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Medical Terminology And
Oral Facial Anatomy 101
Online Course 2015
About the Speaker Dawn W. Jackson, DrPH, RHIA, CCS-P, FAHIMA Ms. Jackson is a Professor and Program Director for the Health Services Administration program at Eastern Kentucky University. She obtained her bachelor’s degree from East Carolina University (Greenville, NC) in Health Information Management, her master’s degree from Eastern Kentucky University (Richmond, KY) in Allied Health Education, her doctor of public health degree in Health Services Management from the University of Kentucky (Lexington, KY), and most recently attained Fellowship status with the American Health Information Management Association. Her areas of expertise include: healthcare reimbursement systems, coding and billing processes, medical law, and health care management. As a certified coding specialist, Ms. Jackson has trained physicians and their staff for over 20 years. Of particular significance, she has been presenting coding courses for the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons for over 18 years.
able of Contents Introduction to Word Structure ...................................................................................................1
The Language of Medicine ..................................................................................................1 Learning Methods ................................................................................................................2 Word Components ...............................................................................................................3 Medical Word Analysis .......................................................................................................4
Combining Forms and Suffixes ....................................................................................................7 Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining to” ........................................................................................7 Suffixes Meaning “Condition or Process” ...........................................................................8 Illustrative Overview of the Human Body .........................................................................10 Combining Forms Relating to Anatomical Sites ...............................................................14 Suffixes Relating to the Study of Specialties .....................................................................25 Combining Forms Relating to Specialties .........................................................................25 Pleural Endings ..................................................................................................................29 Common Prefixes .........................................................................................................................35 Directional Prefixes ...........................................................................................................35 Miscellaneous Prefixes ......................................................................................................37 Diagnosis and Treatment Terms ................................................................................................47 Suffixes Relating to Treatment ..........................................................................................47 Miscellaneous Combining Forms ......................................................................................51 Suffixes Relating to Diseases and Conditions ...................................................................55 Oral and Maxillofacial Terms.....................................................................................................71 Illustrative Overview of the Cranial Cavity .......................................................................71 Combining Forms Relating to Orofacial Areas .................................................................73 Alphabetic Index to Word Components ....................................................................................87
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Introduction to Word Structure The Language of Medicine Medical terminology is a professional language – the
language of medicine. Rich in history, most medical
terms stem from the ancient Latin and Greek languages.
Generally, terms describing diagnoses and procedures
have Greek origins, whereas terms describing the ana-
tomical structure of the body have Latin origins.
Given this heritage, medical terminology is often considered a foreign language. And, in many
ways, it is. Imagine going to a different country where you are unable to communicate effective-
ly. That is how patients feel whenever they come into contact with physicians, nurses, and other
healthcare workers.
Learning medical terminology will likely be confusing and frustrating – at least occasionally.
However, once you know the most common prefixes, roots, and suffixes, you will be able to
combine them in different ways to create numerous medical terms. As you expand your
knowledge, you will be able to:
• Better understand medical record documentation,
• Communicate more effectively with clinicians and patients, and
• More easily perform work responsibilities.
A Historical Connection Vein (from Latin vena) Nose (from Latin nasus) Mandible (from Latin mandibula) Biopsy (from Greek bio and opsis) Pulpectomy (from Latin pulpa and Greek tomas)
1
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 1
Learning Methods This course focuses on the prefixes, suffixes, and roots most commonly used in the field of oral
and maxillofacial surgery. Beyond this, you will be introduced to roots describing all of the ma-
jor anatomical structures of the body. In total, you will learn over 290 word components. To a
great extent, you will accomplish this on your own, through a variety of learning methods.
1. The Word Components section provides a
list of prefixes, suffixes, or roots that need to
be learned. Each list contains definitions and
sample words using the word component.
2. The automated Flash Cards found at the course web-
site will help you visualize and retain the information
you are learning. In addition, many of these flash cards
contain pronunciations of the terms. Remember, effec-
tive communication depends on written and oral abili-
ties.
3. The Exercises found in each chapter of the
training manual offer you an opportunity to
apply your knowledge in a variety of ways.
The answers to the exercises provide instant
feedback so that you can determine how
well you are learning.
2 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Word Components Most medical terms can be divided into smaller word components. Understanding these compo-
nents is the first step in learning medical terminology.
• Root (stem) – The root is the foundation that establishes the basic meaning of the word.
For example, in the word hepatic, the root (stem) hepat means liver.
• Combining form – A combining form is a root connected to a combining vowel (nor-
mally an “o”). This combining vowel links the root to a suffix or to another root. For ex-
ample, in the word radiology, the combining form is radi/o. The combining vowel is
linking the root to the suffix –logy.
• Suffix – A suffix is located at the end of the word that modifies the meaning of the root.
For example, in the word appendectomy, the suffix is –ectomy (excision; to remove). The
root is append (appendix). The suffix changed the meaning of the root to “excision of the
appendix.”
• Prefix – A prefix is located at the beginning of the word and modifies the meaning of the
root. For example, in the word postprandial, the prefix is post- (after). The root is prand
(meal). The prefix changed the meaning of the root to “after meals.”
Combining Vowel Rules
Rule 1: When two vowels come together, the combining vowel is dropped.
Example: Consider the term “Cardiac” (cardi/ac). The combining form of this word is cardi/o and the suffix is –ac. Notice that the combining vowel (“o”) has been dropped because the suffix begins with a vowel.
Rule 2: The combining vowel is kept when connecting two roots.
Example: Consider the term “Adenocarcinoma” (aden/o/carcin/oma). Notice the com-bining vowel (“o”) is kept between the roots “aden” and “carcin”. However, the combing vowel (“o”) is dropped between “carcin” and the suffix –oma, because the suffix begins with a vowel.
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 3
Medical Word Analysis Medical word analysis is the process of dissecting a medical term and identifying the roots, pre-
fix, suffix, and combining vowels. The following are examples of identifying the components of
a word.
1. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (electr/o/cardi/o/gram) electr/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning electricity/electrical cardi/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning heart -gram = suffix meaning record
Therefore, the word electrocardiogram means “a record of the electrical impulses of
the heart.”
2. MAXILLOFACIAL (maxill/o/faci/al) maxill/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning maxilla or upper jaw faci = root meaning face -al = suffix meaning pertaining to
Therefore, the word maxillofacial means “pertaining to the maxilla and face.”
3. RETROGNATHIA (retro/gnath/ia) retro- = prefix meaning behind or backward gnath = root meaning jaw -ia = suffix meaning condition
Therefore, the word retrognathia means “a condition in which the jaw (lower) is in a
backward or recessed position.”
4. THROMBOSIS (thromb/o/sis) Thromb/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning clot -sis = suffix meaning pertaining to
Therefore, the word thrombosis means “pertaining to a clot.”
4 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Exercise 1 Divide the following medical terms into components and identify each. Medical Term
Word Components Component Identification
a.
Examples: Cerebral
cerebr/al
cerebr = root -al = suffix
b. Pathology path/o/logy path/o = combining form -logy = suffix
1.
Enteritis
enter/it is
________________________ ________________________
2. Cephalic cephal/ic ________________________ ________________________
3. Nephrology ________________________ ________________________ ________________________
4. Electroencephalogram ________________________
________________________ ________________________ ________________________
5. Pericardial ________________________
________________________ ________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 5
Answers – Chapter 1 Exercise 1 1. Enter/itis enter = Root -itis = Suffix 2. Cephal/ic cephal = Root -ic = Suffix 3. Nephrology nephr/o = Combining Form -logy = Suffix 4. Electroencephalogram electr/o = Combining Form encephal/o = Combining Form -gram = Suffix 5. Pericardial peri- = Prefix cardi = Root -al = Suffix Illustration Source LifeART Collection Images – Copyright ©1989-2001 by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
6 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining Forms & Suffixes This chapter contains common suffixes and combining forms that may be seen or heard in a vari-
ety of health care settings. Roots and combining forms unique to oral and maxillofacial surgery
are covered in Chapter 5 of the training manual.
Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining to” Instructions: Review and learn the following suffixes. Pay close attention to the analysis and meaning of each listed word. Suffix Meaning Word List
-ac Pertaining to Cardiac (cardi/ac) – Pertaining to the heart cardi/o = heart
-al Pertaining to Cerebral (cerebr/al) – Pertaining to the cerebrum
cerebr/o = cerebrum
-ar Pertaining to Muscular (muscul/ar) – Pertaining to muscles muscul/o = muscles
-ary Pertaining to Urinary (urin/ary) – Pertaining to the urinary system or
urine urin/o = urine, urinary system
-eal Pertaining to Peritoneal (periton/eal) – Pertaining to the peritoneum (lin-ing of the abdominal cavity)
peritone/o = peritoneum
-iac Pertaining to Celiac (cel/iac) – Pertaining to the abdomen celi/o = belly, abdomen
-ic -ical
Pertaining to Phobic (phob/ic) – Pertaining to fear phob/o = fear
2
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 7
Suffix Meaning Word List -ior Pertaining to Posterior (poster/ior) – Pertaining to the back of the body
or being behind poster/o = back, behind
-ous Pertaining to Nervous (nerv/ous) – Pertaining to nerves
nerv/o = nerves
-tic Pertaining to Arthritic (arthr/i/tic) – Pertaining to a joint or arthritis arthr/o = joint
Suffixes Meaning “Condition or Process”
Instructions: Review and learn the following suffixes. Pay close attention to the analysis and meaning of each listed word.
Suffix Meaning Word List -ation Process Hydration (hydr/ation) – Process of combining with wa-
ter hydr/o = water
-ema Process Empyema (em/py/ema) – Process of having pus within
(pus pockets) em- = in py/o = pus
-emia Blood condition Anemia (an/emia) – Deficiency of certain materials in
blood an- = without
-ia Condition Pneumonia (pneumon/ia) – Infectious condition of the
lung pneumon/o = lung
-ion -tion
Process Incision (in/cis/ion) – Process of cutting into in- = into cis/o = to cut
8 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Suffix Meaning Word List -ism Process, condition Embolism (em/bol/ism) – Condition involving a moving
blood clot em- = in bol/o = to throw
-osis -sis
Abnormal condition Keratosis (kerat/o/sis) – Excessive growth of horny or hard tissue of the skin
kerat/o = horny, hard
-y Process; condition Atony (a/ton/y) – Condition involving a lack of muscle tone
a- = without ton/o = tension
Exercise 2 Identify the suffix in each of the following terms. Medical Term
Suffix Medical Term Suffix
1. Colicky __________
6. Leukemia __________
2. Alcoholism __________
7. Exostosis __________
3. Neurosis __________
8. Cervical __________
4. Peritoneal __________
9. Axillary __________
5. Coronary __________ 10. Lymphatic __________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 9
Use Stack 1 (Suffixes) and Word List 1 flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Illustrative Overview of the Human Body Cavities of the Body (Figure 1)
Cranial Cavity
Spinal Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
10 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Major Components of the Digestive System (Figure 2)
Stomach
Nasal Cavity
Mouth
Liver
Gallbladder
Small Intestine
Appendix
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Pancreas
Large Intestine (colon)
Rectum
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 11
Major Components of the Thoracic Cavity (Figure 3) Major Components of the Urinary System (Figure 4)
Kidneys
Bladder Urethra
Ureters
Lungs
Heart
Trachea
12 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Structure of the Spine (Figure 5) Layers of the Skin (Figure 6)
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Hair
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 13
Combining Forms Relating to Anatomical Sites
Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms. Anatomical sites shown in the previous illustrations have the corresponding figure number cited. Refer to the figure for visual reinforcement of the combining form and its meaning.
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Abdomin/o Abdomen (Figure 1) Body cavity that contains all structures between the chest and pelvis
Abdominal – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Aden/o
Gland Organ that secretes a substance (i.e., hormone, saliva, breast milk)
Adenosis – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Angi/o Blood Vessel Hollow tubes that transport blood through-out the body
Angiospasm – Contracting (spasm) of a blood vessel -spasm = contraction
Arter/o Arteri/o
Artery Blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
Arteriosclerosis – Hardening of an artery -sclerosis = hardening
Arthr/o
Joint Location where two or more bones make contact
Arthritic – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Axill/o
Axilla Area under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder – armpit
Axillary – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
14 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Bronch/o Bronchi/o
Bronchus Large air passages con-necting each lung to the trachea
Bronchial – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
Cardi/o
Heart (Figure 3) Muscular organ responsi-ble for pumping blood throughout the body
Cardiac – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Cephal/o
Head Structure that contains the brain, eyes, oral cavity, and ears
Cephalic – _________________________________
___________________________________________
Cerebr/o Cerebrum Largest division of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres
Cerebral – _________________________________
___________________________________________
Cervic/o
Neck (Figure 5) Refers to both 1) the neck area between the head and shoulders and 2)the neck of the uterus
Cervical – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Chondr/o Chondri/o
Cartilage Stiff, inflexible connective tissue found in many are-as of the body (i.e., ears, joints, nose)
Chondroma – ______________________________ __________________________________________
-oma = tumor
Col/o Colon/o
Colon (Figure 2) Last part of digestive sys-tem, removes water and salt from solid waste be-fore elimination from the body
Colonoscopy – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
-scopy = the process of viewing with a scope
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 15
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Coron/o
Heart (Figure 3) See Cardi/o
Coronary – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
Crani/o
Skull (Figure 1) Bony structure in the head that supports the face and protects the brain
Cranial – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Cutane/o
Skin (Figure 6) Soft protective covering of the body
Subcutaneous – _____________________________ ___________________________________________
sub- = below, under
Cyst/o
Urinary bladder (Figure 4) Collects urine from the kidneys before elimination from the body
Cystic – ___________________________________ ___________________________________________
Derm/o Dermat/o
Skin (Figure 6) See Cutane/o
Dermatosis – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Encephal/o
Brain Center of the nervous system, located in the cranium
Encephalitis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
-itis = inflammation
Enter/o
Intestines (bowel) (Figure 2) Portion of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus
Enteritis – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
16 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Esophag/o
Esophagus (Figure 2) Muscular tube that car-ries food, liquid, and sali-va from mouth to stomach
Esophagitis – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Gastr/o
Stomach (Figure 2) Pear-shaped sac located that secretes gastric juices to break down food
Gastric – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Hem/o Hemat/o
Blood Fluid that carries oxygen throughout the body
Hematemesis – _____________________________ ___________________________________________
-emesis = vomiting
Hepat/o Liver (Figure 2) Large solid organ that aids in digestion and de-toxifies the body of drugs, alcohol, and environmen-tal toxins
Hepatic – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Ili/o Ilium (hip bone) Upper portion of the bony pelvis
Iliac – _____________________________________ ___________________________________________
Inguin/o Groin Area where the thigh joins the trunk of the body
Inguinal – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Laryng/o Larynx (voice box) Part of the respiratory system between the phar-ynx (throat) and trachea that is responsible for speech
Laryngeal – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 17
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Lumb/o Lower back (Figure 5) Refers to the region be-tween the bottom of the ribs and pelvis, composed of 5 vertebrae
Lumbar – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Lymph/o Lymph Thin, yellowish liquid that circulates throughout the body through lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Muc/o Mucos/o
Mucous Membrane Inner lining of some or-gans and cavities
Mucosa - _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Muscul/o Muscle Tissue capable of con-tracting in order to cause bodily movement (i.e., heart, leg muscle)
Muscular – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
My/o Muscle See Muscul/o
Myoma – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Nephr/o Kidney (Figure 4)
Filters blood of metabolic waste, which is then ex-creted as urine
Nephritic – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
Neur/o Nerve Cord-like bundles of fiber through which sensory stimuli and motor impuls-es from the brain pass
Nervous – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
18 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Ophthalm/o Eye Organ of sight and light sensitivity
Ophthalmic – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
Oste/o Bone Dense, porous, calcified connective tissue that comprises the major por-tion of the skeleton
Osteoarthritis – _____________________________ ___________________________________________
Ot/o Ear Organ of hearing and maintaining equilibrium
Otorrhea –_________________________________ ___________________________________________
-rrhea = flow, discharge
Pelv/i Pelv/o
Hip, pelvic cavity (Figure 1) Basin-shaped bony struc-ture that rests on the low-er extremities and sup-ports the spinal column
Pelvic – ___________________________________ ___________________________________________
Peritone/o Peritoneum (abdominal wall) Serous membrane that lines the walls of the ab-dominal cavity
Peritoneal – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Pharyng/o Pharynx (throat) Portion of the digestive system that extends from the mouth and nose to the larynx
Pharyngitis – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Pneum/o Pneumon/o
Lung (Figure 3) Spongy sac-like organs that remove carbon diox-ide from the blood and supplies it with oxygen
Pneumonia - _______________________________ __________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 19
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Pulmon/o Lung (Figure 3) See Pneum/o
Pulmonary – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Ren/o Kidney (Figure 4) See Nephr/o
Renal – ____________________________________ ___________________________________________
Rhin/o Nose First portion of the res-piratory system that con-tains nostrils and organs of smell
Rhinorrhea – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Spin/o Spine (Figure 5) Spinal column, composed of vertebrae
Spinal – ___________________________________ ___________________________________________
Splen/o Spleen Blood reservoir located to the left of the stomach
Splenic – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Synovi/o Synovial Membrane Lubricating fluid, within a membrane lining, secreted into joints
Synovectomy – _____________________________ __________________________________________
Thorac/o Chest (Figure 1) Part of the body located between the neck and dia-phragm, containing the lungs and heart
Thoracic – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Thyr/o Thyroid/o
Thyroid Gland Two-lobe gland located in front of and on both sides of the trachea
Thyroiditis – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
20 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Tonsill/o Tonsil Small masses of tissue embedded in the lateral walls of the opening be-tween the mouth and pharynx
Tonsillar – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Trache/o Trachea (wind pipe) (Figure 3) This tube extending from the larynx to the bronchi bringing oxygen to the lungs
Tracheal – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Umbilic/o Navel, umbilicus Scar where the umbilical cord was attached – belly button
Umbilical – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
Ur/o Urinary tract, urine (Figure 4) Organs and tubes of the body that produce and excrete urine
Urology – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
-logy = study of
Uret/o Ureter (Figure 4) One of two tubes leading from the kidney to the bladder
Ureteral – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Urethr/o Urethra (Figure 4) Tube carrying urine from the bladder to the outside
Urethral – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Vascul/o Vessels Ducts that circulate fluids (i.e., blood, lymph)
Vascular – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 21
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Vertebr/o Vertebra (Figure 5) One of 26 pieces of bone making up the spinal col-umn
Vertebral – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
Use Stack 2 (Anatomical Roots) and Word List 2 flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Exercise 3 A. Complete the following sentences by placing the correct term in the blank.
Abdominal Axillary Cephalic Hepatic Laryngeal Musculoskeletal Vertebral Peritoneum Spinal Renovascular
1. The lining of the abdomen is also known as the ___________________________.
2. A alcoholic will often develop a(n) _____________________________ disorder.
3. A symptom of appendicitis is right-sided ____________________________ pain.
4. People are often paralyzed due to ________________________________ trauma.
5. After being hit in the head, the patient complained of __________________ pain.
22 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
6. After being hoarse for three months, the patient underwent a biopsy that revealed
_______________________ cancer.
7. Breast cancer often spreads to the ___________________________ lymph nodes.
8. After bending over to pick up a 150 pound box, the patient experienced pain in
the lower _____________________________ area.
9. __________________________________ disease can cause high blood pressure.
10. Orthopedic physicians specialize in the ______________________________ sys-
tem.
B. Match the combining form to its meaning.
_______ 1. Cerebr/o A. Spleen
_______ 2. Rhin/o B. Groin
_______ 3. Thyr/o C. Thyroid
_______ 4. Inguin/o D. Navel
_______ 5. Lumb/o E. Cerebrum
_______ 6. Splen/o F. Nose
_______ 7. Thorac/o G. Chest
_______ 8. Umbilic/o H. Lower back
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 23
C. The suffix “-itis” means “inflammation of.” Match the following inflammations to the meanings.
_______ 1. Adenitis A. Inflammation of the liver
_______ 2. Gastritis B. Inflammation of the skin
_______ 3. Dermatitis C. Inflammation of the heart
_______ 4. Carditis D. Inflammation of the neck of the uterus
_______ 5. Hepatitis E. Inflammation of a gland
_______ 6. Arthritis F. Inflammation of the brain
_______ 7. Tonsillitis G. Inflammation of a nerve
_______ 8. Osteoarthritis H. Inflammation of the stomach
_______ 9. Synovitis I. Inflammation of the tonsils
_______ 10. Encephalitis J. Inflammation of a joint
_______ 11. Cervicitis K. Inflammation of the intestine
_______ 12. Neuritis L. Inflammation of the kidney
_______ 13. Enteritis M. Inflammation of the synovial membrane
_______ 14. Nephritis N. Inflammation (and breakdown) of the joints
24 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Suffixes Relating to the Study of Specialties Instructions: Review and learn the following suffixes.
Suffix Meaning Word List -iatrics -iatry
Field of study Psychiatry – Study of mental disorders psych/o = mind
-ian -ician
Specialist Pediatrician – Specialist in the treatment of children ped/o = children
-ist -iatrist
Specialist Pathologist – Specialist in the area of diseases path/o = disease
-logy Study of Enterology – Study of intestines (intestinal tract)
enter/o = intestines
Combining Forms Relating to Specialties Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes, write the definition of the following medi-cal terms. Combining
Form Meaning Word List
Gynec/o Woman, female Gynecology – Study of women (female reproductive sys-tem)
Obstetr/o Midwife Obstetrics – Pertaining to the surgical branch specializing in the management of pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period
Onc/o Tumor Oncology – _________________________________
___________________________________________
Orth/o Straight
Orthopedics – Pertaining to the branch of surgery spe-cializing in correcting (straightening) skeletal deformities
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 25
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Path/o Disease Pathology – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Ped/o Child, foot Pediatrics – Branch specializing in the treatment of chil-
dren
Psych/o Mind Psychology – Study of mental disorders (mind)
Radi/o X-ray, radiation, ra-dius (bone in the lower arm)
Radiology – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
Use Stack 3 (Medical and Surgical Specialties) and Word List 3 flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Exercise 4 A. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct term in the blank.
Cardiologist Dermatologist Gastroenterologist Gynecologist Nephrologist Neurologist Obstetrician Oncologist Ophthalmologist Orthopedic Pathologist Pediatrician Psychiatrist Urologist
1. If a patient were diagnosed as having an infection of the uterus, she should be
seen by a(n) ______________________________.
2. If a patient were diagnosed as having coronary heart disease, he should be seen by
a(n) ______________________________.
26 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
3. If a patient were diagnosed as having a pinched nerve, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
4. If a patient were diagnosed as being pregnant, she should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
5. If a patient were diagnosed as having schizophrenia, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
6. If a patient were diagnosed as having a cancer, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
7. If a patient were diagnosed as having renal failure, she should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
8. If a patient were diagnosed as having cystitis, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
9. If a patient were diagnosed as having glaucoma (a disease of the eye), he should be
seen by a(n) ______________________________.
10. If a 4-year-old patient were diagnosed as having the flu, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
11. If a patient were diagnosed as having a skin rash of unknown origin, he should be
seen by a(n) ______________________________.
12. If a patient were diagnosed as having a peptic ulcer, he should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 27
13. If a patient were diagnosed as having a fractured arm, she should be seen by a(n)
______________________________.
14. If a patient expires, the autopsy should be done by a(n) _____________________.
B. Complete the definition of each of the following. Example: Enter/o/path/y = Pertaining to the diseases of the intestine (or a disease of the intestine) y = pertaining to path/o = diseases enter/o = intestines
1. Arth/algia _________________________________________________________ -algia = pain in/painful
2. Hepat/oma ________________________________________________________ -oma = tumor
3. Sub/hepat/ic _______________________________________________________ sub- = below
4. Inter/vertebr/al _____________________________________________________ inter- = between 5. Hypo/derm/ic ______________________________________________________ hypo- = below
6. Cephalo/pelv/ic ____________________________________________________
7. Broncho/spasm _____________________________________________________ -spasm = contraction of
8. Retro/periton/eal ___________________________________________________ retro- = behind 9. Radi/ation ________________________________________________________
28 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
C. Match the following specialties to their meaning.
_____ 1. Psychiatry A. The study of tumors
_____ 2. Gastroenterology B. The study of the mind
_____ 3. Gynecology C. The study of the heart
_____ 4. Nephrology D. The study of the eyes
_____ 5. Oncology E. The study of nerves
_____ 6. Ophthalmology F. The study of women
_____ 7. Neurology G. The study of skin
_____ 8. Cardiology H. The study of kidneys
_____ 9. Pathology I. The study of diseases
_____ 10. Dermatology J. The study of the stomach and intestines
Plural Endings
When some words become plural, an s is not used to designate that status. The following suffixes
show a plural status in alternative manners.
Singular Suffix
Plural Suffix Examples
-a -ae Singular Plural
Vertebra (spinal bone) Vertebrae (multiple vertebra)
-ex, -ix -ices Singular Plural
Index (second digit of hand) Indices (second digits of both hands)
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 29
Singular Suffix
Plural Suffix Examples
-is -es
Singular Plural
Anastomosis (a surgical communication, opening) Anastomoses (multiple surgical communications)
-nx -nges Singular Plural
Phalanx (bone of finger or toe) Phalanges (bones of fingers or toes)
-on -a Singular Plural
Ganglion (mass of nerve tissue) Ganglia (more than one mass of nerve tissue)
-um -a Singular Plural
Bacterium (a micro-organism) Bacteria (multiple micro-organisms)
-us -i Singular Plural
Ramus (left or right jaw bone) Rami (both jaw bones)
Exercise 5
Write the plural form for each of the following terms. 1. Thrombus (blood clot) ________________________________________________
2. Crisis ____________________________________________________________
3. Apex (top of an organ or body part) ________________________________________
4. Ovum (egg) ________________________________________________________
5. Bursa (sac-like cavity filled with fluid found where friction occurs) ___________________
6. Prosthesis (artificial replacement of a body part) _______________________________
7. Varix (enlarged, twisted blood vessel) _______________________________________
30 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
8. Diverticulum (out pouches or pits usually in the colon) __________________________
9. Bronchus _________________________________________________________
10. Metastasis (transfer of disease from one body part to another) ______________________
Answers – Chapter 2 Exercise 2 1. -y 6. -emia 2. -ism 7. -sis 3. -sis 8. -al 4. -eal 9. -ary 5. -ary 10. -ic Word List Definitions (Pages 14-22) • Abdominal – Pertaining to the abdomen • Adenosis – Abnormal condition of a gland • Arthritic – Pertaining to a joint (or arthritis) • Axillary – Pertaining to the armpit • Bronchial – Pertaining to the bronchus • Cardiac – Pertaining to the heart • Celiac – Pertaining to the abdomen • Cephalic – Pertaining to the head • Cerebral – Pertaining to the cerebrum • Cervical – Pertaining to the neck • Chondroma – Tumor involving cartilage • Colonoscopy – The process of viewing the colon with a scope • Coronary – Pertaining to the heart • Cranial – Pertaining to the skull • Cystic – Pertaining to the bladder or to a cyst • Dermatosis – Abnormal condition of the skin • Encephalitis – Inflammation of the brain • Enteritis – Inflammation of the intestine • Esophagitis – Inflammation of the esophagus
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 31
• Gastric – Pertaining to the stomach • Hematemesis – Vomiting of blood • Hepatic – Pertaining to the liver • Iliac – Pertaining to the ilium • Inguinal – Pertaining to the groin • Laryngeal – Pertaining to the larynx • Lumbar – Pertaining to the lower back • Lymphatic – Pertaining to lymph • Mucosa – Pertaining to mucous membrane • Muscular – Pertaining to muscle • Myoma – Tumor of the muscle • Nephritic – Pertaining to the kidney • Nervous – Pertaining to nerves • Ophthalmic – Pertaining to the eye • Osteoarthritis – Inflammation of the joint (and bony components) • Otorrhea – Discharge from the ear • Pelvic – Pertaining to the pelvis • Peritoneal – Pertaining to the wall of the abdomen • Pharyngitis – Inflammation of the throat • Pneumonia – A condition of the lung (an infectious condition) • Pulmonary – Pertaining to the lung • Renal –Pertaining to the kidney • Rhinorrhea – Discharge from the nose (runny nose) • Spinal – Pertaining to the spine • Splenic – Pertaining to the spleen • Subcutaneous – Pertaining to below the skin • Synovectomy – Excision of the synovial membrane • Thoracic – Pertaining to the chest • Thyroiditis – Inflammation of the thyroid • Tonsillar – Pertaining to the tonsil • Tracheal – Pertaining to the trachea • Umbilical – Pertaining to the navel (belly button) • Urology – The study of the urinary system • Ureteral – Pertaining to the ureter • Urethral – Pertaining to the urethra • Vascular – Pertaining to little vessels • Vertebral – Pertaining to vertebrae
32 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Exercise 3 A. 1. Peritoneum 6. Laryngeal 2. Hepatic 7. Axillary 3. Abdominal 8. Vertebral 4. Spinal 9. Renovascular 5. Cephalic 10. Musculoskeletal B. 1. E 5. H 2. F 6. A 3. C 7. G 4. B 8. D C. 1. E 8. N 2. H 9. M 3. B 10. F 4. C 11. D 5. A 12. G 6. J 13. K 7. I 14. L Word List Definitions (Page 26) • Oncology – The study of tumors • Pathology – The study of disease • Radiology – The study of the use of x-rays or other penetrating radiation Exercise 4 A. 1. Gynecologist 7. Nephrologist 2. Cardiologist 8. Urologist 3. Neurologist 9. Ophthalmologist 4. Obstetrician 10. Pediatrician 5. Psychiatrist 11. Dermatologist 6. Oncologist 12. Gastroenterologist 7. Nephrologist 13. Orthopedic 8. Urologist 14. Pathologist B. 1. Painful joint 2. Tumor in the liver 3. Pertaining to being below the liver 4. Pertaining to being between vertebrae 5. Pertaining to being below the skin
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 33
6. Pertaining to the head and pelvis (a term used to describe the relationship between the infant’s head and the mother’s pelvis) 7. Contraction or spasms of the bronchus 8. Pertaining to being behind the abdominal wall (peritoneum) 9. Process of using radium C. 1. B 6. D 2. J 7. E 3. F 8. C 4. H 9. I 5. A 10. G Exercise 5 1. Thrombi 6. Protheses 2. Crises 7. Varices 3. Apices 8. Diverticula 4. Ova 9. Bronchi 5. Bursae 10. Metastases Illustration Source LifeART Collection Images – Copyright ©1989-2001 by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
34 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Common Prefixes Directional Prefixes Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms.
Prefix Meaning Word List Ab- Away from Abnormal – Not normal
Ante- Before, forward Antepartum – ______________________________
__________________________________________
-partum = birth, labor
Circum- Around Circumzygomatic – _________________________ __________________________________________
zygomat/o = zygoma (cheek bone)
E-
Out, away Edentulous – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
dent/o = teeth -ulous = inclined to
Em- In Empyema – Condition involving pus within (pus pock-ets)
En- Endo-
In, within Endoscope – _______________________________ __________________________________________
Epi- Upon, on, above
Epidermis – Pertaining to the outer layer of the skin
Ex- Exo-
Out, away from Excision – _________________________________ __________________________________________
3
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 35
Prefix Meaning Word List Extra- Outside Extraoral – ________________________________
___________________________________________
or/o = mouth
In- In, not Incision – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Inter- Between Intervertebral – ____________________________
___________________________________________
Intra- In, within Intravenous – ______________________________
__________________________________________
ven/o = vein
Para-
Near, beside, abnormal, away
Paramedic – _______________________________ __________________________________________
Per- Through Percutaneous – _____________________________
__________________________________________
Peri-
Around Pericardium – ______________________________ __________________________________________
Post- After Postmortem – ______________________________
__________________________________________
mort/o = death
Pre- Pro-
Before, in front of Precancer – A condition that has the tendency to become a cancer
Retro-
Behind, backward Retroperitoneum – __________________________ __________________________________________
36 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Prefix Meaning Word List Sub- Under, below Sublingual – _______________________________
__________________________________________
lingu/o = tongue
Supra- Above Suprahepatic – _____________________________ __________________________________________
Trans- Across, through Transurethral – ____________________________
__________________________________________
Use Stack 4 (Directional Prefixes) and Word List 4 flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Miscellaneous Prefixes Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms.
Prefix Meaning Word List A- An-
No, not, none, with-out
Apnea – ___________________________________ __________________________________________
-pnea = breath
Allo- Other, different Allograft – _________________________________ __________________________________________
Anti- Against
Antiseptic – ________________________________ __________________________________________
-sept/o = infection
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 37
Prefix Meaning Word List Auto-
Self Autolysis – The destruction of tissues due to one’s own enzymes
Bi- Two Bilateral – Pertaining to two sides
later/o = side
Brady- Slow Bradycardia – ______________________________ __________________________________________
Contra- Against, opposite Contraindication – __________________________
__________________________________________
De- Down, lack of, loss Dehydration – ______________________________ __________________________________________
Dia- Through, throughout,
completely Diagnosis – ________________________________ __________________________________________
-gnosis = knowledge
Dis- Separation, take apart
Dissection – ________________________________ __________________________________________
sect/o = to cut
Dys- Painful, difficult Dyspnea – _________________________________ __________________________________________
Echo- Sound Echocardiography – _________________________ ___________________________________________
-graphy = process of recording
Hemi- Half Hemifacial – ______________________________ __________________________________________
Hyper- Over, excessive, in-creased
Hypertrophy – Increased development, excessive size
-trophy = development, nourishment
38 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Prefix Meaning Word List Hypo- Under, below,
decreased Hypodermic – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
Macro- Large Macrocephalic – ____________________________ ___________________________________________
Mal- Bad Malnutrition – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
Micro- Small Microcephalic –_____________________________ ___________________________________________
Neo- New Neonatal – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
nat/o = birth
Poly- Many Polyneuritis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
Re- Back, again Reattach – To connect or join again
Semi- Half Semicoma – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
Tachy- Fast Tachycardia – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
Uni- One Unilateral – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 39
Use Stack 5 (Miscellaneous Prefixes) and Word List 5 flash-cards to reinforce your learning.
Exercise 6 A. For each of the following, identify the prefix with the opposite meaning.
Prefix
Meaning Prefix Meaning
a.
Example: Ex-
Out, away
En-
In, within
1.
Bi-
____________________
________
____________________
2.
Macro-
___________________
________
____________________
3.
Post-
____________________
________
____________________
4.
Hypo-
____________________
________
____________________
5.
Brady-
____________________
________
____________________
6.
Epi-
____________________
________
____________________
40 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
B. Match the following prefixes to their meaning.
_____ 1. Auto- A. Through
_____ 2. Dys- B. Many
_____ 3. Neo- C. Around
_____ 4. Macro- D. Without
_____ 5. Hyper- E. In
_____ 6. Ante- F. Self
_____ 7. Sub- G. Against
_____ 8. Contra- H. Difficult
_____ 9. An- I. Upon
_____ 10. Epi- J. Excessive
_____ 11. Circum- K. Before
_____ 12. E- L. Out
_____ 13. Em- M. New
_____ 14. Per- N. Large
_____ 15. Supra- O. Above
_____ 16. Poly- P. Under
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 41
C. Complete the crossword puzzle. The word list can be found on page 44.
Across Down
1. Alternating slow and fast heart rate 2. Excessively functioning thyroid 3. Opposite side 4. Within the cerebrum 5. Type of medication that literally 6. Within the liver means “against life” 7. Poorly healed fracture 8. Painful urination 9. Above the stomach
42 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
D. Identify the prefixes in each of the following and provide the meaning of the word.
Term
Prefix Meaning
a.
Example: Dysphagia
-phagia = eating, swallowing
Dys-
Painful swallowing
1.
Anencephaly
__________
_______________________________ _______________________________
2.
Antispasmodic
__________
_______________________________ _______________________________
3.
Endotracheal
__________
_______________________________ _______________________________
4.
Exocolitis
__________
_______________________________ _______________________________
5.
Hemigastrectomy
__________
_______________________________ _______________________________
6.
Intracranial
__________
_______________________________ _______________________________
7.
Peribronchial
__________
_______________________________ _______________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 43
Term
Prefix Meaning
8.
Postpartum
-partum = birth
__________
_______________________________ _______________________________
9.
Transabdominal
__________
_______________________________ _______________________________
10.
Polymyositis
__________
_______________________________ _______________________________
Answers – Chapter 3 Word List Definitions (Pages 35-37) • Antepartum – Before birth • Circumzygomatic – Around the cheek bone (zygoma) • Edentulous – Inclined to have no teeth • Endoscope – An instrument used to view inside • Excision – The process of cutting out • Extraoral – Outside the mouth • Incision – The process of cutting into
Word List (Exercise 6C)
Antibiotic Hyperthyroidism Bradytachycardia Intracerebral Contralateral Intrahepatic Dysuria Malunion Epigastric
44 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• Intervertebral – Pertaining to being between vertebrae • Intravenous – Pertaining to being within a vein • Paramedic – Pertaining to a profession that is close to or similar to medicine • Percutaneous – Pertaining to going through the skin • Pericardium – Pertaining to being around the heart • Postmortum – Pertaining to the period of time after death • Retroperitoneum – Pertaining to being behind the abdominal wall • Sublingual – Pertaining to being under the tongue • Suprahepatic – Pertaining to being above the liver • Transurethral – Pertaining to going through the urethra Word List Definitions (Pages 37-39) • Apnea – Without breath • Allograft – The transplant of tissue from one person to a different person • Antiseptic – Pertaining to opposing or inhibiting an infection (infectious organisms) • Bradycardia – Condition involving a slow heart rate • Contraindication – Against indication • Dehydration – The process of having a lack of water • Diagnosis – Complete or thorough knowledge • Dissection – Process of cutting apart • Dyspnea – Painful or difficult breathing • Echocardiography – Process of recording the heart using sound waves (ultrasonagraphy) • Hemifacial – Half (one side) of the face • Hypodermic – Pertaining to being below the skin • Macrocephalic – Pertaining to having an unusually large head • Malnutrition – Process of having bad (or insufficient) nutrients • Microcephalic – Pertaining to having an unusually small head • Neonatal – Pertaining to a new birth • Polyneuritis – Inflammation of many nerves • Semicoma – A partial or mild state of comatose • Tachycardia – Condition involving a fast heart rate • Unilateral – Pertaining to one side Exercise 6 A. 1. Bi- Two Uni- One 2. Macro- Large Micro- Small 3. Post- After Pre- Before 4. Hypo- Under Hyper- Over 5. Brady- Slow Tachy- Fast 6. Epi- Above Sub- Under
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 45
B. 1. F 9. D 2. H 10. I 3. M 11. C 4. N 12. L 5. J 13. E 6. K 14. A 7. P 15. O 8. G 16. B C. 1. Bradytachycardia 2. Hyperthyroidism 3. Contralateral 4. Intracerebral 5. Antibiotic 6. Intrahepatic 7. Malunion 8. Dysuria 9. Epigastric D. 1. Anencephaly An- Condition in which a person has no brain 2. Antispasmodic Anti- Pertaining to stopping spasms 3. Endotracheal Endo- Pertaining to being inside the trachea 4. Exocolitis Exo- Inflammation of the colon’s outer coating 5. Hemigastrectomy Hemi- Excision of half of the stomach 6. Intracranial Intra- Pertaining to being within the skull 7. Peribronchial Peri- Pertaining to being around the bronchus 8. Postpartum Post- The period after giving birth 9. Transabdominal Trans- Pertaining to going across the abdomen 10. Polymyositis Poly- Inflammation of many muscles
46 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Diagnosis & Treatment Terms Suffixes Relating to Treatment Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms.
Suffix Meaning Word List -centesis Surgical puncture to
remove fluid Arthrocentesis – ___________________________ __________________________________________
-crit Separation
Hematocrit – ______________________________ __________________________________________
-ectomy
Excision, remove Splenectomy – Removal of the spleen
-gram Record Pneumogram – Record of lung activity
-graph Instrument for recording
Electrocardiograph – _______________________ __________________________________________
electr/o = electricity, electrical
-graphy Process of recording
Electrocardiography – ______________________ __________________________________________
-lysis -lytic
Breakdown, separation, destruction
Hemodialysis – Process of separating certain ele-ments from the blood
-opsy Process of viewing Biopsy – __________________________________ __________________________________________
bi/o = life
4
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 47
Suffix Meaning Word List -pexy Fixation, put into
place Gastropexy – ______________________________ __________________________________________
-plasty Surgical repair Angioplasty – ______________________________ __________________________________________
-rrhaphy Suture
Herniorrhaphy – Repair by suture of a hernia
-scope Instrument used to view
Bronchoscope – ____________________________ __________________________________________
-scopy Process of examining with a scope
Arthroscopy – _____________________________ __________________________________________
-stasis -static
Stopping, controlling Hemostasis – ______________________________ __________________________________________
-stomy Artificial opening Tracheostomy – ____________________________ __________________________________________
-therapy Treatment Chemotherapy –____________________________ __________________________________________
chem/o = chemical
-tomy Process of cutting Osteotomy – _______________________________ __________________________________________
-tripsy Process of crushing Lithotripsy – _____________________________ __________________________________________
lith/o = stone
48 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Use Stack 6 (Treatment Suffixes) and Word List 6 flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Exercise 7 A. Match the suffix to its meaning.
_____ 1. -centesis A. Remove
_____ 2. -gram B. Suture
_____ 3. -plasty C. Cutting
_____ 4. -scope D. Fixation
_____ 5. -ectomy E. Record
_____ 6. -rrhaphy F. Crushing
_____ 7. -tomy G. Surgical repair
_____ 8. -pexy H. Puncture to remove fluid
_____ 9. -tripsy I. Instrument used for viewing
_____ 10. -stomy J. Artificial opening
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 49
B. Complete each sentence with the appropriate term.
Arthrocentesis Angioplasty Biopsy Bronchoscopy Gastrorrhaphy Urinalysis Lithotripsy Rhinoplasty Tracheostomy
1. A patient requests a “nose job”. The correct medical term for this procedure is
_______________________________________.
2. Suturing of the stomach could also be called __________________________.
3. As part of his cancer treatment, the patient underwent a procedure to create an
artificial opening of his windpipe. He underwent a _____________________.
4. Often, patients undergo __________________________ before coronary bypass sur-
gery.
5. A man has been experiencing kidney stones. He could have these eliminated by
_________________________________.
` 6. A woman has been experiencing shortness of breath and coughing up of blood. She
underwent a(n) __________________________________ with biopsy as a diagnostic
tool.
7. A patient had a variety of laboratory work performed as a part of an annual examina-
tion. Included in this laboratory work was a(n) ______________________.
8. A patient experiencing tightness and discomfort in his knee underwent a(n)
________________________________ to remove fluid.
9. A patient presents, who had with a lump in the floor of the mouth, underwent a
_____________________________ to determine the nature of the lump.
50 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Miscellaneous Combining Forms Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms. Combining
Form Meaning Word List
Algesi/o Suffering, pain Analgesic – ________________________________ __________________________________________
Ankyl/o Bent, crooked, stiff, fixed
Ankylosis – Condition involving a fixed or fused (joint)
Bacteri/o Bacteria Bacterial – _________________________________ __________________________________________
Bi/o Life
Biology – __________________________________ __________________________________________
Carcin/o
Cancer Carcinoma – Cancerous tumor
Cirrh/o Orange-Yellow Cirrhosis – Literally, the term means pertaining to orange-yellow. However, cirrhosis is a chronic con-dition involving the degeneration of liver cells – of-ten giving the person an orange-yellow hue to the skin.
Cis/o To cut Excision – Process of cutting out
Cry/o Cold Cryosurgery – ______________________________ __________________________________________
Cyan/o Blue Cyanotic – Pertaining to a bluish discoloration of skin due to a lack of oxygen
Cyt/o Cell Cytology – _________________________________
__________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 51
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Electr/o Electricity Electromyogram – ________________________ __________________________________________
Erythr/o Red Erythrocyte – ______________________________ __________________________________________
-cyte = cell
Esthesi/o Aesthesi/o
Sensation, feeling Anesthesia – _______________________________ __________________________________________
Fibr/o Relating to fibrous tissue
Fibroma – _________________________________ __________________________________________
Fistul/o Tube, pipe Fistula - ___________________________________ __________________________________________
Hist/o Histi/o
Tissue Histology – ________________________________ __________________________________________
Hydr/o Water Hydration – Process involving water
Infer/o Below, beneath Inferior – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Leth/o Death Lethal – ___________________________________ __________________________________________
Leuk/o White Leukemia – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
Lip/o Fat, lipid Lipoma – __________________________________ __________________________________________
52 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Lith/o Calculus, stone Nephrolith – _______________________________ __________________________________________
Melan/o Black Melanoma - ________________________________
___________________________________________
Morph/o Shape, form Morphology – ______________________________
__________________________________________
Mort/o Death
Mortality – ________________________________ __________________________________________
Narc/o Numb, sleep Narcotic – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Necr/o Death Necrosis – _________________________________ __________________________________________
Norm/o Normal Normocephalic – ____________________________ __________________________________________
Pseud/o False Pseudocyst – _______________________________ __________________________________________
Purul/o Py/o
Pus Pyorrhea – _________________________________ __________________________________________
Sarc/o Muscular, flesh-like Sarcoma – _________________________________
__________________________________________
Scler/o Hard Scleroderma – ______________________________ __________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 53
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Sect/o To cut Resection – ________________________________ __________________________________________
Seps/o Sept/o
Infection Sepsis – ___________________________________ __________________________________________
Son/o Sound Sonogram –________________________________
__________________________________________
Suppur/o Suppurat/o
Pus forming Suppurative - ______________________________ __________________________________________
Therm/o Heat Thermal – _________________________________ __________________________________________
Thromb/o Clot/clotting Thrombosis – ______________________________ __________________________________________
Tox/o Toxic/o
Poison
Toxic – ____________________________________ __________________________________________
Xen/o Strange, foreign Xenograft – ________________________________ __________________________________________
Xer/o Dry, dryness Xerostomia – _______________________________ __________________________________________
stom/o = mouth
54 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Use Stack 7 (Miscellaneous Combining Forms) and Word List 7 flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Suffixes Relating to Diseases and Conditions Instructions: Using the previously covered prefixes, suffixes, and roots (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms. Combining
Form Meaning Word List
-algia Pain Arthralgia – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
-cele Hernia, cyst Mucocele – _________________________________
___________________________________________
-crine Secretion Endocrine – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
-cyte Cell Leukocyte – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
-dynia Pain
Pleurodynia – Pain in the pleural cavity of the chest
-edema
Swelling Lymphedema –______________________________ ___________________________________________
-emesis Vomiting Hyperemesis – ______________________________
___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 55
Combining Form Meaning Word List
-genic Produced by, producing
Carcinogenic – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
-gnosis Knowledge Prognosis – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
-itis Inflammation Otitis – ____________________________________ ___________________________________________
-malacia Softening Encephalomalacia –__________________________
___________________________________________
-megaly Enlargement Splenomegaly – _____________________________
___________________________________________
-oid Resemblance to Carcinoid – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
-oma Tumor, mass Osteoma – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
-paresis Slight paralysis Hemiparesis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
-pathy Disease, emotion Arthropathy –______________________________ ___________________________________________
-penia Deficiency Osteopenia – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
56 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining Form Meaning Word List
-pepsia Digestion Dyspepsia – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
-phagia Swallowing Aphagia – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
-phasia Speech Dysphasia _________________________________ ___________________________________________
-plakia A plate or flat plane, usually on a mucous membrane
Leukoplakia – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
-plasia -plasm
Formation Neoplasm – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
-porosis Porous, less density Osteoporosis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
-prandial Meal Postprandial – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
-ptosis Drooping Glossoptosis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
-ptysis Spitting Hemoptysis – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
-rrhage -rrhagia
Bursting forth Hemorrhage – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
-rrhea Flow, discharge
Rhinorrhea – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 57
Combining Form Meaning Word List
-sclerosis Hardening Arteriosclerosis – ___________________________ ___________________________________________
-spasm Involuntary
contraction of muscles
Cardiospasm – _____________________________ ___________________________________________
-stenosis Tightening, stricture, narrowing
Ureteral Stenosis – __________________________ ___________________________________________
-trophy Development Hypertrophy – _____________________________
___________________________________________
-us Thing Thrombus – _______________________________
___________________________________________
Use Stack 8 (Suffixes Related to Diseases) and Word List 8 flashcards to reinforce your learning.
58 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Exercise 8 A. Match each suffix to its meaning.
_____ 1. -centesis A. Surgical repair
_____ 2. -logy B. Process of recording
_____ 3. -dynia C. Hardening
_____ 4. -lysis D. Pertaining to
_____ 5. -graphy E. Pain
_____ 6. -al F. Treatment
_____ 7. -emia G. Surgical puncture
_____ 8. -sclerosis H. Secretion
_____ 9. -therapy I. Blood condition
_____ 10. -plasty J. Study of
_____ 11. -edema K. Meal
_____ 12. -ptysis L. Spit
_____ 13. -rrhage M. Bursting forth
_____ 14. -prandial N. Separation
_____ 15. -crine O. Swelling
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 59
B. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct term in the blank.
Cephalocentesis Cervicodynia Colonorrhaphy Craniotomy Cystostomy Cytotoxic Dysentery Hepatomalacia Hypothermic Neurospasms Splenectomy Urolith
1. To cut into the skull is also known as _________________________________.
2. Bloody bowel movements are symptoms of ____________________________.
3. Softening of the liver is also known as ________________________________.
4. A term which means destructive to cells is _____________________________.
5. A surgical puncture of the head is also known as ________________________.
6. To suture the colon is also known as __________________________________.
7. An artificial opening in the bladder is called a(n) ________________________.
8. To remove the spleen is also known as ________________________________.
9. A patient who has been experiencing pain on urination and decrease in fluid output may
be told he has a(n) _______________________________________.
10. A person, experiencing pain in the neck, may refer to his condition as
_______________________.
11. A condition in which there is a low body temperature is known as being
____________________________________.
12. Contractions of a nerve are also known as _________________________.
60 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
C. Match the term to the meaning.
_____ 1. Pyorrhea A. Suture in the intestine
_____ 2. Cardiospasm B. Hardening of the skin
_____ 3. Tracheostenosis C. Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue
_____ 4. Osteonecrosis D. Inflammation of the bladder
_____ 5. Enterorrhaphy E. Narrowing of the trachea
_____ 6. Microlith F. Pus discharge
_____ 7. Adenocarcinoma G. Small calculus
_____ 8. Scleroderma H. Hernia of bladder
_____ 9. Septicemia I. Death of bone
_____ 10. Osteomalacia J. Contractions of the heart
_____ 11. Thrombolysis K. Destruction of a clot
_____ 12. Electroencephalogram L. Record of brain activity
_____ 13. Osteoma M. Tumor of the bone
_____ 14. Cystitis N. Blood infection
_____ 15. Cystocele O. Softening of the bone
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 61
D. Match the term to the meaning. Note: Some terms may be used more than once.
_____ 1. Arthrotic A. Pertaining to a joint
_____ 2. Arthritis B. Puncture of the joint to remove fluid
_____ 3. Arthroscope C. Process of recording (x-raying) a joint
_____ 4. Arthralgia D. Inflammation of a joint
_____ 5. Arthropathy F. Pain in a joint
_____ 6. Arthroscopy G. Removal of a joint
_____ 7. Arthroplasty H. Instrument used to view a joint
_____ 8. Arthrotomy I. Record of a joint after x-ray exam
_____ 9. Arthral J. Swelling a joint
_____ 10. Arthrectomy K. Disease of the joints
_____ 11. Arthrocele L. Disease of the joints
_____ 12. Arthrocentesis M. Surgical repair of a joint
_____ 13. Arthrodynia N. Cutting of a joint
_____ 14. Arthrogram O. Process of viewing a joint with a scope
_____ 15. Arthrography
62 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
E. Define each of the terms underlined in the following reports. 1. Radiology ______________________________________________________ 2. Peribronchial ___________________________________________________ 3. Bronchitis ______________________________________________________ 4. Cardiomegaly ___________________________________________________ 5. Pulmonary _____________________________________________________ 6. Carcinoma _____________________________________________________ 7. Excision _______________________________________________________ 8. Laryngoscopy ___________________________________________________ 9. Anesthesia _____________________________________________________ 10. Endotracheal ___________________________________________________
Radiology Report Patient: Johnson, Peter Exam: Chest Technique: Lateral views of the chest Findings: The examination shows lower lobe peribronchial disease compatible with scarring or bronchitis. Cardiomegaly with mild chronic congestive failure. Low probability for pulmonary embolus.
Operative Report Patient: Griffen, Mary Postoperative Diagnosis: Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of palate Operation: 1. Excision of carcinoma of palate 2. Direct laryngoscopy Anesthesia: General via nasal endotracheal intubation
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 63
F. Match the combining form to its meaning.
_____ 1. Cry/o A. Red
_____ 2. Algesi/o B. Black
_____ 3. Infer/o C. Suffering
_____ 4. Fistul/o D. Below
_____ 5. Melan/o E. Cold
_____ 6. Narc/o F. Shape
_____ 7. Erythr/o G. False
_____ 8. Pseudo H. Pus
_____ 9. Morph/o I. Tube
_____ 10. Lip/o J. Sleep
_____ 11. Suppur/o K. Sound
_____ 12. Xen/o L. Dry
_____ 13. Son/o M. Fat
_____ 14. Xer/o N. Foreign
64 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
G. Identify the suffix in each of the following terms and provide the meaning of the word.
Term
Suffix Meaning
a.
Example: Iliac
-ac
Pertaining to the ilium
1.
Cystoscopy
__________
________________________________
2.
Axillary
__________
________________________________
3.
Rhinitis
__________
________________________________
4.
Neuralgia
__________
________________________________
5.
Appendectomy
__________
________________________________
6.
Bronchial
__________
________________________________
7.
Cystocele
__________
________________________________
8.
Cardiomyopathy
__________
________________________________
9.
Laryngoscope
__________
________________________________
10.
Gastric
__________
________________________________
11.
Necrotic
__________
________________________________
12.
Cytopenia
__________
________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 65
Term
Suffix Meaning
15.
Aphasia
__________
________________________________
16.
Chondroplasty
__________
________________________________
17.
Electroencephalograph
__________
________________________________
Answers – Chapter 4 Word List Definitions (Pages 47-48) • Arthocentesis – Puncture of a joint • Hematocrit – To separate blood (laboratory test) • Electrocardiograph – The instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart • Electrocardiography – The process of using the instrument that records the electrical activity
of the heart • Biopsy – Viewing life (or tissue taken from a live being) • Gastropexy – A surgical procedure that involves fixing or putting the stomach back in place • Angioplasty – A surgical repair of a vessel • Bronchoscope – The instrument used to view the inside of the bronchus • Arthroscopy – The process of using a scope to view a joint • Hemostasis – To stop or control blood flow • Tracheostomy – A surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening to the trachea • Chemotherapy – Treatment involving the use of chemicals • Osteotomy – The process of cutting bone • Lithotripsy – A procedure that crushes a stone (normally a kidney stone) Exercise 7 A. 1. H 6. B 2. E 7. C 3. G 8. D 4. I 9. F 5. A 10. J
66 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
B. 1. Rhinoplasty 2. Gastrorrhaphy 3. Tracheostomy 4. Angioplasty 5. Lithotripsy 6. Bronchoscopy 7. Urinalysis 8. Arthrocentesis 9. Biopsy Work List Definitions (Pages 51-54) • Analgesic – Pertaining to a group of drugs that creates a state of no pain (pain killer) • Bacterial – Pertaining to bacteria • Biology – The study of life • Cryosurgery – Surgery involving the application of extreme cold to remove abnormal tissue • Cytology – The study of cells • Electromyogram – A record of the electrical activity of muscles • Erythrocyte – A red blood cell • Anesthesia – A condition or state of having no sensation • Fibroma – A tumor involving fibrous tissue • Fistula – An abnormal condition or state of having a tube connecting two anatomical areas • Histology – The study of tissues • Inferior – Pertaining to something that is below or beneath a point of reference • Lethal – Pertaining to death • Leukemia – A malignant blood condition involving the blood or bone marrow, characterized
by an accumulation of white blood cells • Lipoma – A benign tumor composed of fatty tissue • Nephrolith – A kidney stone • Melanoma – A malignant tumor that has a black appearance • Morphology – Literally: the study of shapes or forms (This is a term used to describe a neo-
plasm’s form or type. [i.e., carcinoma, fibroma, sarcoma]) • Mortality – Pertaining to death • Narcotic – Pertaining to a class of drug that causes a person to be numb • Necrosis – Abnormal condition in which tissue dies • Normocephalic – Pertaining to having a normal head • Pseudocyst – False cyst (an accumulation of fluid that appears to be a cyst, but it is not) • Pyorrhea – Discharge composed of pus • Sarcoma – Malignant tumor that arises in connective tissue (bone, cartilage, fat cells) • Scleroderma – A chronic autoimmune condition that is characterized by the hardening of the
skin • Resection – The process of cutting back • Sepsis – An infection
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 67
• Sonogram – A record (diagnostic image) that is made using sound waves capturing equip-ment
• Suppurative – The formation or discharge of pus • Thermal –Pertaining to heat • Thrombosis – A condition involving a blood clot • Toxic- Pertaining to poison • Xenograft - The transplant of tissue from one species to an unlike species • Xerostomia- Dry mouth Word List Definitions (Page 55-58) • Arthralgia – Pain in a joint • Mucocele – A cyst or cavity filled with mucous secretion • Endocrine – A body system composed of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream • Leukocyte – White blood cell • Lymphedema – Swelling or localized fluid retention due to a compromised lymph system • Hyperemesis – Excessive vomiting • Carcinogenic – Pertaining to the production or cause of cancer • Prognosis – A prediction of an outcome made before knowledge of the actual outcome • Otitis – Inflammation of the ear • Encephalomalacia – Softening of the brain • Splenomegaly – Enlargement of the spleen • Carcinoid – Resemblance of a cancer • Osteoma – A tumor that arises in the bone • Hemiparesis – Slight paralysis of half of the body • Arthropathy – A condition or disease of a joint • Osteopenia – Deficiency of bone mass (precursor to osteoporosis) • Dyspepsia – A condition in which there is painful digestion • Aphagia – A condition in which there is an inability to swallow • Dysphasia – A condition in which speech is difficult • Leukoplakia – White patches of the mucous membrane • Neoplasm – Abnormal new mass of tissue • Osteoporosis – Abnormal loss of bony tissue that results in porous bone • Postprandial – After meals • Glossoptosis – Downward displacement (drooping) of the tongue • Hemoptysis – Coughing of blood • Hemorrhage – Excessive discharge of blood • Rhinorrhea – Runny nose • Arteriosclerosis – Hardening or thickening of the arterial walls • Cardiospasm – Spasms (contraction) of the cardiac sphincter (located between the esophagus
and stomach) • Ureteral stenosis – Tightening of a ureter • Hypertrophy – Increase in the size of an organ or tissue
68 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• Thrombus – Stationary blood clot Exercise 8 A. 1. G 9. F 2. J 10. A 3. E 11. O 4. N 12. L 5. B 13. M 6. D 14. K 7. I 15. H 8. C B. 1. Craniotomy 7. Cystostomy 2. Dysentery 8. Splenectomy 3. Hepatomalacia 9. Urolith 4. Cytotoxic 10. Cervicodynia 5. Cephalocentesis 11. Hypothermic 6. Colonorrhaphy 12. Neurospasms C. 1. F 9. N 2. J 10. O 3. E 11. K 4. I 12. L 5. A 13. M 6. G 14. D 7. C 15. H 8. B D. 1. A 9. A 2. D 10. G 3. H 11. J 4. F 12. B 5. J 13. F 6. O 14. I 7. M 15. C 8. N E. 1. Study of the use of x-rays and other penetrating radiation 2. Pertaining to around the bronchi 3. Inflammation of the bronchi 4. Enlargement of the heart 5. Pertaining to the lungs 6. Malignant tumor (growth) 7. The process of cutting out
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 69
8. The process of viewing the larynx with a scope 9. Pertaining to no sensation 10. Pertaining to within the trachea F. 1. E 8. G 2. C 9. F 3. D 10. M 4. I 11. H 5. B 12. N 6. J 13. K 7. A 14. L G. 1. --scopy Process of viewing the bladder with a scope 2. -ary Pertaining to the axillae (armpits) 3. -itis Inflammation of the nose 4. -algia Nerve pain 5. -ectomy Removal of the appendix 6. -al Pertaining to the bronchi 7. -cele Swelling or herniation of the bladder 8. -pathy Disease of the muscle of the heart 9. -scope Instrument used to view the larynx 10. -ic Pertaining to the stomach 11. -ic Pertaining to death 12. -penia Deficiency of cells 13. -phasia Without speech 14. -plasty Surgical repair of cartilage 13. -graph Instrument used to measure the electrical activity of the brain
70 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Oral and Maxillofacial Terms The following are word components not previously covered in Chapters 1-4. Note: Several di-gestive system and musculoskeletal system components have already been introduced. You will need to reference these when completing the exercises. Illustrative Overview of the Cranial Cavity Structure of the Tooth (Figure 7)
5
Enamel
Dentin Pulp
Gum
Bone
Cementum
Blood vessels and nerves
Crown
Root
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 71
Bones of the Face (Anterior View) (Figure 8) Bones of the Face (Lateral View) (Figure 9)
Frontal Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Mandible
Maxilla
Nasal Bone
Frontal Bone
Nasal Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic Arch
Mandible
Temporal Bone Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Lacrimal Bone
72 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Structures of the Mandible (Figure 10) Combining Forms Relating to the Orofacial Areas Instructions: Using the previously covered prefixes and suffixes, write the definition of the fol-lowing medical terms. Combining
Form Meaning Word List
Alveol/o Hollow cavity, pit Tooth socket in the jaw bone
Alveolar – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Amel/o Enamel (Figure 7) Hard, thin covering of a tooth
Amelogenesis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
Condyle Coronoid Process
Ramus
Body Mental Foramen
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 73
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Apic/o Apex, summit, tip Terminal end of the root of a tooth
Apicoectomy – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
Aur/i Aur/o Auricul/o
Ear, hearing
Auricular – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Blephar/o Eyelid
Blepharoplasty – ____________________________ ___________________________________________
Brux/o Grind Bruxism – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Bucc/o Cheek
Buccal – ___________________________________ ___________________________________________
Cement/o Rough stone,
cementum Cementoma – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Chei/o Lip Upper or lower fleshy margin of the mouth
Cheilitis – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Condyl/o Condyle (Figure 10) Rounded projection on a bone
Condylar – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Dent/o Dont/o
Teeth (Figure 7)
Dentoalveolar – _____________________________ ___________________________________________
Faci/o Face Cervicofacial – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
74 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Fren/o Frenul/o
Frenulum Band of tissue that holds down a body part (i.e., tongue, lip, cheeks)
Frenectomy – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Front/o Forehead (Figure 8) Frontonasal – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Geni/o Chin Genioplasty – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Gingiv/o Gums (Figure 7) Gingivitis – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Gloss/o Tongue
Ankyloglossia – _____________________________ ___________________________________________
Gnath/o Jaw (Upper or lower)
(Figure 8) Retrognathia – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
Labi/o
Lip Labial – ____________________________________ ___________________________________________
Lingu/o Tongue; language Sublingual – ________________________________
___________________________________________
Mal/o Cheek Malar – ____________________________________
___________________________________________
Mandibul/o Lower jaw, mandible (Figure 10)
Mandibular –_______________________________ ___________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 75
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Maxill/o Upper jaw, maxilla (Figure 8)
Maxillary – _________________________________ ___________________________________________
Menisc/o Crescent shaped Meniscus – Pertaining to the crescent shaped cushion found in joints
Nas/i Nas/o
Nose Nasolabial – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
Occlus/o Shut, close up Malocclusion – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
Odont/o Tooth (Figure 7) Odontogenic – ______________________________ ___________________________________________
Or/o Mouth Oropharynx – ______________________________
___________________________________________
Osse/o Bone Osseous – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Palat/o Palate Roof of the mouth
Palatonasal – _______________________________ ___________________________________________
Saliv/o Spit Salivary – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Sial/o Saliva, salivary gland (Figure 2) Clear liquid secreted by salivary gland to moisten food and start the diges-tive process
Sialolith – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
76 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Combining Form Meaning Word List
Sinus/o
Depression, cavity, or channel (i.e., facial si-nuses)
Sinusitis – __________________________________ ___________________________________________
Stom/o Stomat/o
Mouth
Stomatoplasty – _____________________________ ___________________________________________
Tempor/o Temple, temporal bone (Figure 9)
Temporomandibular – _______________________ ___________________________________________
Zygomat/o Cheek bone (Figure 8) Zygomatic – ________________________________ ___________________________________________
Use Stack 9 (Oral and Maxillofacial Combining Forms) and Word List 9 flashcards to reinforce your learning.
Exercise 9 A. Provide the medical term for each of the following definitions. Osteoradionecrosis Buccolabial Orolingual Micromandible Agnathia Ankyloglossia Intermaxillary Orthognathic Microgenia Prognathism Orthodontics Extraoral 1. Pertaining to the cheek and lip – _______________________________________.
2. Having an extremely small mandible – _________________________________.
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 77
3. Congenital absence of the upper or lower jaw– ___________________________.
4. Between the bones of the upper jaw – __________________________________.
5. Marked forward projection of the jaw – _________________________________.
6. Death of the bone after radiation exposure – _____________________________.
7. Pertaining to the bones of the jaw – ____________________________________.
8. Having an unusually small chin – ______________________________________.
9. Pertaining to the mouth and tongue – ___________________________________.
10. Pertaining to straight teeth – __________________________________________.
11. Tongue-tied – _____________________________________________________.
12. Outside the mouth – ________________________________________________.
78 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
B. Define each of the terms underlined in the following reports. 1. Edentulous_________________________________________________________ 2. Periodontal ________________________________________________________ 3. Micrognathia ______________________________________________________ 4. Autograft _________________________________________________________ 5. Iliac _____________________________________________________________ 6. Hypertrophic ______________________________________________________ 7. Ptosis ____________________________________________________________ 8. Blepharoplasties ____________________________________________________
Office Note Patient: Wilson, Mark This 58-year-old patient presents with an edentulous mandible and partially edentu-lous maxilla due to periodontal disease. He has significant bone loss that results in nerve impingement in the left mandible that causes sharp pain each time he chews when his denture is in place. He also has micrognathia of the mandible. Plan: Sinus lift, with autograft from iliac crest.
Office Note Patient: Owens, Linda The patient presents with a large unsightly hypertrophic scar extending from the corner of her right eye down to the angle of her mandible. The scar developed after extensive injuries from a motor vehicle accident 14 months ago in which she was thrown through the windshield. Scar contraction and muscle injuries have led to mechanical ptosis of her right eyelids. The oral and maxillofacial surgery treatment plan includes:
1. Upper and lower lid blepharoplasties 2. Scar revision of 11cm hypertrophic scar on the right side of face by excision
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 79
9. Apnea ____________________________________________________________ 10. Nasopharyngoscopy _________________________________________________ 11. Osteotomies _______________________________________________________ 12. Genioglossus ______________________________________________________ C. Match the following inflammations with their meaning.
_______ 1. Alveolitis A. Inflammation of the tongue
_______ 2. Cheilitis B. Inflammation of the sinuses
_______ 3. Glossitis C. Inflammation of the eyelid
_______ 4. Gingivitis D. Inflammation of a salivary gland
_______ 5. Condylitis E. Inflammation of the throat
_______ 6. Blepharitis F. Inflammation of the gums
_______ 7. Sinusitis G. Inflammation of the ball of the lower jaw
_______ 8. Pharyngitis H. Inflammation of the mouth
_______ 9. Stomatitis I. Inflammation of the alveolus
_______ 10. Sialadenitis J. Inflammation of the lip
Office Note Patient: Howard, John
A 47-year-old man diagnosed as having severe obstructive sleep apnea un-derwent a nasopharyngoscopy 4 weeks ago. He presents today for discussion of recommended surgery – reconstruction of the upper airway via maxillary os-teotomies (LeFort I) and mandibular sagittal split with internal fixation and gen-ioglossus muscle advancement.
80 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
D. Match the medical term to its correct definition.
_______ 1. Macrodontia
A. Having no tongue
_______ 2. Leukoplakia
B. Inflammation of the pulp
_______ 3. Pulpitis
C. Excision of the gum
_______ 4. Periodontist
D. Unusually large teeth
_______ 5. Anodontia
E. Cutting into the frenum
_______ 6. Aglossia
F. Thickened whitish patches
_______ 7. Cheilorrhaphy
G. Physician who specializes in the tissue sup-porting the teeth
_______ 8. Gingivectomy _______ 9.
Frenotomy
H. Excision of the crescent-shaped cushion found in a joint
_______ 10. Odontoma
I. Absence of teeth
_______ 11. Meniscectomy
J. Suture of the lip
_______ 12 Periapical
K. Neoplasm made of calcified masses of teeth
_______ 13. Palatoplasty
L. Cyst or swelling of the mucosa
_______ 14. Macrognathia
M. Painful esophagus
_______ 15. Odontogenic N. Unusually large jaw
_______ 16. Esophagodynia O. Pertaining to maxilla and other facial bones
_______ 17. Maxillofacial
P. Surgical repair of the palate
_______ 18. Mucocele Q. Arising in tissues that give origin to the teeth
R. Around the apex of the root of the tooth
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 81
E. Complete the crossword puzzle. Word List can be found on page 83.
Across Down
5. Physician that specializes in the 1. Painful tongue treatment of the tooth pulp 2. Inside the mouth 9. Drooping of the eyelid 3. Excision of half of the tongue 10. Puncture of a joint 4. Pertaining to the skull and face 6. Death of the bone 7. Under the lower jaw 8. Excessive sensitivity to stimuli
82 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
F. Match the combining form to its meaning.
_______ 1. Amel/o A. Tongue
_______ 2. Zygom/o B. Bone
_______ 3. Or/o C. Chin
_______ 4. Saliv/o D. Grind
_______ 5. Occlus/o E. Cheek bone
_______ 6. Nas/o F. Mouth
_______ 7. Gloss/o G. Shut
_______ 8. Osse/o H. Nose
_______ 9. Geni/o I. Enamel
_______ 10. Brux/o J. Spit
_______ 11. Tempor/o K. Ear
_______ 12. Aur/o L. Temple
_______ 13. Cement/o M. Forehead
_______ 14. Front/o N. Cheek
_______ 15. Mal/o O. Rough stone
Word List (Exercise 11E)
Arthrocentesis Hemiglossectomy Blepharoptosis Hyperesthesia Craniofacial Intraoral Endodontist Osteonecrosis Glossodynia Submandibular
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 83
Answers – Chapter 5 Word List Definitions (Pages 73-77)
• Alveolar – Pertaining to the tooth sockets • Amelogenesis – The process during which tooth enamel is formed • Apicoectomy – Excision of a tooth’s root tip (apex) • Auricular – Pertaining to the sense of hearing • Blepharoplasty – Surgical repair of the eyelid • Bruxism – Pertaining to grinding • Buccal – Pertaining to the cheek • Cementoma – A tumor composed of tissue resembling cementum • Cheilitis – Inflammation of the lip • Condylar – Pertaining to the condyle • Dentoalveolar – Pertaining to the teeth and tooth sockets • Cervicofacial – Pertaining to the neck and face • Frenectomy – Excision of the frenum • Frontonasal – Pertaining to the frontal and nasal bones • Genioplasty – Surgical repair of the chin • Gingivitis – Inflammation of the gum • Ankyloglossia – Crooked or bent tongue • Retrognathia – Abnormal posterior positioning of the jaw • Labial – Pertaining to the lips • Sublingual – Below the tongue • Malar – Pertaining to the cheek • Mandibular – Pertaining to the mandible • Maxillary – Pertaining to the maxilla • Nasolabial – Pertaining to the area of the nose and lip • Malocclusion – A condition in which the upper and lower teeth do not fit together in bit-
ing or chewing • Odontogenic – Pertaining to the formation or development of teeth • Oropharynx – Pertaining to the area of the mouth and pharynx (throat) • Osseous – Pertaining to bone • Palatonasal – Pertaining to the area of the palate and nasal cavity • Salivary – Pertaining to saliva • Sialolith – Salivary stone • Sinusitis – Inflammation of the sinuses • Stomatoplasty – Surgical repair of the mouth • Temporomandibular – Pertaining to the area of the temporal and mandibular bones • Zygomatic – Pertaining to the zygoma
84 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Exercise 9 A. 1. Buccolabial 7. Orthognathic 2. Micromandible 8. Microgenia 3. Agnathia 9. Orolingual 4. Intermaxillary 10. Orthodontics 5. Prognathism 11. Ankyloglossia 6. Osteoradionecrosis 12. Extraoral B. 1. Pertaining to having no teeth 2. Pertaining to the area around the tooth 3. Having an extremely small jaw 4. Taken from one site and grafted to a different site in the same person 5. Pertaining to the hip bone 6. Pertaining to an area that has experienced excessive increase in size 7. Drooping 8. Surgical repairs of the eyelids 9. Without breath 10. Process of viewing the nose and the pharynx with a scope 11. Cutting of bone 12. Pertaining to the area of tongue and chin C. 1. I 6. C 2. J 7. B 3. A 8. E 4. F 9. H 5. G 10. D D. 1. D 10. K 2. F 11. H 3. B 12. R 4. G 13. P 5. I 14. N 6. A 15. Q 7. J 16. M 8. C 17. O 9. E 18. L E. 1. Glossodynia 6. Osteonecrosis 2. Intraoral 7. Submandibular 3. Hemiglossectomy 8. Hyperesthesia 4. Craniofacial 9. Blepharoptosis 5. Endodontist 10. Arthocentesis
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 85
F. 1. I 9. C 2. E 10. D 3. F 11. L 4. J 12. K 5. G 13. O 6. H 14. M 7. A 15. N 8. B Illustration Source LifeART Collection Images – Copyright ©1989-2001 by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
86 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Lecture Guides The Lecture Guides contained in this chapter accompany the Lessons in Unit 6 of the course. Lesson 11 - Radiographic Examinations
Click to edit Master title style
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review
Radiographic Examinations
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Intraoral Radiographic Views
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Periapical Radiograph
• Shows Tooth in its entirety Periapical tissues around the
roots of the teeth• Small rectangular film (1” X 1.5”)
• Technique Film inside mouth Conventional dental x-ray unit
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
6
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 87
Bitewing Radiograph
• Shows The crowns of both the
maxillary and mandibular teeth• Technique Patient bites on a tab that holds
the film Conventional dental x-ray unit
• Used for detection of caries
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Occlusal Radiographs
• Used to evaluate Impacted teeth Cysts Salivary stones Trauma
• Larger film (3” x 2.25”)
• Exposures From above for maxilla From below for mandible
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Extraoral Radiographic Views
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Panoramic Radiograph
• 5” x 12” radiograph • Provides lower face image• Used to evaluate Third molars Fractures Disease Orthognathic surgery Implant surgery
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
88 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Lateral Cephalogram
• Used to evaluate Entire facial skeleton and
cranial base Soft tissues of the face
• Taken from the side (lateral view)
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Posterior-Anterior Cephalogram
• Taken from the posterior aspect (back to front)
• Used to evaluate Facial bones, jaws, and skull
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Conventional CT Scan
• Large series of 2-D images Taken around a single axis
of rotation (axial cuts)• Data reformatted into
images (coronal reformatted images)
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Cone Beam CT Scan
• C-shaped arm makes 360o
rotation• Captures images from
different angles• Discriminates between
multiple types of structures
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 89
Cone Beam CT Scan
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3-Dimension CT Images
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Virtual Surgical Planning
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Lesson 12 – Anesthesia Administration
Click to edit Master title style
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review
Anesthesia Administration
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
90 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Definitions
• Anesthetic Partial or total loss of sensation
• Analgesic Reduces pain
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Oral Administration
• Enteral administration Through the digestive system
• Formats Pill Liquid Lollipop
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Oral Administration
• Advantages No intravenous access needed Patient acceptance
• Disadvantages Affects not achieved with one dose Wait time needed Not predictable
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Parenteral Administration
• Intramuscular• Intravenous• Inhalation• Transmucosal
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 91
Intramuscular Administration
• Advantages No intravenous access needed More rapid onset of effect More reliable absorption
• Disadvantages Not titratable Wait time needed “Shot” required Potential long duration of action Monitoring required
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Intravenous Administration
• Methods Bolus (bulb) Drip Needle (push)
• Advantages Titratable Rapid onset More predictable effects Emergency situation assistance
• Disadvantages Intravenous access needed Monitoring required
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Inhalation Administration
• Nasal mask• Full face mask• Intubation
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Inhalation Administration
• Advantages Quick acting Titratable Good patient acceptance Quick recovery
• Disadvantages Special equipment needed Not predictable or effective
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
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92 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Transmucosal Administration
• Route: through the mucosa• Delivery systems Injections Dissolvable lozenge/pill
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Depth of Anesthesia
• Nitrous oxide analgesia Pain reduction Euphoria Dissociation
• Local anesthesia Small part of body affected Consciousness retained
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Depth of Anesthesia
• Minimal sedation Characteristics
Appears to be relatively awakeCommunicates clearly
• Moderate conscious sedation Characteristics
Appears to be sedatedResponds to verbal and tactile stimuliMaintains airway independently
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Depth of Anesthesia
• Deep sedation Partial or complete loss of
protective reflexes Characteristics
Possible difficulty maintaining an independent airway
Decreased response to tactile or verbal stimuli
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 93
Depth of Anesthesia
• General anesthesia Partial or complete loss of
protective reflexes Characteristics
Needs assistance in maintaining airway
Does not respond to stimuli
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Lesson 13 – Craniofacial Anatomy
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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review
Craniofacial Anatomy
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Bony Structures
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Bones of the Cranium
Frontal Bone
Supraorbital Foramen
Parietal Bone
Occipital BoneTemporal Bone
Mastoid ProcessStyloid Process
Sphenoid BoneEthmoid Bone
Coronal Suture
Lambdoid Suture
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94 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
The Facial Skeleton
Lacrimal BoneNasal Bone
VomerNasal Conchae
Zygoma
Maxilla
Infraobital Foramen
MandibleMental Foramen
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Temporomandibular Structures
Zygomatic ArchGlenoid FossaPostglenoid Process
Articular Eminence
Maxilla
Mental ProtuberanceMandibular BodyMandibular Angle
Ramus
Coronoid ProcessCondyle
Sigmoid Notch
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Temporomandibular Structures
Zygomatic ArchGlenoid FossaPostglenoid Process
Articular Eminence
Maxilla
Mental Protuberance
Mandibular BodyMandibular Angle
Ramus
Coronoid ProcessCondyle
Sigmoid Notch
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Sinuses
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 95
Paranasal Sinuses• Air-filled spaces• Types Frontal sinuses Ethmoid sinuses Maxillary sinuses Sphenoid sinus (not shown)
• Functions Decrease weight of the bones Add resonance to voice Warm and humidify air Provide a trauma buffer
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Muscles of Mastication
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Temporalis Muscle
• Fan shaped• Origin Temporal line on the parietal
bone• Insertion Coronoid process of the
mandible• Function Elevates and retracts the
mandible
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Masseter Muscle
• Origin Zygomatic arch and the
maxilla
• Insertion Coronoid process and
ramus of the mandible
• Function Elevation and retraction of
the mandible
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96 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Lateral Pterygoid Muscle• The superior head Origin and Insertion
• The inferior head Origin and Insertion
• Function Opens the jaw Assists with lateral
movements
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Medial Pterygoid Muscle• Deep head: origin Medial side of pterygoid plate
behind upper teeth• Superficial head: origin Pyramidal process of palatine
bone and maxillary tuberosity• Insertion Medial aspect of the
mandibular angle• Function Elevate the mandible Assists with lateral movement
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Facial and Neck Muscles
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Facial and Neck Muscles
Frontalis
Procerus
Orbicularis Oris
Trapezius
Orbicularis Oculi
Zygomaticus
DigastricSternocleidomastoid
Occipitofrontalis
Depressor Anguli OrisMentalis
Scalenes
Levator Scapulae
Omohyoid
NasalisLevator Labii
Sternohyoid
Stylohyoid Buccinator
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 97
Blood Supply and Nerves of the Face
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Blood Supply to the Face• External Carotid Artery Facial Artery
Angular ArteryLateral Nasal BranchSuperior Labial Artery Inferior Labial Artery
Superficial Temporal ArteryTransverse Facial ArteryFrontal BranchOrbital Artery
Internal Maxillary Artery Posterior Auricular Artery
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Fifth Cranial Nerve• Trigeminal nerve• Function Sensory Root Motor Root
• Branches Ophthalmic Nerve Maxillary Nerve Mandibular Nerve
• Semilunar ganglion
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Trigeminal Branches
• V1 – Ophthalmic nerve Sensory nerve
Upper, central face
• V2 – Maxillary nerve Sensory nerve
Upper jaw region
• V3 – Mandibular nerve Sensory nerve
Lower jaw region to ears and temples Motor nerve
Muscles of mastication
V1
V2
V3
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98 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Seventh Cranial Nerve
• Facial nerve• Sensory portion Taste from the anterior two-
thirds of the tongue• Motor component Muscles of facial expression
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Seventh Cranial Nerve Branches
Frontal Branch
Zygomatic Branch
Buccal Branch
Marginal Mandibular Branch
Cervical Branch
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Lesson 14 – Oral Anatomy
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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review
Anatomy of the Mouth
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The Mouth
Cupid’s Bow
Philtrum
Vermillion Border
Commissure
Vermillion
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 99
Dental Arches and Quadrants
• Arches (2) Upper and lower
• Quadrants (4) Maxillary (upper)
Right and left quadrants Mandibular (lower)
Right and left quadrants
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The Dentitions• Definition The natural teeth in the jawbones
• Primary dentition First set of 20 primary teeth Also known as “baby teeth” or “deciduous teeth”
• Permanent dentition Second set of 32 secondary teeth Also known as “adult teeth”
• Mixed dentition Both primary and permanent teeth present
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Primary:20 Teeth
Permanent:32 Teeth
Tooth Numbering Systems
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Oral Cavity Directions
• Anterior• Posterior• Medial• Lateral• Mesial• Distal
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100 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Additional Terms
• Eruption• Exfoliation• Occlusion• Occlusal Surface• Incisal Surface
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Intraoral Anatomy
GingivaLinea Alba
Vestibule
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Intraoral Anatomy
Mandibular Labial Frenum
Maxillary Labial Frenum
Mandibular Buccal Frenum
Maxillary Buccal Frenum
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Intraoral Anatomy
Palatoglossal Arch
Tongue – Dorsum
Uvula
Palatopharyngeal Arch
Tongue – Lateral Border
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 101
Intraoral Anatomy – Mandible
Tongue – Ventral Surface
Floor of Mouth
Mandibular Lingual Frenum
Sublingual Caruncle
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Intraoral Anatomy – Maxilla
Hard Palate
Incisive PapillaRugae
Soft Palate
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Lesson 15 – Dentoalveolar Diagnoses
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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review
Dentoalveolar Diagnoses
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Infections
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102 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Dentoalveolar Infections
• Periapical abscess Pus enclosed in the tissues of
the jaw bone around the root of the toothPotential fistula
Accompanying radiolucency
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Dentoalveolar Infections
Mucous Membrane Involvement
Infraorbital Cellulitis
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Dentoalveolar Infections
Infraorbital and Supramandibular Cellulitis
Multispace Cellulitis
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Dentoalveolar Infections
• Incision and Drainage
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 103
Common Pathologic Lesions
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Fibroma and Papilloma
• Fibroma Reactive hyperplasia of
fibrous connective tissue Trauma or local irritation
• Squamous papilloma Painless Exophytic, cauliflower-like
surface Human papillomavirus
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Mucocele
• Painless mucous-filled sac in the submucosa
• Bluish in color• Duct is severed or
obstructed
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Leukoplakia
• Precancerous• A white patch or plaque• Develops on tongue or cheek• Caused by irritation
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104 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Lichen Planus
• Chronic inflammatory disease• Interlacing white striations
(Wickham striae)
• Malignant transformation possible in erosive lichen planus
• Allergic or immune reaction
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Red/white lesion of the soft tissues
• Risk factors – tobacco, alcohol, sunlight, human papillomavirus
• May be asymptomatic• Metastasis to regional
lymph nodes
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Odontogenic Cysts• Inflammatory cysts Radicular cyst Paradental cyst
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Odontogenic Cysts
• Developmental cysts Dentigerous cyst Lateral periodontal cyst Odontogenic keratocyst Glandular odontogenic cyst
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 105
Nonodontogenic Cysts
• Median mandibular cyst• Nasopalatine cyst• Pseudocyst
Aneurysmal bone cyst Traumatic bone cyst Staphne bone defect
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Odontogenic Jaw Tumors
• Derived from the tooth forming tissues
• Benign or malignant• Common types Ameloblastoma Odontoma
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Nonodontogenic Tumors
• Benign tumors Localized, no metastasis Slow growing Found in or are composed
of a variety of different tissues
• Malignant tumors Primary or metastatic
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Tumor Treatment
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106 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Incisional Biopsy
• Obtain a small portion of the lesion
• Submitted to laboratory for diagnosis
• Treatment based on definitive diagnosis
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Excisional Biopsy
• Entire lesion is removed plus a border of normal tissue
• Tissue is submitted to the laboratory for definitive diagnosis
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Curettage
• Removal by scraping or scooping
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Resection• Partial or complete removal of
organ or structure• Used to remove Aggressive lesions Malignant lesions Osteonecrosis
• Structural replacements Mandible
Reconstruction plate Maxilla
Obturator prosthesis
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 107
Lesson 16 – Dentoalveolar Procedures
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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review
Dentoalveolar Procedures
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Tooth Removal
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Exodontia – Simple Extraction
• Visible tooth (full eruption)
• Removed by forceps• No incision or suture
needed
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Exodontia – Surgical Extraction
• Not easily accessed• Steps Elevation of mucoperiosteal tissue flap Removal of alveolar bone or sectioning
of the tooth or roots Removal of tooth Suture
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108 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Impacted Teeth
• Failure to emerge fully in expected position• Term applied to third molars (wisdom teeth)• Levels of severity Soft tissue Partial bony Full bony
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Soft Tissue Impaction
• Crown covered by gum tissue only
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Bony Impaction
• Partial Bony Part of tooth covered with bone
but not entire tooth
• Full Bony Tooth covered completely with
bone
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Other DentoalveolarProcedures
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 109
Operculectomy
• Operculum definition Residual flap of tissue that
overlies a portion of the tooth
• May create a food trap• Also known as “removal of
pericoronal gingiva”
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Surgical Exposure/Bond Bracket
• Indications Delayed eruption of tooth Ectopic positioning of a tooth
• Joint effort• Exposure and bonding Surgical access to the tooth Application of orthodontic
appliance• Orthodontist guides
eruption and positioning
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Apicoectomy
• Indications Root disease after previous
root canal treatment Retreatment not possible
• Purpose Eradicate infection
• Technique Root tip resected Root filled with material Create an apical seal
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Frenectomy
• Types Maxillary labial Mandibular lingual
• Techniques Scalpel Laser
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110 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Prosthodontic Procedures
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Removal of Exostosis and Torus
• Locations Buccal exostosis Lingual torus Palatal torus
• Indications Denture preparation Repeated trauma to the area Periodontal disease
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Alveoloplasty
• Indication Elimination of sharp edges after
tooth extractions Preparation for dentures
• Technique Creation of mucoperiosteal flap Bone smoothing
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Removal of Hyperplastic Tissue
• Indication Epulis fissuratum Ill-fitting denture
• Treatment Surgical removal
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 111
Socket Graft
• Placed within extraction socket Immediately after
extraction• Preserves the dimensions
of the alveolar bone• Technique Insertion of graft material Placement of barrier Closure
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Guided Bone Regeneration
• Surgical grafting procedure
• Barrier membrane directs new growth
• Purpose Reconstruction of a
site with insufficient bone volume or dimensions
1 2
34
5
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Soft Tissue Allograft
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Subantral Sinus Augmentation • Also known as sinus lift• Purpose Increase the volume of
maxillary bone before implants
• Technique Creation of access window Lifting of sinus membrane Insertion of graft material Closure
1 2
3
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112 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Autogenous Bone Graft• Autograft definition• Harvest sites Hip Tibia Chin Ramus
• Purpose Augment area of
decreased volume or size
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Basic Implant Parts
Crown
Abutment Screw
Abutment
Implant Body
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Surgical Guide
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Pilot Hole Creation
• Pilot hole drilled• Alignment pin checks alignment
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 113
Osteotomy
• Increasing bit sizes used• Site is widened to the
final depth, angulation, and shape to receive the final implant
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Implant Placement
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Cover Screw Placement
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Healing Abutment Placement
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114 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Transfer Abutment
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Final Restoration
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One-Day Implant
• Also known as immediate load implant• Reduced osseointegration time• Candidacy criteria Adequate bone height Adequate bone width Adequate bone density
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Lesson 17 – Maxillofacial Trauma
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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review
Maxillofacial Trauma
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 115
Fractures
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Types of Fractures• Closed• Open (compound)• Displaced• Nondisplaced• Comminuted• Greenstick
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Dentoalveolar Trauma
• Fractured teeth• Avulsed teeth• Fracture of the supporting
alveolar bone• Injury to the dentoalveolar
soft tissues
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Le Fort I Fracture
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116 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Le Fort II Fracture
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Le Fort III Fracture
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Orbital Fracture• Cause Blunt force of a blow
• Floor of the orbit or the medial wall is normally involved
• Serious consequences Diplopia Movement restriction Entropion
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ZMC Fracture
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 117
Frontal Sinus Fractures
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Nosoorbitoethmoid Fractures
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Mandibular Fractures
Subcondylar
RamusAngle
Parasymphysis
Alveolar Process
Symphysis
Coronoid Process
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Panfacial Trauma
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118 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Trauma Repairs
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Fracture Repairs
• Open Reduction Opening the site of the fracture With or without internal fixation
• Closed Reduction No incision required Manipulated by radiographic guidance or feel
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Closed Reduction With Fixation
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Open Reduction Internal Fixation
Intraosseous Wiring
Compression Plate
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 119
External Fixation
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Laceration Repairs
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Lesson 18 – Temporomandibular Disorders
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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review
TMDs and TMD Treatment
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TMJ Anatomy
Condyle
Glenoid FossaArticular Eminence
MeniscusCapsule
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120 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Temporomandibular Disorders
• Inflammation of the joint space Capsulitis Synovitis
• Internal derangement Adhesions Disk displacement
With reductionWithout reduction
Dislocation
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Temporomandibular Disorders
• Degenerative joint disease Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis
• Disorders of the masticatory muscles Myofascial pain syndrome Myalgia Myositis Muscle spasm
• Ankylosis
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Arthrocentesis• Puncture of a joint• Nonarthroscopic lysis
and lavage
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Arthroscopy
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 121
Arthroplasty
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Total Joint Reconstruction
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Lesson 19 – Congenital Anomalies
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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review
Congenital Anomalies
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Cleft Lip and Palate• Congenital deformity• Effects of cleft lip Inability to form oral seal Difficulty speaking Regurgitation of food into nasal cavity
• Effects of cleft palate Difficulty speaking
• Multiple procedures or services needed• Team effort
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122 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Cleft Lip
• Distinctions Incomplete vs complete Unilateral vs bilateral
• Repaired a few months after birth
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Cleft Palate
• Distinctions Incomplete vs complete Unilateral vs bilateral
• Presence of bifid uvula• Repaired a 6 to 12 months
after birth
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Jaw Relationships
Class I Class II Class III
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Jaw Relationships
Apertognathia Vertical Maxillary Excess
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 123
Le Fort Procedure
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Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy
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Lesson 20 – Cosmetic Procedures
Click to edit Master title style
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review
Cosmetic Procedures
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Genioplasty
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124 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Rhinoplasty
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Otoplasty
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Blepharoplasty
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Brow Lift
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 125
Face Lift
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Face Lift
Before
After
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Botox Injections
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Injectable Dermal Fillers
Before
After
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126 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Laser Skin Resurfacing
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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 127
128 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Alphabetic Index to Word Components
Component Meaning
A
a- No, not, without
ab- Away from
abdomin/o Abdomen
abort/o Expulsion of a viable fetus
-ac Pertaining to
acanth/o Spiny, thorny
acetabu/o Acetabulum
acou/o, acous/o Hearing
acr/o Extremities
acu/o Sharp, severe
ad- Toward, in direction of
aden/o Gland
adenoid/o Adenoids
adhes/o Stick to
adip/o Fat
adnex/o Bound to
adren/o Adrenal glands
aero- Air
aesthesi/o Sensation
agress/o Attack
-aise Comfort, ease
-al Pertaining to
albin/o White
algesi/o Pain
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 129
Component Meaning
-algesia Sensitivity to pain
-algia Pain
aliment/o Nourishment
all/o Other, different
alopec/o Baldness
alveol/o Hollow cavity, pit
ambly/o Dim
ambul/o To walk
amel/o Enamel
amyl/o Starch
an- No, not, without
andr/o Male
aneurysm/o Aneurysm
angio/o Vessel
an/o Anus
anky/o Bent, crooked, stiff, fixed
ante- Before, forward
anter/o Forward
anti- Against
aort/o Aorta
apic/o Apex, tip
aplast/o Defective, lack of development
append/o Appendix
appendic/o Appendix
-ar Pertaining to
-arche Beginning
arter/o, arteri/o Artery
arthr/o Joint
-ary Pertaining to
-ase Enzyme
130 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component Meaning
-asthenia Lack of strength
ather/o Plague, fatty substance
-ation Process
atop/o Strange, out of place
atri/o Atrium
aur/i, aur/o, auricul/o Ear
auto- Self
axill/o Armpit
azot/o Urea, nitrogen B
bacteri/o Bacteria
balan/o Glans penis
bi- Two
bi/o Life
bifid/o Split into two parts
bil/i Gall, bile
-blast Embryonic, immature
blast/i Embryonic, immature
blephar/o Eyelid
bol/o To cast, throw
brachi/o Arm
brady- Slow
bronch/o, bronchi/o Bronchus
brux/o Grind
bucc/o Cheek
burs/o Bursa
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 131
Component Meaning
C
calcin/o Calcium
calcul/o Stone, calculus
calor/i Heat
carcin/o Cancer
cardi/o Heart
cari/o Decay, rot
carp/o Carpals, wrist bones
cartilage/o Cartilage
cauter/o Burn, heat
cav/i Hollow, cave
cec/o Cecum
-cele Hernia, cyst, swelling
celi/o Abdomen, belly
cement/o Rough stone, cementum
-centesis Puncture to remove fluid
cephal/o Head
cerebell/o Cerebellum
cerebr/o Cerebrum
cervic/o Neck
cheil/o Lip
chem/o Chemical
cholangi/o Bile duct
chol/e Gall, bile
cholecyst/o Gallbadder
choledoch/o Common bile duct
chondr/o, chondri/o Cartilage
-cide Causing death
circum- Around, about
132 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component Meaning
cirrh/o Orange-yellow
cis/o To cut
col/o Colon
colp/o Vagina
colon/o Colon
colp/o Vagina
condyl/o Knuckle, knob
conjunctiv/o Conjunctiva
contra- Against, opposite
corne/o Cornea
coron/o Crown, Heart
cort- Covering
cost/o Rib
cox/o Hip
crani/o Skull
-crine Secretion
-crit Separation
cry/o Cold
crypt/o Hidden
cubit/o Elbow
cutane/o Skin
cyan/o Blue
cyst/o Bladder
cyt/o Cell
-cyte Cell D
dacr/o Tear, tear duct, lacrimal duct
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 133
Component Meaning
dactyl/o Fingers and toes
de- Down, lack of, loss
dehisc/o Burst open, split
demi- Half
dem/o People, population
dent-, dent/i, dent/o Tooth
derm/o, dermat/o Skin
-desis Bind together, surgical fixation of joint
di- Two
dia- Through, complete
-dipsia Thirst
dips/o Thirst
dis- Absence of
dissect/o Cutting apart
dist/o Far
diverticul/o Side pouches
dont/o Tooth
dors/o Back of body
duct/o Tube
duoden/o Duodenum
dur/o Dura mater
-dynia Pain
dys- Painful, difficult E
e- Out of
-eal Pertaining to
ec- Outside
134 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component Meaning
ecchym/o Pouring out of juice
echo- Sound
-ectasia Stretching, dilation
-ectasis Stretching, dilation
ecto- Out
-ectomy Remove, cutting out
-edema Swelling
electr/o Electricity
em- In
-ema Process
embol/o Thrown in
-emesis Vomiting
-emia Blood condition
en-, endo- In, within encephal/o Brain
enter/o Small intestine
eosin/o Red
epi- Upon, on, above
episi/o Vulva
erupt/o Break out, burst forth
erythr/o Red
-esis Abnormal condition
esophag/o Esophagus
esthesi/o, -esthesia Feeling, sensation
eti/o Cause
eu- Well, good
ex-, exo- Out, away from
extra- Outside
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 135
Component Meaning
F
faci/o Face
fasci/o Fibrous bond, fascia
febr/i Fever
femor/o Femur
fren/o, frenul/o Frenulum
fibr/o Fibrous
fibril/o Muscular twitching
fibul/o Fibula
fiss/o Crack
fistul/o Tube, pipe
fluor/o Luminous
foll/i Sac
follicul/o Small sac
foramen/o Opening
fren/o Frenula
front/o Forehead
furc/o Branching G
galact/o Milk
gangli/o Ganglion
gastr/o Stomach
-gene, -genic Origin, cause
geni/o Chin
genit/o Related to reproductive organs
-genous Origin, cause
ger/i Old age
136 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component Meaning
geront/o Old age
gingiv/o Gums
glauc/o Grey
-globulin Protein
gloss/o Tongue
glott/o Back of tongue
gluc/o Sugar
glyc/o Sugar
glycer/o Sweet
gnath/o Jaw
-gnosis Knowledge
gon/o Seed
-gram Record, tracing, picture
-graph Instrument for recording
-graphy Process of recording
gravid/o Pregnancy
gynec/o Female, woman H
hal/o Breath
halit/o Breath
hem/o, hemat/o Blood
hemi- Half
hepat/o Liver
heter/o Different
hist/o, histi/o Tissue
humer/o Humerus
hydr/o Water
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 137
Component Meaning
hyper- Over, excessive, increased
hypn/o Sleep
hypo- Under, below, decreased
hyster/o Uterus I
-ia Condition
-iac Pertaining to
-iactrics Field of study
-ian Specialist
-iasis Abnormal condition
-iatrist Specialist
-iatry Field of study
-ic Pertaining to
-ical Pertaining to
-ician Specialist
ile/o Ileum, small intestine
ili/o Ilium, hip bone
in- In, not
infer/o Below, beneath
infra- Below, beneath, inferior to
inguin/o Groin
inter- Between
intern/o Within, inner
intra- In, within
intro- In, within
-ion Process
-ior Pertaining to
138 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component Meaning
ir/o, irid/o Iris of the eye
isch/o To hold back
-ism Process, condition
iso- Same, equal
-ist Specialist
-itis Inflammation
-ium Structure, tissue J
jejun/o Jejunum
jugulo Throat
juxta- Near, nearby K
kera- Horn, hardness
kerat/o Horny, hard, cornea
kinesi/o Movement
-kinesis Movement
kyph/o Bent, hump L
labi/o Lip
lacer/o Torn, mangled
lacrimin/o Tear, tear duct
lact/o Milk
lapar/o Abdomen, abdominal wall
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 139
Component Meaning
laps/o Slip, fall, slide downward
laryng/o Larynx, voice box
later/o Side
leiomy/o Smooth muscle
-lepsy Seizure
letharg/o Drowsiness
leth/o Death
leuk/o White
ligat/o Binding, tying off
lingu/o Tongue
lip/o Fat
lith/o Stone
-lith Stone
lob/o Lobe
-logist Specialist in the study of
-logy Study of
lumb/o Lower back
lymph/o Lymph
-lysis, -lytuc Breakdown, separation, destruction M
macro- Large
macul/o Spot
mal- Bad
mal/o Cheek
-malacia Softening
mamm/o Breast
man/i, man/o Hand
140 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component Meaning
mandibul/o Mandible, lower jaw
mast/o Breast
mastic/o Chew
maxill/o Maxilla, upper jaw
meat/o Meatus, passage
medi/o Middle
mediastin/o In the middle
medull/o Medulla, inner section, middle,
mega-, megal/o Large
-megaly Enlargement
melan/o Black
mening/o, meningi/o Meninges
men/o, menstru/o Menses, menstruation
menisc/o Cresent
mens-, mens/o Menses, menstruation
ment/o Mind
mes/o, mesi/o Middle
meta- Beyond, over, between, change
metacarp/o Metacarpals
metatars/o Metatarsals
metr/i, metr/o, metri/o Inner lining of uterus
-metry Measurement
micro- Small
mictur/o Urination
mono- One, single
morbid/o Disease, sickness
morph/o Shape, form
mort/o Death
muc/o, mucos/o Mucous
multi- Many
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 141
Component Meaning
muscul/o Muscle
mut/a Genetic change
mut/o Unable to speak
my/o Muscle
myel/o Spinal cord, bone marrow
myring/o Tympanic membrane, eardrum N
nar/i Nostril
narc/o Numbness
nas/i, nas/o Nose
nat/i, nat/o Birth
necr/o Death
neo- New
nephr/o Kidney
nev/o Mole
neur/o Nerve
noct/o Night
nod/o Knot, swelling
non- No
norm/o Normal
nuch/o Nape, neck region
nucle/o Nucleus O
obstetr/o Midwife, pregnancy
occipit/o Back of the skull
142 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component Meaning
occlus/o Shut, close
ocul/o Eye
odont/o Tooth
-oid Like, resembling
olecran/o Elbow
olfact/o Smell
olig/o Scanty, few
-oma Tumor
onc/o Tumor
onchy/o Fingernail or toenail
oo/o Egg
oophor/o Ovary
ophthalm/o Eye vision
-opia Vision
-opsy Process of viewing
opt/o Eye
optic/o Eye
or/o Mouth
orch/o Testes
orchi/o Testes
orchid/o Testes
orth/o Straight
-osis Abnormal condition
oss/e, oste/o Bone
-ostomy Artificial opening
ot/o Ear
-ous Pertaining to
ov/i, ov/o Egg
ovari/o Ovary
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 143
Component Meaning P
palat/o Palate
pancreat/o Pancreas
papill/o Nipple-like
papul/o Pimple
para- Near, beside, abnormal, away
-paresis Slight paralysis
-partum Birth
patell/o Kneecap
path/o Disease
-pathy Disease, emotion
pector/o Chest
pedi/o Child
ped/o Child, foot
pelv/i, pelv/o Hip, pelvic cavity
-penia Lack, deficiency
peps/i, pept/o Digestion
-pepsia Digestion
per- Through
peri- Around
perine/o Perineum
peritone/o Abdominal wall
pernici/o Destructive, harmful
pertuss/i Intensive cough
petechi/o Skin spot
-pexy Fixation, put into place
-phage Cell that destroys
-phagia Swallowing
144 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component Meaning
phalang/o Phalanx
pharyng/o Pharynx, throat
-phasia Speech
phleb/o Vein
-plegic Paralysis
phob/o Fear
-plakia, plak/o Thin flat layer
plant/o Sole of foot
-plasia, -plasm Formation, growth
-plasty Surgical repair
-plegia, plegic Paralysis
pleur/o Pleura, side of body
-pnea Breathing
pneum/o, pneumon/o Lung
pod/o Foot
poly- Many
por/o Pore, small opening
-porosis Pore, less density
post- After
poster/o Back, behind
-prandial Meal
pre-, pro- Before, in front of
proct/o Anus and rectum
prost/o Prostate
prostat/o Prostate
proxim/o Near
pseud/o False
psych/o Mind
-ptosis Dropping, sagging, prolapsed
-ptysis Spitting
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 145
Component Meaning
pulmon/o Lung
purul/o Pus
py/o Pus
pyel/o Renal pelvis R
radi/o Radiation, radius
radicul/o Nerve root
re- Back, again
rect/o Rectum
ren/o Kidney
retro- Behind, backward
rhin/o Nose
-rrhage, -rrhagia Burst forth
-rrhaphy Suture
-rrhea Flow, discharge
rrhythm/o Rhythm S
sacr/o Sacrum
saliv/o Saliva
salping/o Fallopian tube
sarc/o Flesh
scler/o, -sclerosis Hardening, abnormal dryness
scoli/o Crooked, curved
-scope Instrument for viewing
-scopy Process of viewing with scope
146 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component Meaning
scrot/o Bag, pouch
sect/o To cut
semi- Half
seps/o, sept/o Infection
sial/o Saliva, salivary glands
sialaden/o Salivary glands
sigmoid/o Sigmoid colon
sinus/o Sinus
-sis Abnormal condition
son/o Sound
-spasm Contraction of muscle
-sphyxia Pulse
spin/o Spine
splen/o Spleen
spondyl/o Vertebra
-stasis, -static Stopping, controlling
-stenosis Tightening, stricture, narrowing
stern/o Sternum
stom/o, stomat/o Mouth
-stomy Artificial opening
sub- Under
suppur/o, suppurat/o Pus forming
supra- Above, excessive
synov/o Synovial membrane T
tachy- Fast
tars/o Tarsals, ankle
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 147
Component Meaning
tempor/o Temple
ten/o, tendin/o Tendon
test/o, testicul/o Testicle
-therapy Treatment
therm/o Heat
thorac/o Chest
-thorax Chest
thromb/o Clot, clotting
thyr/o, thyroid/o Thyroid
tibi/o Tibia, shin bone
-tic Pertaining to
tinnit/o Ringing, buzzing
-tion Process
tom/o Section, cut
-tomy Process of cutting
ton/o Tension
tonsill/o Tonsil
tox/o, toxic/o Poison
trache/o Trachea
trans- Across, through
trigon/o Trigone
-tripsy Crushing
-trophy, troph/o, -trophic Development, nourishment
tympan/o Tympanic membrane, eardrum U
-ule Little
uln/o Ulna
148 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Component Meaning
ultra- Beyond, excess
umbilic/o Umbilicus, navel
uni- One
ur/o Urinary tract, urine
-uria Urination, urinary condition
urin/o Urinary tract, urine
uret/o Ureter
urethra/o Urethra
-us Thing
urtic/o Rash
uter/o Uterus V
vagin/o Vagina
valv/o Valve
valvul/o Valve
varic/o Twisted, swollen vein
vas/o Vessel
vascul/o Vessel
ven/o Vein
ventricul/o Ventricle
vertebr/o Vertebra
visc/o Sticky
vulv/o Vulva X
xanth/o Yellow
© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 149
Component Meaning
xen/o Strange, foreign
xer/o Dry Y
-y Condition, process Z
zygomat/o Zygoma, cheek bone
150 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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