merits of offshore drilling
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7/26/2019 Merits of Offshore Drilling
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/merits-of-offshore-drilling 1/19
What are the merits of offshore drilling?
[ ][Edit]
Pro
Benefits:
•A significant portion of the domestic oil production
comes from the offshore Gulf of Mexico region.
Similarly su!stantial oil reser"es in this region #ill
result in oil production for some years to come.
•As a glo!al commodity the price of oil is
determined !y the #orld#ide forces of supply and
demand. $he oil produced in the offshore Gulf of
Mexico region #hile significant for the %.S. ma&es
up a "ery small percentage of the #orld#ide oil
supply. As such the remo"al of offshore oil from the
glo!al oil supply #ill not ha"e a lasting material
impact on the price of oil.
•$he go"ernment earns re"enue through royalty
fees and other receipts on the offshore drilling
industry. $hese re"enue receipts can !e used forthe general !enefit of society.
'osts:
•(ollutants are released into the air and #ater
through drilling acti"ity.
•)ffshore drilling causes ris&s to employees. $he
a"erage fatalities are *.+ per year.
•)ffshore drilling negati"ely affects onshore
infrastructure causes under#ater noise pollution
and results in destruction of the ocean floor. $hese
lead to loss of tourism loss of fishing and health
costs.
•'lean,up costs resulting from oil spills are
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Con
A re"ie# of the -E$ Benefits 'osts and Benefits/
0elated to )ffshore 1rilling:
2e conducted a cost !enefit analysis on offshore
drilling in order to esta!lish #hy offshore drilling
should not !e !anned. 2e found that there are 345.6
!illion dollars in positi"e !enefits associated #ith
)ffshore drilling. Some assumptions that #e made
#ere that #e only included the costs !enefits and
spills on offshore oil rigs platforms and pipelines.
2e did not include those costs7!enefits associated
#ith transporting oil. 2e assessed our data o"er 68
years 9888,9868/ and used data from ; 988<. $o
!egin #ith #e assessed the pro!a!ility of an oil spill
e"en occurring. As it turns out the pro!a!ility is
actually =uite small 8.+>. ?n order to determine this
#e accessed the Bureau of )cean Energy
Management statistics for the num!er of oil spills
o"er +8 !arrels that ha"e occurred o"er the past 68
years and found that num!er to !e 6*5 , #hen you
di"ide the num!er of oil spills !y years and the
num!er of oil platforms @@< total for %.S. )ffshore
drilling/ you #ill come up #ith the pro!a!ility of an
oil spill occurring #hich one can see is "ery lo#.
-ext #e examined the pri"ate costs to oil companies
for offshore drilling. %sing !oth the oil spill
occurrence pro!a!ility that #e determined and data
from the 1eep#ater oriCon oil spill and B(Ds costs
#e identified these pri"ate costs per year for
companies. $o summariCe those num!ers are:
• 'osts of )il Spill includes damage to oil rig
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expensi"e and damaging.
o$he B( oil spill caused se"ere losses for the
tourism and fishing industries.
o$he hea"y damage of the B( oil spill has prompted
a costly regulatory response.
o2hen the dispersant mixes #ith crude oil humans
face danger of: "omiting s&in rashes respiratory
pro!lems li"er and &idney failure ulcers
neurological pro!lems and death.
Gi"en the o"er#helming costs and relati"ely modest
!enefits of offshore drilling #e #ill !e !etter off
#ithout it.
containment costs cleanup costs lost oil and
litigation costs multiplied !y the pro!a!ility of an oil
spill/: 36@4 Million
• )perational 'osts ?ncludes insurance la!or
super"ision payroll food expense la!or
transportation surface e=uipment operating
supplies communications and administration: 3@5
Billion
• Maintenance 'osts Annual costs to maintain an
ade=uate safety program and added regulatory
costs/: 3@5 Billion
• Additional (u!lic 0elations 'osts ?ncludes costs to
restore reputation of industry and companies after oil
spill multiplied !y the pro!a!ility of an oil spill/:
38.8+ million
• $otal: 3@58 Billion
$o determine indirect costs associated #ith offshore
drilling #e examined the loss to the economy due to
fatalities and7or inuries. • Falue of li"es lost on oil
platforms from 9888,9868: 369<*9 • Falue of
inuries on oil platforms from 9888,9868: 3+8*@
2e also examined the effect of offshore drilling and a
potential oil spill on the fishing and tourism
industries. 2e focused our research on the Gulf
States and the data from the 9868 1eep#ater )il
spill. 2e also too& into account a multiplier effect of
lost spending and tax re"enue due to the loss of the
tourism and fishing industry.
• Mississippi Expected oss: 36.9@ Million
• Ala!ama Expected oss: 3+.65 Million
• ouisiana Expected oss: 3*.5 Million
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• lorida Expected oss: 368.95 Million
• Multiplier Effect of ost Spending and $ax 0e"enue:
3@5.95 Million
inally the damage to ecosystem from drilling for oil
#as determined to !e: 3@*656@65. $his estimation
#ill !e discussed in further depth in a follo#ing
paragraph.
$he total of all costs is: 34.9 Billion
$here are many monetary !enefits to offshore drilling
that help to offset the costs. irst #hen one examines
these =uantifia!le measures according to our cost
!enefit analysis and using data from the ;988<
)ffice of -atural 0esources 0e"enue and se"eral
other sources the %.S. each year gains 36@9.@ Billion
in !enefits from "arious sources. Bro&en do#n into
su!categories this amount is comprised of:
• 0e"enue from eases 3+. Billion/
• 0e"enue from Ho!s 3<.+ Billion/
• $otal 0e"enue for (roducers 3688. Billion/ and
• Energy Security Benefits 364.6 Billion/.
)ur estimations #ere !ased on "ery conser"ati"e
num!ers for re"enue employment figures and price
of oil per !arrel 3+8/. $o determine the amount of
o! re"enue #e determined the num!er of proected
employees generated from offshore drilling their
a"erage income and then applied a multiplier affect
of 6.5 to account for spillo"er. or example in the Gulf
of Mexico there #ere 68<88 proected employees
#ith a 35+9+@ a"erage income there!y generating a
total potential income of 35.<* !illion. Although one
could =ui!!le o"er the num!er of potential o!s
created #e purposely used a conser"ati"e estimate
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for !oth income and employment creation for that
"ery reason.
urthermore #hen determining the energy security
!enefits #e #ere a!le to deduce that there is an
annual price,reduction !enefit and an annual reduced
economic !enefit !oth totaling 36@.* Billion. $o
determine these amounts #e multiplied the proected
%.S. oil production !y the amount the %.S.
consumers #ould !enefit !y from this increase. $his
amount of 35 #as determined !y ahn and (assell in
their research for their article on the effects of
increased %.S. oil production. 2e calculated these
amounts under the assumption that since the %.S.
has such a large mar&et share and !uying po#er
that if the %.S. #ere a!le to produce more oil and
!uy less from domestic suppliers then there #ould
ultimately !e an increase in Supply and there!y a
decrease in o"erall price and consumer surplus.
Admittedly this is a transfer from foreign producers
to %.S. consumers ho#e"er it is in the %.S. !est
economic interests for this shift to occur.
)"er"ie# of Benefits7'osts to )il 'ompanies
← Some of the principle sta&eholders in offshore
drilling are the %.S. oil companies that reap
tremendous !enefits from oil re"enues at
considera!ly high costs. $he primary costs to
producers for engaging in offshore drilling are
annual operational and maintenance fees.
)perational costs include a !road range of fees
such as insurance la!or a full discussion of o!s
is discussed !elo#/ super"ision payroll food
expense la!or transportation surface
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e=uipment operation supplies communications
administrati"e costs etc. Based on 988< data
operational costs for all oil platforms are
estimated to !e approximately 3@@.< !illion per
year %.S. Energy ?nformation Administration
9868/. )il companies also spend approximately
3@@.< !illion annually to maintain an ade=uate
safety program Beasley Allen egal -e#s
9868/. $his cost includes the increased
expenditure in re=uired regulation that #as
precipitated !y the 1eep#ater oriCon oil spill.
← ?n the e"ent of an oil spill producers are also
responsi!le for paying for the damage caused !y
the spill. 'osts associated #ith an oil spill include
damage to the oilrig containment costs cleanup
costs lost oil and costs of litigation. 1ra#ing from
se"eral sources of data the a"erage cost of an oil
spill to the producer is estimated to !e 394.4
!illion 1aily inance 9868I En"ironment -e#s
Ser"ice 9868I 0esources for the uture 9868I
2ashington (ost 9868I -; Stoc& ExchangeI B(
9868/. o#e"er gi"en that the pro!a!ility of an
oil spill occurring is incredi!ly lo# 8.+>/ #e can
discount the cost !y that pro!a!ility. Multiplying
the total cost of an oil spill 394.4B/ !y the
pro!a!ility of it occurring 8.+>/ #e estimate the
cost of an oil spill to !e 36@4 million. ?n addition
to paying for the literal clean up of oil a company
must figurati"ely clean up its image and restore
the reputation of the oil industry at large. or
example B( spent approximately 368 million in
9868 on pu!lic relations costs to restore its image
follo#ing 1eep#ater oriCon $imes )nline
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9868/. actoring in the pro!a!ility of an oil spill
occurrence the cost of pu!lic relations ends up
!eing approximately 3+8888. ?n total the annual
costs to oil companies from operations
maintenance oil spill clean,up factoring in the
8.+> pro!a!ility of it occurring/ and pu!lic
relations in the e"ent of an oil spill factoring in
the 8.+> pro!a!ility of it occurring/ are
approximately 34 !illion.
← 2hile there are significant costs associated
#ith offshore drilling producers #ould not
engage in !usiness unless it #as profita!le. $he
primary !enefit to oil companies is the re"enue
generated from selling !arrels of oil. According to
the Bureau of )cean Energy Management
0egulation and EnforcementDs fi"e,year lease
proposal for 988*,9869 there is an estimated 68
!illion !arrels of oil a"aila!le for production in the
Alas&an 0egion Gulf of Mexico 0egion and Mid,
Atlantic B)EM0E 988*/. 1ra#ing on these
estimates and assuming a conser"ati"e "alue for
the price of a !arrel of oil 3+8/ ahn estimates
producer re"enue to !e approximately 3686
!illion per year ahn 0 and (assell ( 9868/.
2hen the %.S. produces domestic oil the %.S.
producer surplus i.e. net !enefits to producers/
represents a transfer in surplus from foreign
producers to %.S. producers. 'omparing the
gross !enefits of 3686 !illion to the gross costs of
34 !illion #e see there is a net !enefit of 3@@
!illion per year for %.S. oil companies.
•0ecap of 'osts7Benefits to (roducers: •$otal Annual
'osts: 34.9B •)perational 'osts: 3@5B
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•Maintenance 'osts: 3@5B •)il Spill 'osts in the
e"ent of an oil spill/: 36@4M •(u!lic 0elations 'osts
in the e"ent of an oil spill/: 38.8+M •$otal Annual
Benefits: 3688.B •(roducer 0e"enues: 3688.B
•$otal -et Benefits to )il 'ompanies: 3688.B ,
34.9B J 3@9.4B
0eferences for )il 'ompanies: •Achen!ach H. and
ahrenthold 1. K)il spill dumped 5.< million !arrels
into Gulf of Mexico latest measure sho#sL $he
2ashington (ost August @ 9868. •KB( Esta!lishes
398 Billion 'laims und for 1eep#ater oriCon Spill
and )utlines 1i"idend 1ecisionsL B( (ress 0elease
Hune 64 9868. •Bureau of )cean Energy
Management 0egulation and Enforcement:
K(roposed inal (rogram )uter 'ontinental Shelf )il
and Gas easing (rogram 988*,9869L 988*. •'ohen
M. KA $axonomy of )il Spill 'ostsL 0esources for the
uture May 9868. •K'rude )il (rice istoryL -e#
;or& Stoc& Exchange 9868. •KGulf )il Spill
'ontainment Attempt ailsL En"ironment -e#s
Ser"ice May 68 9868. •ahn 0. and (assell (.
L$he Economics of Allo#ing More %.S. )il 1rillingL
9868 Energy Economics @9 @/: 4@,4+8. •-iland
. K)ffshore oil execs fought ne# safety
impro"ements !efore Gulf explosionL Beasley Allen
egal -e#s April 9 9868 •K)il and Gas ease
E=uipment and )perating 'osts 6<<5 $hrough 988<L
%.S. Energy ?nformation Administration Septem!er
9 9868. •Scott M. K$he )il 0ig ireNs 'osts AreMounting astL 1ailyinance April 99 9868.
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[[ ][ ]
What are the risks of US dependence on foreign Oil?
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Pro
$he %.S. meets a!out a =uarter of its oil needs from
domestic sources. )f the domestic oil production
less than a third comes from the offshore Gulf region.
$his means that oil coming from the offshore region
is a much smaller part of the domestic oil needs.
$here are not enough domestic resources a"aila!le
onshore or offshore #hich #ill reduce our
dependence on foreign oil. 2e cannot drill our #ay
out of dependence on foreign oil. ?nstead of !earing
the hea"y cost of drilling offshore #e should focus
our attention on alternati"e sources of energy. 'lean
energy is on the horiCon. Alternati"e energy sources
are solar #ind #ater !iomass geothermal
hydrogen and fuel cells. Benefits include reduction in
dependence of foreign oil gro#th of KgreenL o!s
and increased price sta!ility.
[ ][Edit]
Con
$he %nited States consumes a!out t#enty,threepercent of the #orldDs supply of oil #hile onlyproducing ten percent domestically. As a result the%nited States is dependent on imports for fifty,t#opercent of its oil consumption according to the %S
Energy ?nformation Association.
urthermore sixty percent of the #orldDs oilproduction comes from the highly "olatile (ersianGulf region creating economic and political ris&sei!y/. 0elying hea"ily on oil imports exposes the%S mar&ets to price shoc&s and the mar&et po#erof &ey exporters li&e )(E'. or example acarteliCed producer #ith mar&et po#er can impose
higher prices than the efficient mar&et "alue.oo&ing at the graph assume the supply ofimported oil is inelastic and the %S is a price ta&eron the #orld mar&et/ it is possi!le to see ho# acarteliCed oil exporter can dri"e prices up !yproducing OD instead of OP Q creating a price hi&eand loss for consumers represented !y the red !oxas #ell as dead#eight loss classified !y the !lac&triangle. $his happens !ecause the demand for oil inthe %S exceeds the supply and it is possi!le for &eynet exporters to exploit the mar&et.
$he %nited States could mitigate or eliminate this
economic and political ris& !y increasing itsdomestic supply of oil through the expansion
offshore drilling. ?ncreasing offshore drilling and
reducing %S dependence on foreign oil also has
annual price,reduction !enefits and annual reduced
economic,disruption !enefits ahn/. Annual price,
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reduction helps consumers !y reducing demand for
imported oil that could marginally decrease the
price of a !arrel Q transferring surplus from foreign
exporters to consumers. ?ncreasing domestic
production also results in a transfer of economic
surplus from foreign producers to %S producers
#hich translates to higher %S tax re"enues. Annual
reduced economic,disruption !enefits refer to the
reduction in economic costs of disruption associated
#ith the %S economy adusting to rapid oil price
fluctuation. Additional political !enefits include
diminishing the po#er of carteliCed oil supply
creating sta!le domestic oil supply and !uffer
stoc&s and strategic military ad"antages that come
from less dependence on middle,eastern oil
exporters ei!y/.
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What are the environmental costs associated with offshore drilling?
[ ][Edit]
Pro
)ffshore drilling poses a multitude of
detrimental effects to the ocean land and plant
and animal life Q essentially e"ery ecosystem it
enters.
•)il slic&s are formed during oil spills #hen oil
[ ][Edit]
Con
$he total en"ironmental costs associated #ith offshore
drilling are calculated using a com!ination of an estimate
of the pu!licDs #illingness to pay to a"oid a large oil spill
the pu!licDs #illingness to accept oil drilling status =uo/
and an estimation of the use "alue of the areas in #hich
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spreads out throughout the #ater at the top of
the ocean. $hese oil slic&s consist of a thic&
layer of crude or refined petroleum oil also
&no#n as Kmousse L/ !ecoming stic&ier o"er
time and coating and clinging to roc&s and sand
#hen they reach a !each. ?f they mo"e further
into coastal marshes mangro"e forests or
other #etlands they are a!sor!ed !y and
damage the plants and grasses. $hese regions
experience erosion and contamination and
ultimately !ecome unsuita!le to function as
#ildlife ha!itats.
•)il slic&s also co"er and poison the plan&ton
marine algae and marine in"erte!rates and the
!odies of animals in their "icinity including fish
!irds and other food species/. $hey #eigh do#n
the feathers and fur of these animals #hich
can lead to dro#ning hinder the a!ility to
escape from predators and cause hypothermia
due to reduced insulation a!ility.
•As a result of this contamination marine and
coastal animals experience damage to their
central ner"ous system li"er and lungs
ingestion Q the reduced a!ility to eat and digest
food due to cell damage in the intestinal tract ,
reproduction pro!lems and mass mortality
#hich ultimately interrupts the natural food
chain.
•Among many other #ays healthy oceans and
coastal ecosystems pro"ide "alue !y remo"ing
car!on from our atmosphere and sta!iliCe
temperature. 2hen contaminated !y oil spills
that may occur due to offshore drilling their
a!ility to ac=uire and store atmospheric car!on
drilling occurs. $he nonuse "alue for the areas #here
offshore drilling occurs are "irtually Cero as the oil rigs
are usually positioned a great distance from the shoreline
in #ater that is generally not considered Kpristine.L $o
estimate these =uantifia!le en"ironmental costs the %S
1epartment of the ?nterior de"eloped an )ffshore
En"ironmental 'ost Model. $he model calculates use
"alue the largest portion of en"ironmental costs !ased
on an estimate of the "alue of ad"erse impacts on air
and #ater =uality marine and land ha!itats and animal
populations as #ell as tourism onsite and in the near!y
coastal areas MMS/. or this analysis only those
en"ironmental costs that are easily =uantifia!le are
considered and they are calculated using an )ffshore
En"ironmental 'ost Model de"eloped !y the %S
1epartment of the ?nterior. $he model estimates that the
total en"ironmental costs associated #ith offshore drilling
to !e 3*88 million per 68 !illion !arrels or alternati"ely
38.8*7!arrel. Gi"en the 988< %S offshore oil production
rate of +@8+<8988 !arrels7year the en"ironmental
costs for %S offshore oil drilling amount to a!out 3
3@*656@65 per year. %S oil companies must offset this
cost to the en"ironment !y earmar&ing 3<88 million per
year to en"ironmental preser"ation and pu!lic7pri"ate
economic programs. $hus although it is some#hat
unclear ho# offshore drilling #ill fundamentally change
the ecosystem monetary !enefits for the en"ironmental
impact of offshore drilling are li&ely to offset and possi!ly
e"en out#eigh costs to the en"ironment.
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for long periods of time is significantly
diminished .
in&s:http:77###.greenli"ingtips.com7!logs7645
7Effects,of,oil,spills.html
http:77en"ironment.a!out.com7od7petroleum7a7
oilRspillsRandRen"ironment.htm
http:77marinelife.a!out.com7od7conser"ation7tp7
effectsofoilspills.htm
http:77###.#aterencyclopedia.com7)c,(o7)il,
Spills,?mpact,on,the,)cean.html
http:77###.en"ironmentamerica.org7home7repo
rts7report,archi"es7ocean,conser"ation7healthy,
oceans7too,much,at,sta&e,dont,gam!le,#ith,
our,coasts
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How will banning offshore drilling affect employment in the region?
[ ][Edit]
Pro
•)il spills partly due to offshore drilling/ impose detrimental effects on
employment. -ot only do offshore oil rig #or&ers lose their o!s !ut
those #or&ing in other industries dependent on an unpolluted coastline
such as tourism and recreational and commercial fishing/ suffer to a
much greater extent.
•%.S. oceans and coasts are actually #orth more as #ild regions than oil
[ ][Edit]
Con
)ne of the primary reasons not
to !an offshore drilling is o!
creation and o! preser"ation.
?n addition to the o!s that
could !e created #ith allo#ing
ne# leases for offshore oil rigs
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fields offshore drilling then should !e !anned so that o!s of those
#or&ing in these industries are protected from potential and
catastrophic/ spills.
•More than 5.+ million people in coastal counties of the %nited States
#or& in the tourism industry and in recreational and commercial fishing
and processing and in coastal counties of the Gulf of Mexico the
num!er of o!s in the tourism and fishing industries ***888/ exceed
that of the natural extraction and mining industry #hich includes oil and
gas drilling/ Q 6+5888 , !y fi"e times.
•?n regions of the %nited States that utiliCe offshore drilling the annual
"alue of tourism and fishing 3985 !illion/ is almost 5 times larger than
that of any oil and gas pumped from those areas.
•$he recent B( oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico #ill most li&ely lead to a 6+
percent loss in tourism and +8 percent loss in fishing re"enue through
#hich people #ill lose a!out 399 million o"erall including 3+88 million
in earnings/ and state and local go"ernments #ould lose almost 3*4
million in tax re"enue.
•Most li&ely the harm done to the economy #ill last !eyond this year as
in e"en the !est,case scenario the region #ill experience a loss of 36
!illion and 6@888 o!s. n the #orst,case scenario tourism loss #ill
mo"e to @8 percent and fishing losses to 8 percent and the o"erall
economic loss #ould mo"e past 3@.@ !illion #ith almost 5<888 o!s lost
and up to 36+8 million lost in state and local tax re"enues.
Another perspecti"e on effects on employment can !e ta&en in regards to
alternati"es to offshore drilling. 2ith a !an on offshore drilling #e posit a
more aggressi"e push #ill !e made to implement alternati"e energy
throughout the country leading to a gro#th in KgreenL o!s.
•$he ocean conser"ation group )ceana states that offshore drilling
actually threatens the creation of ne# o!s and that focus should !e
shifted to expanding upon rene#a!le energy opportunities as these
opportunities #ould go further in creating o!s. )ffshore drilling #ill ha"e
to engage in competition #ith the rene#a!le energy industry in the
future and this #ill only ser"e to ma&e all sources of energy more
there are a su!stantial num!er
of uns&illed o!s that are
currently associated #ith
offshore drilling. 'urrently
there are 6+8888 employees
on oil rigs in addition to the
9+988 proected employees
needed for expanded drilling in
Alas&a and 6+888 proected
employees needed in Firginia.
$his is a su!stantial num!er of
people employed on offshore oil
rigs in areas that ha"e !een
disproportionately affected !y
the decline of the
manufacturing industry and
988 recession. Mississippi and
lorida t#o of the states #ith
offshore oil rigs in the Gulf of
Mexico ha"e t#o of the highest
unemployment rates in the
country at <.*> and 66.<>
respecti"ely/. Employees on
offshore oil rigs earn an
estimated 35+888 per year on
a"erage #hich is directly
in"ested !ac& into the local
economy through income and
sales tax. Although the salaries
of offshore oil rig employees are
captured in the operating cost
of an oil rig there is also an
indirect economic !enefit to the
incomes that offshore oil rig
employees earn. $his is
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expensi"e to introduce to the mar&et.
•$hough mo"ing for#ard in the alternati"e energy sector re=uires maor
and long,term in"estments the fact that the %nited States should mo"e
in this direction spea&s for itself. $he 38 !illion set aside #ithin the
federal stimulus program to promote an economy !ased on Kgreen
energyL has !een effecti"e.
•or e"ery 36 million in"ested in clean energy technology !y the %nited
States including solar #ind smart grid proects and construction of
retrofits/ three times more o!s are created than if this money #as
in"ested in the oil and gas industry.
•Bet#een 9888 and 988 an estimated KgreenL construction proects
had created an estimated 9.5 million o!s in the %nited States including
proects to #eatheriCe !uildings reha!ilitate older !uildings to sa"e
energy and rene#a!le energy initiati"es. According to the go"ernment
consulting firm BooC Allen amilton !et#een 988< and 986@ KgreenL
!uilding proects proected to ta&e place #ill add 3++5 !illion to the
%nited States gross domestic product.
accounted for #ith a multiplier
effect of 6.5 !ringing the total
economic impact to the area of
348*698488 per year.
Eliminating this income and
sales tax re"enue #ith a !an on
offshore drilling in addition to
the re"enue generated from
leases for offshore oil rigs #ould
ha"e a significant negati"e
economic impact
This is a list of countries by proven reserves of oil based on The World Factbook as of 1 January
2010.[1] According to CA definition!
"ro#ed reser#es are those $uantities of %etroleu& 'hich( by analysis of geological and engineering
data( can be esti&ated 'ith a high degree of confidence to be co&&ercially reco#erable fro& a gi#en
date for'ard( fro& kno'n reser#oirs and under current econo&ic conditions.
CountryReserves
(bbl)
Share of
World %
— European Union 5,453,000,000 0.39%
1 Saudi Arabia (more information)!4,!00,000,0
0019.00%
"anada (more information)1#5,00,000,0
001.5$%
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3 ran (more information)13#,!00,000,0
009.$$%
4 ra& (more information)115,000,000,0
00$.!%
5 'uait (more information)104,000,000,0
00#.4#%
! ra*il (in+ludin pre-alt la/er)100,$00,000,0
00#.4%
# United Arab Emirate (more
information)
9#,$00,000,00
0#.0%
$ 2ene*uela (more information)9#,##0,000,00
0#.0%
9 uia (more information)#4,00,000,00
05.33%
1
0 ib/a (more information)
4#,000,000,00
03.3$%
1
1 ieria (more information)
3#,500,000,00
0.!9%
1
'a*a67tan
30,000,000,00
0.15%
1
3 8atar
5,410,000,00
01.$%
1
4 "7ina
0,350,000,00
01.4!%
1
5 United State (more information)
19,10,000,00
01.3#%
1
! Anola
13,500,000,00
00.9#%
1
# Aleria
13,40,000,00
00.9!%
1
$ e:i+o (more information)
1,40,000,00
00.$9%
1 A*erbai;an #,000,000,000 0.50%
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9
0 Sudan !,$00,000,000 0.49%
1 ora/ !,!$0,000,000 0.4$%
E+uador !,54,000,000 0.4#%
3 ndia 5,$00,000,000 0.4%
4 <man 5,500,000,000 0.39%
5 2ietnam 4,#00,000,000 0.34%
! E/pt 4,300,000,000 0.31%
# ndoneia 4,050,000,000 0.9%
$ Autralia 3,31$,000,000 0.4%
9
=emen 3,1!0,000,000 0.3%
3
0 United 'indom 3,0$4,000,000 0.%
3
1 ala/ia ,900,000,000 0.1%
3
S/ria ,500,000,000 0.1$%
33
Arentina ,3$!,000,000 0.1#%
3
4 >abon ,000,000,000 0.14%
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3
5 "olombia 1,900,000,000 0.14%
3
! "ono, epubli+ of t7e 1,!00,000,000 0.11%
3
# "7ad 1,500,000,000 0.11%
3
$ runei 1,100,000,000 0.0$%
3
9 E&uatorial >uinea 1,100,000,000 0.0$%
4
0 ?enmar6 1,0!0,000,000 0.0$%
4
1 @rinidad and @obao #$,300,000 0.05%
4
omania !00,000,000 0.04%
4
3 @ur6menitan !00,000,000 0.04%
4
4 U*be6itan 594,000,000 0.04%
4
5 @imor-ete 553,$00,000 0.04%
4
! eru 4#0,$00,000 0.03%
4
# oliBia 4!5,000,000 0.03%
4
$ a6itan 43!,00,000 0.03%
4
9 @7ailand 430,000,000 0.03%
5
0 @uniia 45,000,000 0.03%
5 tal/ 43,#00,000 0.03%
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1
5
U6raine 395,000,000 0.03%
5
3 >erman/ #!,000,000 0.0%
5
4 @ur6e/ !,00,000 0.0%
5
5 "ote dCBoire 50,000,000 0.0%
5
! "ameroon 00,000,000 0.01%
5
# Albania 199,100,000 0.01%
5
$ elaru 19$,000,000 0.01%
5
9
"ono, ?emo+rati+ epubli+ of
t7e1$0,000,000 0.01%
!
0 "uba (more information) 1#$,900,000 0.01%
!1
apua e >uinea 1#0,000,000 0.01%
!
7ilippine 1!$,000,000 0.01%
!
3 "7ile 150,000,000 0.01%
!
4 Spain 150,000,000 0.01%
!5
a7rain 14,!00,000 0.01%
!
! Dran+e 101,00,000 0.01%
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!
# auritania 100,000,000 0.01%
!
$ et7erland 100,000,000 0.01%
!
9 oro++o 100,000,000 0.01%
#
0 oland 9!,3$0,000 0.01%
#
1 Autria $9,000,000 0.01%
#
>uatemala $3,0#0,000 0.01%
#
3 Suriname #9,!00,000 0.01%
#
4 Serbia ##,500,000 0.01%
#
5 "roatia #3,350,000 0.01%
#
! e ealand !0,000,000 0.00%
#
# /anmar 50,000,000 0.00%
#
$ Fapan 44,10,000 0.00%
#
9 '/r/*tan 40,000,000 0.00%
$
0 >eoria 35,000,000 0.00%
$
1 anlade7 $,000,000 0.00%
$
Gunar/ !,5#0,000 0.00%
$ ularia 15,000,000 0.00%
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3
$
4 Sout7 Afri+a 15,000,000 0.00%
$
5 "*e+7 epubli+ 15,000,000 0.00%
$
! >7ana (more information) 15,000,000 0.00%
$
# it7uania 1,000,000 0.00%
$
$ @a;i6itan 1,000,000 0.00%
$
9 >ree+e 10,000,000 0.00%
9
0 SloBa6ia 9,000,000 0.00%
9
1 enin $,000,000 0.00%
9
eli*e !,#00,000 0.00%
93
@aian ,$00,000 0.00%
9
4 rael 1,940,000 0.00%
9
5 arbado 1,#90,000 0.00%
9
! Fordan 1,000,000 0.00%
9#
Et7iopia 430,000 0.00%
- Total1,392,461,05
0,00010000%
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