1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

- -

1.4

1.5

1.6 , ,

1.7

1.8

1.9

- ( ) .

- .

- .

- (, , ) (, ) .

- .

1.1

.

(Remote Sensing)

(Electromagnetic Wave/: Radiation).

( ) 3(, , )

()

. 36,000km

.

() .

-

.

- () ()

m .

- ()

(s-1) .

1 1

- -

- (c) 30 km/s

.

(1.1)

- () cm-1.

-

(Photon) .

.

E = h (1.2)

h 6.6262x 10^-34Js. (1.1)

.

.

1.1

(0~) ,

(, , ...)

. ,

(0.390-0.760m) 1.1

( 1.1).

, , .

.

(m)

0.390 0.455

0.455 0.485

0.485 0.505

0.505 0.550

0.550 0.575

0.575 0.585

[ 1.1]

2 1

- -

0.575 0.585

0.585 0.620

0.620 0.760

[ 1.1]

(m)

1.2

, ,

.

1.2 .

.

J. (Radiant Flux)

[W: J/s].

(Irradiance or Radiant Emittance) [W/m]

.

(

- Steradian: sr) (Radiance)

[W/m/sr] .

(Monochromatic Radiance) [W/m/sr/m] .

.

(, )

.

1 3

- -

2 3 . 2

3

3 (Solid Angle) .

.

r

. ,

r (d)

.

d = rd rsin d (1.3)

d (r=1)

() r2 .

d = d/r2 = sin d d ( sr ) (1.4)

1.2

[ 1.2]

(Radiant Energy) dE J (Joules): N.m

(Radiant Flux) dE/dt J/sec (W)

(: Irradiance)

dE/dt/dA W/m2

(Radiance) dE/dt/dA/d W/m2/sr

(Monochromatic Radiance)

dE/dt/dA/d/dor

dE/dt/dA/d/d

W/m2/sr/mor

W/m2/sr/cm-1

4 1

- -

1.3

19 , , ,

.

.

,

.

.

1.5 .

,

.

Max Planck(1858-1947) 1900

( ) [Wm-2sr-1m-1]

- .

1 5

- -

(1.5)

c (2.998108ms-1), h (6.6262x10-

34Js), k (1.38x10-23JK-1).

1.2

.

(

) . .

exp

1.3

6 1

- -

[ 1.2]

1.4

1.4.1

1.2

. Wilhelm

Wien(1864-1928) 1893 ( )

.

(1.6)

T (K) (m).

(mK-1) .

( 1.2).

6000K 0.5m

300K 10.0m.

1 7

- -

1.4

1.4.2 -

1.2

() . ,

Josef Stefan(1835-1893) 1879

.

Ludwig Boltzmann(1844-1906) 1894

.

(1.6)

Wm-2, =5.6710-8 (Wm-2K-4).

, T

( ) 4

- .

(6.34107Wm-2)

8 1

- -

(6.34107Wm-2)

.

(6.34107 /5.6710-8/)1/4 =5780K

,

.

1.4

1.4.3

.

( ) .

(1.8)

. ( )

.

(1.9)

, 1.0 .

1 9

- -

1855 Gustav Kirchhoff(1824-1887)

.

(1.10)

, .

" ,

."

1.4

. (r )

.

(1.11)

.

( )

.

(1.12)

0 ,

.

10 1

- -

1.3 .

0 8-

12m . 8-12m

.

. 9.6m

11 12m

.

, ,

.

1.4

[ 1.3]

1 11

- -

1.5

() , , 3

.

.

,

.

,

.

. 1.4

.

12 1

- -

[ 1.4]

1.5

.

, ,

. ,

(1.13)

.

. () Z 1.9

,

(1.14)

. (1.10) (Beer's Law)

. ( )

.

( ), (1.13) (1.14)

1 13

- -

(1.15)

(1.16)

.

1.5

(1.13) (1.16)

(Absorption Optical Thickness) .

,

.

,

(1.17)

. ,

,

(1.18) .

(1.18)

, .

.

14 1

- -

,

( ) ,

.

,

5, 8 .

, (1.9)~ (1.16)

(Scattering Optical Thickness) .

,

(Extinction Coefficient)

.

(1.19)

1.5

(s,S)

(Optical Thickness) ,

(1.20)

. , ,

, ,

.

1 15

- -

1.6 , ,

, , 4

. ,

( ) , ,

.

(1.21)

, , .

1 0.

1(0) 0(1). 0

+ = 1 .

Kirchoff ( ) ( )

.

16 1

- -

() ,

.

,

/

.

.

.

--

.

1.6 , ,

1.6.1

, , ,

.

.

.

,

.

. ,

() ,

(Quantization) .

.

.

1 17

- -

(1.22)

h , 6.626x10-34 Js .

, .

.

1.6 , ,

. , X-, ,

.

/

. ,

,

.

3 ( : CO2, H2O, O3)

, /

. , 2 ( : O2, N2)

.

.

,

18 1

- -

.

. ,

.

1.6 , ,

1.6.2

() (0~100%)

.

. .

,

. .

.

2/3

. 1.3

. (50%)

, , .

. ,

1 19

- -

. ,

.

1.3

.

[ 1.3]

0.1-0.25

, 0.25-0.4

0.15-0.25

0.1-0.2

0.75-0.95

0.25-0.75

( >25)

1.6 , ,

1.6.2

.

. .

. , .

,

.

.

.

( 1.5).

.

20 1

- -

.

[ 1.5] , .

1.7

1.7.1

,

. 4 1 1%

. ,

.

.

1.6 /X-

/ .

99% 0.15~4.0m ,

.

1 21

- -

[ 1.6] () 5780K () (Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc. 84, 311)

1.7

1.7.2

.

1.4968 x 1011m, 1 1

1.67% , 7 1 1.67% .

,

3.37% .

1360Wm-2.

2327

( 1.7) . ()

() (- )

() . ,

. / .

.

22 1

- -

[ 1.7] . 90-2327=6633 , 24 , 24 . 6 6

1.7

1.8 .

(3 21, 9 21)

(cosine) .

.

( ).

.

(Polar Night) 0 .

.

1 23

- -

1.7

[ 1.8] .

24 1

- -

. .

35 ,

.

[ 1.8] . MJm-2day-1. . (Meteorological Tables,

Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C. (1951), p.417.)

1.7

1.7.3

. ,

1% ,

40% . 1.9

.

13% ,

.

, O3(), O2(),

H2O(), CO2()

( 1.9). 0.1m

N2(), O2(), O() .

, 90km .

0.1~0.2m

1 25

- -

0.1~0.2m

.

(1.23)

100km . ,

O O

. 0.2~0.3m

.

1.7

26 1

- -

.

.

0.7m , , ,

.

[ 1.9] . , .

1.7

1.7.4

. 10m,

.

.

50% .

, , .

,

20%, 30%, 60-70%,

90% .

.

, 50% (, ),

30% , 20% .

1 27

- -

.

. ,

.

1.7

( 103cm-3,

105cm-3 ).

.

(1) , , , ,

(2) SO2 H2SO4

10-4m 10m ,

.

0.1m

.

,

.

.

28 1

- -

,

.

1.8

. 290K ,

10m .

.

, , 3

. ,

.

,

.

1.8.1

1 29

- -

[ 1.10] Nimbus 4

1.8

6.3m

( 1.10). 8m 12m

.

.

() ,

.

50m

90% .

1.11 (Infrared Cooling)

.

. (Column) .

1.8.2

30 1

- -

[ 1.11] . (Wm-2), (day-1) . 1

1.8

(a) .

.

(b)

. ,

,

.

.

(c)

, . ,

. ,

. (b) (c)

.

(d)

1 31

- -

.

,

. ,

.

(e)

.

,

.

. .

(f)

.

.

,

, .

1.9

1.12 -

.

% .

30% , 6%

. 50% ,

0.5% ,

25% . 20% . 4%

. (6+20+4)=30%

.

19% ,

51% .

51% 21% .

. 21% , 15%

32 1

- -

, 6% 10m

.

.

[ 1.12] - . %

1.9

. mm

.

,

.

, 10 .

, ,

38% ,

(, ) .

.

51%

51% . 70%

1 33

- -

, 30% , 100%

.

, 19%(16+3)

45%(23+7+15) . 64% , ,

(26+38) . (5) (16)

.

238Wm-2,

.

1.9

1.13 (

- ) . ,

40

.

, ,

15 ,

70 .

(6, 7, 8) (12, 1, 2) .

. 1

.

34 1

- -

[ 1.13] (Wm-2)

1.9

- ,

.

. ,

.

, -

( ) .

, ,

.

, (Gulf Stream)

(Kuroshio Current)

.

.

1 35

- -

1.9

1.9.1

/ 0.3 ,

.

(1.24)

r (1360Wm) , 4r

.

238Wm .

/

, 238Wm

.

, / -

, .

36 1

- -

(1.25)

Te .

(Tsfc=288K) Te=255K -18

.

T .

.

(1.26)

T .

.

, ,

.

,

.

1. 3(, , )

,

.

2. ,

, , , .

3. ,

.

4. .

5. 0 (0 K)

.

6. (

).

7. 20()

, ,

( ) ,

.

8.

1 37

- -

8.

,

.

10.8m(IR1), 12.0m(IR2) .

1. .

2. 6000K, 300K ,

( 1.5)

( 1.6) .

3. .

4.

.

38 1

- -

1. , , 1999: , 126-157

2. , 2004: , 23~27

1 39

- -

2.1

2.2

2.3 (CMDPS)

- -

- (COMS)

(CMDPS: COMS Meteorological Data

Processing System) 16

.

2.1

2003 ,

, , 2010

6 27

2011 4 .

36,000km, 128.2

,

1)

, 2) , , 3)

, ( 2.1).

8

.

16

.

2.1 1 4

2 1

- -

5 (MI: Meteorological

Imager) .

1km

.

.

.

, , , ,

. 1 2

, 4km.

, .

.

1 2 , , ,

.

. ,

.

[ 2.1]

5(1, 4)

27

[ 2.1]

2.1

2 2

- -

()

(km)

0.67 1 , ,

3.7 4 , ,

6.7 4 ,

1 10.8 4 , ,

2 12.0 4 , ,

.

,

3 ( 2.2).

MTSAT-1R 2 2

4 .

,

.

[ 2.2]

FD*(Full Disk)

ENH *(Extended Northern

Hemisphere)

LA *

2.1

2 3

- -

LA *(Local Area)

*

2011 4

MTSAT-1R

MTSAT-2

.

. MTSAT

.

(KOICA)

.

2.2.1

. 2.2 ,

.

,

.

2.2

4 2

- -

(Radiometric Calibration)

(Geometric Correction)

, ,

.

.

2.3 .

[ 2.2] (,2011)

.

(:

: 1km , : 4km )

.

,

.

,

. 36,000km

~

km . ,

2.2.2

2.2

2 5

- -

1

.

2 . ,

( )

() (Radiometric

Calibration: Level 1A) (I J)

(, ) (Geometric

Correction). Level 1B

, , , (Level 2)

. ,

,

.

1.

RF

L/S-Band .

2.

(Raw) (Radiometric Calibration)

(Geometric Correction) ,

LRIT(Low Rate Information Transmission) /HRIT(

High Rate Information Transmission) .

3.

(Level 1B) ,

, 16 (

, , , , , /, ,

, , , , ,

, , /, )

,

[ 2.3] (, 2011)

2.2

6 2

- -

.

4.

, 16 , ,

, GUI

.

5.

, ,

, ,

.

6.

, , , ,

.

7.

.

8.

.

9.

(Web) , 16

.

10.

DLP Cube, PC, SMS, NMS, CCTV .

10.

, ,

.

[ 2.3] (, 2011)

2.2

2 7

- -

(Degradation) ,

(Radiometric Calibration) .

,

(Brightness Temperature)

.

.

( : )

(: Vicarious

Calibration) .

,

. MODIS, SeaWiFS

, GOES-R ABI(Advanced Baseline Imager)

2.2

2.2.2.1

8 2

- -

, GOES-R ABI(Advanced Baseline Imager)

.

,

.

(Intersatellite Calibration)

.

.

, --

.

, , , , ,

.

. ,

(Radiance) = a DC + b ( Rad. = a(DC - DCo))

a, b () () DC(DCo)

( ).

[ 2.3] (Rad.(WT- Warm Target): , Rad.(DC): ; Rad.(CT-Cold

Target) )

2.2

2.2.2.2

2 9

- -

( ), (

),

.

( )

.

.

(Geometric Distortion) .

,

(: )

.

(Image Navigation and Registration)

(I, J) (Lat., Lon.) 1:1

. (Image

Navigation) ()(Image Registration) .

(I, J)

(Lat., Lon.)

.

.

, ,

.

.

36,000km (

, , , ...)

km .

(Landmark: ) .

2.2

2.2.2.3

10 2

- -

.

Level 1A

(Level 1B, 2.4).

(2011) .

[ 2.4] () ()

2.2

2 11

- -

, . ,

Level-1B

. 8 10

2003 (COMS

Meteorological Data Processing System: CMDPS)

(, 2009). CMDPS Level-1B

(

2.5).

CMDPS

16 .

.

2.3 (CMDPS)

12 2

- -

,

.

.

.

CMDPS 16

.

2.3 (CMDPS)

2 13

- -

. 2.6

16 , ,

.

[ 2.5] ( )

[ 2.6] 16 : (2011), (I)

2.3 (CMDPS)

14 2

- -

CMDPS . CMDPS

,

.

.

,

.

, .

/ - .

CMDPS

. 30

.

2.3.1

, ,

. ,

.

,

3 .

1, 2

.

.

2.3.2

2.3.3

2.3 (CMDPS)

2 15

- -

2/3

(

) . 2

.

, .

1

.

,

. (

) 4 .

.

. CMDPS

, 3

.

2.3.4

.

( ) .

,

. COMS

6 .

,

(< 1km) .

2.3.6

2.3.5

2.3 (CMDPS)

16 2

- -

, ,

.

.

,

. COMS 7

.

,

, , , .

2.3.8

2.3 (CMDPS)

.

.

, .

,

( 1 -

2

cm

.

, , (ARGOS)

2/3

. ,

.

1 2 ( )

. CMDPS

10 .

2.3.9

2.3 (CMDPS)

2.3.10

18 2

- -

, ,

.

.

. CMDPS

1 2

10 .

(Upper Troposphere Humidity:

UTH, : %)

,

.

.

.

UTH .

UTH

. 2.7 (6.7m)

. ,

.

. CMDPS

2.3.11

2.3 (CMDPS)

2 19

- -

. CMDPS

.

[ 2.7]

.

mm (Total Precipitable Water:

TPW) . TPW

. TPW

.

TPW

6 .

2.3.12

2.3 (CMDPS)

2.3.13 ()

20 2

- -

.

.

,

.

,

. (

100km )

.

.

30% , ,

, ,

.

0.05() 0.4 ,

0.9 , -

.

.

.

NOAA/AVHRR Terra/MODIS

DMSP SSM/I .

/

. ,

/ / .

2.3.14 /

2.3 (CMDPS)

2 21

- -

/ / .

10 .

2.3 (CMDPS)

(Insolation)

.

, - -

. , ,

, ,

.

, ,

.

.

,

, ,

.

2.3.15

22 2

- -

.

,

. , - ,

, //

. ,

.

.

(Broad-band)

(Narrow-band) . COMS

(Narrow-band)

.

2.3.16

1. 2010 6 27

2011 4 .

2. 1km 4km

1 2 , 5

.

3. 1)

, 2) , ,

3) ,

.

4.

Level-1B .

5.

.

6.

COMS (CMDPS)

.

2 23

- -

.

7. CMDPS (Level-1B) , ,

, 16

()

DB .

1. (Calibration)

.

2. (Geometric Correction)

.

3. COMS 16 .

4. -

. ()

5.

(CMDPS) . ()

24 2

- -

1. , 2011: (I), 191pp.

2. , 2009: ,

846pp.

2 25

- -

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

- -

3.4

-

.

- ,

.

-

.

-

. .

3.1

(, 100%)

( )

. ,

() (

) .

() (

) . ,

, . (, , , )

(), ()

()

.

. km 36,000km

3 1

- -

. km 36,000km

.

(VIS 1km, IR 4km)

. ,

,

(

).

.

3.2

,

(, ) .

. Ci(),

Cm(), St(/), Cb(), Cg(Cumulus Congestus:

), Cu(), Sc() 7 .

(Ci, Cm, St) (Cb, Cg, Cu) Sc

.

.

() .

3.2.1

2 3

- -

.

. ()

() () . ,

.

,

.

. , St Ci .

.

Cu

Cg, Cg Cb .

Ci

. Ci Ci

.

Ci .

3.2.1.1

3.2.1

, (

) .

() () .

Ci , Cm, St .

Ci

Ci

. Ci

Cm . Ci Cb

, Cb .

St

.

Cb Cg Cu

.

3.1

. , ,

3.1 .

3.1 3.1

. ,

3.2

3 3

- -

. ,

.

[ 3.1] (, 2011)

3.2

(10)

-

: :

:

:

: :

- -

-

, ,

[ 3.1] (, 2011)

4 3

- -

-

, ,

-

,

-

, ,

,

, , , ,

3.2

3.2.1.3

. St

. Ci (Ci streak), Cb

( ), (Transverse Line)

.

.

,

.

Cb, Cg, Cu . , ,

.

.

3.2.1.2

3 5

- -

.

.

.

. St, Sc, Cu Ci

. Cb Cg

Ci .

3.2.1.5

3.2.1.4

(life time)

.

Cb Ci ,

Ci .

3.2

3.2.2.1 /

,

.

,

( 3.2).

~ , .

, 3.7 .

3.2.2

6 3

- -

[ 3.2] (2012 9 29 23:45 KST) IR() SWIR() (2012 9 30 07:15 KST) IR() VIS()

3.2

, , ( 3.3).

.

. ~,

.

3.2.2.2

3 7

- -

(Cumulus

Congestus) , "Cg"

. , , ,

( 3.4).

3.2.2.4

[ 3.3]

,

, , , ~

, ~ ( 3.4).

3.2.2.3

3.2

, , , ,

. ,

, .

(Anvil) ,

( 3.4).

3.2.2.5

8 3

- -

[ 3.4] (Cu), (Cg),(Cb)

3.2

,

, ,

, , , "" .

,

~ ( 3.5).

3.2.2.6

3 9

- -

[ 3.5]

3.2

, . ,

,

. ,

.

, , .

, .

, ,

. ""

"" , ""

( 3.6).

3.2.2.7

10 3

- -

[ 3.6]

3.3

,

, , ,

, .

.

, , 1 (, ,

) 2 (,

)

. Meteosat-8

SEVIRI(Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager)

, ,

(ISCCP; International

Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) .

/ (:

< 80)

.

CMDPS

3.3.1

3 11

- -

() ( => =>

=> => )

.

.

(Mie Scattering)

,

.

(Reflectivity) VIS0.6

. .

3.3.2

CMDPS

(2009)

.

(>(3.7) , ,

(Intensity) .

(Emissivity) .

. , , .

IR10.8 IR12.0

, .

, .

3.3.3.1

,

3.3.3

3.3

12 3

- -

.

(ISCCP) 1983

.

.

ISCCP

- , ,

.

, Derrien Le Gleau(2005)

MSG/SEVIRI .

SEVIRI MSG (Meteosat-8 Meteosat-9)

.

.

.

1

, .

, ,

.

, , , 5 .

, , , 4

. ISCCP ()

9 (, , , , ,

, , , ) (Rossow and Schiffer, 1999).

ISCCP

. .

ISCCP(http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/

cloudtypes.html) .

3.3.3.2

3.3

3 13

- -

cloudtypes.html) .

SEVIRI

. SEVIRI ,

, ,

, , ,

. CMDPS MSG/SEVIRI

, 5 .

3.3.3.3

,

( 3.7). 3.7

ER-2

(High-spectral resolution infrared spectrometer) 9.1

17 .

9.6(1040 ) 15(667 )

. 10-12(1000-830 )

. ,

.

1cm1cm

1cm

,

.

, .

3.3

14 3

- -

[ 3.7] 31.1-37.4N, 95.0-95.3W ER-2 IR (1996. 4. 21)

CMDPS 3.8 .

,

.

.

, , .

(look up table)

.

3.3

3 15

- -

[ 3.8] CMDPS

1

. TB10.8 - TB12.0 , TB6.75 -

TB10.8 TB3.75 - TB10.8

.

NASA MODIS

1.38 ,

. TB10.8-TB12.0 TB3.7-TB10.8

TB10.8, 0.65 ,

TB10.8-TB12.0 TB3.7-TB10.8 TB10.8

.

TB10.8 , , , ,

.

TB10.8 - TB12.0 : < (,

, ).

*

.

3.3

16 3

- -

.

.

TB6.75 - TB10.8 : < (,

, ).

TB3.75 - TB10.8 : <

* 3.8

.

(3.75m)

.

TB10.8 Refl0.675

.

Varilog TB10.8 = log (1+std(TB10.8))

Varilog Refl0.675 = log (1+std(Refl0.675)/13.)

TB10.8 - TB12.0 : <

TB6.75 - TB10.8 : <

Refl0.6 : <

: - <

3.9

.

.

3.3

3 17

- -

.

[ 3.9] COMS

3.3.4

(: 7x7 )

(0~100%)

.

.

.

,

3.10

.

3.3

18 3

- -

[ 3.10] (a), (b) (c), (d) (Kassianov et al., 2005)

CMDPS

,

.

.

.

(2009) .

3.11 2012 7 6 03 .

.

100% 0~30%

. Scatter

Broken

Clear Overcast

.

3.3

3 19

- -

.

[ 3.11] COMS (%)

3.3.5

.

-

10Co , .

.

,

.

. EUMETSAT SAF

.

.

3.3.5.1

3.3

20 3

- -

8.7 .

8.7

CMDPS

(Choi et al., 2007).

3.3.5.2

, , , 4

. MODIS

10.8 12.0 .

6.75

.

.

. 15

MODIS . CMDPS

,

.

3.12 ,

.

. 6.7, 10.8, 12.0

.

3.3.5.3

3.3

3 21

- -

.

[ 3.12]

3.13 .

3.3

22 3

- -

3.13 .

10.8 . 10.8

12.0 . 6.7

.

3 .

TB10.8 TB6.7

.

,

.

3.3

3 23

- -

[ 3.2]

, ,

3.2 .

TB10.8 < 238 K orBTD10.812.0 4.5 K or

TB6.7 < 234 K

For no ice238 K TB10.8 < 268 K or

234 K TB6.7 < 250 K

For no ice/mixedTB10.8 285 K or

TB6.7 250 K

[ 3.13]

3.14 .

3.3

24 3

- -

[ 3.14] COMS

3.3.6

0~

.

VIS0.675 SWIR3.75 . 0.675

. VIS0.675

SWIR3.75

.

VIS0.675 SWIR3.75

.

3.3.6.1

. VIS0.675

SWIR3.75

IR10.8 ( 3.15).

.

3.3.6.2

3.3

3 25

- -

[ 3.15] (0 to 64) re(0 to 32 ) 3.7 ( ) IR10.8 ( ) L th3.7 L obs10.8

MODIS

King(1987) Nakajima et al.(1990)

.

.

- : 0.675, 0.86, 1.24

- : 1.6, 2.1, 3.7

,

.

- : 0.675 , : 0.86

- : 1.24

,

.

3.3.6.3

3.3

26 3

- -

.

0.65, 0.86, 1.24 ,

1.6 3.75 .

0.675 ,

,

. ISCCP 0.6

ISCCP

.

. VIS0.675

. ((solar zenith

angle): 080, (satellite zenith angle): 080,

(cloud optical thickness): 0123, (effective particle

radius): 264) VIS0.675

3.16 .

.

.

(3.1)

VIS0.65 , VIS0.675

. , ,

.

a 0 a 1 a 2

3.3

L 0.65=a 0+a 1L obso.65+a 2 (L obso.65) 2L 0.65 Lobs0.65

3 27

- -

3.17 1 3

. (/)

() 1 3

.

1 3

.

[ 3.16] VIS

3.3

28 3

- -

[ 3.17] CMDPS

3.3.7 /

(CTTH; Cloud Top Temperature/Height)

,

. CTTH

, .

CTTH , .

. 10.8

(K)

(hPa) .

.

3.3.7.1

6.75 10.8 .

.

.

.

IR10.8 (Offset)

( 3.18).

1)

3.3.7.2

CTTH

(hPa) . IR10.8

,

IR10.8 WV6.7 .

IR10.8

, .

NWP .

3.3

3 29

- -

( 3.18).

. IR10.8 (

)

.

[ 3.18] ( )(SAFNWC/MSG user manual, 2002)

.

NWP

. IR10.8

. IR10.8

(best fit) .

.

(Radiance Ratioing Method)

.

.

(3.2) .

(3.2)

, ,

2)

3.3

30 3

- -

(), N , . 1, 2

WV6.75 . 1 ,

(3.3) .

(3.3)

,

. .

.

(3.3) p.

.

. ISCCP

.

3.19 COMS 1 ,

.

.

3.20, 21, 22 , ,

.

3.3

3 31

- -

[ 3.20] COMS (C)

[ 3.19] CTTH

[ 3.21] COMS (km)

3.3

32 3

- -

[ 3.22] COMS (hPa)

,

.

,

, .

.

,

.

3.4

3 33

- -

1.

.

2. VIS IR, ,

7 .

3. CMDPS , , ,

.

- (, )

.

-

.

-

.

- ,

.

- / , , IR

, IR

.

34 3

- -

.

4. ,

.

5.

.

6. .

3 35

- -

[ 3.23] / ( )

1. ( 3.1)

.

2.

.

3.

.

4.

. ()

5. ,

. ()

36 3

- -

1. , 2009:

, 335-347pp.

2. , 2011: (), 73-81pp.

3. Choi, Y.-S., Ho, C.-H., Ahn, M.-H. and Kim, Y.-M., 2007, An

exploratory study of cloud remote sensing capabilities of the

Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS)

Imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28, pp. 4715-

4732.

4. Derrien, M and Le Gleau., 2005: MSG/SEVIRI cloud mask and

type from SAFNWC, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26,

4707-4732.

5. King, M. D., 1987: Determination of the scaled optical thickness

of cloud from reflected solar radiation measurements, Journal of

the Atmospheric Sciences, 44, 1734-1751.

6. Kassianov, E. I., Long, C. N. and Ovtchinnikov, M., 2005: Cloud

sky cover versus cloud fraction: whole-sky simulations and

observations, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44, 86-98.

7. Le Gleau, M. Derrien., 2002: User manual for the PGE01-02-03

3 37

- -

7. Le Gleau, M. Derrien., 2002: User manual for the PGE01-02-03

of the SAFNWC/MSG: Scientific part., EUMETSAT

documentation.

8. Nakajima, T.Y. and King, M.D., 1990, Determination of the optical

thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected

solar radiation measurements, Part 1: Theory. Journal of the

Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 1878-1893.

9. Rossow, W.B and Schiffer, R.A., 1999, Advances in understanding

clouds from ISCCP. Bulletin of the American Meteorological

Society, 80, pp. 22612287.

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

- -

4.4

- .

- , .

- COMS ,

.

- .

4.1

3

.

. (:

COMS) ,

(, ) /

,

. ,

( ) .

(, )

.

, ()

.

4 1

- -

4.2.1

CMDPS(COMS

Meteorological Data Processing System) (Atmospheric

Motion Vector; AMV) (, 2009).

( ) 2

. CMDPS

(IR1; 10.8m), (WV; 6.75m),

(SWIR; 3.75m), (VIS; 0.65m) .

,

. ,

,

50km .

1 1 .

, 3

.

,

.

4.2

2 4

- -

.

.

.

,

.

, .

. 30

, CMDPS

.

4.1 .

4.2.2

4.2

[ 4.1]

4 3

- -

4.3

, ,

. ,

,

,

.

.

.

(: 3333

) (Target) ,

.

.

,

. (Grid-

vector) 1212

48km48km .

4.3.1

4 4

- -

, ,

. 33 20

.

(

4.2).

[ 4.2]

. 10%

, ,

,

.

.

,

.

0.8

.

4.3

(Search Area)

.

.

( 4.1) ,

4.3.1.1 (Search Area)

4 5

- -

( 4.1) ,

.(Nieman et al, 1997, Bche et al., 2006).

(4.1)

(Target Area),

(Search Area) .

, ,

4.1 4.2 .

(4.2)

.

.

CC= E(T- T)-E(S- S) T S =E(TS)-E(T)E(S) T S

. 129129

, 3333

48 (129/2 - 33/2 = 48), 4 km

30 ,

106

(48*4000m/30*60s = 106 ).

,

.

.

.

,

4.3

6 4

- -

.

.

. ,

20

, ,

30 .

4.3

() ( 4.3).

4.3.1 (Search Area)

4 7

- -

[ 4.3]

CMDPS 30

( 4.4).

, .

1,

2

.

, 1 2 .

[ 4.4] (a) 3

4.3

(, , )

8 4

- -

( )

( )

, ( , )

. ,

(4.3) (4.4) SI .

(4.3)

(4.4)

,

.

, .

[ 4.4] (a) 3 (b)

(, , )

4.3.2 (Height assignment)

,

.

.

,

.

.

EBBT (Equivalent Black-Body Temperature; ) ,

NTC(Normalized Total

Contribution; ) NTCC(Normalized Total

Cumulative Contribution; ) .

STC(Semi-Transparent

Correction; ) IR/WV Intercept (

4.5).

4.3

4 9

- -

[ 4.5]

2K

. ,

,

( 4.6).

10 .

1)

.

. 400 hPa

, 600 hPa

.

4.3

4.3.2.1

2)

10 4

- -

10 .

.

[ 4.6]

1) EBBT(Equivalent Black-Body Temperature)

.

. , 15%

,

,

. , ,

EBBT

. EBBT

.

EBBT .

, EBBT

4.3

4.3.2.2

4 11

- -

IR/WV Intercept

.

(Smith and Frey, 1992) (4.5) .

(4.5)

, EBBT

.

IR/WV Intercept STC .

2) IR/WV Intercept

R(WV)-R cl(WV)R(IR1 )-R cl(IR1 ) =R c(WV,P c)-R cl(WV)R c(IR1,P c)-R cl(IR1 )

. ,

,

. 4.7

.

.

, .

R( IR1)R(WV)

4.3

c cl

12 4

- -

. IR/WV Intercept

,

0.8

. IR/WV Intercept

500 hPa .

[ 4.7] () IR1, WV ( )

4.3

STC IR/WV Intercept

. IR/WV Intercept

, STC

.

20

. STC IR/WV Intercept

500 hPa

.

3) STC(Semi-Transparent Correction)

.

, 400 hPa .

,

4.3.2.3

4 13

- -

,

200 hPa 400 hPa

. CMDPS

,

.

,

NTC(Normalized Total Contribution) NTCC(Normalized

Total Cumulative Contribution) .

( 4.8).

[ 4.8] () ().

4.8 ,

. NTCC ( )

0.5 . NTC

4.3

14 4

- -

0.5 . NTC

, .

4.3.3

(EBBT,

STC, IR/WV Intercept) ,

NTC NTCC

.

,

,

.

4.3.3.1

(Cloud Base)

650 hPa

. (4.6)

.

(4.6)

, ,

.

EBBT

. /

.

4.3.3.2

4.3

(Holmlund, K.,1998)

(Quality Indicator; QI) ( 4.1).

4.3.3.3

4 15

- -

(Quality Indicator; QI) ( 4.1).

,

.

( )

1

1

1

2

1

[ 4.1]

0 1

(QI) .

2.5

0.4 .

400 hPa ( 400 hPa ),

400 hPa 500

hPa 0 .

( 4.9).

4.3

16 4

- -

[ 4.9] IR1(), SWIR() (2012.12.01 1800UTC) VIS(), WV() (2012.12.02 0300 UTC)

: 400 hPa ~, : 700 ~ 400 hPa, : ~ 700 hPa

4.4

(, )

,

. (, )

. ,

.

.

. ,

.

4 17

- -

1. AWS(), , ,

.

2.

.

3. 1)

, 2)

.

4.

3 ( )

.

5. , WV

.

6. ( )

, .

7.

EBBT, IR/WV Intercept, STC

NTC, NTCC 5.

18 4

- -

8.

.

9. 650 hPa ,

. ,

.

[ 4.10]

1. ?

2. ,

.

3.

.

4. EBBT

.

5.

. ()

4 19

- -

1. , 2009:

, 77-90

2. Bche, G., H. Karbstein, A. Kummer, and H. Fischer, 2006, Water

vapour structure displacements from cloud-free Meteosat

scenes and their interpretation for the wind field, J. Appl.

Meteorol. Clim., 45, 556-575.

3. Holmlund, Kenneth, 1998, The utilization of statistical propertied

of satellite-derived atmospheric motion vectors to derive quality

indicators, Wea. Forecasting, 13, 1093-1104.

4. Nieman, Steven J.. W. Paul Menzel, Christopher M. Hayden,

Donald Gray, Steven T. Wanzong, Christopher S. Velden, and

Jaime Daniels, 1997, Fully automated cloud-drift winds in

NESDIS operations, Bull, Amer. Metoor. Soc., 78, 1121-1133.

20 4

- -

5.1

5.2

5.3 CMDPS

- -

- .

-

.

- COMS

.

5.1

.

.

,

.

.

(Total Precipitable Water; TPW)

.

(mm)

.

,

(Reber

5 1

- -

and Swope, 1972; Tomasi, 1981).

(Petersen et al., 1984; Robinson et

al., 1986),

(Barnes and Lilly, 1975; Fuelberg et al., 1986).

.

.

5.2

(Chesters et al., 1983, 1987; Jedlovec, 1990; Kleespies and

McMillin, 1990; Guillory et al., 1993; Andersen, 1996)

5.2.2

Split-Window (

) . (Wave Number) O

(1020~1060 cm-1 ) IR1

( 11 , 800~870 cm-1 ) IR2( 12 , 870~950 cm-1 )

1 (band-width) .

, CMDPS

. (2009)

.

5.2.1

2 5

- -

McMillin, 1990; Guillory et al., 1993; Andersen, 1996)

, Chesters et al.(1983, 1987) GOES

VAS( )

SWLR(Split-Window Logarithm Ratio)

. SWLR IR1,

IR2 . , IR1

IR2

,

.

TIGR( )

RTM() ,

.

, .

,

, IR1

.

[ 5.1] TPW

.

. 5.1

.

5.2

5 3

- -

[ 5.1] TPW

L1b

, , (or ) ,

, / , .

(5.2.3 .)

(QC; Quality Control)

(GTS )

.

5.2 MTSAT-1R, MTSAT-2

(COMS) (IR1 IR2) SRF(Spectral

Response Function; ) .

, MTSAT-1R MTSAT-2

.

5.2.3

5.2

5.2.3.1

4 5

- -

COMS MTSAT-1R, MTSAT-2

, 9.6 (1040 )

O3 ( 10 ~ 14 )

. 1

(band-width) , 12.5 (800 )

CO2 IR2 IR1

. , H2 O (855 ) IR2(800 ~ 870 )

IR1(870 ~ 950 ) ,

.

[ 5.2] COMS MTSAT-1R, MTSAT-2 IR1, IR2

IR2 IR1 .

Chesters et al.(1983, 1987) (1000 ~ 600 hPa)

,

.

(5.1)

,

. (gcm-2 ), (gcm-2 ), (const.)

.

.

(5.2)

5.2.3.2

5.2

5 5

- -

1000 ~ 600 hPa

,

. (5.2)

.

(5.3)

.

.

(Chesters et al., 1987).

(5.4) .

(5.4)

, ,

BTD(Brightness Temperature Difference;

)

. (5.4)

IR1 285.0 K , IR2

6 K . SWLR

air TIGR (Chevallier,

2001) RTTOV(Saunders et al., 1999)

. 5.3 SWLR

.

5.2.3.3

5.2

6 5

- -

[ 5.3] SWLR TWP BTD .

,

. IR1

IR2

. , Sobrino et al.(1999)

Andersen(1996)

, Justice et al.(1991)

AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth: )

.

.

,

, Chesters et al. (1987) (5.1)

(5.5)

.

. (5.5)

(5.6)

5.2

5 7

- -

. , Ci . Chesters et

al.(1987) (5.4)

, WV

.

.

CMDPS SWLR .

5.4 .

(~), (), () ,

.

/

(99 )

:

.

.

5.2.3.4

5.2

8 5

- -

5.2

5 9

- -

[ 5.4] TPW

5.5 2012 7 6 2()

2012 12 4 12() . '12

7 6 , 50 mm

TPW ,

TPW 40~60 mm .

TPW ~10 mm .

TPW

. '12 12 4

,

, ,

.

.

, .

5.2

10 5

- -

[ 5.5] COMS (12.07.06(),12.12.04()) ( )

5.3 CMDPS

CMDPS SWLR

, TPW .

SWLR /

,

/ .

SWLR

.

,

. , IR1

BTD

.

.

5 11

- -

1. (TPW)

(mm) .

2. ,

.

3.

,

.

4. 1) 2) IR1,

IR2 .

5. , , ,

,

,

.

6. CMDPS

.

7. IR1 ,

12 5

- -

BTD .

[ 5.6]

1. ,

.

2. ( 5.4) ,

.

3.

.

TPW . ()

4.

. ()

5 13

- -

1. , 2009:

, 312-331pp.

2. Andersen, H. S., 1996: Estimation of precipitable water vapour

from NOAA -AVHRR data during the Hapex Sahel experiment.

Int. J. Rem. Sensing, 17, 2783-2801.

3. Barnes, S. L., and D. K. Lilly, 1975: Covariance analysis of

severe storm environments. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Severe

Local Storms, Norman, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 301-36.

4. Chesters, D., L. W. Uccellini, and W. D. Robinson, 1983: Low-

level water vapor fields from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder

(VAS) "split window" channels. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 725-

743.

5. Chesters, D. R. Wayne and L. W. Uccellini, 1987: Optimized

retrievals of precipitable water from the VAS "Split Window". J.

Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 1059-1066.

6. Chevallier, F., 2001: Sampled database of 60-level atmospheric

profiles from the ECMWF analyses. EUMETSAT/ECMWF SAF

14 5

- -

programme, Research Report No. 4, 27 pp.

7. Fuelberg, H. E., Y. L. Lin, and H. Chang, 1986: A moisture

analysis of the meso-b scale thunderstorm environment during

AVE-SESAMEV (20-21 May 1979). Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 534-

545.

8. Guillory, A. R., G. J. Jedlovec and H. E. Fuelberg, 1993: A

Technique for deriving Column-integrated water content using

VAS Split-Window data. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1226-1241.

9. Kleespies, T. J., and L. M. Mcmillin, 1990: Retrieval of

Precipitable Water from Observations in the Split-Window over

varying Surface Temperatures. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 851-862.

10.Petersen, R. A., L. W. Uccellini, A. Mostek, and D. A. Keyser,

1984: Delineating mid- and low-level water vapor patterns in

preconvective environments using VAS moisture channels. Mon.

Wea. Rev., 112, 2178-2198.

11.Reber, E. E., and J. R. Swope, 1972: On the correlation of the

total precipitable water in a vertical column and absolute

humidity at the surface. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 1322-1325.

12.Robinson, D. A., K. F. Dewey, and R. R. Heim, Jr., 1993: Global

Snow Cover Monitoring: an Update, Bull. Ame. Met. Soc., 74(9),

1689-1696.

13.Saunders, R. W. and K. T. Kriebel, 1988: An improved method for

detecting clear sky and cloudy radiance from AVHRR data, Int. J.

of Remote Sens., 9, 123-150.

14.Sobrino, J. A., N. Raissouni, J. Simarro, F. Nerry, and F. Petitcolin,

1999: Atmospheric water vapor content over land surfaces

derived from the AVHRR data: Application to the Iberian

peninsula. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sensing, 37, 1425-1434.

15.Tomasi, C., 1981: Determination of the total precipitable water

by varying the intercept in Reitan's relationship. J. Appl. Meteor.,

20, 1058-1069.

5 15

- -

6.1

6.2

6.3

- -

-

.

- COMS IR TRMM SSM/I MW

.

- COMS TRMM SSM/I

.

-

..

6.1

[ 6.1]

AWS

()

Radar

(IR)

(Passive MW)

(Active MW)

mm .

6.1 .

6 1

- -

(Active MW)

.

.

,

.

6.2

6.2.1

CMDPS COMS IR MW

( SSM/I) MW

. IR MW

. MW IR

, , .

.

.

.

.

2 6

- -

.

CMDPS , COMS

SSM/I ,

(Look-Up Table) .

SSM/I , .

MW

SSM/I

.

, (AWS) SSM/I

.

6.2.2

CMDPS COMS SSM/I

PMM(Probability Matching Method)(Atlas et al.,

1990, Crosson et al., 1996) . 6.2.1

, COMS

12 SSM/I COMS

SSM/I 12

. SSM/I

COMS

.

CMDPS (DPM; Data

Processing Module) (POM; Post-Processing Module),

. 6.1 CMDPS

.

6.2

6 3

- -

COMS SSM/I

. COMS

.

[ 6.1] CMDPS

COMS SSM/I

. 6.2 2008 7 22 SSM/I

(90E160E, 10N60N)

. SSM/I F13F15 1 120(

) (Ascending node) (Descending node)

0105UTC 1318UTC

. COMS SSM/I SSM/I

(25 km 25 km) COMS SSM/I

.

6.2

6.2.3

6.2.3.1

4 6

- -

6.2.3.2

6.2 SSM/I

10 .

COMS 12

. COMS SSM/I

PMM(Probability Matching Method)

(6.1) .

(6.1)

[ 6.2] SSM/I (2008. 7. 12)

R SSM/I BT COMS

. COMS SSM/I

, . 40

30 10

. 6.3 2008 7 24 0033UTC

COMS SSM/I .

,

6.2

6 5

- -

[ 6.3] COMS SSM/I () ()(2008. 7. 24. 0033UTC)

[ 6.4] COMS (BT) SSM/I (2008.

6.4 6.3 .

.

6.2

6 6

- -

[ 6.4] COMS (BT) SSM/I (2008. 7. 24 0033UTC)

6.5 .

.

30

.

6.2

6 7

- -

[ 6.5] COMS SSM/I () () (2008.7.21 ~ 25)

.

. ,

2.5 K

, 0.5 35 mm/hr

. 6.6

2012.9.16 1400KST(), 2012.10.27 1200KST()

.

6.2.3.3

6.2

8 6

- -

[ 6.6] COMS (2012.9.16 1400KST(), 2012.10.27 1200KST())

http://nmsc.kma.go.kr/jsp/homepage/contents/chollian/imageviwer_coms.jsp?dataType=1002

6.3

CMDPS COMS SSM/I

,

.

.

,

.

6 9

- -

1. AWS, RADAR, ,

.

2.

.

3. CMDPS COMS IR SSM/I

MW (

).

4. SSM/I

.

5. ,

,

.

6.

.

10 6

- -

1. IR MW .

2. CMDPS ,

.

3. MW

. .

()

4.

. ()

6 11

- -

1. , 2009:

, 514-528.

2. Atlas, D., D. Rosenfeld, D. B. Wolff, 1990: Climatologically tuned

reflectivity-rainrate relations and links to area-time integrals. J.

Appl. Meteor., 29, 1120-1135.

3. Crosson et al., 1996: Assessment of rainfall estimates using a

standard Z-R relationship and the probability matching method

applied to coposite radar data in Central Florida. J. Appl. Meteor.,

35, 1203-1219.

12 6

- -

7.1

7.2

7.3

- -

- .

-

.

-

.

- .

-

..

7 1

7.1

1km .

, , ,

.

(Underwood et al., 2004).

, ,

, ,

(Smog) .

.

,

.

,

- -

,

. 2009

2 14

CMDPS .

2 7

.

SWIR(3.75 ) (BT3.7)

IR1(10.8 ) (BT10.8) .

4 (3.75 )

SWIR .

VIS(0.68 ) . VIS

.

SWIR(3.75 ) SWIR(3.75

)

.

, (NWP) .

/ ,

.

7.2

7.2.1

- -

CMDPS SWIR(3.75 ) (

SWIR ) IR1(10.8 ) ( IR1 )

(Eyre et al., 1984; Turner et al., 1986; Dybbroe et al.,

1993; Bendix, 2002),

SWIR . IR1

1.0 , SWIR 0.7~0.8

(Ellord 1995; Wetzel et al., 1996; Lee et al., 1997).

(BTD3.7-11)

.

SWIR

.

(BTD3.7-11)

. (BTD3.7-11)

,

.

7.2.2

/

BTD3.7-11 CMDPS /

. /

. BTD3.7-11

,

(Gultepe et al., 2007), (IR1-IR2, IR1-WV)

.

. ,

(, ) ,

( ) ,

, .

7.2.3

7.2

7 3

- -

CMDPS

(BTD3.7-11)

. BTD3.7-11 ,

. SWIR

.

BTD3.7-11

(Lee et al. 1997; Turk et al. 1998; Schreiner et al., 2007), COT

BTD3.7-11

(effective radius: Re)

7.1 . ( > 90) ,

BTD3.7-11 , ( < 90) BTD3.7-11

, ( )

( ) BTD3.7-11 .

.

BTD3.7-11 60~ 90 ,

60 . COT(Cloud

Optical Thickness) , COT

.

7.2.3.1

[ 7.1] , , BTD3.7-11( 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64)

CMDPS

BTD3.7-11

.

7.2

4 7

- -

( 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64)

( 7.2).

( 7.2 B)

( 7.2 A)

.

,

.

7.2.3.2

, NWP 850hPa BT11

(BT11 > TNWP_850hPa), BT11 > 270 K ,

7.2

[ 7.2] (BTD3.7-11) R0.65

7 5

- -

(BT11 > TNWP_850hPa), BT11 > 270 K ,

IR1-IR2 IR1-WV

.

CMDPS 7.3 .

1

, //

. /

BTD3.7-11

, 7.1 (

>60), (>90)

, , , /

.

, ,

.

, SWIR

.

7.2.3.3

. ,

, .

/

.

7.2

6 7

- -

[ 7.3]

7.1 7.3 .

SWIR, IR1 ,

.

7.2.3.4

7.2

/

90 60 90 60 /

SWIR-IR1 -9.5-2.5 1526

IR1-IR2

IR1-WV ,

IR1 270 K ()

- 225 225

- - 2555

[ 7.1]

/ 7.1

. SWIR-IR1 ,

.

1) , SWIR-IR1

7 7

- -

IR1, IR2

,

. 7.4 ,

() . ( )

IR2(12 ) . IR1, IR2

, IR1

.

IR

, IR1 IR2

() .

.

2) (IR1-IR2)

7.2

[ 7.4] , ()

3) IR1-WV

8 7

- -

IR1 ,

. WV

. 7.5(: The

COMET Program) .

, 620~150hPa ,

. , 150hPa( 13km)

IR1 WV

.

[ 7.5] WV (6.7 )

7.2

,

4)

7 9

- -

,

, .

.

15

, (7.1) .

(7.1)

R0.65(min_15day) 15

, DR 225 .

7.2

,

. CMDPS

( ) ,

7.2

.

(7.2)

, R0.65 Rmod

, .

(

7.2

[ 7.6] COMS (2012.09.30. 0300KST(), 2012.10.29 0500KST())

7 11

- -

(Bendix et al.,

2005). ,

(Phase), ,

.

. CMDPS

,

.

,

.

7.3

12 7

- -

1. 1km

.

2. SWIR IR1

.

3. SWIR ,

.

4. SWIR

.

5. (IR1-IR2 )

.

6. VIS ,

.

7. , ,

, .

8. (, )

7 13

- -

.

[ 7.7] SWIR, IR1 ( )

1. .

2. 7.4

.

3. ,

.

4. CMDPS

.

14 7

- -

1. , 2009:

, 456-511.

2. Bendix, J., 2002; A satellite-based climatology of fog and low-

level stratus in Germany and adjacent areas. Atmos. Res. 64. 3-

18.

3. Bendix, J., B. Thies, J. Cermak, and T. Naub, 2005: Ground Fog

Detection from Space Based on MODIS Daytime Data-A

Feasibility Study. Wea. and Forecasting. 20, 989-1005.

4. Dybbroe, A., 1993. Automatic detection of fog at night using

AVHRR data. Proc. 6th AVHRR Data Users' Meeting, pp. 245-

252.

5. Ellrod, G.P., 1995: Advances in the detection and analysis of fog

at night using GOES multispectral infrared imagery. Wea.

Forecasting, 10, 606-619.

6. Eyre, J. R., J. L. Brownscombe, and R. J. Allam, 1984: Detection

of fog at night using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

(AVHRR) imagery. Meteorological Magazine, 113, 266-271.

7 15

- -

7. Gultepe, I., M. Pagowski, and J. Reid, 2007: A satellite-based fog

detection scheme using screen air temperature. Wea.

Forecasting, 22(3), 444-456.

8. Lee, T. F., F. J. Turk, and K. Richardson, 1997: Stratus and fog

products using GOES-8-9 3.9- data. Wea. Forecasting, 12,

664-677.

9. Schreiner, A. J., S. A. Ackerman, B. A. Baum, and A. K. Heidinger,

2007: A multispectral technique for detecting low-level

cloudiness near sunrise. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic

Technology, 24(10), 18001810.

10.Turk, J., J. Vivekanandan, T. Lee, P. Durkee, and K. Nielsen,

1998: Derivation and Applications of Near-Infrared Cloud

Reflectances from GOES-8 and GOES-9. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 37,

819-831.

11.Turner, J., Allam, R. J., Maine, D. R., 1986: A case study of the

detection of fog at night using channel 3 and 4 on the Advanced

Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Meteorol. Mag. 115,

285-290.

12.Underwood, S.J., G.P. Ellrod, and A.L. Kuhnert, 2004: A multiple-

case analysis of nocturnal radiation-fog development in the

central valley of California utilizing the GOES nighttime fog

product. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 297-310.

13.Wetzel, M. A., R. D. Vorys, and L. E. Xu, 1996: Satellite

microphysical retrievals for land-based fog with validation by

baloon profiling. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 810-829.

16 7

- -

8.1

8.2

8.3

- -

-

.

-

.

-

.

- -

.

8 1

8.1

(Aerosol)

.

200mm

, (Iino et al, 2004).

.

,

(Jaffe et al, 1999), NOx, SOx

(Xiao et al, 1997;

Berntsen et al, 1999; McKendry et al, 2001).

,

2000 (Takemura et al,

2002). ,

73 ( ,

1989).

- -

.

(Aerosol Optical Depth; AOD) .

(Aerosol Extinction Coefficient)

,

.

AERO-NET[Holben et al., 2002]

AOD

.

,

.

, .

AOD

.

8.2

2 8

CMDPS (BTD)

(BTV)

,

.

,

,

.

, , , (Rayleigh ),

. CMDPS

(RTM) (LUT) ,

AOD .

AOD 30

. AOD

6S(Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in

8.2.1

- -

6S(Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in

the Solar Spectrum) .

.

,

(Torres

et al., 2002),

.

.

(Fukushima and Toratani, 1997;

Kaufman et al., 1997; King et al., 1999; Mishchenko et al. 1999;

Stow et al., 1993; Torres et al., 2002).

.

8.2.2

(Ackerman et al, 1994).

.

(SWIR) 1

(Ackerman, 1989). SWIR

. Prata(1989)

IR1, IR2 . Wen and

Rose(1994) Gu et al.(2003) IR1, IR2

,

( 8.1) AVHRR

, AOD, . Gu et al.(2003)

MODIS .

, , , 1040%

.

8.2

8 3

- -

AVHRR ,

-0.7K

, , ( , 2006). ,

.

[ 8.1] IR1, IR2 (Gu et al, 2003)

8.2

8.2.3

8.2.3.1

(Bright Temperature Difference;

BTD) 0 .

BTD .

, ,

, BTD

, ,

BTD .

1)

,

BTD ,

.

BTD 0.8K ,

, 0K

4 8

- -

. , BTD

.

2) ,

,

. BTD IR1

,

.

BTD ,

. ,

.

.

.

IR2 BTD

.

3)

8.2

14 IR1, IR2

(Arid Bare Soil) BTD

,

BTD 0.20.3K . ,

BTD 10%

BTD .

4)

5)

BTD

BTD

BTD .

.

/ -1.6K

0.8K 2.4K . BTD 100%

,

. BTD

8 5

- -

.

8.2.3.1.1

BTD 0K .

,

, . ,

,

. BTD

, CMDPS

.

(Hauser et al. 2005). ,

. 10

IR1 BTD

(BTV) .

8.2

IR1

,

.

0 ,

IR1 IR2 0.5K

.

6 8

- -

[ 8.2] IR1(), IR2(*) (a) (b) IR1(), IR2(*) (c) (d) . (b), (d)

BTD 24 .(http://kma.go.kr)

8.2

8.2 IR1, IR2

[(a), (c)] (BTD) [(b), (d)] .

. .

.

(http://kma.go.kr).

BTD

(Aerosol Index: AI) .

8.2.3.2

(AOD)

(Aerosol

Extinction Coefficient: ) ,

( ). ,

, ,

8 7

- -

, ,

.

, AOD

30 .

, AOD . CMDPS

(RTM) , -

(LUT),

(AOD) .

8.2

8.2.3.2.1

AOD 8.3 .

, Part 1 AOD

.

,

.

8 8

- -

[ 8.3] CMDPS AOD

Part 2 . 30

AOD 0

. 30

(Semi-surface

Reflectance) .

. ,

, 30

.

8.2

30

. Part3 AOD

Part1 Part2

AOD , AOD

.

AOD

. CMDPS IR1

.

,

.

.

.

.

8 9

- -

.

AOD

.

,

DB .

8.2

[ 8.1]

10 8

- -

8.1 , , AOD 0.5

Refractive Index (n) (k) .

Refractive Index

.

AOD .

.

AOD

.

8.2

.

8.4 2011 5 1 1900KST

.

(AOD) .

.

8 11

- -

[ 8.5] COMS () () (2011.05.01 1900KST)

8.2

.

, (8.1)

AOD .

(8.1)

8.5 (8.1)

(6S) .

AOD ,

.

. .

km , AOD 0.2

.

Visibility = 0.9429 e ( 1.703/ ( A OD + 0.2967 ))

12 8

- -

[ 8.6] 6S

8.3

.

,

.

(BTD)

, , BTD

. CMDPS

BTD

.

BTD / .

CMDPS AOD

. CMDPS ,

AOD

8 13

- -

. ,

.

,

.

.

1. ,

, .

2. (:

COMS) .

3. ,

(SWIR-IR1, IR1-IR2) VIS

.

4. CMDPS (IR1-IR2) , IR1

IR2

. (BTD) .

5. IR2 ,

.

6. (

, , ), (SWIR), ,

.

7. (AOD)

14 8

- -

.

8. , ,

, , AOD .

9. (AOD)

6S 3 (, , )

AOD ,

AOD .

10.AOD

.

11. 3 ,

.

12. , ,

.

[ 8.7] (IR1, IR2)

8 15

- -

1. .

2. ,

.

3. , ,

?

4.

.

16 8

- -

1. , 2009:

,556-607.

2. , , 1989:

. , 5(1), 68-78.

3. , , , 2006:

, Korea Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22,

No.6, 2006, 507-518.

4. Ackerman, S. A. and K. I. Strabala, 1994: Satellite remote

sensing of H2SO4 aerosol using the 8 to 12m window region:

Application to Mount Pinatubo, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D9), 18639-

18649.

5. Ackerman, S. A., 1989: Using the Radiative Temperature

Difference at 3.7 and 11m to Track Dust Outbreaks. Remote

Sens. Environ. 27, 129-133.

6. Fukushima, H. and M. Toratani, 1997: Asian dust aerosol: Optical

effect on satellite ocean color signal and a scheme of its

correction, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D14), 17119-17130.

8 17

- -

7. Gu, Y., W. I. Rose, and G. J. S. Bluth. 2003: Retrieval of mass and

sizes of particles in sandstorms using two MODIS IR bands: A

case study of April 7, 2001 sandstorm in China. Geophys. Res.

Lett. 30(15), doi:10.1029/2003GL017405.

8. Iino N., K. Kinoshita, A. C. Tupper and T. Yano, 2004 : Detection

of Asian dust aerosols using meteorological satellite data and

suspended particulate matter concentrations, Atmospheric

Environment 38 (2004) 6999-7008.

9. Kaufman, Y, J, and D. Tanre, 1998: Algorithm for remote sensing

of tropospheric aerosol from MODIS.

10.King, M. D., Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanre, and T. Nakajima, 1999:

Remote sensing of Tropospheric Aerosols from Space: Past,

Presents, and Future, Bulletin of the American Meteorological

Society, 80, 2229-2259.

11.Mishchenko, M.I., I.V. Geogdzhayev, B. Cairns, W.B. Rossow, and

A.A. Lacis, 1999: Aerosol retrievals over the ocean using

channel 1 and 2 AVHRR data: A sensitivity analysis and

preliminary results. Appl. Opt., 38, 7325-7341.

12.Torres, O., P. K. Bhartia, J. R. Herman, A. Sinyuk, P. Ginoux, and

B. Holben, 2002: A Long-Term Record of Aerosol Optical Depth

from TOMS Observations and Comparison to AEROENT

Measurements, J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 398-413.

18 8

- -

9.1

9.2

9.3

- -

- ,

.

- COMS .

- .

9 1

9.1

,

17m/s

.

.

,

. 1993 2010 18

, 10 8,745

( et al,. 2011). ,

.

,

- -

.

.

1960

12 24 (

et al., 1996) .

,

.

9.2

2 9

.

,

.

.

,

.

, .

( et al., 1996).

CI(Current Intensity Number) . CI

1.0~8.0 0.5 . CI Dvorak

(1975)

Dvorak , CI

.

- -

.

CTT(Cloud Top Temperature)

. 15m/s

,

.

.

STAGE CLOUD PATTERN SUBDIVIDED PATTERN CHARACTERISTICS

Generating Stage()

CB CLUSTER

UNORGANIZEDCB CLUSTER

CB-Cluster

ORGANIZEDCB CLUSTER

CB-Cluster

LSP (Vortex)

Developing Stage()

SHEARDense Overcast

BAND

DISTINCT CDO

9.2.1

9.2

[ 9.1]

Dvorak 10

.

.

.

9 3

- -

CDODISTINCT CDO

(CDO)

INDISTINCT CDO

Mature Stage()

EYE

DISTINCT SMALL EYE 3/4()

DISTINCT LARGE EYE 3/4()

RAGGED EYE

BANDING EYE

Weakling Stage()

SHEAR

LSP

EXL .

9.1 .

(Cloud System Center)

. CSC 9.2 .

9.2

[ 9.2] CSC

4 9

- -

9.2

CSC CSC

. CSC

CSC ,

CDO(Cloud Dense Overcast) CSC

CDO CSC .

, 2 CSC

,

CSC . CSC

.

9.1 .

9 5

- -

9.2

6 9

- -

[ 9.1] CSC

9.2

9.2.2 (CI)

Dvorak(1975)

Dvorak ,

. Dvorak

, ,

(

et al., 2003). Dvorak (CI; Current

Intensity Number) (EIR:

Enhanced-IR) . (CI),

1.0~8.0 0.5 . CI

9.2 .

9 7

- -

[ 9.2] CI

9.2

CI T(Tropical Number)

, . T

3 T

.

(1) PT(Pattern T-number)

T

(2) MET(Model Expected T-number)

24

T

(3) DT(Data T-number)

T

DT

. 9.1

(Curved Band) , (Shear) , (Eye) ,

8 9

- -

(Curved Band) , (Shear) , (Eye) ,

CDO(Central Dense Overcast) .

.

CF(Central Feature Number) :

BF(Banding Feature Number) : CF

E(Eye Number) : CDO

E(Eye-adjustment) : E

9.2

[ 9.3] T

T CI

. 9.2 DT CF BF

CF E E . T

PT, MET, DT

T . T DT-PT-MET

DT T , DT

PT T, MET T

. T 9.3

.

T

24 T 1.0~1.5.

T 1.0 24 T 2.5 .

T

9.2

CI

. ,

CI .

T CI=T

CI 12 T T

CI

CI

T CI

, T 12

. 3 EIR

Dvorak method

.

.

10 9

- -

,

.

ADT(Advanced Dvorak Technique)

UW/CIMSS(University of Wisconsin-Madison /Cooperative Institute

for Meteorological Satellite Studies) .

ADT

, ,

FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)

.

6.3.0 , 7.2.3 , 8.1.3 , 8.1.3

, , ,

(Environmental Temperature) ,

, .

.

9.2

9 11

- -

[ 9.3] EIR (MSC/JMA, 1990)

9.2

9.2.3

15m/s

.

,

,

. CMDPS

.

.

IR

,

.

5 9.4 .

12 9

- -

[ 9.4]

9.2

[ 9.5]

a) b)

9.2.3.1

.

.

9.5 a .

9 13

- -

9.2.3.3 8

[ 9.5] (a), 8 (b)

8

5 b .

,

, 9.1 8 (RMW)

.

(9.1)

9.2.3.2

. -50 C

-45 C , ERT+2*CRT)/3

. ERT

CRT .

RMW

9.2

9.2.3.4 8

(Eye Wall) ,

. 8

.

9.2.3.5

9.2 ( )

.

(9.2)

r ,

. 9.3

.

14 9

- -

(9.3)

15m/s 9.4 .

(9.4)

(Relaxation Coefficient; 630km).

. 9.6

2011

, 9.7 4 (Shear

Pattern), (Curved Band Pattern), (Eye Pattern),

CDO(Cloud Dense Overcast Pattern)

.

9.2

[9.6] 2011 (NMSC, 2011)

9 15

- -

9.2

16 9

- -

[9.7] (NMSC, 2011)

9.2

9.2.4

,

. ,

. ,

. 1960

12

24 .

.

. Chan(1978)

, Veldon et al.

(1984)

.

, Dvorak(1984)

9 17

- -

9.2.4.1

(WV) Dvorak(1984)

. Dvorak WV

WV

. , WV CMB(Curved

Moisture Band;

)

WV

. Dvorak 6

.

.

9.2

1 :

.

2 : 3 6 ()

.

(1) CMB WV

20 CMB

12 .

(2) CMB VC(Vorticity Center; )

(3) .

.

3 : CMB 20

, . CMB

.

18 9

- -

9.8 .

[ 9.8]

9.2

9.8 Dvorak .

, CMB CMB

. CMB

3 , FAY, RYAN, JANIS

3 .

4 : CMB , VC ,

6 .

.

5 : CMB 9

, .

6 : WV

, 6 .

9.2.4.2

9 19

- -

2012 BOLAVEN Dvorak

.

Dvorak(1984) 15

CMB , .

9.9 2012 BOLAVEN WV

. 9.9 ( ) 315

, CMB .

CMB . 36

9.9 (b) BOLAVEN .

BOLAVEN 9.10 ,

.

9.2

[9.9] WV 2012 BOLAVEN () ()

20 9

CMB

CMB

- -

[9.10] 2012 BOLAVEN ()

9.3

Dvorak .

.

.

,

. () ()

CMB

. Dvorak 10

CMB 37 1/3 ()

.

.

. Velden and Olander(2006)

9 21

- -

.

(, 2011).

km

.

1. ,

.

2.

,

.

3.

, , ,

4.

4. Dvorak

Dvorak

.

5. .

.

6. ()

, .

7.

22 9

- -

, 10 ( 9.5).

8.

,

.

9. , CMB(Current

Moisture Band) ()

.

10.Dvorak /

.

1. Dvorak .

2. ,

.

3. 4 ( ,

, ) .

4.

.

9 23

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2. , 2011:

(), 142-169pp.

3. , , , ; 2003,

, . 39, 2, 279-289pp.

4. , , ; 2011, .

. 244-245pp.

5. , . , ; 1996,

. 32, 3 485-494.

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Forecasting from Satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103(5), 420-

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8. Dvorak, V.F., 1984: Tropical Cyclone Intensity analysis using

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9. Veldon. C.S., W.L. smith and M. Mayfield, 1984: Application of

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12. JMA. MSC.

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1970 NESDIS(National Environment Satellite, Data,

4 10

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and Information Service) (SST)

. NOAA 7 (SST)

11 . NOAA 9

, NOAA 10 12 11

.

(10.4)

1981 NOAA 7 11, 12, 3.7

. Prabhakara et al.(1974)

(MCSST) .

McMillin(1975), McClain(1985)

.

(10.5)

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. Barton(1985)

, (SZA: Satellite Zenith Angle)

, NOAA/NESDIS

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Channel SST) .

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[ 10.2] MODTRAN 4

10 13

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