Merely  Connect  •  The  end  of  the  19th  century  was  a  period  of  increasingly  rapid  and  

wrenching  change  for  Europe.  At  no  :me  were  so  many  people  so  well  fed,  well-­‐clothed,  and  poli:cally  empowered.  

•  Mass  Poli:cs  appeared  under  Liberal  governments  that  removed  many  male  vo:ng  restric:ons.  Mass  poli:cal  par:es  appeared  as  well  and  new  players  (Socialists,  Anarchists,  Communists,  Na:onalists…)  placed  their  representa:ves  in  legisla:ve  assemblies  throughout  Europe.  

•  Mass  Consump:on  took  off,  powered  by  the  Second  Industrial  Revolu:on  and  the  rise  of  the  Department  Store,  the  mail-­‐order  catalog,  and  mass  adver:sing.    

•  Europe  changed  more  between  1815  and  1914  than  it  had  in  the  last  10,000  years.  And  that  new  urbanized  reality  inspired  a  new  genera:on  of  ar:sts  and  ar:s:c  styles.  These  styles  went  by  the  name  of  Roman:cism,  Realism,  Impressionism,  and  Post-­‐Impressionism.  

Cri:cs  of  “Unbounded  Progress”  •  The  Age  of  Reason  and  its  Cri:cs.  •  Victorian  values  stressed  character,  

hard  work,  moral  absolutes,  self-­‐control.  

•  Albert  Einstein:  Turning  Newton  on  his  head.  

•  Emile  Durkheim:  Anomie  and  Suicide  •  Expressionism:  Self-­‐Consciousness  

and  the  impossibility  of  depic:ng  reality.  

•  Friedrich  Nietzsche:  “God  is  Dead.”  •  Sigmund  Freud:  the  Irra:onal  

Triumphs  

Edvard  Munch:  The  Scream  

Friedrich  Nietzsche  1844-­‐1890  

Two  Quotes  from  Nietzsche  

“All  things  are  subject  to  interpreta:on.  Whichever  interpreta:on  prevails  at  a  given  :me  is  a  func:on  of  

power  and  not  truth.”    

“The  individual  has  always  had  to  struggle  to  keep  from  being  overwhelmed  by  the  tribe.  If  you  try  [to  stand  apart  from  

the  herd],  you  will  be  lonely  o_en,  and  some:mes  frightened.  But  no  price  is  too  high  to  pay  for  the  privilege  

of  owning  yourself.”    

   

 

Sigmund  Freud  1856-­‐1939  

•  An  Austrian  neurologist.  •  Many  new  mental  disorders  began  

to  appear  in  the  second-­‐half  of  the  19th-­‐century.  Why?  

•  The  new  industrial,  urbanized,  capitalist  Europe  bred  not  progress,  but  hysteria,  neuralgia,  schizophrenia,  paranoia.    

•  The  Interpreta+on  of  Dreams,  1900:  a  study  of  the  unconscious  and  irra:onal.  

The  Quotable  Freud  “The  first  human  who  hurled  an  insult  instead  of  a  

stone  was  the  founder  of  civiliza:on.”    

 “Dreams  are  o_en  most  profound  when  they  seem  the  most  crazy.”  

 “Religion  is  a  system  of  wishful  illusions  together  

with  a  disavowal  of  reality,  such  as  we  find  nowhere  else  but  in  a  state  of  blissful  

hallucinatory  confusion.  Religion's  eleventh  commandment  is  "Thou  shalt  not  ques:on.”    

Modernity  at  a  Crossroads  La  Belle  Epoque  (the  beauGful  era’)  •  More  food  •  New  and  improved  ci:es  •  The  “New  Woman”  •  Peace  •  Expanded  suffrage  •  Technology  

–  Railroad,  Canals,  Telephone,  cars,  electric  lightbulb  

•  Improved  Medicine  •  Educa:on    

Fin  Du  Siecle  (‘end  of  century’)  •  Decadent  Literature  •  Sigmund  Freud  and  the  

Unconscious  •  Friedrich  Nietzsche  and  “God  

is  Dead.”  •  Henrik  Ibsen  and  the  

hypocri:cal  bourgeoisie  •  Emile  Durkheim  and  ‘anomy.’  •  Einstein  and  the  loss  of  

Newtonian  certain:es  

The World - 1914

World War I “The Great War”

1914-1918

What Caused World War 1?

Prelude to war

Causes of WW1:

Nationalism- Post 1848

•  The unification of Germany and Italy changed the balance of power in Europe. It destabilized it, creating new rivalries.

•  Nations displayed a growing sense of national identity, pride, ambition, and loyalty.

•  The French loss of the Alsace and Lorraine region (Franco-Prussian War) to Germany increased tensions between France and Germany.

•  Nationalistic tensions in the Balkans increased tensions within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

•  Pan-Slavism fueled these tensions as well as Russia’s expansion.

Weak  Empires  and  Their  Fatal  ARracGon  to  the  Rest  of  Europe  

•  Two  Empires  were  on  the  decline  in  Europe  throughout  the  19th  century,  The  Austrian  Empire  and  the  Ojoman  Empire.  

•  The  Ojoman  –  Loss  of  Greece  by  1823  –  Crimea  and  the  Crimean  War  –  Serbia,  Bulgaria,  Romania  

•  The  Austrian  Empire:  –  Na:onalism  posed  a  problem  for  Austria-­‐Hungary  and  the  Balkans,  areas  composed  of  many  conflic:ng  na:onal  groups.    The  ardent  Panslavism  of  Serbia  and  Russia's  willingness  to  support  its  Slavic  brother  conflicted  with  Austria-­‐Hungary's  Pan-­‐Germanism.  

–  The  result:  the  First  and  Second  Balkan  Wars  (1908,  1912-­‐13)  

Bosnian Crisis of 1908 Another conflict was incited by the Austria-Hungarian annexation of the former Turkish province of Bosnia in 1908. The Greater Serbian movement had as an object the acquisition of Slavic Bosnia, so Serbia threatened war on Austria-Hungary. Russia had pledged their support to Serbia, so they began to mobilize, which caused Germany, allied with Austria-Hungary, to threaten war on Russia. The beginning of World War I was postponed when Russia backed down, but relations between Austria- Hungary and Serbia were greatly strained. #11

Causes of WW1: Militarism

•  Industrialization was put to work building up military capabilities- militarism

•  Growth of peace time armies – with conscription –the draft

•  Military competition among the European powers intensified

•  New military technologies – Machine guns, chemical warfare, planes, large

shell guns, tanks, battle ships, submarines

Causes of WW1:

Imperialism = Nationalist Rivalries •  European nations competed with one another to by

creating colonies •  Asia, Africa, Middle East, North Africa – Territorial expansion was seen as an expression

of power – Colonies were seen as sources of raw materials for

industry and business at home – Trade and expansion of markets would create new

wealth for the homeland – Political influence would grow with the expansion

of colonies (empire building)

Causes of WW1: Industrialization and Urbanization

•  Industrialization gave rise to increased urbanization in Europe

•  Millions of Europeans moved into its cities in search of a better life

•  Many Europeans, however, felt increasingly isolated and disenfranchised as the gap between the “haves and the have nots” widened

Causes of WW1:

The Alliance System •  The start of a system of international alliances was set in

place by Bismarck in the 1872. •  Bismarck wanted to secure the balance of power and

secure peace in Europe (Germany) –  Bismarck’s challenge: How to detera “war of revenge”

after the German defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War- 1871?

–  To that end, Germany allied with Russia to the east and Austria-Hungary to the south. (Three-Emperor’s League)

–  France allied with Great Britain in spite of colonial differences and rival colonial systems

•  Things went well for these mutual defence alliance systems, until 1890.

•  These growing alliance systems were secret. They set up military obligations that linked up one nation to another.

•  Created for mutual defense, these systems would eventually plunge all of the most powerful European nations into a World War.

Because of these Alliances, by 1914, Europe was divided into two rival

camps.

The Triple Alliance The Central Powers of WWI

•  Germany •  Austria-Hungary •  Italy Bulgaria and Turkey (the Ottomans) would later

join to make up the Central Powers during WWI

The Triple Entente The Allied Powers WWI

•  Britain •  France •  Russia – Russia withdrew from the war in 1917 due

to devastating losses and increasing political unrest at home.

– Russian Revolution

#7

The “Spark”

“Some damn foolish thing in the Balkans”……

Otto von Bismarck

Trouble in the Balkans

•  Six years before World War 1 (1908), Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans.

•  This angered the independent state of Serbia which feared Austrian expansion.

•  Four years later (1912), Serbia wanted to expand into territory held by the Ottoman Turks – and did. But…

•  In both the First and Second Balkan Wars, Serbia felt humiliated by Austria-Hungary.

•  In both Wars, Serbia appealed to Russia (its Slavic protector) for aid. No aid came.

•  In both Wars, Russia was checked by Germany and the threat of war.

One  Year  Later…  In July of 1914, the Austrian Archduke and

his wife visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, to strengthen Austria-Hungary’s claim

in the Balkans. Both were assassinated by a Serbian

nationalist, Gavrilo Princep. Austria assumed that Serbia had directed

the assassination and demanded reparation. None came, and Austria declared war on

Serbia…  

Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo right before the assassination

Austrian reprisals against Serbian nationalists for the assassination

WW I Begins: August 1914

•  Austria declared war on Serbia in August of 1914 •  Germany supported Austria in its war effort by

promising its military intervention if any nation declared war on Austria.

•  Russia, having a military alliance with Serbia, ordered a mobilization against Austria and Germany in support of Serbia.

•  France, having a military alliance with Russia, declared war against Germany.

•  Germany invaded Belgium and France. •  Britain joined the war in support of France – and

declared war on Germany.

A small conflict became an international world war

•  German aggression was a reflection of the failure of Bismarck’s alliance system

•  Some leaders in Germany may have seen war as a

way of building German nationalism and unity at home in the face of growing political tensions and rising socialism

•  Nationalism built up a “war fever” and created a

romantic notion of war, national honor, and self-sacrifice

The official annunciation of the war in Berlin (August 2, 1914) #18

#19

Cheerful German soldiers on the train to the front #20

Advance of French soldiers into the war surrounded by an enthusiastic crowd #21

#22

#23

#24

German soldiers in their trenches near Antwerp (September 1914) #25

A British trench - the soldier on the right is on guard - the others are resting. #26

Dead bodies in a trench after an attack #27

A view of the battlefield during the preparations of the attack

#28

German storm troopers running through the barbed wire entanglement #29

German soldiers and horses and mules wearing gasmasks

#30

Horse Casualties

#31

German soldiers after rat hunting in their trenches #32

WW I Alliances

Relevance  for  Today  

Today’s  Presenta:on  has  

Three  Key  Points  1.   American  

The  In-­‐Class  Essay  In  the  +me  that  remains  in  our  class,  please  answer  the  following  

ques+on  by  using  historical  evidence  drawn  from  our  textbook  and  presenta+on.  You  may  use  your  notes  if  you  wish  so  long  

as  these  notes  are  1.)  handwriCen  and  2.)  your  own.    

 How  

Rising Socialism

•  moderate socialists sought social and economic reform to promote peace and a better life for Europe’s growing working class

•  Jean Jaures •  French Socialist •  Respected voice of

moderation and peace

Radical Socialism

•  radical and revolutionary socialists (Marxists) promoted drastic reform and violent revolution

•  Many European governments feared the rise radical socialism

•  Vladimir Lenin promoted revolution in Russia

Radical Socialism in Germany Rosa Luxemburg

Murdered for her revolutionary views