medical terminology - mis-home

Medical Terminology And

Oral Facial Anatomy 101

Online Course 2015

About the Speaker Dawn W. Jackson, DrPH, RHIA, CCS-P, FAHIMA Ms. Jackson is a Professor and Program Director for the Health Services Administration program at Eastern Kentucky University. She obtained her bachelor’s degree from East Carolina University (Greenville, NC) in Health Information Management, her master’s degree from Eastern Kentucky University (Richmond, KY) in Allied Health Education, her doctor of public health degree in Health Services Management from the University of Kentucky (Lexington, KY), and most recently attained Fellowship status with the American Health Information Management Association. Her areas of expertise include: healthcare reimbursement systems, coding and billing processes, medical law, and health care management. As a certified coding specialist, Ms. Jackson has trained physicians and their staff for over 20 years. Of particular significance, she has been presenting coding courses for the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons for over 18 years.

able of Contents Introduction to Word Structure ...................................................................................................1

The Language of Medicine ..................................................................................................1 Learning Methods ................................................................................................................2 Word Components ...............................................................................................................3 Medical Word Analysis .......................................................................................................4

Combining Forms and Suffixes ....................................................................................................7 Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining to” ........................................................................................7 Suffixes Meaning “Condition or Process” ...........................................................................8 Illustrative Overview of the Human Body .........................................................................10 Combining Forms Relating to Anatomical Sites ...............................................................14 Suffixes Relating to the Study of Specialties .....................................................................25 Combining Forms Relating to Specialties .........................................................................25 Pleural Endings ..................................................................................................................29 Common Prefixes .........................................................................................................................35 Directional Prefixes ...........................................................................................................35 Miscellaneous Prefixes ......................................................................................................37 Diagnosis and Treatment Terms ................................................................................................47 Suffixes Relating to Treatment ..........................................................................................47 Miscellaneous Combining Forms ......................................................................................51 Suffixes Relating to Diseases and Conditions ...................................................................55 Oral and Maxillofacial Terms.....................................................................................................71 Illustrative Overview of the Cranial Cavity .......................................................................71 Combining Forms Relating to Orofacial Areas .................................................................73 Alphabetic Index to Word Components ....................................................................................87

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Introduction to Word Structure The Language of Medicine Medical terminology is a professional language – the

language of medicine. Rich in history, most medical

terms stem from the ancient Latin and Greek languages.

Generally, terms describing diagnoses and procedures

have Greek origins, whereas terms describing the ana-

tomical structure of the body have Latin origins.

Given this heritage, medical terminology is often considered a foreign language. And, in many

ways, it is. Imagine going to a different country where you are unable to communicate effective-

ly. That is how patients feel whenever they come into contact with physicians, nurses, and other

healthcare workers.

Learning medical terminology will likely be confusing and frustrating – at least occasionally.

However, once you know the most common prefixes, roots, and suffixes, you will be able to

combine them in different ways to create numerous medical terms. As you expand your

knowledge, you will be able to:

• Better understand medical record documentation,

• Communicate more effectively with clinicians and patients, and

• More easily perform work responsibilities.

A Historical Connection Vein (from Latin vena) Nose (from Latin nasus) Mandible (from Latin mandibula) Biopsy (from Greek bio and opsis) Pulpectomy (from Latin pulpa and Greek tomas)

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© 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 1

Learning Methods This course focuses on the prefixes, suffixes, and roots most commonly used in the field of oral

and maxillofacial surgery. Beyond this, you will be introduced to roots describing all of the ma-

jor anatomical structures of the body. In total, you will learn over 290 word components. To a

great extent, you will accomplish this on your own, through a variety of learning methods.

1. The Word Components section provides a

list of prefixes, suffixes, or roots that need to

be learned. Each list contains definitions and

sample words using the word component.

2. The automated Flash Cards found at the course web-

site will help you visualize and retain the information

you are learning. In addition, many of these flash cards

contain pronunciations of the terms. Remember, effec-

tive communication depends on written and oral abili-

ties.

3. The Exercises found in each chapter of the

training manual offer you an opportunity to

apply your knowledge in a variety of ways.

The answers to the exercises provide instant

feedback so that you can determine how

well you are learning.

2 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

Word Components Most medical terms can be divided into smaller word components. Understanding these compo-

nents is the first step in learning medical terminology.

• Root (stem) – The root is the foundation that establishes the basic meaning of the word.

For example, in the word hepatic, the root (stem) hepat means liver.

• Combining form – A combining form is a root connected to a combining vowel (nor-

mally an “o”). This combining vowel links the root to a suffix or to another root. For ex-

ample, in the word radiology, the combining form is radi/o. The combining vowel is

linking the root to the suffix –logy.

• Suffix – A suffix is located at the end of the word that modifies the meaning of the root.

For example, in the word appendectomy, the suffix is –ectomy (excision; to remove). The

root is append (appendix). The suffix changed the meaning of the root to “excision of the

appendix.”

• Prefix – A prefix is located at the beginning of the word and modifies the meaning of the

root. For example, in the word postprandial, the prefix is post- (after). The root is prand

(meal). The prefix changed the meaning of the root to “after meals.”

Combining Vowel Rules

Rule 1: When two vowels come together, the combining vowel is dropped.

Example: Consider the term “Cardiac” (cardi/ac). The combining form of this word is cardi/o and the suffix is –ac. Notice that the combining vowel (“o”) has been dropped because the suffix begins with a vowel.

Rule 2: The combining vowel is kept when connecting two roots.

Example: Consider the term “Adenocarcinoma” (aden/o/carcin/oma). Notice the com-bining vowel (“o”) is kept between the roots “aden” and “carcin”. However, the combing vowel (“o”) is dropped between “carcin” and the suffix –oma, because the suffix begins with a vowel.


Medical Word Analysis Medical word analysis is the process of dissecting a medical term and identifying the roots, pre-

fix, suffix, and combining vowels. The following are examples of identifying the components of

a word.

1. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (electr/o/cardi/o/gram) electr/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning electricity/electrical cardi/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning heart -gram = suffix meaning record

Therefore, the word electrocardiogram means “a record of the electrical impulses of

the heart.”

2. MAXILLOFACIAL (maxill/o/faci/al) maxill/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning maxilla or upper jaw faci = root meaning face -al = suffix meaning pertaining to

Therefore, the word maxillofacial means “pertaining to the maxilla and face.”

3. RETROGNATHIA (retro/gnath/ia) retro- = prefix meaning behind or backward gnath = root meaning jaw -ia = suffix meaning condition

Therefore, the word retrognathia means “a condition in which the jaw (lower) is in a

backward or recessed position.”

4. THROMBOSIS (thromb/o/sis) Thromb/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning clot -sis = suffix meaning pertaining to

Therefore, the word thrombosis means “pertaining to a clot.”


Exercise 1 Divide the following medical terms into components and identify each. Medical Term

Word Components Component Identification

a.

Examples: Cerebral

cerebr/al

cerebr = root -al = suffix

b. Pathology path/o/logy path/o = combining form -logy = suffix

1.

Enteritis

enter/it is

________________________ ________________________

2. Cephalic cephal/ic ________________________ ________________________

3. Nephrology ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

4. Electroencephalogram ________________________

________________________ ________________________ ________________________

5. Pericardial ________________________

________________________ ________________________


Answers – Chapter 1 Exercise 1 1. Enter/itis enter = Root -itis = Suffix 2. Cephal/ic cephal = Root -ic = Suffix 3. Nephrology nephr/o = Combining Form -logy = Suffix 4. Electroencephalogram electr/o = Combining Form encephal/o = Combining Form -gram = Suffix 5. Pericardial peri- = Prefix cardi = Root -al = Suffix Illustration Source LifeART Collection Images – Copyright ©1989-2001 by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD


Combining Forms & Suffixes This chapter contains common suffixes and combining forms that may be seen or heard in a vari-

ety of health care settings. Roots and combining forms unique to oral and maxillofacial surgery

are covered in Chapter 5 of the training manual.

Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining to” Instructions: Review and learn the following suffixes. Pay close attention to the analysis and meaning of each listed word. Suffix Meaning Word List

-ac Pertaining to Cardiac (cardi/ac) – Pertaining to the heart cardi/o = heart

-al Pertaining to Cerebral (cerebr/al) – Pertaining to the cerebrum

cerebr/o = cerebrum

-ar Pertaining to Muscular (muscul/ar) – Pertaining to muscles muscul/o = muscles

-ary Pertaining to Urinary (urin/ary) – Pertaining to the urinary system or

urine urin/o = urine, urinary system

-eal Pertaining to Peritoneal (periton/eal) – Pertaining to the peritoneum (lin-ing of the abdominal cavity)

peritone/o = peritoneum

-iac Pertaining to Celiac (cel/iac) – Pertaining to the abdomen celi/o = belly, abdomen

-ic -ical

Pertaining to Phobic (phob/ic) – Pertaining to fear phob/o = fear

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Suffix Meaning Word List -ior Pertaining to Posterior (poster/ior) – Pertaining to the back of the body

or being behind poster/o = back, behind

-ous Pertaining to Nervous (nerv/ous) – Pertaining to nerves

nerv/o = nerves

-tic Pertaining to Arthritic (arthr/i/tic) – Pertaining to a joint or arthritis arthr/o = joint

Suffixes Meaning “Condition or Process”

Instructions: Review and learn the following suffixes. Pay close attention to the analysis and meaning of each listed word.

Suffix Meaning Word List -ation Process Hydration (hydr/ation) – Process of combining with wa-

ter hydr/o = water

-ema Process Empyema (em/py/ema) – Process of having pus within

(pus pockets) em- = in py/o = pus

-emia Blood condition Anemia (an/emia) – Deficiency of certain materials in

blood an- = without

-ia Condition Pneumonia (pneumon/ia) – Infectious condition of the

lung pneumon/o = lung

-ion -tion

Process Incision (in/cis/ion) – Process of cutting into in- = into cis/o = to cut


Suffix Meaning Word List -ism Process, condition Embolism (em/bol/ism) – Condition involving a moving

blood clot em- = in bol/o = to throw

-osis -sis

Abnormal condition Keratosis (kerat/o/sis) – Excessive growth of horny or hard tissue of the skin

kerat/o = horny, hard

-y Process; condition Atony (a/ton/y) – Condition involving a lack of muscle tone

a- = without ton/o = tension

Exercise 2 Identify the suffix in each of the following terms. Medical Term

Suffix Medical Term Suffix

1. Colicky __________

6. Leukemia __________

2. Alcoholism __________

7. Exostosis __________

3. Neurosis __________

8. Cervical __________

4. Peritoneal __________

9. Axillary __________

5. Coronary __________ 10. Lymphatic __________


Use Stack 1 (Suffixes) and Word List 1 flashcards to reinforce your learning.

Illustrative Overview of the Human Body Cavities of the Body (Figure 1)

Cranial Cavity

Spinal Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity

Pelvic Cavity


Major Components of the Digestive System (Figure 2)

Stomach

Nasal Cavity

Mouth

Liver

Gallbladder

Small Intestine

Appendix

Salivary Glands

Esophagus

Pancreas

Large Intestine (colon)

Rectum


Major Components of the Thoracic Cavity (Figure 3) Major Components of the Urinary System (Figure 4)

Kidneys

Bladder Urethra

Ureters

Lungs

Heart

Trachea


Structure of the Spine (Figure 5) Layers of the Skin (Figure 6)

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

Sacrum

Coccyx

Hair

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous


Combining Forms Relating to Anatomical Sites

Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms. Anatomical sites shown in the previous illustrations have the corresponding figure number cited. Refer to the figure for visual reinforcement of the combining form and its meaning.

Combining Form Meaning Word List

Abdomin/o Abdomen (Figure 1) Body cavity that contains all structures between the chest and pelvis

Abdominal – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Aden/o

Gland Organ that secretes a substance (i.e., hormone, saliva, breast milk)

Adenosis – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Angi/o Blood Vessel Hollow tubes that transport blood through-out the body

Angiospasm – Contracting (spasm) of a blood vessel -spasm = contraction

Arter/o Arteri/o

Artery Blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

Arteriosclerosis – Hardening of an artery -sclerosis = hardening

Arthr/o

Joint Location where two or more bones make contact

Arthritic – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Axill/o

Axilla Area under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder – armpit

Axillary – __________________________________ ___________________________________________



Bronch/o Bronchi/o

Bronchus Large air passages con-necting each lung to the trachea

Bronchial – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

Cardi/o

Heart (Figure 3) Muscular organ responsi-ble for pumping blood throughout the body

Cardiac – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Cephal/o

Head Structure that contains the brain, eyes, oral cavity, and ears

Cephalic – _________________________________

___________________________________________

Cerebr/o Cerebrum Largest division of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres

Cerebral – _________________________________

___________________________________________

Cervic/o

Neck (Figure 5) Refers to both 1) the neck area between the head and shoulders and 2)the neck of the uterus

Cervical – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Chondr/o Chondri/o

Cartilage Stiff, inflexible connective tissue found in many are-as of the body (i.e., ears, joints, nose)

Chondroma – ______________________________ __________________________________________

-oma = tumor

Col/o Colon/o

Colon (Figure 2) Last part of digestive sys-tem, removes water and salt from solid waste be-fore elimination from the body

Colonoscopy – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

-scopy = the process of viewing with a scope



Coron/o

Heart (Figure 3) See Cardi/o

Coronary – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

Crani/o

Skull (Figure 1) Bony structure in the head that supports the face and protects the brain

Cranial – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Cutane/o

Skin (Figure 6) Soft protective covering of the body

Subcutaneous – _____________________________ ___________________________________________

sub- = below, under

Cyst/o

Urinary bladder (Figure 4) Collects urine from the kidneys before elimination from the body

Cystic – ___________________________________ ___________________________________________

Derm/o Dermat/o

Skin (Figure 6) See Cutane/o

Dermatosis – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Encephal/o

Brain Center of the nervous system, located in the cranium

Encephalitis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

-itis = inflammation

Enter/o

Intestines (bowel) (Figure 2) Portion of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus

Enteritis – _________________________________ ___________________________________________



Esophag/o

Esophagus (Figure 2) Muscular tube that car-ries food, liquid, and sali-va from mouth to stomach

Esophagitis – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Gastr/o

Stomach (Figure 2) Pear-shaped sac located that secretes gastric juices to break down food

Gastric – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Hem/o Hemat/o

Blood Fluid that carries oxygen throughout the body

Hematemesis – _____________________________ ___________________________________________

-emesis = vomiting

Hepat/o Liver (Figure 2) Large solid organ that aids in digestion and de-toxifies the body of drugs, alcohol, and environmen-tal toxins

Hepatic – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Ili/o Ilium (hip bone) Upper portion of the bony pelvis

Iliac – _____________________________________ ___________________________________________

Inguin/o Groin Area where the thigh joins the trunk of the body

Inguinal – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Laryng/o Larynx (voice box) Part of the respiratory system between the phar-ynx (throat) and trachea that is responsible for speech

Laryngeal – ________________________________ ___________________________________________



Lumb/o Lower back (Figure 5) Refers to the region be-tween the bottom of the ribs and pelvis, composed of 5 vertebrae

Lumbar – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Lymph/o Lymph Thin, yellowish liquid that circulates throughout the body through lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Muc/o Mucos/o

Mucous Membrane Inner lining of some or-gans and cavities

Mucosa - _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Muscul/o Muscle Tissue capable of con-tracting in order to cause bodily movement (i.e., heart, leg muscle)

Muscular – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

My/o Muscle See Muscul/o

Myoma – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Nephr/o Kidney (Figure 4)

Filters blood of metabolic waste, which is then ex-creted as urine

Nephritic – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

Neur/o Nerve Cord-like bundles of fiber through which sensory stimuli and motor impuls-es from the brain pass

Nervous – _________________________________ ___________________________________________



Ophthalm/o Eye Organ of sight and light sensitivity

Ophthalmic – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

Oste/o Bone Dense, porous, calcified connective tissue that comprises the major por-tion of the skeleton

Osteoarthritis – _____________________________ ___________________________________________

Ot/o Ear Organ of hearing and maintaining equilibrium

Otorrhea –_________________________________ ___________________________________________

-rrhea = flow, discharge

Pelv/i Pelv/o

Hip, pelvic cavity (Figure 1) Basin-shaped bony struc-ture that rests on the low-er extremities and sup-ports the spinal column

Pelvic – ___________________________________ ___________________________________________

Peritone/o Peritoneum (abdominal wall) Serous membrane that lines the walls of the ab-dominal cavity

Peritoneal – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Pharyng/o Pharynx (throat) Portion of the digestive system that extends from the mouth and nose to the larynx

Pharyngitis – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Pneum/o Pneumon/o

Lung (Figure 3) Spongy sac-like organs that remove carbon diox-ide from the blood and supplies it with oxygen

Pneumonia - _______________________________ __________________________________________



Pulmon/o Lung (Figure 3) See Pneum/o

Pulmonary – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Ren/o Kidney (Figure 4) See Nephr/o

Renal – ____________________________________ ___________________________________________

Rhin/o Nose First portion of the res-piratory system that con-tains nostrils and organs of smell

Rhinorrhea – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Spin/o Spine (Figure 5) Spinal column, composed of vertebrae

Spinal – ___________________________________ ___________________________________________

Splen/o Spleen Blood reservoir located to the left of the stomach

Splenic – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Synovi/o Synovial Membrane Lubricating fluid, within a membrane lining, secreted into joints

Synovectomy – _____________________________ __________________________________________

Thorac/o Chest (Figure 1) Part of the body located between the neck and dia-phragm, containing the lungs and heart

Thoracic – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Thyr/o Thyroid/o

Thyroid Gland Two-lobe gland located in front of and on both sides of the trachea

Thyroiditis – _______________________________ ___________________________________________



Tonsill/o Tonsil Small masses of tissue embedded in the lateral walls of the opening be-tween the mouth and pharynx

Tonsillar – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Trache/o Trachea (wind pipe) (Figure 3) This tube extending from the larynx to the bronchi bringing oxygen to the lungs

Tracheal – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Umbilic/o Navel, umbilicus Scar where the umbilical cord was attached – belly button

Umbilical – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

Ur/o Urinary tract, urine (Figure 4) Organs and tubes of the body that produce and excrete urine

Urology – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

-logy = study of

Uret/o Ureter (Figure 4) One of two tubes leading from the kidney to the bladder

Ureteral – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Urethr/o Urethra (Figure 4) Tube carrying urine from the bladder to the outside

Urethral – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Vascul/o Vessels Ducts that circulate fluids (i.e., blood, lymph)

Vascular – _________________________________ ___________________________________________



Vertebr/o Vertebra (Figure 5) One of 26 pieces of bone making up the spinal col-umn

Vertebral – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

Use Stack 2 (Anatomical Roots) and Word List 2 flashcards to reinforce your learning.

Exercise 3 A. Complete the following sentences by placing the correct term in the blank.

Abdominal Axillary Cephalic Hepatic Laryngeal Musculoskeletal Vertebral Peritoneum Spinal Renovascular

1. The lining of the abdomen is also known as the ___________________________.

2. A alcoholic will often develop a(n) _____________________________ disorder.

3. A symptom of appendicitis is right-sided ____________________________ pain.

4. People are often paralyzed due to ________________________________ trauma.

5. After being hit in the head, the patient complained of __________________ pain.


6. After being hoarse for three months, the patient underwent a biopsy that revealed

_______________________ cancer.

7. Breast cancer often spreads to the ___________________________ lymph nodes.

8. After bending over to pick up a 150 pound box, the patient experienced pain in

the lower _____________________________ area.

9. __________________________________ disease can cause high blood pressure.

10. Orthopedic physicians specialize in the ______________________________ sys-

tem.

B. Match the combining form to its meaning.

_______ 1. Cerebr/o A. Spleen

_______ 2. Rhin/o B. Groin

_______ 3. Thyr/o C. Thyroid

_______ 4. Inguin/o D. Navel

_______ 5. Lumb/o E. Cerebrum

_______ 6. Splen/o F. Nose

_______ 7. Thorac/o G. Chest

_______ 8. Umbilic/o H. Lower back


C. The suffix “-itis” means “inflammation of.” Match the following inflammations to the meanings.

_______ 1. Adenitis A. Inflammation of the liver

_______ 2. Gastritis B. Inflammation of the skin

_______ 3. Dermatitis C. Inflammation of the heart

_______ 4. Carditis D. Inflammation of the neck of the uterus

_______ 5. Hepatitis E. Inflammation of a gland

_______ 6. Arthritis F. Inflammation of the brain

_______ 7. Tonsillitis G. Inflammation of a nerve

_______ 8. Osteoarthritis H. Inflammation of the stomach

_______ 9. Synovitis I. Inflammation of the tonsils

_______ 10. Encephalitis J. Inflammation of a joint

_______ 11. Cervicitis K. Inflammation of the intestine

_______ 12. Neuritis L. Inflammation of the kidney

_______ 13. Enteritis M. Inflammation of the synovial membrane

_______ 14. Nephritis N. Inflammation (and breakdown) of the joints


Suffixes Relating to the Study of Specialties Instructions: Review and learn the following suffixes.

Suffix Meaning Word List -iatrics -iatry

Field of study Psychiatry – Study of mental disorders psych/o = mind

-ian -ician

Specialist Pediatrician – Specialist in the treatment of children ped/o = children

-ist -iatrist

Specialist Pathologist – Specialist in the area of diseases path/o = disease

-logy Study of Enterology – Study of intestines (intestinal tract)

enter/o = intestines

Combining Forms Relating to Specialties Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes, write the definition of the following medi-cal terms. Combining

Form Meaning Word List

Gynec/o Woman, female Gynecology – Study of women (female reproductive sys-tem)

Obstetr/o Midwife Obstetrics – Pertaining to the surgical branch specializing in the management of pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period

Onc/o Tumor Oncology – _________________________________

___________________________________________

Orth/o Straight

Orthopedics – Pertaining to the branch of surgery spe-cializing in correcting (straightening) skeletal deformities



Path/o Disease Pathology – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Ped/o Child, foot Pediatrics – Branch specializing in the treatment of chil-

dren

Psych/o Mind Psychology – Study of mental disorders (mind)

Radi/o X-ray, radiation, ra-dius (bone in the lower arm)

Radiology – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

Use Stack 3 (Medical and Surgical Specialties) and Word List 3 flashcards to reinforce your learning.

Exercise 4 A. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct term in the blank.

Cardiologist Dermatologist Gastroenterologist Gynecologist Nephrologist Neurologist Obstetrician Oncologist Ophthalmologist Orthopedic Pathologist Pediatrician Psychiatrist Urologist

1. If a patient were diagnosed as having an infection of the uterus, she should be

seen by a(n) ______________________________.

2. If a patient were diagnosed as having coronary heart disease, he should be seen by

a(n) ______________________________.


3. If a patient were diagnosed as having a pinched nerve, he should be seen by a(n)

______________________________.

4. If a patient were diagnosed as being pregnant, she should be seen by a(n)

______________________________.

5. If a patient were diagnosed as having schizophrenia, he should be seen by a(n)

______________________________.

6. If a patient were diagnosed as having a cancer, he should be seen by a(n)

______________________________.

7. If a patient were diagnosed as having renal failure, she should be seen by a(n)

______________________________.

8. If a patient were diagnosed as having cystitis, he should be seen by a(n)

______________________________.

9. If a patient were diagnosed as having glaucoma (a disease of the eye), he should be

seen by a(n) ______________________________.

10. If a 4-year-old patient were diagnosed as having the flu, he should be seen by a(n)

______________________________.

11. If a patient were diagnosed as having a skin rash of unknown origin, he should be

seen by a(n) ______________________________.

12. If a patient were diagnosed as having a peptic ulcer, he should be seen by a(n)

______________________________.


13. If a patient were diagnosed as having a fractured arm, she should be seen by a(n)

______________________________.

14. If a patient expires, the autopsy should be done by a(n) _____________________.

B. Complete the definition of each of the following. Example: Enter/o/path/y = Pertaining to the diseases of the intestine (or a disease of the intestine) y = pertaining to path/o = diseases enter/o = intestines

1. Arth/algia _________________________________________________________ -algia = pain in/painful

2. Hepat/oma ________________________________________________________ -oma = tumor

3. Sub/hepat/ic _______________________________________________________ sub- = below

4. Inter/vertebr/al _____________________________________________________ inter- = between 5. Hypo/derm/ic ______________________________________________________ hypo- = below

6. Cephalo/pelv/ic ____________________________________________________

7. Broncho/spasm _____________________________________________________ -spasm = contraction of

8. Retro/periton/eal ___________________________________________________ retro- = behind 9. Radi/ation ________________________________________________________


C. Match the following specialties to their meaning.

_____ 1. Psychiatry A. The study of tumors

_____ 2. Gastroenterology B. The study of the mind

_____ 3. Gynecology C. The study of the heart

_____ 4. Nephrology D. The study of the eyes

_____ 5. Oncology E. The study of nerves

_____ 6. Ophthalmology F. The study of women

_____ 7. Neurology G. The study of skin

_____ 8. Cardiology H. The study of kidneys

_____ 9. Pathology I. The study of diseases

_____ 10. Dermatology J. The study of the stomach and intestines

Plural Endings

When some words become plural, an s is not used to designate that status. The following suffixes

show a plural status in alternative manners.

Singular Suffix

Plural Suffix Examples

-a -ae Singular Plural

Vertebra (spinal bone) Vertebrae (multiple vertebra)

-ex, -ix -ices Singular Plural

Index (second digit of hand) Indices (second digits of both hands)


Singular Suffix

Plural Suffix Examples

-is -es

Singular Plural

Anastomosis (a surgical communication, opening) Anastomoses (multiple surgical communications)

-nx -nges Singular Plural

Phalanx (bone of finger or toe) Phalanges (bones of fingers or toes)

-on -a Singular Plural

Ganglion (mass of nerve tissue) Ganglia (more than one mass of nerve tissue)

-um -a Singular Plural

Bacterium (a micro-organism) Bacteria (multiple micro-organisms)

-us -i Singular Plural

Ramus (left or right jaw bone) Rami (both jaw bones)

Exercise 5

Write the plural form for each of the following terms. 1. Thrombus (blood clot) ________________________________________________

2. Crisis ____________________________________________________________

3. Apex (top of an organ or body part) ________________________________________

4. Ovum (egg) ________________________________________________________

5. Bursa (sac-like cavity filled with fluid found where friction occurs) ___________________

6. Prosthesis (artificial replacement of a body part) _______________________________

7. Varix (enlarged, twisted blood vessel) _______________________________________


8. Diverticulum (out pouches or pits usually in the colon) __________________________

9. Bronchus _________________________________________________________

10. Metastasis (transfer of disease from one body part to another) ______________________

Answers – Chapter 2 Exercise 2 1. -y 6. -emia 2. -ism 7. -sis 3. -sis 8. -al 4. -eal 9. -ary 5. -ary 10. -ic Word List Definitions (Pages 14-22) • Abdominal – Pertaining to the abdomen • Adenosis – Abnormal condition of a gland • Arthritic – Pertaining to a joint (or arthritis) • Axillary – Pertaining to the armpit • Bronchial – Pertaining to the bronchus • Cardiac – Pertaining to the heart • Celiac – Pertaining to the abdomen • Cephalic – Pertaining to the head • Cerebral – Pertaining to the cerebrum • Cervical – Pertaining to the neck • Chondroma – Tumor involving cartilage • Colonoscopy – The process of viewing the colon with a scope • Coronary – Pertaining to the heart • Cranial – Pertaining to the skull • Cystic – Pertaining to the bladder or to a cyst • Dermatosis – Abnormal condition of the skin • Encephalitis – Inflammation of the brain • Enteritis – Inflammation of the intestine • Esophagitis – Inflammation of the esophagus


• Gastric – Pertaining to the stomach • Hematemesis – Vomiting of blood • Hepatic – Pertaining to the liver • Iliac – Pertaining to the ilium • Inguinal – Pertaining to the groin • Laryngeal – Pertaining to the larynx • Lumbar – Pertaining to the lower back • Lymphatic – Pertaining to lymph • Mucosa – Pertaining to mucous membrane • Muscular – Pertaining to muscle • Myoma – Tumor of the muscle • Nephritic – Pertaining to the kidney • Nervous – Pertaining to nerves • Ophthalmic – Pertaining to the eye • Osteoarthritis – Inflammation of the joint (and bony components) • Otorrhea – Discharge from the ear • Pelvic – Pertaining to the pelvis • Peritoneal – Pertaining to the wall of the abdomen • Pharyngitis – Inflammation of the throat • Pneumonia – A condition of the lung (an infectious condition) • Pulmonary – Pertaining to the lung • Renal –Pertaining to the kidney • Rhinorrhea – Discharge from the nose (runny nose) • Spinal – Pertaining to the spine • Splenic – Pertaining to the spleen • Subcutaneous – Pertaining to below the skin • Synovectomy – Excision of the synovial membrane • Thoracic – Pertaining to the chest • Thyroiditis – Inflammation of the thyroid • Tonsillar – Pertaining to the tonsil • Tracheal – Pertaining to the trachea • Umbilical – Pertaining to the navel (belly button) • Urology – The study of the urinary system • Ureteral – Pertaining to the ureter • Urethral – Pertaining to the urethra • Vascular – Pertaining to little vessels • Vertebral – Pertaining to vertebrae


Exercise 3 A. 1. Peritoneum 6. Laryngeal 2. Hepatic 7. Axillary 3. Abdominal 8. Vertebral 4. Spinal 9. Renovascular 5. Cephalic 10. Musculoskeletal B. 1. E 5. H 2. F 6. A 3. C 7. G 4. B 8. D C. 1. E 8. N 2. H 9. M 3. B 10. F 4. C 11. D 5. A 12. G 6. J 13. K 7. I 14. L Word List Definitions (Page 26) • Oncology – The study of tumors • Pathology – The study of disease • Radiology – The study of the use of x-rays or other penetrating radiation Exercise 4 A. 1. Gynecologist 7. Nephrologist 2. Cardiologist 8. Urologist 3. Neurologist 9. Ophthalmologist 4. Obstetrician 10. Pediatrician 5. Psychiatrist 11. Dermatologist 6. Oncologist 12. Gastroenterologist 7. Nephrologist 13. Orthopedic 8. Urologist 14. Pathologist B. 1. Painful joint 2. Tumor in the liver 3. Pertaining to being below the liver 4. Pertaining to being between vertebrae 5. Pertaining to being below the skin


6. Pertaining to the head and pelvis (a term used to describe the relationship between the infant’s head and the mother’s pelvis) 7. Contraction or spasms of the bronchus 8. Pertaining to being behind the abdominal wall (peritoneum) 9. Process of using radium C. 1. B 6. D 2. J 7. E 3. F 8. C 4. H 9. I 5. A 10. G Exercise 5 1. Thrombi 6. Protheses 2. Crises 7. Varices 3. Apices 8. Diverticula 4. Ova 9. Bronchi 5. Bursae 10. Metastases Illustration Source LifeART Collection Images – Copyright ©1989-2001 by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD


Common Prefixes Directional Prefixes Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms.

Prefix Meaning Word List Ab- Away from Abnormal – Not normal

Ante- Before, forward Antepartum – ______________________________

__________________________________________

-partum = birth, labor

Circum- Around Circumzygomatic – _________________________ __________________________________________

zygomat/o = zygoma (cheek bone)

E-

Out, away Edentulous – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

dent/o = teeth -ulous = inclined to

Em- In Empyema – Condition involving pus within (pus pock-ets)

En- Endo-

In, within Endoscope – _______________________________ __________________________________________

Epi- Upon, on, above

Epidermis – Pertaining to the outer layer of the skin

Ex- Exo-

Out, away from Excision – _________________________________ __________________________________________

3


Prefix Meaning Word List Extra- Outside Extraoral – ________________________________

___________________________________________

or/o = mouth

In- In, not Incision – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Inter- Between Intervertebral – ____________________________

___________________________________________

Intra- In, within Intravenous – ______________________________

__________________________________________

ven/o = vein

Para-

Near, beside, abnormal, away

Paramedic – _______________________________ __________________________________________

Per- Through Percutaneous – _____________________________

__________________________________________

Peri-

Around Pericardium – ______________________________ __________________________________________

Post- After Postmortem – ______________________________

__________________________________________

mort/o = death

Pre- Pro-

Before, in front of Precancer – A condition that has the tendency to become a cancer

Retro-

Behind, backward Retroperitoneum – __________________________ __________________________________________


Prefix Meaning Word List Sub- Under, below Sublingual – _______________________________

__________________________________________

lingu/o = tongue

Supra- Above Suprahepatic – _____________________________ __________________________________________

Trans- Across, through Transurethral – ____________________________

__________________________________________

Use Stack 4 (Directional Prefixes) and Word List 4 flashcards to reinforce your learning.

Miscellaneous Prefixes Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms.

Prefix Meaning Word List A- An-

No, not, none, with-out

Apnea – ___________________________________ __________________________________________

-pnea = breath

Allo- Other, different Allograft – _________________________________ __________________________________________

Anti- Against

Antiseptic – ________________________________ __________________________________________

-sept/o = infection


Prefix Meaning Word List Auto-

Self Autolysis – The destruction of tissues due to one’s own enzymes

Bi- Two Bilateral – Pertaining to two sides

later/o = side

Brady- Slow Bradycardia – ______________________________ __________________________________________

Contra- Against, opposite Contraindication – __________________________

__________________________________________

De- Down, lack of, loss Dehydration – ______________________________ __________________________________________

Dia- Through, throughout,

completely Diagnosis – ________________________________ __________________________________________

-gnosis = knowledge

Dis- Separation, take apart

Dissection – ________________________________ __________________________________________

sect/o = to cut

Dys- Painful, difficult Dyspnea – _________________________________ __________________________________________

Echo- Sound Echocardiography – _________________________ ___________________________________________

-graphy = process of recording

Hemi- Half Hemifacial – ______________________________ __________________________________________

Hyper- Over, excessive, in-creased

Hypertrophy – Increased development, excessive size

-trophy = development, nourishment


Prefix Meaning Word List Hypo- Under, below,

decreased Hypodermic – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

Macro- Large Macrocephalic – ____________________________ ___________________________________________

Mal- Bad Malnutrition – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

Micro- Small Microcephalic –_____________________________ ___________________________________________

Neo- New Neonatal – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

nat/o = birth

Poly- Many Polyneuritis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

Re- Back, again Reattach – To connect or join again

Semi- Half Semicoma – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

Tachy- Fast Tachycardia – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

Uni- One Unilateral – ________________________________ ___________________________________________


Use Stack 5 (Miscellaneous Prefixes) and Word List 5 flash-cards to reinforce your learning.

Exercise 6 A. For each of the following, identify the prefix with the opposite meaning.

Prefix

Meaning Prefix Meaning

a.

Example: Ex-

Out, away

En-

In, within

1.

Bi-

____________________

________

____________________

2.

Macro-

___________________

________

____________________

3.

Post-

____________________

________

____________________

4.

Hypo-

____________________

________

____________________

5.

Brady-

____________________

________

____________________

6.

Epi-

____________________

________

____________________


B. Match the following prefixes to their meaning.

_____ 1. Auto- A. Through

_____ 2. Dys- B. Many

_____ 3. Neo- C. Around

_____ 4. Macro- D. Without

_____ 5. Hyper- E. In

_____ 6. Ante- F. Self

_____ 7. Sub- G. Against

_____ 8. Contra- H. Difficult

_____ 9. An- I. Upon

_____ 10. Epi- J. Excessive

_____ 11. Circum- K. Before

_____ 12. E- L. Out

_____ 13. Em- M. New

_____ 14. Per- N. Large

_____ 15. Supra- O. Above

_____ 16. Poly- P. Under


C. Complete the crossword puzzle. The word list can be found on page 44.

Across Down

1. Alternating slow and fast heart rate 2. Excessively functioning thyroid 3. Opposite side 4. Within the cerebrum 5. Type of medication that literally 6. Within the liver means “against life” 7. Poorly healed fracture 8. Painful urination 9. Above the stomach


D. Identify the prefixes in each of the following and provide the meaning of the word.

Term

Prefix Meaning

a.

Example: Dysphagia

-phagia = eating, swallowing

Dys-

Painful swallowing

1.

Anencephaly

__________

_______________________________ _______________________________

2.

Antispasmodic

__________

_______________________________ _______________________________

3.

Endotracheal

__________

_______________________________ _______________________________

4.

Exocolitis

__________

_______________________________ _______________________________

5.

Hemigastrectomy

__________

_______________________________ _______________________________

6.

Intracranial

__________

_______________________________ _______________________________

7.

Peribronchial

__________

_______________________________ _______________________________


Term

Prefix Meaning

8.

Postpartum

-partum = birth

__________

_______________________________ _______________________________

9.

Transabdominal

__________

_______________________________ _______________________________

10.

Polymyositis

__________

_______________________________ _______________________________

Answers – Chapter 3 Word List Definitions (Pages 35-37) • Antepartum – Before birth • Circumzygomatic – Around the cheek bone (zygoma) • Edentulous – Inclined to have no teeth • Endoscope – An instrument used to view inside • Excision – The process of cutting out • Extraoral – Outside the mouth • Incision – The process of cutting into

Word List (Exercise 6C)

Antibiotic Hyperthyroidism Bradytachycardia Intracerebral Contralateral Intrahepatic Dysuria Malunion Epigastric


• Intervertebral – Pertaining to being between vertebrae • Intravenous – Pertaining to being within a vein • Paramedic – Pertaining to a profession that is close to or similar to medicine • Percutaneous – Pertaining to going through the skin • Pericardium – Pertaining to being around the heart • Postmortum – Pertaining to the period of time after death • Retroperitoneum – Pertaining to being behind the abdominal wall • Sublingual – Pertaining to being under the tongue • Suprahepatic – Pertaining to being above the liver • Transurethral – Pertaining to going through the urethra Word List Definitions (Pages 37-39) • Apnea – Without breath • Allograft – The transplant of tissue from one person to a different person • Antiseptic – Pertaining to opposing or inhibiting an infection (infectious organisms) • Bradycardia – Condition involving a slow heart rate • Contraindication – Against indication • Dehydration – The process of having a lack of water • Diagnosis – Complete or thorough knowledge • Dissection – Process of cutting apart • Dyspnea – Painful or difficult breathing • Echocardiography – Process of recording the heart using sound waves (ultrasonagraphy) • Hemifacial – Half (one side) of the face • Hypodermic – Pertaining to being below the skin • Macrocephalic – Pertaining to having an unusually large head • Malnutrition – Process of having bad (or insufficient) nutrients • Microcephalic – Pertaining to having an unusually small head • Neonatal – Pertaining to a new birth • Polyneuritis – Inflammation of many nerves • Semicoma – A partial or mild state of comatose • Tachycardia – Condition involving a fast heart rate • Unilateral – Pertaining to one side Exercise 6 A. 1. Bi- Two Uni- One 2. Macro- Large Micro- Small 3. Post- After Pre- Before 4. Hypo- Under Hyper- Over 5. Brady- Slow Tachy- Fast 6. Epi- Above Sub- Under


B. 1. F 9. D 2. H 10. I 3. M 11. C 4. N 12. L 5. J 13. E 6. K 14. A 7. P 15. O 8. G 16. B C. 1. Bradytachycardia 2. Hyperthyroidism 3. Contralateral 4. Intracerebral 5. Antibiotic 6. Intrahepatic 7. Malunion 8. Dysuria 9. Epigastric D. 1. Anencephaly An- Condition in which a person has no brain 2. Antispasmodic Anti- Pertaining to stopping spasms 3. Endotracheal Endo- Pertaining to being inside the trachea 4. Exocolitis Exo- Inflammation of the colon’s outer coating 5. Hemigastrectomy Hemi- Excision of half of the stomach 6. Intracranial Intra- Pertaining to being within the skull 7. Peribronchial Peri- Pertaining to being around the bronchus 8. Postpartum Post- The period after giving birth 9. Transabdominal Trans- Pertaining to going across the abdomen 10. Polymyositis Poly- Inflammation of many muscles


Diagnosis & Treatment Terms Suffixes Relating to Treatment Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms.

Suffix Meaning Word List -centesis Surgical puncture to

remove fluid Arthrocentesis – ___________________________ __________________________________________

-crit Separation

Hematocrit – ______________________________ __________________________________________

-ectomy

Excision, remove Splenectomy – Removal of the spleen

-gram Record Pneumogram – Record of lung activity

-graph Instrument for recording

Electrocardiograph – _______________________ __________________________________________

electr/o = electricity, electrical

-graphy Process of recording

Electrocardiography – ______________________ __________________________________________

-lysis -lytic

Breakdown, separation, destruction

Hemodialysis – Process of separating certain ele-ments from the blood

-opsy Process of viewing Biopsy – __________________________________ __________________________________________

bi/o = life

4


Suffix Meaning Word List -pexy Fixation, put into

place Gastropexy – ______________________________ __________________________________________

-plasty Surgical repair Angioplasty – ______________________________ __________________________________________

-rrhaphy Suture

Herniorrhaphy – Repair by suture of a hernia

-scope Instrument used to view

Bronchoscope – ____________________________ __________________________________________

-scopy Process of examining with a scope

Arthroscopy – _____________________________ __________________________________________

-stasis -static

Stopping, controlling Hemostasis – ______________________________ __________________________________________

-stomy Artificial opening Tracheostomy – ____________________________ __________________________________________

-therapy Treatment Chemotherapy –____________________________ __________________________________________

chem/o = chemical

-tomy Process of cutting Osteotomy – _______________________________ __________________________________________

-tripsy Process of crushing Lithotripsy – _____________________________ __________________________________________

lith/o = stone


Use Stack 6 (Treatment Suffixes) and Word List 6 flashcards to reinforce your learning.

Exercise 7 A. Match the suffix to its meaning.

_____ 1. -centesis A. Remove

_____ 2. -gram B. Suture

_____ 3. -plasty C. Cutting

_____ 4. -scope D. Fixation

_____ 5. -ectomy E. Record

_____ 6. -rrhaphy F. Crushing

_____ 7. -tomy G. Surgical repair

_____ 8. -pexy H. Puncture to remove fluid

_____ 9. -tripsy I. Instrument used for viewing

_____ 10. -stomy J. Artificial opening


B. Complete each sentence with the appropriate term.

Arthrocentesis Angioplasty Biopsy Bronchoscopy Gastrorrhaphy Urinalysis Lithotripsy Rhinoplasty Tracheostomy

1. A patient requests a “nose job”. The correct medical term for this procedure is

_______________________________________.

2. Suturing of the stomach could also be called __________________________.

3. As part of his cancer treatment, the patient underwent a procedure to create an

artificial opening of his windpipe. He underwent a _____________________.

4. Often, patients undergo __________________________ before coronary bypass sur-

gery.

5. A man has been experiencing kidney stones. He could have these eliminated by

_________________________________.

` 6. A woman has been experiencing shortness of breath and coughing up of blood. She

underwent a(n) __________________________________ with biopsy as a diagnostic

tool.

7. A patient had a variety of laboratory work performed as a part of an annual examina-

tion. Included in this laboratory work was a(n) ______________________.

8. A patient experiencing tightness and discomfort in his knee underwent a(n)

________________________________ to remove fluid.

9. A patient presents, who had with a lump in the floor of the mouth, underwent a

_____________________________ to determine the nature of the lump.


Miscellaneous Combining Forms Instructions: Using the previously covered suffixes and roots (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms. Combining


Algesi/o Suffering, pain Analgesic – ________________________________ __________________________________________

Ankyl/o Bent, crooked, stiff, fixed

Ankylosis – Condition involving a fixed or fused (joint)

Bacteri/o Bacteria Bacterial – _________________________________ __________________________________________

Bi/o Life

Biology – __________________________________ __________________________________________

Carcin/o

Cancer Carcinoma – Cancerous tumor

Cirrh/o Orange-Yellow Cirrhosis – Literally, the term means pertaining to orange-yellow. However, cirrhosis is a chronic con-dition involving the degeneration of liver cells – of-ten giving the person an orange-yellow hue to the skin.

Cis/o To cut Excision – Process of cutting out

Cry/o Cold Cryosurgery – ______________________________ __________________________________________

Cyan/o Blue Cyanotic – Pertaining to a bluish discoloration of skin due to a lack of oxygen

Cyt/o Cell Cytology – _________________________________

__________________________________________



Electr/o Electricity Electromyogram – ________________________ __________________________________________

Erythr/o Red Erythrocyte – ______________________________ __________________________________________

-cyte = cell

Esthesi/o Aesthesi/o

Sensation, feeling Anesthesia – _______________________________ __________________________________________

Fibr/o Relating to fibrous tissue

Fibroma – _________________________________ __________________________________________

Fistul/o Tube, pipe Fistula - ___________________________________ __________________________________________

Hist/o Histi/o

Tissue Histology – ________________________________ __________________________________________

Hydr/o Water Hydration – Process involving water

Infer/o Below, beneath Inferior – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Leth/o Death Lethal – ___________________________________ __________________________________________

Leuk/o White Leukemia – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

Lip/o Fat, lipid Lipoma – __________________________________ __________________________________________



Lith/o Calculus, stone Nephrolith – _______________________________ __________________________________________

Melan/o Black Melanoma - ________________________________

___________________________________________

Morph/o Shape, form Morphology – ______________________________

__________________________________________

Mort/o Death

Mortality – ________________________________ __________________________________________

Narc/o Numb, sleep Narcotic – _________________________________

__________________________________________

Necr/o Death Necrosis – _________________________________ __________________________________________

Norm/o Normal Normocephalic – ____________________________ __________________________________________

Pseud/o False Pseudocyst – _______________________________ __________________________________________

Purul/o Py/o

Pus Pyorrhea – _________________________________ __________________________________________

Sarc/o Muscular, flesh-like Sarcoma – _________________________________

__________________________________________

Scler/o Hard Scleroderma – ______________________________ __________________________________________



Sect/o To cut Resection – ________________________________ __________________________________________

Seps/o Sept/o

Infection Sepsis – ___________________________________ __________________________________________

Son/o Sound Sonogram –________________________________

__________________________________________

Suppur/o Suppurat/o

Pus forming Suppurative - ______________________________ __________________________________________

Therm/o Heat Thermal – _________________________________ __________________________________________

Thromb/o Clot/clotting Thrombosis – ______________________________ __________________________________________

Tox/o Toxic/o

Poison

Toxic – ____________________________________ __________________________________________

Xen/o Strange, foreign Xenograft – ________________________________ __________________________________________

Xer/o Dry, dryness Xerostomia – _______________________________ __________________________________________

stom/o = mouth


Use Stack 7 (Miscellaneous Combining Forms) and Word List 7 flashcards to reinforce your learning.

Suffixes Relating to Diseases and Conditions Instructions: Using the previously covered prefixes, suffixes, and roots (and some new ones), write the definition of the following medical terms. Combining


-algia Pain Arthralgia – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

-cele Hernia, cyst Mucocele – _________________________________

___________________________________________

-crine Secretion Endocrine – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

-cyte Cell Leukocyte – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

-dynia Pain

Pleurodynia – Pain in the pleural cavity of the chest

-edema

Swelling Lymphedema –______________________________ ___________________________________________

-emesis Vomiting Hyperemesis – ______________________________

___________________________________________



-genic Produced by, producing

Carcinogenic – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

-gnosis Knowledge Prognosis – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

-itis Inflammation Otitis – ____________________________________ ___________________________________________

-malacia Softening Encephalomalacia –__________________________

___________________________________________

-megaly Enlargement Splenomegaly – _____________________________

___________________________________________

-oid Resemblance to Carcinoid – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

-oma Tumor, mass Osteoma – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

-paresis Slight paralysis Hemiparesis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

-pathy Disease, emotion Arthropathy –______________________________ ___________________________________________

-penia Deficiency Osteopenia – _______________________________ ___________________________________________



-pepsia Digestion Dyspepsia – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

-phagia Swallowing Aphagia – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

-phasia Speech Dysphasia _________________________________ ___________________________________________

-plakia A plate or flat plane, usually on a mucous membrane

Leukoplakia – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

-plasia -plasm

Formation Neoplasm – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

-porosis Porous, less density Osteoporosis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

-prandial Meal Postprandial – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

-ptosis Drooping Glossoptosis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

-ptysis Spitting Hemoptysis – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

-rrhage -rrhagia

Bursting forth Hemorrhage – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

-rrhea Flow, discharge

Rhinorrhea – _______________________________ ___________________________________________



-sclerosis Hardening Arteriosclerosis – ___________________________ ___________________________________________

-spasm Involuntary

contraction of muscles

Cardiospasm – _____________________________ ___________________________________________

-stenosis Tightening, stricture, narrowing

Ureteral Stenosis – __________________________ ___________________________________________

-trophy Development Hypertrophy – _____________________________

___________________________________________

-us Thing Thrombus – _______________________________

___________________________________________

Use Stack 8 (Suffixes Related to Diseases) and Word List 8 flashcards to reinforce your learning.


Exercise 8 A. Match each suffix to its meaning.

_____ 1. -centesis A. Surgical repair

_____ 2. -logy B. Process of recording

_____ 3. -dynia C. Hardening

_____ 4. -lysis D. Pertaining to

_____ 5. -graphy E. Pain

_____ 6. -al F. Treatment

_____ 7. -emia G. Surgical puncture

_____ 8. -sclerosis H. Secretion

_____ 9. -therapy I. Blood condition

_____ 10. -plasty J. Study of

_____ 11. -edema K. Meal

_____ 12. -ptysis L. Spit

_____ 13. -rrhage M. Bursting forth

_____ 14. -prandial N. Separation

_____ 15. -crine O. Swelling


B. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct term in the blank.

Cephalocentesis Cervicodynia Colonorrhaphy Craniotomy Cystostomy Cytotoxic Dysentery Hepatomalacia Hypothermic Neurospasms Splenectomy Urolith

1. To cut into the skull is also known as _________________________________.

2. Bloody bowel movements are symptoms of ____________________________.

3. Softening of the liver is also known as ________________________________.

4. A term which means destructive to cells is _____________________________.

5. A surgical puncture of the head is also known as ________________________.

6. To suture the colon is also known as __________________________________.

7. An artificial opening in the bladder is called a(n) ________________________.

8. To remove the spleen is also known as ________________________________.

9. A patient who has been experiencing pain on urination and decrease in fluid output may

be told he has a(n) _______________________________________.

10. A person, experiencing pain in the neck, may refer to his condition as

_______________________.

11. A condition in which there is a low body temperature is known as being

____________________________________.

12. Contractions of a nerve are also known as _________________________.


C. Match the term to the meaning.

_____ 1. Pyorrhea A. Suture in the intestine

_____ 2. Cardiospasm B. Hardening of the skin

_____ 3. Tracheostenosis C. Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue

_____ 4. Osteonecrosis D. Inflammation of the bladder

_____ 5. Enterorrhaphy E. Narrowing of the trachea

_____ 6. Microlith F. Pus discharge

_____ 7. Adenocarcinoma G. Small calculus

_____ 8. Scleroderma H. Hernia of bladder

_____ 9. Septicemia I. Death of bone

_____ 10. Osteomalacia J. Contractions of the heart

_____ 11. Thrombolysis K. Destruction of a clot

_____ 12. Electroencephalogram L. Record of brain activity

_____ 13. Osteoma M. Tumor of the bone

_____ 14. Cystitis N. Blood infection

_____ 15. Cystocele O. Softening of the bone


D. Match the term to the meaning. Note: Some terms may be used more than once.

_____ 1. Arthrotic A. Pertaining to a joint

_____ 2. Arthritis B. Puncture of the joint to remove fluid

_____ 3. Arthroscope C. Process of recording (x-raying) a joint

_____ 4. Arthralgia D. Inflammation of a joint

_____ 5. Arthropathy F. Pain in a joint

_____ 6. Arthroscopy G. Removal of a joint

_____ 7. Arthroplasty H. Instrument used to view a joint

_____ 8. Arthrotomy I. Record of a joint after x-ray exam

_____ 9. Arthral J. Swelling a joint

_____ 10. Arthrectomy K. Disease of the joints

_____ 11. Arthrocele L. Disease of the joints

_____ 12. Arthrocentesis M. Surgical repair of a joint

_____ 13. Arthrodynia N. Cutting of a joint

_____ 14. Arthrogram O. Process of viewing a joint with a scope

_____ 15. Arthrography


E. Define each of the terms underlined in the following reports. 1. Radiology ______________________________________________________ 2. Peribronchial ___________________________________________________ 3. Bronchitis ______________________________________________________ 4. Cardiomegaly ___________________________________________________ 5. Pulmonary _____________________________________________________ 6. Carcinoma _____________________________________________________ 7. Excision _______________________________________________________ 8. Laryngoscopy ___________________________________________________ 9. Anesthesia _____________________________________________________ 10. Endotracheal ___________________________________________________

Radiology Report Patient: Johnson, Peter Exam: Chest Technique: Lateral views of the chest Findings: The examination shows lower lobe peribronchial disease compatible with scarring or bronchitis. Cardiomegaly with mild chronic congestive failure. Low probability for pulmonary embolus.

Operative Report Patient: Griffen, Mary Postoperative Diagnosis: Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of palate Operation: 1. Excision of carcinoma of palate 2. Direct laryngoscopy Anesthesia: General via nasal endotracheal intubation


F. Match the combining form to its meaning.

_____ 1. Cry/o A. Red

_____ 2. Algesi/o B. Black

_____ 3. Infer/o C. Suffering

_____ 4. Fistul/o D. Below

_____ 5. Melan/o E. Cold

_____ 6. Narc/o F. Shape

_____ 7. Erythr/o G. False

_____ 8. Pseudo H. Pus

_____ 9. Morph/o I. Tube

_____ 10. Lip/o J. Sleep

_____ 11. Suppur/o K. Sound

_____ 12. Xen/o L. Dry

_____ 13. Son/o M. Fat

_____ 14. Xer/o N. Foreign


G. Identify the suffix in each of the following terms and provide the meaning of the word.

Term

Suffix Meaning

a.

Example: Iliac

-ac

Pertaining to the ilium

1.

Cystoscopy

__________

________________________________

2.

Axillary

__________

________________________________

3.

Rhinitis

__________

________________________________

4.

Neuralgia

__________

________________________________

5.

Appendectomy

__________

________________________________

6.

Bronchial

__________

________________________________

7.

Cystocele

__________

________________________________

8.

Cardiomyopathy

__________

________________________________

9.

Laryngoscope

__________

________________________________

10.

Gastric

__________

________________________________

11.

Necrotic

__________

________________________________

12.

Cytopenia

__________

________________________________


Term

Suffix Meaning

15.

Aphasia

__________

________________________________

16.

Chondroplasty

__________

________________________________

17.

Electroencephalograph

__________

________________________________

Answers – Chapter 4 Word List Definitions (Pages 47-48) • Arthocentesis – Puncture of a joint • Hematocrit – To separate blood (laboratory test) • Electrocardiograph – The instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart • Electrocardiography – The process of using the instrument that records the electrical activity

of the heart • Biopsy – Viewing life (or tissue taken from a live being) • Gastropexy – A surgical procedure that involves fixing or putting the stomach back in place • Angioplasty – A surgical repair of a vessel • Bronchoscope – The instrument used to view the inside of the bronchus • Arthroscopy – The process of using a scope to view a joint • Hemostasis – To stop or control blood flow • Tracheostomy – A surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening to the trachea • Chemotherapy – Treatment involving the use of chemicals • Osteotomy – The process of cutting bone • Lithotripsy – A procedure that crushes a stone (normally a kidney stone) Exercise 7 A. 1. H 6. B 2. E 7. C 3. G 8. D 4. I 9. F 5. A 10. J


B. 1. Rhinoplasty 2. Gastrorrhaphy 3. Tracheostomy 4. Angioplasty 5. Lithotripsy 6. Bronchoscopy 7. Urinalysis 8. Arthrocentesis 9. Biopsy Work List Definitions (Pages 51-54) • Analgesic – Pertaining to a group of drugs that creates a state of no pain (pain killer) • Bacterial – Pertaining to bacteria • Biology – The study of life • Cryosurgery – Surgery involving the application of extreme cold to remove abnormal tissue • Cytology – The study of cells • Electromyogram – A record of the electrical activity of muscles • Erythrocyte – A red blood cell • Anesthesia – A condition or state of having no sensation • Fibroma – A tumor involving fibrous tissue • Fistula – An abnormal condition or state of having a tube connecting two anatomical areas • Histology – The study of tissues • Inferior – Pertaining to something that is below or beneath a point of reference • Lethal – Pertaining to death • Leukemia – A malignant blood condition involving the blood or bone marrow, characterized

by an accumulation of white blood cells • Lipoma – A benign tumor composed of fatty tissue • Nephrolith – A kidney stone • Melanoma – A malignant tumor that has a black appearance • Morphology – Literally: the study of shapes or forms (This is a term used to describe a neo-

plasm’s form or type. [i.e., carcinoma, fibroma, sarcoma]) • Mortality – Pertaining to death • Narcotic – Pertaining to a class of drug that causes a person to be numb • Necrosis – Abnormal condition in which tissue dies • Normocephalic – Pertaining to having a normal head • Pseudocyst – False cyst (an accumulation of fluid that appears to be a cyst, but it is not) • Pyorrhea – Discharge composed of pus • Sarcoma – Malignant tumor that arises in connective tissue (bone, cartilage, fat cells) • Scleroderma – A chronic autoimmune condition that is characterized by the hardening of the

skin • Resection – The process of cutting back • Sepsis – An infection


• Sonogram – A record (diagnostic image) that is made using sound waves capturing equip-ment

• Suppurative – The formation or discharge of pus • Thermal –Pertaining to heat • Thrombosis – A condition involving a blood clot • Toxic- Pertaining to poison • Xenograft - The transplant of tissue from one species to an unlike species • Xerostomia- Dry mouth Word List Definitions (Page 55-58) • Arthralgia – Pain in a joint • Mucocele – A cyst or cavity filled with mucous secretion • Endocrine – A body system composed of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream • Leukocyte – White blood cell • Lymphedema – Swelling or localized fluid retention due to a compromised lymph system • Hyperemesis – Excessive vomiting • Carcinogenic – Pertaining to the production or cause of cancer • Prognosis – A prediction of an outcome made before knowledge of the actual outcome • Otitis – Inflammation of the ear • Encephalomalacia – Softening of the brain • Splenomegaly – Enlargement of the spleen • Carcinoid – Resemblance of a cancer • Osteoma – A tumor that arises in the bone • Hemiparesis – Slight paralysis of half of the body • Arthropathy – A condition or disease of a joint • Osteopenia – Deficiency of bone mass (precursor to osteoporosis) • Dyspepsia – A condition in which there is painful digestion • Aphagia – A condition in which there is an inability to swallow • Dysphasia – A condition in which speech is difficult • Leukoplakia – White patches of the mucous membrane • Neoplasm – Abnormal new mass of tissue • Osteoporosis – Abnormal loss of bony tissue that results in porous bone • Postprandial – After meals • Glossoptosis – Downward displacement (drooping) of the tongue • Hemoptysis – Coughing of blood • Hemorrhage – Excessive discharge of blood • Rhinorrhea – Runny nose • Arteriosclerosis – Hardening or thickening of the arterial walls • Cardiospasm – Spasms (contraction) of the cardiac sphincter (located between the esophagus

and stomach) • Ureteral stenosis – Tightening of a ureter • Hypertrophy – Increase in the size of an organ or tissue


• Thrombus – Stationary blood clot Exercise 8 A. 1. G 9. F 2. J 10. A 3. E 11. O 4. N 12. L 5. B 13. M 6. D 14. K 7. I 15. H 8. C B. 1. Craniotomy 7. Cystostomy 2. Dysentery 8. Splenectomy 3. Hepatomalacia 9. Urolith 4. Cytotoxic 10. Cervicodynia 5. Cephalocentesis 11. Hypothermic 6. Colonorrhaphy 12. Neurospasms C. 1. F 9. N 2. J 10. O 3. E 11. K 4. I 12. L 5. A 13. M 6. G 14. D 7. C 15. H 8. B D. 1. A 9. A 2. D 10. G 3. H 11. J 4. F 12. B 5. J 13. F 6. O 14. I 7. M 15. C 8. N E. 1. Study of the use of x-rays and other penetrating radiation 2. Pertaining to around the bronchi 3. Inflammation of the bronchi 4. Enlargement of the heart 5. Pertaining to the lungs 6. Malignant tumor (growth) 7. The process of cutting out


8. The process of viewing the larynx with a scope 9. Pertaining to no sensation 10. Pertaining to within the trachea F. 1. E 8. G 2. C 9. F 3. D 10. M 4. I 11. H 5. B 12. N 6. J 13. K 7. A 14. L G. 1. --scopy Process of viewing the bladder with a scope 2. -ary Pertaining to the axillae (armpits) 3. -itis Inflammation of the nose 4. -algia Nerve pain 5. -ectomy Removal of the appendix 6. -al Pertaining to the bronchi 7. -cele Swelling or herniation of the bladder 8. -pathy Disease of the muscle of the heart 9. -scope Instrument used to view the larynx 10. -ic Pertaining to the stomach 11. -ic Pertaining to death 12. -penia Deficiency of cells 13. -phasia Without speech 14. -plasty Surgical repair of cartilage 13. -graph Instrument used to measure the electrical activity of the brain


Oral and Maxillofacial Terms The following are word components not previously covered in Chapters 1-4. Note: Several di-gestive system and musculoskeletal system components have already been introduced. You will need to reference these when completing the exercises. Illustrative Overview of the Cranial Cavity Structure of the Tooth (Figure 7)

5

Enamel

Dentin Pulp

Gum

Bone

Cementum

Blood vessels and nerves

Crown

Root


Bones of the Face (Anterior View) (Figure 8) Bones of the Face (Lateral View) (Figure 9)

Frontal Bone

Zygomatic Bone

Mandible

Maxilla

Nasal Bone

Frontal Bone

Nasal Bone

Zygomatic Bone

Maxilla

Zygomatic Arch

Mandible

Temporal Bone Sphenoid Bone

Ethmoid Bone

Lacrimal Bone


Structures of the Mandible (Figure 10) Combining Forms Relating to the Orofacial Areas Instructions: Using the previously covered prefixes and suffixes, write the definition of the fol-lowing medical terms. Combining


Alveol/o Hollow cavity, pit Tooth socket in the jaw bone

Alveolar – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Amel/o Enamel (Figure 7) Hard, thin covering of a tooth

Amelogenesis – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

Condyle Coronoid Process

Ramus

Body Mental Foramen



Apic/o Apex, summit, tip Terminal end of the root of a tooth

Apicoectomy – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

Aur/i Aur/o Auricul/o

Ear, hearing

Auricular – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Blephar/o Eyelid

Blepharoplasty – ____________________________ ___________________________________________

Brux/o Grind Bruxism – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Bucc/o Cheek

Buccal – ___________________________________ ___________________________________________

Cement/o Rough stone,

cementum Cementoma – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Chei/o Lip Upper or lower fleshy margin of the mouth

Cheilitis – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Condyl/o Condyle (Figure 10) Rounded projection on a bone

Condylar – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Dent/o Dont/o

Teeth (Figure 7)

Dentoalveolar – _____________________________ ___________________________________________

Faci/o Face Cervicofacial – ______________________________ ___________________________________________



Fren/o Frenul/o

Frenulum Band of tissue that holds down a body part (i.e., tongue, lip, cheeks)

Frenectomy – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Front/o Forehead (Figure 8) Frontonasal – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Geni/o Chin Genioplasty – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Gingiv/o Gums (Figure 7) Gingivitis – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Gloss/o Tongue

Ankyloglossia – _____________________________ ___________________________________________

Gnath/o Jaw (Upper or lower)

(Figure 8) Retrognathia – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

Labi/o

Lip Labial – ____________________________________ ___________________________________________

Lingu/o Tongue; language Sublingual – ________________________________

___________________________________________

Mal/o Cheek Malar – ____________________________________

___________________________________________

Mandibul/o Lower jaw, mandible (Figure 10)

Mandibular –_______________________________ ___________________________________________



Maxill/o Upper jaw, maxilla (Figure 8)

Maxillary – _________________________________ ___________________________________________

Menisc/o Crescent shaped Meniscus – Pertaining to the crescent shaped cushion found in joints

Nas/i Nas/o

Nose Nasolabial – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

Occlus/o Shut, close up Malocclusion – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

Odont/o Tooth (Figure 7) Odontogenic – ______________________________ ___________________________________________

Or/o Mouth Oropharynx – ______________________________

___________________________________________

Osse/o Bone Osseous – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Palat/o Palate Roof of the mouth

Palatonasal – _______________________________ ___________________________________________

Saliv/o Spit Salivary – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Sial/o Saliva, salivary gland (Figure 2) Clear liquid secreted by salivary gland to moisten food and start the diges-tive process

Sialolith – __________________________________ ___________________________________________



Sinus/o

Depression, cavity, or channel (i.e., facial si-nuses)

Sinusitis – __________________________________ ___________________________________________

Stom/o Stomat/o

Mouth

Stomatoplasty – _____________________________ ___________________________________________

Tempor/o Temple, temporal bone (Figure 9)

Temporomandibular – _______________________ ___________________________________________

Zygomat/o Cheek bone (Figure 8) Zygomatic – ________________________________ ___________________________________________

Use Stack 9 (Oral and Maxillofacial Combining Forms) and Word List 9 flashcards to reinforce your learning.

Exercise 9 A. Provide the medical term for each of the following definitions. Osteoradionecrosis Buccolabial Orolingual Micromandible Agnathia Ankyloglossia Intermaxillary Orthognathic Microgenia Prognathism Orthodontics Extraoral 1. Pertaining to the cheek and lip – _______________________________________.

2. Having an extremely small mandible – _________________________________.


3. Congenital absence of the upper or lower jaw– ___________________________.

4. Between the bones of the upper jaw – __________________________________.

5. Marked forward projection of the jaw – _________________________________.

6. Death of the bone after radiation exposure – _____________________________.

7. Pertaining to the bones of the jaw – ____________________________________.

8. Having an unusually small chin – ______________________________________.

9. Pertaining to the mouth and tongue – ___________________________________.

10. Pertaining to straight teeth – __________________________________________.

11. Tongue-tied – _____________________________________________________.

12. Outside the mouth – ________________________________________________.


B. Define each of the terms underlined in the following reports. 1. Edentulous_________________________________________________________ 2. Periodontal ________________________________________________________ 3. Micrognathia ______________________________________________________ 4. Autograft _________________________________________________________ 5. Iliac _____________________________________________________________ 6. Hypertrophic ______________________________________________________ 7. Ptosis ____________________________________________________________ 8. Blepharoplasties ____________________________________________________

Office Note Patient: Wilson, Mark This 58-year-old patient presents with an edentulous mandible and partially edentu-lous maxilla due to periodontal disease. He has significant bone loss that results in nerve impingement in the left mandible that causes sharp pain each time he chews when his denture is in place. He also has micrognathia of the mandible. Plan: Sinus lift, with autograft from iliac crest.

Office Note Patient: Owens, Linda The patient presents with a large unsightly hypertrophic scar extending from the corner of her right eye down to the angle of her mandible. The scar developed after extensive injuries from a motor vehicle accident 14 months ago in which she was thrown through the windshield. Scar contraction and muscle injuries have led to mechanical ptosis of her right eyelids. The oral and maxillofacial surgery treatment plan includes:

1. Upper and lower lid blepharoplasties 2. Scar revision of 11cm hypertrophic scar on the right side of face by excision


9. Apnea ____________________________________________________________ 10. Nasopharyngoscopy _________________________________________________ 11. Osteotomies _______________________________________________________ 12. Genioglossus ______________________________________________________ C. Match the following inflammations with their meaning.

_______ 1. Alveolitis A. Inflammation of the tongue

_______ 2. Cheilitis B. Inflammation of the sinuses

_______ 3. Glossitis C. Inflammation of the eyelid

_______ 4. Gingivitis D. Inflammation of a salivary gland

_______ 5. Condylitis E. Inflammation of the throat

_______ 6. Blepharitis F. Inflammation of the gums

_______ 7. Sinusitis G. Inflammation of the ball of the lower jaw

_______ 8. Pharyngitis H. Inflammation of the mouth

_______ 9. Stomatitis I. Inflammation of the alveolus

_______ 10. Sialadenitis J. Inflammation of the lip

Office Note Patient: Howard, John

A 47-year-old man diagnosed as having severe obstructive sleep apnea un-derwent a nasopharyngoscopy 4 weeks ago. He presents today for discussion of recommended surgery – reconstruction of the upper airway via maxillary os-teotomies (LeFort I) and mandibular sagittal split with internal fixation and gen-ioglossus muscle advancement.


D. Match the medical term to its correct definition.

_______ 1. Macrodontia

A. Having no tongue

_______ 2. Leukoplakia

B. Inflammation of the pulp

_______ 3. Pulpitis

C. Excision of the gum

_______ 4. Periodontist

D. Unusually large teeth

_______ 5. Anodontia

E. Cutting into the frenum

_______ 6. Aglossia

F. Thickened whitish patches

_______ 7. Cheilorrhaphy

G. Physician who specializes in the tissue sup-porting the teeth

_______ 8. Gingivectomy _______ 9.

Frenotomy

H. Excision of the crescent-shaped cushion found in a joint

_______ 10. Odontoma

I. Absence of teeth

_______ 11. Meniscectomy

J. Suture of the lip

_______ 12 Periapical

K. Neoplasm made of calcified masses of teeth

_______ 13. Palatoplasty

L. Cyst or swelling of the mucosa

_______ 14. Macrognathia

M. Painful esophagus

_______ 15. Odontogenic N. Unusually large jaw

_______ 16. Esophagodynia O. Pertaining to maxilla and other facial bones

_______ 17. Maxillofacial

P. Surgical repair of the palate

_______ 18. Mucocele Q. Arising in tissues that give origin to the teeth

R. Around the apex of the root of the tooth


E. Complete the crossword puzzle. Word List can be found on page 83.

Across Down

5. Physician that specializes in the 1. Painful tongue treatment of the tooth pulp 2. Inside the mouth 9. Drooping of the eyelid 3. Excision of half of the tongue 10. Puncture of a joint 4. Pertaining to the skull and face 6. Death of the bone 7. Under the lower jaw 8. Excessive sensitivity to stimuli


F. Match the combining form to its meaning.

_______ 1. Amel/o A. Tongue

_______ 2. Zygom/o B. Bone

_______ 3. Or/o C. Chin

_______ 4. Saliv/o D. Grind

_______ 5. Occlus/o E. Cheek bone

_______ 6. Nas/o F. Mouth

_______ 7. Gloss/o G. Shut

_______ 8. Osse/o H. Nose

_______ 9. Geni/o I. Enamel

_______ 10. Brux/o J. Spit

_______ 11. Tempor/o K. Ear

_______ 12. Aur/o L. Temple

_______ 13. Cement/o M. Forehead

_______ 14. Front/o N. Cheek

_______ 15. Mal/o O. Rough stone

Word List (Exercise 11E)

Arthrocentesis Hemiglossectomy Blepharoptosis Hyperesthesia Craniofacial Intraoral Endodontist Osteonecrosis Glossodynia Submandibular


Answers – Chapter 5 Word List Definitions (Pages 73-77)

• Alveolar – Pertaining to the tooth sockets • Amelogenesis – The process during which tooth enamel is formed • Apicoectomy – Excision of a tooth’s root tip (apex) • Auricular – Pertaining to the sense of hearing • Blepharoplasty – Surgical repair of the eyelid • Bruxism – Pertaining to grinding • Buccal – Pertaining to the cheek • Cementoma – A tumor composed of tissue resembling cementum • Cheilitis – Inflammation of the lip • Condylar – Pertaining to the condyle • Dentoalveolar – Pertaining to the teeth and tooth sockets • Cervicofacial – Pertaining to the neck and face • Frenectomy – Excision of the frenum • Frontonasal – Pertaining to the frontal and nasal bones • Genioplasty – Surgical repair of the chin • Gingivitis – Inflammation of the gum • Ankyloglossia – Crooked or bent tongue • Retrognathia – Abnormal posterior positioning of the jaw • Labial – Pertaining to the lips • Sublingual – Below the tongue • Malar – Pertaining to the cheek • Mandibular – Pertaining to the mandible • Maxillary – Pertaining to the maxilla • Nasolabial – Pertaining to the area of the nose and lip • Malocclusion – A condition in which the upper and lower teeth do not fit together in bit-

ing or chewing • Odontogenic – Pertaining to the formation or development of teeth • Oropharynx – Pertaining to the area of the mouth and pharynx (throat) • Osseous – Pertaining to bone • Palatonasal – Pertaining to the area of the palate and nasal cavity • Salivary – Pertaining to saliva • Sialolith – Salivary stone • Sinusitis – Inflammation of the sinuses • Stomatoplasty – Surgical repair of the mouth • Temporomandibular – Pertaining to the area of the temporal and mandibular bones • Zygomatic – Pertaining to the zygoma


Exercise 9 A. 1. Buccolabial 7. Orthognathic 2. Micromandible 8. Microgenia 3. Agnathia 9. Orolingual 4. Intermaxillary 10. Orthodontics 5. Prognathism 11. Ankyloglossia 6. Osteoradionecrosis 12. Extraoral B. 1. Pertaining to having no teeth 2. Pertaining to the area around the tooth 3. Having an extremely small jaw 4. Taken from one site and grafted to a different site in the same person 5. Pertaining to the hip bone 6. Pertaining to an area that has experienced excessive increase in size 7. Drooping 8. Surgical repairs of the eyelids 9. Without breath 10. Process of viewing the nose and the pharynx with a scope 11. Cutting of bone 12. Pertaining to the area of tongue and chin C. 1. I 6. C 2. J 7. B 3. A 8. E 4. F 9. H 5. G 10. D D. 1. D 10. K 2. F 11. H 3. B 12. R 4. G 13. P 5. I 14. N 6. A 15. Q 7. J 16. M 8. C 17. O 9. E 18. L E. 1. Glossodynia 6. Osteonecrosis 2. Intraoral 7. Submandibular 3. Hemiglossectomy 8. Hyperesthesia 4. Craniofacial 9. Blepharoptosis 5. Endodontist 10. Arthocentesis


F. 1. I 9. C 2. E 10. D 3. F 11. L 4. J 12. K 5. G 13. O 6. H 14. M 7. A 15. N 8. B Illustration Source LifeART Collection Images – Copyright ©1989-2001 by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD


Lecture Guides The Lecture Guides contained in this chapter accompany the Lessons in Unit 6 of the course. Lesson 11 - Radiographic Examinations

Click to edit Master title style

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Review

Radiographic Examinations

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

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Intraoral Radiographic Views

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Periapical Radiograph

• Shows Tooth in its entirety Periapical tissues around the

roots of the teeth• Small rectangular film (1” X 1.5”)

• Technique Film inside mouth Conventional dental x-ray unit

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

6


Bitewing Radiograph

• Shows The crowns of both the

maxillary and mandibular teeth• Technique Patient bites on a tab that holds

the film Conventional dental x-ray unit

• Used for detection of caries

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Occlusal Radiographs

• Used to evaluate Impacted teeth Cysts Salivary stones Trauma

• Larger film (3” x 2.25”)

• Exposures From above for maxilla From below for mandible

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Extraoral Radiographic Views

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Panoramic Radiograph

• 5” x 12” radiograph • Provides lower face image• Used to evaluate Third molars Fractures Disease Orthognathic surgery Implant surgery

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________


Lateral Cephalogram

• Used to evaluate Entire facial skeleton and

cranial base Soft tissues of the face

• Taken from the side (lateral view)

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Posterior-Anterior Cephalogram

• Taken from the posterior aspect (back to front)

• Used to evaluate Facial bones, jaws, and skull

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Conventional CT Scan

• Large series of 2-D images Taken around a single axis

of rotation (axial cuts)• Data reformatted into

images (coronal reformatted images)

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Cone Beam CT Scan

• C-shaped arm makes 360o

rotation• Captures images from

different angles• Discriminates between

multiple types of structures

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________


Cone Beam CT Scan

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

3-Dimension CT Images

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Virtual Surgical Planning

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Lesson 12 – Anesthesia Administration



Anesthesia Administration

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________


Definitions

• Anesthetic Partial or total loss of sensation

• Analgesic Reduces pain

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Oral Administration

• Enteral administration Through the digestive system

• Formats Pill Liquid Lollipop

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Oral Administration

• Advantages No intravenous access needed Patient acceptance

• Disadvantages Affects not achieved with one dose Wait time needed Not predictable

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Parenteral Administration

• Intramuscular• Intravenous• Inhalation• Transmucosal

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________


Intramuscular Administration

• Advantages No intravenous access needed More rapid onset of effect More reliable absorption

• Disadvantages Not titratable Wait time needed “Shot” required Potential long duration of action Monitoring required

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Intravenous Administration

• Methods Bolus (bulb) Drip Needle (push)

• Advantages Titratable Rapid onset More predictable effects Emergency situation assistance

• Disadvantages Intravenous access needed Monitoring required

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Inhalation Administration

• Nasal mask• Full face mask• Intubation

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Inhalation Administration

• Advantages Quick acting Titratable Good patient acceptance Quick recovery

• Disadvantages Special equipment needed Not predictable or effective

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________


Transmucosal Administration

• Route: through the mucosa• Delivery systems Injections Dissolvable lozenge/pill

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Depth of Anesthesia

• Nitrous oxide analgesia Pain reduction Euphoria Dissociation

• Local anesthesia Small part of body affected Consciousness retained

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Depth of Anesthesia

• Minimal sedation Characteristics

Appears to be relatively awakeCommunicates clearly

• Moderate conscious sedation Characteristics

Appears to be sedatedResponds to verbal and tactile stimuliMaintains airway independently

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Depth of Anesthesia

• Deep sedation Partial or complete loss of

protective reflexes Characteristics

Possible difficulty maintaining an independent airway

Decreased response to tactile or verbal stimuli

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________


Depth of Anesthesia

• General anesthesia Partial or complete loss of

protective reflexes Characteristics

Needs assistance in maintaining airway

Does not respond to stimuli

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Lesson 13 – Craniofacial Anatomy



Craniofacial Anatomy

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Bony Structures

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Bones of the Cranium

Frontal Bone

Supraorbital Foramen

Parietal Bone

Occipital BoneTemporal Bone

Mastoid ProcessStyloid Process

Sphenoid BoneEthmoid Bone

Coronal Suture

Lambdoid Suture

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________


The Facial Skeleton

Lacrimal BoneNasal Bone

VomerNasal Conchae

Zygoma

Maxilla

Infraobital Foramen

MandibleMental Foramen

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Temporomandibular Structures

Zygomatic ArchGlenoid FossaPostglenoid Process

Articular Eminence

Maxilla

Mental ProtuberanceMandibular BodyMandibular Angle

Ramus

Coronoid ProcessCondyle

Sigmoid Notch

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Temporomandibular Structures

Zygomatic ArchGlenoid FossaPostglenoid Process

Articular Eminence

Maxilla

Mental Protuberance

Mandibular BodyMandibular Angle

Ramus

Coronoid ProcessCondyle

Sigmoid Notch

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Sinuses

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________


Paranasal Sinuses• Air-filled spaces• Types Frontal sinuses Ethmoid sinuses Maxillary sinuses Sphenoid sinus (not shown)

• Functions Decrease weight of the bones Add resonance to voice Warm and humidify air Provide a trauma buffer

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Muscles of Mastication

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Temporalis Muscle

• Fan shaped• Origin Temporal line on the parietal

bone• Insertion Coronoid process of the

mandible• Function Elevates and retracts the

mandible

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Masseter Muscle

• Origin Zygomatic arch and the

maxilla

• Insertion Coronoid process and

ramus of the mandible

• Function Elevation and retraction of

the mandible

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________


Lateral Pterygoid Muscle• The superior head Origin and Insertion

• The inferior head Origin and Insertion

• Function Opens the jaw Assists with lateral

movements

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Medial Pterygoid Muscle• Deep head: origin Medial side of pterygoid plate

behind upper teeth• Superficial head: origin Pyramidal process of palatine

bone and maxillary tuberosity• Insertion Medial aspect of the

mandibular angle• Function Elevate the mandible Assists with lateral movement

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Facial and Neck Muscles

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Facial and Neck Muscles

Frontalis

Procerus

Orbicularis Oris

Trapezius

Orbicularis Oculi

Zygomaticus

DigastricSternocleidomastoid

Occipitofrontalis

Depressor Anguli OrisMentalis

Scalenes

Levator Scapulae

Omohyoid

NasalisLevator Labii

Sternohyoid

Stylohyoid Buccinator

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________


Blood Supply and Nerves of the Face

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Blood Supply to the Face• External Carotid Artery Facial Artery

Angular ArteryLateral Nasal BranchSuperior Labial Artery Inferior Labial Artery

Superficial Temporal ArteryTransverse Facial ArteryFrontal BranchOrbital Artery

Internal Maxillary Artery Posterior Auricular Artery

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Fifth Cranial Nerve• Trigeminal nerve• Function Sensory Root Motor Root

• Branches Ophthalmic Nerve Maxillary Nerve Mandibular Nerve

• Semilunar ganglion

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Trigeminal Branches

• V1 – Ophthalmic nerve Sensory nerve

Upper, central face

• V2 – Maxillary nerve Sensory nerve

Upper jaw region

• V3 – Mandibular nerve Sensory nerve

Lower jaw region to ears and temples Motor nerve

Muscles of mastication

V1

V2

V3

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________


Seventh Cranial Nerve

• Facial nerve• Sensory portion Taste from the anterior two-

thirds of the tongue• Motor component Muscles of facial expression

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

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Seventh Cranial Nerve Branches

Frontal Branch

Zygomatic Branch

Buccal Branch

Marginal Mandibular Branch

Cervical Branch

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Lesson 14 – Oral Anatomy



Anatomy of the Mouth

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

The Mouth

Cupid’s Bow

Philtrum

Vermillion Border

Commissure

Vermillion

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Dental Arches and Quadrants

• Arches (2) Upper and lower

• Quadrants (4) Maxillary (upper)

Right and left quadrants Mandibular (lower)

Right and left quadrants

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

The Dentitions• Definition The natural teeth in the jawbones

• Primary dentition First set of 20 primary teeth Also known as “baby teeth” or “deciduous teeth”

• Permanent dentition Second set of 32 secondary teeth Also known as “adult teeth”

• Mixed dentition Both primary and permanent teeth present

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Primary:20 Teeth

Permanent:32 Teeth

Tooth Numbering Systems

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Oral Cavity Directions

• Anterior• Posterior• Medial• Lateral• Mesial• Distal

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Additional Terms

• Eruption• Exfoliation• Occlusion• Occlusal Surface• Incisal Surface

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Intraoral Anatomy

GingivaLinea Alba

Vestibule

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Intraoral Anatomy

Mandibular Labial Frenum

Maxillary Labial Frenum

Mandibular Buccal Frenum

Maxillary Buccal Frenum

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Intraoral Anatomy

Palatoglossal Arch

Tongue – Dorsum

Uvula

Palatopharyngeal Arch

Tongue – Lateral Border

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Intraoral Anatomy – Mandible

Tongue – Ventral Surface

Floor of Mouth

Mandibular Lingual Frenum

Sublingual Caruncle

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Intraoral Anatomy – Maxilla

Hard Palate

Incisive PapillaRugae

Soft Palate

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Lesson 15 – Dentoalveolar Diagnoses



Dentoalveolar Diagnoses

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Infections

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Dentoalveolar Infections

• Periapical abscess Pus enclosed in the tissues of

the jaw bone around the root of the toothPotential fistula

Accompanying radiolucency

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Mucous Membrane Involvement

Infraorbital Cellulitis

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Infraorbital and Supramandibular Cellulitis

Multispace Cellulitis

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


• Incision and Drainage

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Common Pathologic Lesions

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Fibroma and Papilloma

• Fibroma Reactive hyperplasia of

fibrous connective tissue Trauma or local irritation

• Squamous papilloma Painless Exophytic, cauliflower-like

surface Human papillomavirus

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Mucocele

• Painless mucous-filled sac in the submucosa

• Bluish in color• Duct is severed or

obstructed

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Leukoplakia

• Precancerous• A white patch or plaque• Develops on tongue or cheek• Caused by irritation

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Lichen Planus

• Chronic inflammatory disease• Interlacing white striations

(Wickham striae)

• Malignant transformation possible in erosive lichen planus

• Allergic or immune reaction

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Red/white lesion of the soft tissues

• Risk factors – tobacco, alcohol, sunlight, human papillomavirus

• May be asymptomatic• Metastasis to regional

lymph nodes

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Odontogenic Cysts• Inflammatory cysts Radicular cyst Paradental cyst

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Odontogenic Cysts

• Developmental cysts Dentigerous cyst Lateral periodontal cyst Odontogenic keratocyst Glandular odontogenic cyst

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Nonodontogenic Cysts

• Median mandibular cyst• Nasopalatine cyst• Pseudocyst

Aneurysmal bone cyst Traumatic bone cyst Staphne bone defect

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Odontogenic Jaw Tumors

• Derived from the tooth forming tissues

• Benign or malignant• Common types Ameloblastoma Odontoma

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Nonodontogenic Tumors

• Benign tumors Localized, no metastasis Slow growing Found in or are composed

of a variety of different tissues

• Malignant tumors Primary or metastatic

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Tumor Treatment

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Incisional Biopsy

• Obtain a small portion of the lesion

• Submitted to laboratory for diagnosis

• Treatment based on definitive diagnosis

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Excisional Biopsy

• Entire lesion is removed plus a border of normal tissue

• Tissue is submitted to the laboratory for definitive diagnosis

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Curettage

• Removal by scraping or scooping

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Resection• Partial or complete removal of

organ or structure• Used to remove Aggressive lesions Malignant lesions Osteonecrosis

• Structural replacements Mandible

Reconstruction plate Maxilla

Obturator prosthesis

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Lesson 16 – Dentoalveolar Procedures



Dentoalveolar Procedures

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Tooth Removal

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Exodontia – Simple Extraction

• Visible tooth (full eruption)

• Removed by forceps• No incision or suture

needed

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Exodontia – Surgical Extraction

• Not easily accessed• Steps Elevation of mucoperiosteal tissue flap Removal of alveolar bone or sectioning

of the tooth or roots Removal of tooth Suture

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Impacted Teeth

• Failure to emerge fully in expected position• Term applied to third molars (wisdom teeth)• Levels of severity Soft tissue Partial bony Full bony

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Soft Tissue Impaction

• Crown covered by gum tissue only

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Bony Impaction

• Partial Bony Part of tooth covered with bone

but not entire tooth

• Full Bony Tooth covered completely with

bone

__________________________________________

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Other DentoalveolarProcedures

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Operculectomy

• Operculum definition Residual flap of tissue that

overlies a portion of the tooth

• May create a food trap• Also known as “removal of

pericoronal gingiva”

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Surgical Exposure/Bond Bracket

• Indications Delayed eruption of tooth Ectopic positioning of a tooth

• Joint effort• Exposure and bonding Surgical access to the tooth Application of orthodontic

appliance• Orthodontist guides

eruption and positioning

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Apicoectomy

• Indications Root disease after previous

root canal treatment Retreatment not possible

• Purpose Eradicate infection

• Technique Root tip resected Root filled with material Create an apical seal

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Frenectomy

• Types Maxillary labial Mandibular lingual

• Techniques Scalpel Laser

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Prosthodontic Procedures

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Removal of Exostosis and Torus

• Locations Buccal exostosis Lingual torus Palatal torus

• Indications Denture preparation Repeated trauma to the area Periodontal disease

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Alveoloplasty

• Indication Elimination of sharp edges after

tooth extractions Preparation for dentures

• Technique Creation of mucoperiosteal flap Bone smoothing

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Removal of Hyperplastic Tissue

• Indication Epulis fissuratum Ill-fitting denture

• Treatment Surgical removal

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Socket Graft

• Placed within extraction socket Immediately after

extraction• Preserves the dimensions

of the alveolar bone• Technique Insertion of graft material Placement of barrier Closure

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Guided Bone Regeneration

• Surgical grafting procedure

• Barrier membrane directs new growth

• Purpose Reconstruction of a

site with insufficient bone volume or dimensions

1 2

34

5

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Soft Tissue Allograft

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Subantral Sinus Augmentation • Also known as sinus lift• Purpose Increase the volume of

maxillary bone before implants

• Technique Creation of access window Lifting of sinus membrane Insertion of graft material Closure

1 2

3

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Autogenous Bone Graft• Autograft definition• Harvest sites Hip Tibia Chin Ramus

• Purpose Augment area of

decreased volume or size

__________________________________________

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Basic Implant Parts

Crown

Abutment Screw

Abutment

Implant Body

__________________________________________

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Surgical Guide

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Pilot Hole Creation

• Pilot hole drilled• Alignment pin checks alignment

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Osteotomy

• Increasing bit sizes used• Site is widened to the

final depth, angulation, and shape to receive the final implant

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Implant Placement

__________________________________________

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Cover Screw Placement

__________________________________________

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Healing Abutment Placement

__________________________________________

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Transfer Abutment

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Final Restoration

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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One-Day Implant

• Also known as immediate load implant• Reduced osseointegration time• Candidacy criteria Adequate bone height Adequate bone width Adequate bone density

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Lesson 17 – Maxillofacial Trauma



Maxillofacial Trauma

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__________________________________________

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Fractures

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Types of Fractures• Closed• Open (compound)• Displaced• Nondisplaced• Comminuted• Greenstick

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Dentoalveolar Trauma

• Fractured teeth• Avulsed teeth• Fracture of the supporting

alveolar bone• Injury to the dentoalveolar

soft tissues

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Le Fort I Fracture

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Le Fort II Fracture

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Le Fort III Fracture

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Orbital Fracture• Cause Blunt force of a blow

• Floor of the orbit or the medial wall is normally involved

• Serious consequences Diplopia Movement restriction Entropion

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ZMC Fracture

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Frontal Sinus Fractures

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Nosoorbitoethmoid Fractures

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Mandibular Fractures

Subcondylar

RamusAngle

Parasymphysis

Alveolar Process

Symphysis

Coronoid Process

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Panfacial Trauma

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Trauma Repairs

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Fracture Repairs

• Open Reduction Opening the site of the fracture With or without internal fixation

• Closed Reduction No incision required Manipulated by radiographic guidance or feel

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Closed Reduction With Fixation

__________________________________________

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Open Reduction Internal Fixation

Intraosseous Wiring

Compression Plate

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External Fixation

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Laceration Repairs

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Lesson 18 – Temporomandibular Disorders



TMDs and TMD Treatment

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

TMJ Anatomy

Condyle

Glenoid FossaArticular Eminence

MeniscusCapsule

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Temporomandibular Disorders

• Inflammation of the joint space Capsulitis Synovitis

• Internal derangement Adhesions Disk displacement

With reductionWithout reduction

Dislocation

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Temporomandibular Disorders

• Degenerative joint disease Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis

• Disorders of the masticatory muscles Myofascial pain syndrome Myalgia Myositis Muscle spasm

• Ankylosis

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Arthrocentesis• Puncture of a joint• Nonarthroscopic lysis

and lavage

__________________________________________

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Arthroscopy

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Arthroplasty

__________________________________________

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Total Joint Reconstruction

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Lesson 19 – Congenital Anomalies



Congenital Anomalies

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Cleft Lip and Palate• Congenital deformity• Effects of cleft lip Inability to form oral seal Difficulty speaking Regurgitation of food into nasal cavity

• Effects of cleft palate Difficulty speaking

• Multiple procedures or services needed• Team effort

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


Cleft Lip

• Distinctions Incomplete vs complete Unilateral vs bilateral

• Repaired a few months after birth

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Cleft Palate

• Distinctions Incomplete vs complete Unilateral vs bilateral

• Presence of bifid uvula• Repaired a 6 to 12 months

after birth

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Jaw Relationships

Class I Class II Class III

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Jaw Relationships

Apertognathia Vertical Maxillary Excess

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Le Fort Procedure

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy

__________________________________________

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Lesson 20 – Cosmetic Procedures



Cosmetic Procedures

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Genioplasty

__________________________________________

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__________________________________________

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Rhinoplasty

__________________________________________

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Otoplasty

__________________________________________

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Blepharoplasty

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Brow Lift

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Face Lift

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__________________________________________

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Face Lift

Before

After

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Botox Injections

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

Injectable Dermal Fillers

Before

After

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

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Laser Skin Resurfacing

__________________________________________

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__________________________________________


Alphabetic Index to Word Components

Component Meaning

A

a- No, not, without

ab- Away from

abdomin/o Abdomen

abort/o Expulsion of a viable fetus

-ac Pertaining to

acanth/o Spiny, thorny

acetabu/o Acetabulum

acou/o, acous/o Hearing

acr/o Extremities

acu/o Sharp, severe

ad- Toward, in direction of

aden/o Gland

adenoid/o Adenoids

adhes/o Stick to

adip/o Fat

adnex/o Bound to

adren/o Adrenal glands

aero- Air

aesthesi/o Sensation

agress/o Attack

-aise Comfort, ease

-al Pertaining to

albin/o White

algesi/o Pain


Component Meaning

-algesia Sensitivity to pain

-algia Pain

aliment/o Nourishment

all/o Other, different

alopec/o Baldness

alveol/o Hollow cavity, pit

ambly/o Dim

ambul/o To walk

amel/o Enamel

amyl/o Starch

an- No, not, without

andr/o Male

aneurysm/o Aneurysm

angio/o Vessel

an/o Anus

anky/o Bent, crooked, stiff, fixed

ante- Before, forward

anter/o Forward

anti- Against

aort/o Aorta

apic/o Apex, tip

aplast/o Defective, lack of development

append/o Appendix

appendic/o Appendix

-ar Pertaining to

-arche Beginning

arter/o, arteri/o Artery

arthr/o Joint

-ary Pertaining to

-ase Enzyme


Component Meaning

-asthenia Lack of strength

ather/o Plague, fatty substance

-ation Process

atop/o Strange, out of place

atri/o Atrium

aur/i, aur/o, auricul/o Ear

auto- Self

axill/o Armpit

azot/o Urea, nitrogen B

bacteri/o Bacteria

balan/o Glans penis

bi- Two

bi/o Life

bifid/o Split into two parts

bil/i Gall, bile

-blast Embryonic, immature

blast/i Embryonic, immature

blephar/o Eyelid

bol/o To cast, throw

brachi/o Arm

brady- Slow

bronch/o, bronchi/o Bronchus

brux/o Grind

bucc/o Cheek

burs/o Bursa


Component Meaning

C

calcin/o Calcium

calcul/o Stone, calculus

calor/i Heat

carcin/o Cancer

cardi/o Heart

cari/o Decay, rot

carp/o Carpals, wrist bones

cartilage/o Cartilage

cauter/o Burn, heat

cav/i Hollow, cave

cec/o Cecum

-cele Hernia, cyst, swelling

celi/o Abdomen, belly

cement/o Rough stone, cementum

-centesis Puncture to remove fluid

cephal/o Head

cerebell/o Cerebellum

cerebr/o Cerebrum

cervic/o Neck

cheil/o Lip

chem/o Chemical

cholangi/o Bile duct

chol/e Gall, bile

cholecyst/o Gallbadder

choledoch/o Common bile duct

chondr/o, chondri/o Cartilage

-cide Causing death

circum- Around, about


Component Meaning

cirrh/o Orange-yellow

cis/o To cut

col/o Colon

colp/o Vagina

colon/o Colon

colp/o Vagina

condyl/o Knuckle, knob

conjunctiv/o Conjunctiva

contra- Against, opposite

corne/o Cornea

coron/o Crown, Heart

cort- Covering

cost/o Rib

cox/o Hip

crani/o Skull

-crine Secretion

-crit Separation

cry/o Cold

crypt/o Hidden

cubit/o Elbow

cutane/o Skin

cyan/o Blue

cyst/o Bladder

cyt/o Cell

-cyte Cell D

dacr/o Tear, tear duct, lacrimal duct


Component Meaning

dactyl/o Fingers and toes

de- Down, lack of, loss

dehisc/o Burst open, split

demi- Half

dem/o People, population

dent-, dent/i, dent/o Tooth

derm/o, dermat/o Skin

-desis Bind together, surgical fixation of joint

di- Two

dia- Through, complete

-dipsia Thirst

dips/o Thirst

dis- Absence of

dissect/o Cutting apart

dist/o Far

diverticul/o Side pouches

dont/o Tooth

dors/o Back of body

duct/o Tube

duoden/o Duodenum

dur/o Dura mater

-dynia Pain

dys- Painful, difficult E

e- Out of

-eal Pertaining to

ec- Outside


Component Meaning

ecchym/o Pouring out of juice

echo- Sound

-ectasia Stretching, dilation

-ectasis Stretching, dilation

ecto- Out

-ectomy Remove, cutting out

-edema Swelling

electr/o Electricity

em- In

-ema Process

embol/o Thrown in

-emesis Vomiting

-emia Blood condition

en-, endo- In, within encephal/o Brain

enter/o Small intestine

eosin/o Red

epi- Upon, on, above

episi/o Vulva

erupt/o Break out, burst forth

erythr/o Red

-esis Abnormal condition

esophag/o Esophagus

esthesi/o, -esthesia Feeling, sensation

eti/o Cause

eu- Well, good

ex-, exo- Out, away from

extra- Outside


Component Meaning

F

faci/o Face

fasci/o Fibrous bond, fascia

febr/i Fever

femor/o Femur

fren/o, frenul/o Frenulum

fibr/o Fibrous

fibril/o Muscular twitching

fibul/o Fibula

fiss/o Crack

fistul/o Tube, pipe

fluor/o Luminous

foll/i Sac

follicul/o Small sac

foramen/o Opening

fren/o Frenula

front/o Forehead

furc/o Branching G

galact/o Milk

gangli/o Ganglion

gastr/o Stomach

-gene, -genic Origin, cause

geni/o Chin

genit/o Related to reproductive organs

-genous Origin, cause

ger/i Old age


Component Meaning

geront/o Old age

gingiv/o Gums

glauc/o Grey

-globulin Protein

gloss/o Tongue

glott/o Back of tongue

gluc/o Sugar

glyc/o Sugar

glycer/o Sweet

gnath/o Jaw

-gnosis Knowledge

gon/o Seed

-gram Record, tracing, picture

-graph Instrument for recording

-graphy Process of recording

gravid/o Pregnancy

gynec/o Female, woman H

hal/o Breath

halit/o Breath

hem/o, hemat/o Blood

hemi- Half

hepat/o Liver

heter/o Different

hist/o, histi/o Tissue

humer/o Humerus

hydr/o Water


Component Meaning

hyper- Over, excessive, increased

hypn/o Sleep

hypo- Under, below, decreased

hyster/o Uterus I

-ia Condition

-iac Pertaining to

-iactrics Field of study

-ian Specialist

-iasis Abnormal condition

-iatrist Specialist

-iatry Field of study

-ic Pertaining to

-ical Pertaining to

-ician Specialist

ile/o Ileum, small intestine

ili/o Ilium, hip bone

in- In, not

infer/o Below, beneath

infra- Below, beneath, inferior to

inguin/o Groin

inter- Between

intern/o Within, inner

intra- In, within

intro- In, within

-ion Process

-ior Pertaining to


Component Meaning

ir/o, irid/o Iris of the eye

isch/o To hold back

-ism Process, condition

iso- Same, equal

-ist Specialist

-itis Inflammation

-ium Structure, tissue J

jejun/o Jejunum

jugulo Throat

juxta- Near, nearby K

kera- Horn, hardness

kerat/o Horny, hard, cornea

kinesi/o Movement

-kinesis Movement

kyph/o Bent, hump L

labi/o Lip

lacer/o Torn, mangled

lacrimin/o Tear, tear duct

lact/o Milk

lapar/o Abdomen, abdominal wall


Component Meaning

laps/o Slip, fall, slide downward

laryng/o Larynx, voice box

later/o Side

leiomy/o Smooth muscle

-lepsy Seizure

letharg/o Drowsiness

leth/o Death

leuk/o White

ligat/o Binding, tying off

lingu/o Tongue

lip/o Fat

lith/o Stone

-lith Stone

lob/o Lobe

-logist Specialist in the study of

-logy Study of

lumb/o Lower back

lymph/o Lymph

-lysis, -lytuc Breakdown, separation, destruction M

macro- Large

macul/o Spot

mal- Bad

mal/o Cheek

-malacia Softening

mamm/o Breast

man/i, man/o Hand


Component Meaning

mandibul/o Mandible, lower jaw

mast/o Breast

mastic/o Chew

maxill/o Maxilla, upper jaw

meat/o Meatus, passage

medi/o Middle

mediastin/o In the middle

medull/o Medulla, inner section, middle,

mega-, megal/o Large

-megaly Enlargement

melan/o Black

mening/o, meningi/o Meninges

men/o, menstru/o Menses, menstruation

menisc/o Cresent

mens-, mens/o Menses, menstruation

ment/o Mind

mes/o, mesi/o Middle

meta- Beyond, over, between, change

metacarp/o Metacarpals

metatars/o Metatarsals

metr/i, metr/o, metri/o Inner lining of uterus

-metry Measurement

micro- Small

mictur/o Urination

mono- One, single

morbid/o Disease, sickness

morph/o Shape, form

mort/o Death

muc/o, mucos/o Mucous

multi- Many


Component Meaning

muscul/o Muscle

mut/a Genetic change

mut/o Unable to speak

my/o Muscle

myel/o Spinal cord, bone marrow

myring/o Tympanic membrane, eardrum N

nar/i Nostril

narc/o Numbness

nas/i, nas/o Nose

nat/i, nat/o Birth

necr/o Death

neo- New

nephr/o Kidney

nev/o Mole

neur/o Nerve

noct/o Night

nod/o Knot, swelling

non- No

norm/o Normal

nuch/o Nape, neck region

nucle/o Nucleus O

obstetr/o Midwife, pregnancy

occipit/o Back of the skull


Component Meaning

occlus/o Shut, close

ocul/o Eye

odont/o Tooth

-oid Like, resembling

olecran/o Elbow

olfact/o Smell

olig/o Scanty, few

-oma Tumor

onc/o Tumor

onchy/o Fingernail or toenail

oo/o Egg

oophor/o Ovary

ophthalm/o Eye vision

-opia Vision

-opsy Process of viewing

opt/o Eye

optic/o Eye

or/o Mouth

orch/o Testes

orchi/o Testes

orchid/o Testes

orth/o Straight

-osis Abnormal condition

oss/e, oste/o Bone

-ostomy Artificial opening

ot/o Ear

-ous Pertaining to

ov/i, ov/o Egg

ovari/o Ovary


Component Meaning P

palat/o Palate

pancreat/o Pancreas

papill/o Nipple-like

papul/o Pimple

para- Near, beside, abnormal, away

-paresis Slight paralysis

-partum Birth

patell/o Kneecap

path/o Disease

-pathy Disease, emotion

pector/o Chest

pedi/o Child

ped/o Child, foot

pelv/i, pelv/o Hip, pelvic cavity

-penia Lack, deficiency

peps/i, pept/o Digestion

-pepsia Digestion

per- Through

peri- Around

perine/o Perineum

peritone/o Abdominal wall

pernici/o Destructive, harmful

pertuss/i Intensive cough

petechi/o Skin spot

-pexy Fixation, put into place

-phage Cell that destroys

-phagia Swallowing


Component Meaning

phalang/o Phalanx

pharyng/o Pharynx, throat

-phasia Speech

phleb/o Vein

-plegic Paralysis

phob/o Fear

-plakia, plak/o Thin flat layer

plant/o Sole of foot

-plasia, -plasm Formation, growth

-plasty Surgical repair

-plegia, plegic Paralysis

pleur/o Pleura, side of body

-pnea Breathing

pneum/o, pneumon/o Lung

pod/o Foot

poly- Many

por/o Pore, small opening

-porosis Pore, less density

post- After

poster/o Back, behind

-prandial Meal

pre-, pro- Before, in front of

proct/o Anus and rectum

prost/o Prostate

prostat/o Prostate

proxim/o Near

pseud/o False

psych/o Mind

-ptosis Dropping, sagging, prolapsed

-ptysis Spitting


Component Meaning

pulmon/o Lung

purul/o Pus

py/o Pus

pyel/o Renal pelvis R

radi/o Radiation, radius

radicul/o Nerve root

re- Back, again

rect/o Rectum

ren/o Kidney

retro- Behind, backward

rhin/o Nose

-rrhage, -rrhagia Burst forth

-rrhaphy Suture

-rrhea Flow, discharge

rrhythm/o Rhythm S

sacr/o Sacrum

saliv/o Saliva

salping/o Fallopian tube

sarc/o Flesh

scler/o, -sclerosis Hardening, abnormal dryness

scoli/o Crooked, curved

-scope Instrument for viewing

-scopy Process of viewing with scope


Component Meaning

scrot/o Bag, pouch

sect/o To cut

semi- Half

seps/o, sept/o Infection

sial/o Saliva, salivary glands

sialaden/o Salivary glands

sigmoid/o Sigmoid colon

sinus/o Sinus

-sis Abnormal condition

son/o Sound

-spasm Contraction of muscle

-sphyxia Pulse

spin/o Spine

splen/o Spleen

spondyl/o Vertebra

-stasis, -static Stopping, controlling

-stenosis Tightening, stricture, narrowing

stern/o Sternum

stom/o, stomat/o Mouth

-stomy Artificial opening

sub- Under

suppur/o, suppurat/o Pus forming

supra- Above, excessive

synov/o Synovial membrane T

tachy- Fast

tars/o Tarsals, ankle


Component Meaning

tempor/o Temple

ten/o, tendin/o Tendon

test/o, testicul/o Testicle

-therapy Treatment

therm/o Heat

thorac/o Chest

-thorax Chest

thromb/o Clot, clotting

thyr/o, thyroid/o Thyroid

tibi/o Tibia, shin bone

-tic Pertaining to

tinnit/o Ringing, buzzing

-tion Process

tom/o Section, cut

-tomy Process of cutting

ton/o Tension

tonsill/o Tonsil

tox/o, toxic/o Poison

trache/o Trachea

trans- Across, through

trigon/o Trigone

-tripsy Crushing

-trophy, troph/o, -trophic Development, nourishment

tympan/o Tympanic membrane, eardrum U

-ule Little

uln/o Ulna


Component Meaning

ultra- Beyond, excess

umbilic/o Umbilicus, navel

uni- One

ur/o Urinary tract, urine

-uria Urination, urinary condition

urin/o Urinary tract, urine

uret/o Ureter

urethra/o Urethra

-us Thing

urtic/o Rash

uter/o Uterus V

vagin/o Vagina

valv/o Valve

valvul/o Valve

varic/o Twisted, swollen vein

vas/o Vessel

vascul/o Vessel

ven/o Vein

ventricul/o Ventricle

vertebr/o Vertebra

visc/o Sticky

vulv/o Vulva X

xanth/o Yellow


Component Meaning

xen/o Strange, foreign

xer/o Dry Y

-y Condition, process Z

zygomat/o Zygoma, cheek bone


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