, .
.
, , 1 (, ,
) 2 (,
)
. Meteosat-8
SEVIRI(Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager)
, ,
(ISCCP; International
Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) .
/ (:
< 80)
.
CMDPS
3.3.1
3 11
- -
() ( => =>
=> => )
.
.
(Mie Scattering)
,
.
(Reflectivity) VIS0.6
. .
3.3.2
CMDPS
(2009)
.
-
(>(3.7) , ,
(Intensity) .
(Emissivity) .
. , , .
IR10.8 IR12.0
, .
, .
3.3.3.1
,
3.3.3
3.3
12 3
- -
.
(ISCCP) 1983
.
.
ISCCP
- , ,
.
, Derrien Le Gleau(2005)
MSG/SEVIRI .
SEVIRI MSG (Meteosat-8 Meteosat-9)
.
.
-
.
1
, .
, ,
.
, , , 5 .
, , , 4
. ISCCP ()
9 (, , , , ,
, , , ) (Rossow and Schiffer, 1999).
ISCCP
. .
ISCCP(http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/
cloudtypes.html) .
3.3.3.2
3.3
3 13
- -
cloudtypes.html) .
SEVIRI
. SEVIRI ,
, ,
, , ,
. CMDPS MSG/SEVIRI
, 5 .
3.3.3.3
,
( 3.7). 3.7
ER-2
(High-spectral resolution infrared spectrometer) 9.1
17 .
9.6(1040 ) 15(667 )
. 10-12(1000-830 )
. ,
.
1cm1cm
1cm
-
,
.
, .
3.3
14 3
- -
[ 3.7] 31.1-37.4N, 95.0-95.3W ER-2 IR (1996. 4. 21)
-
CMDPS 3.8 .
,
.
.
, , .
(look up table)
.
3.3
3 15
- -
[ 3.8] CMDPS
-
1
. TB10.8 - TB12.0 , TB6.75 -
TB10.8 TB3.75 - TB10.8
.
NASA MODIS
1.38 ,
. TB10.8-TB12.0 TB3.7-TB10.8
TB10.8, 0.65 ,
TB10.8-TB12.0 TB3.7-TB10.8 TB10.8
.
TB10.8 , , , ,
.
TB10.8 - TB12.0 : < (,
, ).
*
.
3.3
16 3
- -
.
.
TB6.75 - TB10.8 : < (,
, ).
TB3.75 - TB10.8 : <
* 3.8
.
(3.75m)
.
-
TB10.8 Refl0.675
.
Varilog TB10.8 = log (1+std(TB10.8))
Varilog Refl0.675 = log (1+std(Refl0.675)/13.)
TB10.8 - TB12.0 : <
TB6.75 - TB10.8 : <
Refl0.6 : <
: - <
3.9
.
.
3.3
3 17
- -
.
[ 3.9] COMS
-
3.3.4
(: 7x7 )
(0~100%)
.
.
.
,
3.10
.
3.3
18 3
- -
[ 3.10] (a), (b) (c), (d) (Kassianov et al., 2005)
-
CMDPS
,
.
.
.
(2009) .
3.11 2012 7 6 03 .
.
100% 0~30%
. Scatter
Broken
Clear Overcast
.
3.3
3 19
- -
.
[ 3.11] COMS (%)
-
3.3.5
.
-
10Co , .
.
,
.
. EUMETSAT SAF
.
.
3.3.5.1
3.3
20 3
- -
8.7 .
8.7
CMDPS
(Choi et al., 2007).
3.3.5.2
-
, , , 4
. MODIS
10.8 12.0 .
6.75
.
.
. 15
MODIS . CMDPS
,
.
3.12 ,
.
. 6.7, 10.8, 12.0
.
3.3.5.3
3.3
3 21
- -
.
-
[ 3.12]
3.13 .
3.3
22 3
- -
3.13 .
10.8 . 10.8
12.0 . 6.7
.
3 .
TB10.8 TB6.7
.
,
.
-
3.3
3 23
- -
[ 3.2]
, ,
3.2 .
TB10.8 < 238 K orBTD10.812.0 4.5 K or
TB6.7 < 234 K
For no ice238 K TB10.8 < 268 K or
234 K TB6.7 < 250 K
For no ice/mixedTB10.8 285 K or
TB6.7 250 K
[ 3.13]
-
3.14 .
3.3
24 3
- -
[ 3.14] COMS
3.3.6
0~
.
VIS0.675 SWIR3.75 . 0.675
. VIS0.675
SWIR3.75
.
VIS0.675 SWIR3.75
.
3.3.6.1
-
. VIS0.675
SWIR3.75
IR10.8 ( 3.15).
.
3.3.6.2
3.3
3 25
- -
[ 3.15] (0 to 64) re(0 to 32 ) 3.7 ( ) IR10.8 ( ) L th3.7 L obs10.8
-
MODIS
King(1987) Nakajima et al.(1990)
.
.
- : 0.675, 0.86, 1.24
- : 1.6, 2.1, 3.7
,
.
- : 0.675 , : 0.86
- : 1.24
,
.
3.3.6.3
3.3
26 3
- -
.
0.65, 0.86, 1.24 ,
1.6 3.75 .
0.675 ,
,
. ISCCP 0.6
ISCCP
.
. VIS0.675
. ((solar zenith
angle): 080, (satellite zenith angle): 080,
(cloud optical thickness): 0123, (effective particle
radius): 264) VIS0.675
3.16 .
.
-
.
(3.1)
VIS0.65 , VIS0.675
. , ,
.
a 0 a 1 a 2
3.3
L 0.65=a 0+a 1L obso.65+a 2 (L obso.65) 2L 0.65 Lobs0.65
3 27
- -
3.17 1 3
. (/)
() 1 3
.
1 3
.
[ 3.16] VIS
-
3.3
28 3
- -
[ 3.17] CMDPS
3.3.7 /
(CTTH; Cloud Top Temperature/Height)
,
. CTTH
, .
CTTH , .
. 10.8
(K)
(hPa) .
.
3.3.7.1
-
6.75 10.8 .
.
.
.
IR10.8 (Offset)
( 3.18).
1)
3.3.7.2
CTTH
(hPa) . IR10.8
,
IR10.8 WV6.7 .
IR10.8
, .
NWP .
3.3
3 29
- -
( 3.18).
. IR10.8 (
)
.
[ 3.18] ( )(SAFNWC/MSG user manual, 2002)
-
.
NWP
. IR10.8
. IR10.8
(best fit) .
.
(Radiance Ratioing Method)
.
.
(3.2) .
(3.2)
, ,
2)
3.3
30 3
- -
(), N , . 1, 2
WV6.75 . 1 ,
(3.3) .
(3.3)
,
. .
.
(3.3) p.
.
. ISCCP
.
3.19 COMS 1 ,
.
.
3.20, 21, 22 , ,
.
-
3.3
3 31
- -
[ 3.20] COMS (C)
[ 3.19] CTTH
-
[ 3.21] COMS (km)
3.3
32 3
- -
[ 3.22] COMS (hPa)
-
,
.
,
, .
.
,
.
3.4
3 33
- -
-
1.
.
2. VIS IR, ,
7 .
3. CMDPS , , ,
.
- (, )
.
-
.
-
.
- ,
.
- / , , IR
, IR
.
34 3
- -
.
4. ,
.
5.
.
6. .
-
3 35
- -
[ 3.23] / ( )
-
1. ( 3.1)
.
2.
.
3.
.
4.
. ()
5. ,
. ()
36 3
- -
-
1. , 2009:
, 335-347pp.
2. , 2011: (), 73-81pp.
3. Choi, Y.-S., Ho, C.-H., Ahn, M.-H. and Kim, Y.-M., 2007, An
exploratory study of cloud remote sensing capabilities of the
Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS)
Imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28, pp. 4715-
4732.
4. Derrien, M and Le Gleau., 2005: MSG/SEVIRI cloud mask and
type from SAFNWC, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26,
4707-4732.
5. King, M. D., 1987: Determination of the scaled optical thickness
of cloud from reflected solar radiation measurements, Journal of
the Atmospheric Sciences, 44, 1734-1751.
6. Kassianov, E. I., Long, C. N. and Ovtchinnikov, M., 2005: Cloud
sky cover versus cloud fraction: whole-sky simulations and
observations, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44, 86-98.
7. Le Gleau, M. Derrien., 2002: User manual for the PGE01-02-03
3 37
- -
7. Le Gleau, M. Derrien., 2002: User manual for the PGE01-02-03
of the SAFNWC/MSG: Scientific part., EUMETSAT
documentation.
8. Nakajima, T.Y. and King, M.D., 1990, Determination of the optical
thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected
solar radiation measurements, Part 1: Theory. Journal of the
Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 1878-1893.
9. Rossow, W.B and Schiffer, R.A., 1999, Advances in understanding
clouds from ISCCP. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society, 80, pp. 22612287.
-
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
- -
4.4
-
- .
- , .
- COMS ,
.
- .
-
4.1
3
.
. (:
COMS) ,
(, ) /
,
. ,
( ) .
(, )
.
, ()
.
4 1
- -
-
4.2.1
CMDPS(COMS
Meteorological Data Processing System) (Atmospheric
Motion Vector; AMV) (, 2009).
( ) 2
. CMDPS
(IR1; 10.8m), (WV; 6.75m),
(SWIR; 3.75m), (VIS; 0.65m) .
,
. ,
,
50km .
1 1 .
, 3
.
,
.
4.2
2 4
- -
.
.
.
,
.
, .
. 30
, CMDPS
.
4.1 .
4.2.2
-
4.2
[ 4.1]
4 3
- -
-
4.3
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
.
.
(: 3333
) (Target) ,
.
.
,
. (Grid-
vector) 1212
48km48km .
4.3.1
4 4
- -
, ,
. 33 20
.
(
4.2).
[ 4.2]
-
. 10%
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
0.8
.
4.3
(Search Area)
.
.
( 4.1) ,
4.3.1.1 (Search Area)
4 5
- -
( 4.1) ,
.(Nieman et al, 1997, Bche et al., 2006).
(4.1)
(Target Area),
(Search Area) .
, ,
4.1 4.2 .
(4.2)
.
.
CC= E(T- T)-E(S- S) T S =E(TS)-E(T)E(S) T S
-
. 129129
, 3333
48 (129/2 - 33/2 = 48), 4 km
30 ,
106
(48*4000m/30*60s = 106 ).
,
.
.
.
,
4.3
6 4
- -
.
.
. ,
20
, ,
30 .
-
4.3
() ( 4.3).
4.3.1 (Search Area)
4 7
- -
[ 4.3]
CMDPS 30
( 4.4).
, .
1,
2
.
, 1 2 .
-
[ 4.4] (a) 3
4.3
(, , )
8 4
- -
( )
( )
, ( , )
. ,
(4.3) (4.4) SI .
(4.3)
(4.4)
,
.
, .
[ 4.4] (a) 3 (b)
(, , )
-
4.3.2 (Height assignment)
,
.
.
,
.
.
EBBT (Equivalent Black-Body Temperature; ) ,
NTC(Normalized Total
Contribution; ) NTCC(Normalized Total
Cumulative Contribution; ) .
STC(Semi-Transparent
Correction; ) IR/WV Intercept (
4.5).
4.3
4 9
- -
[ 4.5]
-
2K
. ,
,
( 4.6).
10 .
1)
.
. 400 hPa
, 600 hPa
.
4.3
4.3.2.1
2)
10 4
- -
10 .
.
[ 4.6]
-
1) EBBT(Equivalent Black-Body Temperature)
.
. , 15%
,
,
. , ,
EBBT
. EBBT
.
EBBT .
, EBBT
4.3
4.3.2.2
4 11
- -
IR/WV Intercept
.
(Smith and Frey, 1992) (4.5) .
(4.5)
, EBBT
.
IR/WV Intercept STC .
2) IR/WV Intercept
R(WV)-R cl(WV)R(IR1 )-R cl(IR1 ) =R c(WV,P c)-R cl(WV)R c(IR1,P c)-R cl(IR1 )
-
. ,
,
. 4.7
.
.
, .
R( IR1)R(WV)
4.3
c cl
12 4
- -
. IR/WV Intercept
,
0.8
. IR/WV Intercept
500 hPa .
[ 4.7] () IR1, WV ( )
-
4.3
STC IR/WV Intercept
. IR/WV Intercept
, STC
.
20
. STC IR/WV Intercept
500 hPa
.
3) STC(Semi-Transparent Correction)
.
, 400 hPa .
,
4.3.2.3
4 13
- -
,
200 hPa 400 hPa
. CMDPS
,
.
,
NTC(Normalized Total Contribution) NTCC(Normalized
Total Cumulative Contribution) .
( 4.8).
-
[ 4.8] () ().
4.8 ,
. NTCC ( )
0.5 . NTC
4.3
14 4
- -
0.5 . NTC
, .
4.3.3
(EBBT,
STC, IR/WV Intercept) ,
NTC NTCC
.
,
,
.
4.3.3.1
-
(Cloud Base)
650 hPa
. (4.6)
.
(4.6)
, ,
.
EBBT
. /
.
4.3.3.2
4.3
(Holmlund, K.,1998)
(Quality Indicator; QI) ( 4.1).
4.3.3.3
4 15
- -
(Quality Indicator; QI) ( 4.1).
,
.
( )
1
1
1
2
1
[ 4.1]
-
0 1
(QI) .
2.5
0.4 .
400 hPa ( 400 hPa ),
400 hPa 500
hPa 0 .
( 4.9).
4.3
16 4
- -
[ 4.9] IR1(), SWIR() (2012.12.01 1800UTC) VIS(), WV() (2012.12.02 0300 UTC)
: 400 hPa ~, : 700 ~ 400 hPa, : ~ 700 hPa
-
4.4
(, )
,
. (, )
. ,
.
.
. ,
.
4 17
- -
-
1. AWS(), , ,
.
2.
.
3. 1)
, 2)
.
4.
3 ( )
.
5. , WV
.
6. ( )
, .
7.
EBBT, IR/WV Intercept, STC
NTC, NTCC 5.
18 4
- -
8.
.
9. 650 hPa ,
. ,
.
[ 4.10]
-
1. ?
2. ,
.
3.
.
4. EBBT
.
5.
. ()
4 19
- -
-
1. , 2009:
, 77-90
2. Bche, G., H. Karbstein, A. Kummer, and H. Fischer, 2006, Water
vapour structure displacements from cloud-free Meteosat
scenes and their interpretation for the wind field, J. Appl.
Meteorol. Clim., 45, 556-575.
3. Holmlund, Kenneth, 1998, The utilization of statistical propertied
of satellite-derived atmospheric motion vectors to derive quality
indicators, Wea. Forecasting, 13, 1093-1104.
4. Nieman, Steven J.. W. Paul Menzel, Christopher M. Hayden,
Donald Gray, Steven T. Wanzong, Christopher S. Velden, and
Jaime Daniels, 1997, Fully automated cloud-drift winds in
NESDIS operations, Bull, Amer. Metoor. Soc., 78, 1121-1133.
20 4
- -
-
5.1
5.2
5.3 CMDPS
- -
-
- .
-
.
- COMS
.
-
5.1
.
.
,
.
.
(Total Precipitable Water; TPW)
.
(mm)
.
,
(Reber
5 1
- -
and Swope, 1972; Tomasi, 1981).
(Petersen et al., 1984; Robinson et
al., 1986),
(Barnes and Lilly, 1975; Fuelberg et al., 1986).
.
.
-
5.2
(Chesters et al., 1983, 1987; Jedlovec, 1990; Kleespies and
McMillin, 1990; Guillory et al., 1993; Andersen, 1996)
5.2.2
Split-Window (
) . (Wave Number) O
(1020~1060 cm-1 ) IR1
( 11 , 800~870 cm-1 ) IR2( 12 , 870~950 cm-1 )
1 (band-width) .
, CMDPS
. (2009)
.
5.2.1
2 5
- -
McMillin, 1990; Guillory et al., 1993; Andersen, 1996)
, Chesters et al.(1983, 1987) GOES
VAS( )
SWLR(Split-Window Logarithm Ratio)
. SWLR IR1,
IR2 . , IR1
IR2
,
.
TIGR( )
RTM() ,
.
, .
,
, IR1
.
-
[ 5.1] TPW
.
. 5.1
.
5.2
5 3
- -
[ 5.1] TPW
L1b
, , (or ) ,
, / , .
(5.2.3 .)
(QC; Quality Control)
(GTS )
.
-
5.2 MTSAT-1R, MTSAT-2
(COMS) (IR1 IR2) SRF(Spectral
Response Function; ) .
, MTSAT-1R MTSAT-2
.
5.2.3
5.2
5.2.3.1
4 5
- -
COMS MTSAT-1R, MTSAT-2
, 9.6 (1040 )
O3 ( 10 ~ 14 )
. 1
(band-width) , 12.5 (800 )
CO2 IR2 IR1
. , H2 O (855 ) IR2(800 ~ 870 )
IR1(870 ~ 950 ) ,
.
[ 5.2] COMS MTSAT-1R, MTSAT-2 IR1, IR2
-
IR2 IR1 .
Chesters et al.(1983, 1987) (1000 ~ 600 hPa)
,
.
(5.1)
,
. (gcm-2 ), (gcm-2 ), (const.)
.
.
(5.2)
5.2.3.2
5.2
5 5
- -
1000 ~ 600 hPa
,
. (5.2)
.
(5.3)
.
.
(Chesters et al., 1987).
(5.4) .
(5.4)
, ,
-
BTD(Brightness Temperature Difference;
)
. (5.4)
IR1 285.0 K , IR2
6 K . SWLR
air TIGR (Chevallier,
2001) RTTOV(Saunders et al., 1999)
. 5.3 SWLR
.
5.2.3.3
5.2
6 5
- -
[ 5.3] SWLR TWP BTD .
,
. IR1
IR2
. , Sobrino et al.(1999)
Andersen(1996)
, Justice et al.(1991)
AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth: )
.
.
-
,
, Chesters et al. (1987) (5.1)
(5.5)
.
. (5.5)
(5.6)
5.2
5 7
- -
. , Ci . Chesters et
al.(1987) (5.4)
, WV
.
.
-
CMDPS SWLR .
5.4 .
(~), (), () ,
.
/
(99 )
:
.
.
5.2.3.4
5.2
8 5
- -
-
5.2
5 9
- -
[ 5.4] TPW
-
5.5 2012 7 6 2()
2012 12 4 12() . '12
7 6 , 50 mm
TPW ,
TPW 40~60 mm .
TPW ~10 mm .
TPW
. '12 12 4
,
, ,
.
.
, .
5.2
10 5
- -
[ 5.5] COMS (12.07.06(),12.12.04()) ( )
-
5.3 CMDPS
CMDPS SWLR
, TPW .
SWLR /
,
/ .
SWLR
.
,
. , IR1
BTD
.
.
5 11
- -
-
1. (TPW)
(mm) .
2. ,
.
3.
,
.
4. 1) 2) IR1,
IR2 .
5. , , ,
,
,
.
6. CMDPS
.
7. IR1 ,
12 5
- -
BTD .
[ 5.6]
-
1. ,
.
2. ( 5.4) ,
.
3.
.
TPW . ()
4.
. ()
5 13
- -
-
1. , 2009:
, 312-331pp.
2. Andersen, H. S., 1996: Estimation of precipitable water vapour
from NOAA -AVHRR data during the Hapex Sahel experiment.
Int. J. Rem. Sensing, 17, 2783-2801.
3. Barnes, S. L., and D. K. Lilly, 1975: Covariance analysis of
severe storm environments. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Severe
Local Storms, Norman, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 301-36.
4. Chesters, D., L. W. Uccellini, and W. D. Robinson, 1983: Low-
level water vapor fields from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder
(VAS) "split window" channels. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 725-
743.
5. Chesters, D. R. Wayne and L. W. Uccellini, 1987: Optimized
retrievals of precipitable water from the VAS "Split Window". J.
Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 1059-1066.
6. Chevallier, F., 2001: Sampled database of 60-level atmospheric
profiles from the ECMWF analyses. EUMETSAT/ECMWF SAF
14 5
- -
programme, Research Report No. 4, 27 pp.
7. Fuelberg, H. E., Y. L. Lin, and H. Chang, 1986: A moisture
analysis of the meso-b scale thunderstorm environment during
AVE-SESAMEV (20-21 May 1979). Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 534-
545.
8. Guillory, A. R., G. J. Jedlovec and H. E. Fuelberg, 1993: A
Technique for deriving Column-integrated water content using
VAS Split-Window data. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1226-1241.
9. Kleespies, T. J., and L. M. Mcmillin, 1990: Retrieval of
Precipitable Water from Observations in the Split-Window over
varying Surface Temperatures. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 851-862.
10.Petersen, R. A., L. W. Uccellini, A. Mostek, and D. A. Keyser,
1984: Delineating mid- and low-level water vapor patterns in
preconvective environments using VAS moisture channels. Mon.
Wea. Rev., 112, 2178-2198.
11.Reber, E. E., and J. R. Swope, 1972: On the correlation of the
total precipitable water in a vertical column and absolute
humidity at the surface. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 1322-1325.
-
12.Robinson, D. A., K. F. Dewey, and R. R. Heim, Jr., 1993: Global
Snow Cover Monitoring: an Update, Bull. Ame. Met. Soc., 74(9),
1689-1696.
13.Saunders, R. W. and K. T. Kriebel, 1988: An improved method for
detecting clear sky and cloudy radiance from AVHRR data, Int. J.
of Remote Sens., 9, 123-150.
14.Sobrino, J. A., N. Raissouni, J. Simarro, F. Nerry, and F. Petitcolin,
1999: Atmospheric water vapor content over land surfaces
derived from the AVHRR data: Application to the Iberian
peninsula. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sensing, 37, 1425-1434.
15.Tomasi, C., 1981: Determination of the total precipitable water
by varying the intercept in Reitan's relationship. J. Appl. Meteor.,
20, 1058-1069.
5 15
- -
-
6.1
6.2
6.3
- -
-
-
.
- COMS IR TRMM SSM/I MW
.
- COMS TRMM SSM/I
.
-
..
-
6.1
[ 6.1]
AWS
()
Radar
(IR)
(Passive MW)
(Active MW)
mm .
6.1 .
6 1
- -
(Active MW)
.
.
,
.
-
6.2
6.2.1
CMDPS COMS IR MW
( SSM/I) MW
. IR MW
. MW IR
, , .
.
.
.
.
2 6
- -
.
CMDPS , COMS
SSM/I ,
(Look-Up Table) .
SSM/I , .
MW
SSM/I
.
, (AWS) SSM/I
.
-
6.2.2
CMDPS COMS SSM/I
PMM(Probability Matching Method)(Atlas et al.,
1990, Crosson et al., 1996) . 6.2.1
, COMS
12 SSM/I COMS
SSM/I 12
. SSM/I
COMS
.
CMDPS (DPM; Data
Processing Module) (POM; Post-Processing Module),
. 6.1 CMDPS
.
6.2
6 3
- -
COMS SSM/I
. COMS
.
[ 6.1] CMDPS
-
COMS SSM/I
. 6.2 2008 7 22 SSM/I
(90E160E, 10N60N)
. SSM/I F13F15 1 120(
) (Ascending node) (Descending node)
0105UTC 1318UTC
. COMS SSM/I SSM/I
(25 km 25 km) COMS SSM/I
.
6.2
6.2.3
6.2.3.1
4 6
- -
6.2.3.2
6.2 SSM/I
10 .
COMS 12
. COMS SSM/I
PMM(Probability Matching Method)
(6.1) .
(6.1)
[ 6.2] SSM/I (2008. 7. 12)
-
R SSM/I BT COMS
. COMS SSM/I
, . 40
30 10
. 6.3 2008 7 24 0033UTC
COMS SSM/I .
,
6.2
6 5
- -
[ 6.3] COMS SSM/I () ()(2008. 7. 24. 0033UTC)
-
[ 6.4] COMS (BT) SSM/I (2008.
6.4 6.3 .
.
6.2
6 6
- -
[ 6.4] COMS (BT) SSM/I (2008. 7. 24 0033UTC)
-
6.5 .
.
30
.
6.2
6 7
- -
[ 6.5] COMS SSM/I () () (2008.7.21 ~ 25)
-
.
. ,
2.5 K
, 0.5 35 mm/hr
. 6.6
2012.9.16 1400KST(), 2012.10.27 1200KST()
.
6.2.3.3
6.2
8 6
- -
[ 6.6] COMS (2012.9.16 1400KST(), 2012.10.27 1200KST())
http://nmsc.kma.go.kr/jsp/homepage/contents/chollian/imageviwer_coms.jsp?dataType=1002
-
6.3
CMDPS COMS SSM/I
,
.
.
,
.
6 9
- -
-
1. AWS, RADAR, ,
.
2.
.
3. CMDPS COMS IR SSM/I
MW (
).
4. SSM/I
.
5. ,
,
.
6.
.
10 6
- -
-
1. IR MW .
2. CMDPS ,
.
3. MW
. .
()
4.
. ()
6 11
- -
-
1. , 2009:
, 514-528.
2. Atlas, D., D. Rosenfeld, D. B. Wolff, 1990: Climatologically tuned
reflectivity-rainrate relations and links to area-time integrals. J.
Appl. Meteor., 29, 1120-1135.
3. Crosson et al., 1996: Assessment of rainfall estimates using a
standard Z-R relationship and the probability matching method
applied to coposite radar data in Central Florida. J. Appl. Meteor.,
35, 1203-1219.
12 6
- -
-
7.1
7.2
7.3
- -
-
- .
-
.
-
.
- .
-
..
-
7 1
7.1
1km .
, , ,
.
(Underwood et al., 2004).
, ,
, ,
(Smog) .
.
,
.
,
- -
,
. 2009
2 14
CMDPS .
-
2 7
.
SWIR(3.75 ) (BT3.7)
IR1(10.8 ) (BT10.8) .
4 (3.75 )
SWIR .
VIS(0.68 ) . VIS
.
SWIR(3.75 ) SWIR(3.75
)
.
, (NWP) .
/ ,
.
7.2
7.2.1
- -
CMDPS SWIR(3.75 ) (
SWIR ) IR1(10.8 ) ( IR1 )
(Eyre et al., 1984; Turner et al., 1986; Dybbroe et al.,
1993; Bendix, 2002),
SWIR . IR1
1.0 , SWIR 0.7~0.8
(Ellord 1995; Wetzel et al., 1996; Lee et al., 1997).
(BTD3.7-11)
.
SWIR
.
(BTD3.7-11)
. (BTD3.7-11)
,
.
7.2.2
-
/
BTD3.7-11 CMDPS /
. /
. BTD3.7-11
,
(Gultepe et al., 2007), (IR1-IR2, IR1-WV)
.
. ,
(, ) ,
( ) ,
, .
7.2.3
7.2
7 3
- -
CMDPS
(BTD3.7-11)
. BTD3.7-11 ,
. SWIR
.
BTD3.7-11
(Lee et al. 1997; Turk et al. 1998; Schreiner et al., 2007), COT
BTD3.7-11
(effective radius: Re)
7.1 . ( > 90) ,
BTD3.7-11 , ( < 90) BTD3.7-11
, ( )
( ) BTD3.7-11 .
.
BTD3.7-11 60~ 90 ,
60 . COT(Cloud
Optical Thickness) , COT
.
7.2.3.1
-
[ 7.1] , , BTD3.7-11( 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64)
CMDPS
BTD3.7-11
.
7.2
4 7
- -
( 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64)
( 7.2).
( 7.2 B)
( 7.2 A)
.
,
.
7.2.3.2
-
, NWP 850hPa BT11
(BT11 > TNWP_850hPa), BT11 > 270 K ,
7.2
[ 7.2] (BTD3.7-11) R0.65
7 5
- -
(BT11 > TNWP_850hPa), BT11 > 270 K ,
IR1-IR2 IR1-WV
.
CMDPS 7.3 .
1
, //
. /
BTD3.7-11
, 7.1 (
>60), (>90)
, , , /
.
, ,
.
, SWIR
.
7.2.3.3
-
. ,
, .
/
.
7.2
6 7
- -
[ 7.3]
7.1 7.3 .
SWIR, IR1 ,
.
7.2.3.4
-
7.2
/
90 60 90 60 /
SWIR-IR1 -9.5-2.5 1526
IR1-IR2
IR1-WV ,
IR1 270 K ()
- 225 225
- - 2555
[ 7.1]
/ 7.1
. SWIR-IR1 ,
.
1) , SWIR-IR1
7 7
- -
IR1, IR2
,
. 7.4 ,
() . ( )
IR2(12 ) . IR1, IR2
, IR1
.
IR
, IR1 IR2
() .
.
2) (IR1-IR2)
-
7.2
[ 7.4] , ()
3) IR1-WV
8 7
- -
IR1 ,
. WV
. 7.5(: The
COMET Program) .
, 620~150hPa ,
. , 150hPa( 13km)
IR1 WV
.
-
[ 7.5] WV (6.7 )
7.2
,
4)
7 9
- -
,
, .
.
15
, (7.1) .
(7.1)
R0.65(min_15day) 15
, DR 225 .
-
7.2
,
. CMDPS
( ) ,
7.2
.
(7.2)
, R0.65 Rmod
, .
(
-
7.2
[ 7.6] COMS (2012.09.30. 0300KST(), 2012.10.29 0500KST())
7 11
- -
-
(Bendix et al.,
2005). ,
(Phase), ,
.
. CMDPS
,
.
,
.
7.3
12 7
- -
-
1. 1km
.
2. SWIR IR1
.
3. SWIR ,
.
4. SWIR
.
5. (IR1-IR2 )
.
6. VIS ,
.
7. , ,
, .
8. (, )
7 13
- -
.
[ 7.7] SWIR, IR1 ( )
-
1. .
2. 7.4
.
3. ,
.
4. CMDPS
.
14 7
- -
-
1. , 2009:
, 456-511.
2. Bendix, J., 2002; A satellite-based climatology of fog and low-
level stratus in Germany and adjacent areas. Atmos. Res. 64. 3-
18.
3. Bendix, J., B. Thies, J. Cermak, and T. Naub, 2005: Ground Fog
Detection from Space Based on MODIS Daytime Data-A
Feasibility Study. Wea. and Forecasting. 20, 989-1005.
4. Dybbroe, A., 1993. Automatic detection of fog at night using
AVHRR data. Proc. 6th AVHRR Data Users' Meeting, pp. 245-
252.
5. Ellrod, G.P., 1995: Advances in the detection and analysis of fog
at night using GOES multispectral infrared imagery. Wea.
Forecasting, 10, 606-619.
6. Eyre, J. R., J. L. Brownscombe, and R. J. Allam, 1984: Detection
of fog at night using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
(AVHRR) imagery. Meteorological Magazine, 113, 266-271.
7 15
- -
7. Gultepe, I., M. Pagowski, and J. Reid, 2007: A satellite-based fog
detection scheme using screen air temperature. Wea.
Forecasting, 22(3), 444-456.
8. Lee, T. F., F. J. Turk, and K. Richardson, 1997: Stratus and fog
products using GOES-8-9 3.9- data. Wea. Forecasting, 12,
664-677.
9. Schreiner, A. J., S. A. Ackerman, B. A. Baum, and A. K. Heidinger,
2007: A multispectral technique for detecting low-level
cloudiness near sunrise. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic
Technology, 24(10), 18001810.
10.Turk, J., J. Vivekanandan, T. Lee, P. Durkee, and K. Nielsen,
1998: Derivation and Applications of Near-Infrared Cloud
Reflectances from GOES-8 and GOES-9. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 37,
819-831.
11.Turner, J., Allam, R. J., Maine, D. R., 1986: A case study of the
detection of fog at night using channel 3 and 4 on the Advanced
Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Meteorol. Mag. 115,
285-290.
-
12.Underwood, S.J., G.P. Ellrod, and A.L. Kuhnert, 2004: A multiple-
case analysis of nocturnal radiation-fog development in the
central valley of California utilizing the GOES nighttime fog
product. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 297-310.
13.Wetzel, M. A., R. D. Vorys, and L. E. Xu, 1996: Satellite
microphysical retrievals for land-based fog with validation by
baloon profiling. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 810-829.
16 7
- -
-
8.1
8.2
8.3
- -
-
-
.
-
.
-
.
- -
.
-
8 1
8.1
(Aerosol)
.
200mm
, (Iino et al, 2004).
.
,
(Jaffe et al, 1999), NOx, SOx
(Xiao et al, 1997;
Berntsen et al, 1999; McKendry et al, 2001).
,
2000 (Takemura et al,
2002). ,
73 ( ,
1989).
- -
.
(Aerosol Optical Depth; AOD) .
(Aerosol Extinction Coefficient)
,
.
AERO-NET[Holben et al., 2002]
AOD
.
,
.
, .
AOD
.
-
8.2
2 8
CMDPS (BTD)
(BTV)
,
.
,
,
.
, , , (Rayleigh ),
. CMDPS
(RTM) (LUT) ,
AOD .
AOD 30
. AOD
6S(Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in
8.2.1
- -
6S(Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in
the Solar Spectrum) .
.
,
(Torres
et al., 2002),
.
.
(Fukushima and Toratani, 1997;
Kaufman et al., 1997; King et al., 1999; Mishchenko et al. 1999;
Stow et al., 1993; Torres et al., 2002).
.
8.2.2
-
(Ackerman et al, 1994).
.
(SWIR) 1
(Ackerman, 1989). SWIR
. Prata(1989)
IR1, IR2 . Wen and
Rose(1994) Gu et al.(2003) IR1, IR2
,
( 8.1) AVHRR
, AOD, . Gu et al.(2003)
MODIS .
, , , 1040%
.
8.2
8 3
- -
AVHRR ,
-0.7K
, , ( , 2006). ,
.
[ 8.1] IR1, IR2 (Gu et al, 2003)
-
8.2
8.2.3
8.2.3.1
(Bright Temperature Difference;
BTD) 0 .
BTD .
, ,
, BTD
, ,
BTD .
1)
,
BTD ,
.
BTD 0.8K ,
, 0K
4 8
- -
. , BTD
.
2) ,
,
. BTD IR1
,
.
BTD ,
. ,
.
.
.
IR2 BTD
.
3)
-
8.2
14 IR1, IR2
(Arid Bare Soil) BTD
,
BTD 0.20.3K . ,
BTD 10%
BTD .
4)
5)
BTD
BTD
BTD .
.
/ -1.6K
0.8K 2.4K . BTD 100%
,
. BTD
8 5
- -
.
8.2.3.1.1
BTD 0K .
,
, . ,
,
. BTD
, CMDPS
.
(Hauser et al. 2005). ,
. 10
IR1 BTD
(BTV) .
-
8.2
IR1
,
.
0 ,
IR1 IR2 0.5K
.
6 8
- -
[ 8.2] IR1(), IR2(*) (a) (b) IR1(), IR2(*) (c) (d) . (b), (d)
BTD 24 .(http://kma.go.kr)
-
8.2
8.2 IR1, IR2
[(a), (c)] (BTD) [(b), (d)] .
. .
.
(http://kma.go.kr).
BTD
(Aerosol Index: AI) .
8.2.3.2
(AOD)
(Aerosol
Extinction Coefficient: ) ,
( ). ,
, ,
8 7
- -
, ,
.
, AOD
30 .
, AOD . CMDPS
(RTM) , -
(LUT),
(AOD) .
-
8.2
8.2.3.2.1
AOD 8.3 .
, Part 1 AOD
.
,
.
8 8
- -
[ 8.3] CMDPS AOD
Part 2 . 30
AOD 0
. 30
(Semi-surface
Reflectance) .
. ,
, 30
.
-
8.2
30
. Part3 AOD
Part1 Part2
AOD , AOD
.
AOD
. CMDPS IR1
.
,
.
.
.
.
8 9
- -
.
AOD
.
,
DB .
-
8.2
[ 8.1]
10 8
- -
8.1 , , AOD 0.5
Refractive Index (n) (k) .
Refractive Index
.
AOD .
.
AOD
.
-
8.2
.
8.4 2011 5 1 1900KST
.
(AOD) .
.
8 11
- -
[ 8.5] COMS () () (2011.05.01 1900KST)
-
8.2
.
, (8.1)
AOD .
(8.1)
8.5 (8.1)
(6S) .
AOD ,
.
. .
km , AOD 0.2
.
Visibility = 0.9429 e ( 1.703/ ( A OD + 0.2967 ))
12 8
- -
[ 8.6] 6S
-
8.3
.
,
.
(BTD)
, , BTD
. CMDPS
BTD
.
BTD / .
CMDPS AOD
. CMDPS ,
AOD
8 13
- -
. ,
.
,
.
.
-
1. ,
, .
2. (:
COMS) .
3. ,
(SWIR-IR1, IR1-IR2) VIS
.
4. CMDPS (IR1-IR2) , IR1
IR2
. (BTD) .
5. IR2 ,
.
6. (
, , ), (SWIR), ,
.
7. (AOD)
14 8
- -
.
8. , ,
, , AOD .
9. (AOD)
6S 3 (, , )
AOD ,
AOD .
10.AOD
.
11. 3 ,
.
12. , ,
.
-
[ 8.7] (IR1, IR2)
8 15
- -
-
1. .
2. ,
.
3. , ,
?
4.
.
16 8
- -
-
1. , 2009:
,556-607.
2. , , 1989:
. , 5(1), 68-78.
3. , , , 2006:
, Korea Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22,
No.6, 2006, 507-518.
4. Ackerman, S. A. and K. I. Strabala, 1994: Satellite remote
sensing of H2SO4 aerosol using the 8 to 12m window region:
Application to Mount Pinatubo, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D9), 18639-
18649.
5. Ackerman, S. A., 1989: Using the Radiative Temperature
Difference at 3.7 and 11m to Track Dust Outbreaks. Remote
Sens. Environ. 27, 129-133.
6. Fukushima, H. and M. Toratani, 1997: Asian dust aerosol: Optical
effect on satellite ocean color signal and a scheme of its
correction, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D14), 17119-17130.
8 17
- -
7. Gu, Y., W. I. Rose, and G. J. S. Bluth. 2003: Retrieval of mass and
sizes of particles in sandstorms using two MODIS IR bands: A
case study of April 7, 2001 sandstorm in China. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 30(15), doi:10.1029/2003GL017405.
8. Iino N., K. Kinoshita, A. C. Tupper and T. Yano, 2004 : Detection
of Asian dust aerosols using meteorological satellite data and
suspended particulate matter concentrations, Atmospheric
Environment 38 (2004) 6999-7008.
9. Kaufman, Y, J, and D. Tanre, 1998: Algorithm for remote sensing
of tropospheric aerosol from MODIS.
10.King, M. D., Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanre, and T. Nakajima, 1999:
Remote sensing of Tropospheric Aerosols from Space: Past,
Presents, and Future, Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society, 80, 2229-2259.
11.Mishchenko, M.I., I.V. Geogdzhayev, B. Cairns, W.B. Rossow, and
A.A. Lacis, 1999: Aerosol retrievals over the ocean using
channel 1 and 2 AVHRR data: A sensitivity analysis and
preliminary results. Appl. Opt., 38, 7325-7341.
-
12.Torres, O., P. K. Bhartia, J. R. Herman, A. Sinyuk, P. Ginoux, and
B. Holben, 2002: A Long-Term Record of Aerosol Optical Depth
from TOMS Observations and Comparison to AEROENT
Measurements, J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 398-413.
18 8
- -
-
9.1
9.2
9.3
- -
-
- ,
.
- COMS .
- .
-
9 1
9.1
,
17m/s
.
.
,
. 1993 2010 18
, 10 8,745
( et al,. 2011). ,
.
,
- -
.
.
1960
12 24 (
et al., 1996) .
,
.
-
9.2
2 9
.
,
.
.
,
.
, .
( et al., 1996).
CI(Current Intensity Number) . CI
1.0~8.0 0.5 . CI Dvorak
(1975)
Dvorak , CI
.
- -
.
CTT(Cloud Top Temperature)
. 15m/s
,
.
.
-
STAGE CLOUD PATTERN SUBDIVIDED PATTERN CHARACTERISTICS
Generating Stage()
CB CLUSTER
UNORGANIZEDCB CLUSTER
CB-Cluster
ORGANIZEDCB CLUSTER
CB-Cluster
LSP (Vortex)
Developing Stage()
SHEARDense Overcast
BAND
DISTINCT CDO
9.2.1
9.2
[ 9.1]
Dvorak 10
.
.
.
9 3
- -
CDODISTINCT CDO
(CDO)
INDISTINCT CDO
Mature Stage()
EYE
DISTINCT SMALL EYE 3/4()
DISTINCT LARGE EYE 3/4()
RAGGED EYE
BANDING EYE
Weakling Stage()
SHEAR
LSP
EXL .
9.1 .
(Cloud System Center)
. CSC 9.2 .
-
9.2
[ 9.2] CSC
4 9
- -
-
9.2
CSC CSC
. CSC
CSC ,
CDO(Cloud Dense Overcast) CSC
CDO CSC .
, 2 CSC
,
CSC . CSC
.
9.1 .
9 5
- -
-
9.2
6 9
- -
[ 9.1] CSC
-
9.2
9.2.2 (CI)
Dvorak(1975)
Dvorak ,
. Dvorak
, ,
(
et al., 2003). Dvorak (CI; Current
Intensity Number) (EIR:
Enhanced-IR) . (CI),
1.0~8.0 0.5 . CI
9.2 .
9 7
- -
[ 9.2] CI
-
9.2
CI T(Tropical Number)
, . T
3 T
.
(1) PT(Pattern T-number)
T
(2) MET(Model Expected T-number)
24
T
(3) DT(Data T-number)
T
DT
. 9.1
(Curved Band) , (Shear) , (Eye) ,
8 9
- -
(Curved Band) , (Shear) , (Eye) ,
CDO(Central Dense Overcast) .
.
CF(Central Feature Number) :
BF(Banding Feature Number) : CF
E(Eye Number) : CDO
E(Eye-adjustment) : E
-
9.2
[ 9.3] T
T CI
. 9.2 DT CF BF
CF E E . T
PT, MET, DT
T . T DT-PT-MET
DT T , DT
PT T, MET T
. T 9.3
.
T
24 T 1.0~1.5.
T 1.0 24 T 2.5 .
T
-
9.2
CI
. ,
CI .
T CI=T
CI 12 T T
CI
CI
T CI
, T 12
. 3 EIR
Dvorak method
.
.
10 9
- -
,
.
ADT(Advanced Dvorak Technique)
UW/CIMSS(University of Wisconsin-Madison /Cooperative Institute
for Meteorological Satellite Studies) .
ADT
, ,
FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)
.
6.3.0 , 7.2.3 , 8.1.3 , 8.1.3
, , ,
(Environmental Temperature) ,
, .
.
-
9.2
9 11
- -
[ 9.3] EIR (MSC/JMA, 1990)
-
9.2
9.2.3
15m/s
.
,
,
. CMDPS
.
.
IR
,
.
5 9.4 .
12 9
- -
[ 9.4]
-
9.2
[ 9.5]
a) b)
9.2.3.1
.
.
9.5 a .
9 13
- -
9.2.3.3 8
[ 9.5] (a), 8 (b)
8
5 b .
,
, 9.1 8 (RMW)
.
(9.1)
9.2.3.2
. -50 C
-45 C , ERT+2*CRT)/3
. ERT
CRT .
RMW
-
9.2
9.2.3.4 8
(Eye Wall) ,
. 8
.
9.2.3.5
9.2 ( )
.
(9.2)
r ,
. 9.3
.
14 9
- -
(9.3)
15m/s 9.4 .
(9.4)
(Relaxation Coefficient; 630km).
. 9.6
2011
, 9.7 4 (Shear
Pattern), (Curved Band Pattern), (Eye Pattern),
CDO(Cloud Dense Overcast Pattern)
.
-
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[9.6] 2011 (NMSC, 2011)
9 15
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-
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[9.7] (NMSC, 2011)
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,
. ,
. ,
. 1960
12
24 .
.
. Chan(1978)
, Veldon et al.
(1984)
.
, Dvorak(1984)
9 17
- -
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(WV) Dvorak(1984)
. Dvorak WV
WV
. , WV CMB(Curved
Moisture Band;
)
WV
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.
.
-
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.
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.
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20 CMB
12 .
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.
3 : CMB 20
, . CMB
.
18 9
- -
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[ 9.8]
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, CMB CMB
. CMB
3 , FAY, RYAN, JANIS
3 .
4 : CMB , VC ,
6 .
.
5 : CMB 9
, .
6 : WV
, 6 .
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9 19
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2012 BOLAVEN Dvorak
.
Dvorak(1984) 15
CMB , .
9.9 2012 BOLAVEN WV
. 9.9 ( ) 315
, CMB .
CMB . 36
9.9 (b) BOLAVEN .
BOLAVEN 9.10 ,
.
-
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[9.9] WV 2012 BOLAVEN () ()
20 9
CMB
CMB
- -
[9.10] 2012 BOLAVEN ()
-
9.3
Dvorak .
.
.
,
. () ()
CMB
. Dvorak 10
CMB 37 1/3 ()
.
.
. Velden and Olander(2006)
9 21
- -
.
(, 2011).
km
.
-
1. ,
.
2.
,
.
3.
, , ,
4.
4. Dvorak
Dvorak
.
5. .
.
6. ()
, .
7.
22 9
- -
, 10 ( 9.5).
8.
,
.
9. , CMB(Current
Moisture Band) ()
.
10.Dvorak /
.
-
1. Dvorak .
2. ,
.
3. 4 ( ,
, ) .
4.
.
9 23
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1. , 2009: , 143-151pp.
2. , 2011:
(), 142-169pp.
3. , , , ; 2003,
, . 39, 2, 279-289pp.
4. , , ; 2011, .
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5. , . , ; 1996,
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Forecasting from Satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103(5), 420-
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8. Dvorak, V.F., 1984: Tropical Cyclone Intensity analysis using
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12. JMA. MSC.
-
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
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.
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1970 NESDIS(National Environment Satellite, Data,
4 10
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, NOAA 10 12 11
.
(10.4)
1981 NOAA 7 11, 12, 3.7
. Prabhakara et al.(1974)
(MCSST) .
McMillin(1975), McClain(1985)
.
(10.5)
-
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. Barton(1985)
, (SZA: Satellite Zenith Angle)
, NOAA/NESDIS
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Channel SST) .
(10.6)
SST .
(: Walton, 1988). NASA/JPL
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. PFSST NLSST(Non-Linear SST)
,
( ) 0.7 .
10.3
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DB .
. 1, 5, 10
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DB .
, (, ),
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, , ,
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Cover Method) .
. ,
(Kerr et al., 1992; Gutman and Ignatov,
1998). MODIS (EUMETSAT)
10 9
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1998). MODIS (EUMETSAT)
LSA/SAF(Land Surface Analysis/Satellite Application Facility)
.
(10.9)
(IR1, IR2) ,
(Vegetation) (Ground)
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MSG Peres and DaCamara(2005)
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0~50,000 , (Berk et al.,
1999; http://www.vs.afrl.af.mil/).
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MODTRAN4
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(http://ara.abct.lmd.polytechnique.fr/). TIGR DB
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( 2m , Ta)
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MODTRAN4 ( 10.1) 535
, 11, 11,
11, 64,735 .
TIGR database : 535 sets.
0 ~ 60(calculated value of each point)
IR1 : 0.9576 0.9890(intv: 0.00314)
IR2 : 0.9663 0.9908(intv: 0.00245)
[ 10.2] MODTRAN 4
10 13
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Ta - 6K Ta + 14K (intv: 2K)
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