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Merely Connect • The end of the 19th century was a period of increasingly rapid and
wrenching change for Europe. At no :me were so many people so well fed, well-‐clothed, and poli:cally empowered.
• Mass Poli:cs appeared under Liberal governments that removed many male vo:ng restric:ons. Mass poli:cal par:es appeared as well and new players (Socialists, Anarchists, Communists, Na:onalists…) placed their representa:ves in legisla:ve assemblies throughout Europe.
• Mass Consump:on took off, powered by the Second Industrial Revolu:on and the rise of the Department Store, the mail-‐order catalog, and mass adver:sing.
• Europe changed more between 1815 and 1914 than it had in the last 10,000 years. And that new urbanized reality inspired a new genera:on of ar:sts and ar:s:c styles. These styles went by the name of Roman:cism, Realism, Impressionism, and Post-‐Impressionism.
Cri:cs of “Unbounded Progress” • The Age of Reason and its Cri:cs. • Victorian values stressed character,
hard work, moral absolutes, self-‐control.
• Albert Einstein: Turning Newton on his head.
• Emile Durkheim: Anomie and Suicide • Expressionism: Self-‐Consciousness
and the impossibility of depic:ng reality.
• Friedrich Nietzsche: “God is Dead.” • Sigmund Freud: the Irra:onal
Triumphs
Edvard Munch: The Scream
Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-‐1890
Two Quotes from Nietzsche
“All things are subject to interpreta:on. Whichever interpreta:on prevails at a given :me is a func:on of
power and not truth.”
“The individual has always had to struggle to keep from being overwhelmed by the tribe. If you try [to stand apart from
the herd], you will be lonely o_en, and some:mes frightened. But no price is too high to pay for the privilege
of owning yourself.”
Sigmund Freud 1856-‐1939
• An Austrian neurologist. • Many new mental disorders began
to appear in the second-‐half of the 19th-‐century. Why?
• The new industrial, urbanized, capitalist Europe bred not progress, but hysteria, neuralgia, schizophrenia, paranoia.
• The Interpreta+on of Dreams, 1900: a study of the unconscious and irra:onal.
The Quotable Freud “The first human who hurled an insult instead of a
stone was the founder of civiliza:on.”
“Dreams are o_en most profound when they seem the most crazy.”
“Religion is a system of wishful illusions together
with a disavowal of reality, such as we find nowhere else but in a state of blissful
hallucinatory confusion. Religion's eleventh commandment is "Thou shalt not ques:on.”
Modernity at a Crossroads La Belle Epoque (the beauGful era’) • More food • New and improved ci:es • The “New Woman” • Peace • Expanded suffrage • Technology
– Railroad, Canals, Telephone, cars, electric lightbulb
• Improved Medicine • Educa:on
Fin Du Siecle (‘end of century’) • Decadent Literature • Sigmund Freud and the
Unconscious • Friedrich Nietzsche and “God
is Dead.” • Henrik Ibsen and the
hypocri:cal bourgeoisie • Emile Durkheim and ‘anomy.’ • Einstein and the loss of
Newtonian certain:es
The World - 1914
World War I “The Great War”
1914-1918
What Caused World War 1?
Prelude to war
Causes of WW1:
Nationalism- Post 1848
• The unification of Germany and Italy changed the balance of power in Europe. It destabilized it, creating new rivalries.
• Nations displayed a growing sense of national identity, pride, ambition, and loyalty.
• The French loss of the Alsace and Lorraine region (Franco-Prussian War) to Germany increased tensions between France and Germany.
• Nationalistic tensions in the Balkans increased tensions within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• Pan-Slavism fueled these tensions as well as Russia’s expansion.
Weak Empires and Their Fatal ARracGon to the Rest of Europe
• Two Empires were on the decline in Europe throughout the 19th century, The Austrian Empire and the Ojoman Empire.
• The Ojoman – Loss of Greece by 1823 – Crimea and the Crimean War – Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania
• The Austrian Empire: – Na:onalism posed a problem for Austria-‐Hungary and the Balkans, areas composed of many conflic:ng na:onal groups. The ardent Panslavism of Serbia and Russia's willingness to support its Slavic brother conflicted with Austria-‐Hungary's Pan-‐Germanism.
– The result: the First and Second Balkan Wars (1908, 1912-‐13)
Bosnian Crisis of 1908 Another conflict was incited by the Austria-Hungarian annexation of the former Turkish province of Bosnia in 1908. The Greater Serbian movement had as an object the acquisition of Slavic Bosnia, so Serbia threatened war on Austria-Hungary. Russia had pledged their support to Serbia, so they began to mobilize, which caused Germany, allied with Austria-Hungary, to threaten war on Russia. The beginning of World War I was postponed when Russia backed down, but relations between Austria- Hungary and Serbia were greatly strained. #11
Causes of WW1: Militarism
• Industrialization was put to work building up military capabilities- militarism
• Growth of peace time armies – with conscription –the draft
• Military competition among the European powers intensified
• New military technologies – Machine guns, chemical warfare, planes, large
shell guns, tanks, battle ships, submarines
Causes of WW1:
Imperialism = Nationalist Rivalries • European nations competed with one another to by
creating colonies • Asia, Africa, Middle East, North Africa – Territorial expansion was seen as an expression
of power – Colonies were seen as sources of raw materials for
industry and business at home – Trade and expansion of markets would create new
wealth for the homeland – Political influence would grow with the expansion
of colonies (empire building)
Causes of WW1: Industrialization and Urbanization
• Industrialization gave rise to increased urbanization in Europe
• Millions of Europeans moved into its cities in search of a better life
• Many Europeans, however, felt increasingly isolated and disenfranchised as the gap between the “haves and the have nots” widened
Causes of WW1:
The Alliance System • The start of a system of international alliances was set in
place by Bismarck in the 1872. • Bismarck wanted to secure the balance of power and
secure peace in Europe (Germany) – Bismarck’s challenge: How to detera “war of revenge”
after the German defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War- 1871?
– To that end, Germany allied with Russia to the east and Austria-Hungary to the south. (Three-Emperor’s League)
– France allied with Great Britain in spite of colonial differences and rival colonial systems
• Things went well for these mutual defence alliance systems, until 1890.
• These growing alliance systems were secret. They set up military obligations that linked up one nation to another.
• Created for mutual defense, these systems would eventually plunge all of the most powerful European nations into a World War.
Because of these Alliances, by 1914, Europe was divided into two rival
camps.
The Triple Alliance The Central Powers of WWI
• Germany • Austria-Hungary • Italy Bulgaria and Turkey (the Ottomans) would later
join to make up the Central Powers during WWI
The Triple Entente The Allied Powers WWI
• Britain • France • Russia – Russia withdrew from the war in 1917 due
to devastating losses and increasing political unrest at home.
– Russian Revolution
#7
The “Spark”
“Some damn foolish thing in the Balkans”……
Otto von Bismarck
Trouble in the Balkans
• Six years before World War 1 (1908), Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans.
• This angered the independent state of Serbia which feared Austrian expansion.
• Four years later (1912), Serbia wanted to expand into territory held by the Ottoman Turks – and did. But…
• In both the First and Second Balkan Wars, Serbia felt humiliated by Austria-Hungary.
• In both Wars, Serbia appealed to Russia (its Slavic protector) for aid. No aid came.
• In both Wars, Russia was checked by Germany and the threat of war.
One Year Later… In July of 1914, the Austrian Archduke and
his wife visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, to strengthen Austria-Hungary’s claim
in the Balkans. Both were assassinated by a Serbian
nationalist, Gavrilo Princep. Austria assumed that Serbia had directed
the assassination and demanded reparation. None came, and Austria declared war on
Serbia…
Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo right before the assassination
Austrian reprisals against Serbian nationalists for the assassination
WW I Begins: August 1914
• Austria declared war on Serbia in August of 1914 • Germany supported Austria in its war effort by
promising its military intervention if any nation declared war on Austria.
• Russia, having a military alliance with Serbia, ordered a mobilization against Austria and Germany in support of Serbia.
• France, having a military alliance with Russia, declared war against Germany.
• Germany invaded Belgium and France. • Britain joined the war in support of France – and
declared war on Germany.
A small conflict became an international world war
• German aggression was a reflection of the failure of Bismarck’s alliance system
• Some leaders in Germany may have seen war as a
way of building German nationalism and unity at home in the face of growing political tensions and rising socialism
• Nationalism built up a “war fever” and created a
romantic notion of war, national honor, and self-sacrifice
The official annunciation of the war in Berlin (August 2, 1914) #18
#19
Cheerful German soldiers on the train to the front #20
Advance of French soldiers into the war surrounded by an enthusiastic crowd #21
#22
#23
#24
German soldiers in their trenches near Antwerp (September 1914) #25
A British trench - the soldier on the right is on guard - the others are resting. #26
Dead bodies in a trench after an attack #27
A view of the battlefield during the preparations of the attack
#28
German storm troopers running through the barbed wire entanglement #29
German soldiers and horses and mules wearing gasmasks
#30
Horse Casualties
#31
German soldiers after rat hunting in their trenches #32
WW I Alliances
Relevance for Today
Today’s Presenta:on has
Three Key Points 1. American
The In-‐Class Essay In the +me that remains in our class, please answer the following
ques+on by using historical evidence drawn from our textbook and presenta+on. You may use your notes if you wish so long
as these notes are 1.) handwriCen and 2.) your own.
How
Rising Socialism
• moderate socialists sought social and economic reform to promote peace and a better life for Europe’s growing working class
• Jean Jaures • French Socialist • Respected voice of
moderation and peace
Radical Socialism
• radical and revolutionary socialists (Marxists) promoted drastic reform and violent revolution
• Many European governments feared the rise radical socialism
• Vladimir Lenin promoted revolution in Russia
Radical Socialism in Germany Rosa Luxemburg
Murdered for her revolutionary views
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