marie bourguignon - asa-cssa-sssa - 2014-11-3

KENAF, A POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE AND MULTI-PURPOSES BIOMASS CROP

Yield, Morphology, Composition, and Quantity and Quality of Pyrolysis Products from Kenaf Grown in Iowa

Iowa State University

Marie Bourguignon, Department of Agronomy

Ken Moore, Department of Agronomy

Robert Brown, BRT Department

ASA-CSSA-SSSA ConferencesLong Beach, CA

November 3rd, 2014

What we know about Hibiscus cannabinus?

FIBER

FEED

FUEL

Bast

Core

? ?

What we do NOT know about kenaf?

• Annual multi-purposes crop

• Similar to tree: high content in cellulose and hemicellulose

• High biomass potential and high heat of combustion

• Alternative land use, other than corn and soybean biodiversity!

• Carbon sequester potential

• No disease issues in northern latitude but no viable seed development

Why kenaf could be an alternative crop ?

1. Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa

2. Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa

3. Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel

Main Goals of this Inter-Disciplinary Project

• 8 varieties: ‘Dowling’, ‘Everglade 41’, ‘Everglade 71’, ‘Gregg’, ‘PF2’, ‘SF459’, ‘Tainung 2’, ‘Whitten’

• RCBD with 4 replications, 2004 – 2007

• SAS 9.3, proc glm

Material and Methods

OBJECTIVE I : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108

Dowling Everglades 71 Gregg SF459 Everglades 41 Whitten Tainung 2 PF2

201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208

Gregg SF459 Dowling Everglades 41 Tainung 2 Whitten Everglades 71 PF2

301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308

Tainung 2 PF2 Dowling Everglades 71 Gregg Everglades 41 Whitten SF459

401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408

Everglades 71 Dowling Whitten PF2 Tainung 2 Gregg SF459 Everglades 41

Yield (kg/ha) Population (plant/a)

P-value 0.0005 <.0001

2004 8037 (c) 64180 (d)

2005 10969 (a) 158611 (a)

2006 8651 (c) 91647 (c)

2007 10072 (b) 131935 (b)

http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/climodat/index.phtml?network=IACLIMATE&station=IA0200&report=17

Results: Yield, Population and Climate

OBJECTIVE I : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa

MonthJa

nuar

y

Febru

ary

Mar

chApr

ilM

ay

June Ju

ly

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Octob

er

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Avera

ge T

em

pera

ture

(o

F)

0

20

40

60

80

Cum

ula

tive P

recip

itation (

In)

0

5

10

15

20

252004

2005

2006

2007

30 years long-termTemperature

Precipitation

Results: Yield and Population

OBJECTIVE I : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa

Dowlin

g

Everg

l41

Everg

l71

Gre

ggPF2

SF459 T2

Whitt

en

Yie

ld (

kg

/ha

)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000Variety: p-value = 0.013

AB ABCBC

BC

D

CD

A

BC

Results: Morphology

P-value 2004 2005

Stem Diameter 0.0364 14.4 cm 12.4 cm

Leaf:Stem 0.0041 0.47 0.38

The morphology and chemical composition of kenaf were influenced by year and variety factors, but in different ways.

OBJECTIVE II : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa

Results: Morphology

OBJECTIVE II : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa

Dow

ling

Eve

rgl4

1

Eve

rgl7

1

Gre

ggPF2

SF45

9 T2

Whitt

en

Ste

m H

eig

ht

(cm

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300Variety: p-value = 0.0300

Dow

ling

Eve

rgl4

1

Eve

rgl7

1

Gre

ggPF2

SF45

9 T2

Whitt

en

Co

re:B

as

t R

ati

o

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5Variety: p-value = 0.0003

Results: Chemical Composition

OBJECTIVE II : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa

Lig

nin

C

om

po

sit

ion

(%

)

0

20

40

60

80

Cellu

lose

Co

mp

osit

ion

(%

)

0

20

40

60

80

Dow

ling

Eve

rgl4

1

Eve

rgl7

1

Gre

gg

PF2

SF45

9

T2 Whitt

en

Hem

icellu

lose

Co

mp

osit

ion

(%

)

0

20

40

60

80 Bast

Core

Bast: p-value = 0.0011Core: p-value = NS

Bast: p-value = NSCore: p-value = 0.0023

Bast: p-value = NSCore: p-value = NS

OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel

Material and Methods • 5 varieties: ‘Dowling’, ‘Everglade 41’,

‘Gregg’, ‘Tainung 2’, ‘Whitten’, ‘Tainung 2’

• Bast, Core

• 2004, 2005

• Micro-pyrolyzer-GC-FID:• Column UA 1701

• 40 °C for 3 min 250 °C for 6 min

OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel

Results: Quality & Quantity of Bio-Products

Time (Minutes)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Co

un

ts

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000ABCDEF

I

J

GH

KL

OPQ

R

S

T

U

V

W

MN

Time (Minutes)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Co

un

ts

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000ABEF

H

KL

Q

W

M

OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel

Results: Quality & Quantity of Bio-Products

• Most of the time, core produced more of these compounds than bast

• Dramatic for peak K

Peaks

A B E F H K L M Q W

Co

un

ts

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000Bast

Core

Stem Component: p-value < 0.05

OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel

Results: Quality & Quantity of Bio-Products

• All varieties vary in terms of quantity of A and Q compounds

• What are those compounds? Are they valuable for bioenergy? Economically?

Year * Variety: p-value < 0.05

A Q

2004 2005 2004 2005

Co

un

ts

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000Dowling

Everglades 41

Gregg

Tainung 2

Whitten

• Yield: Tainung 2, Dowling, Everglades 41 seem to be the most promising

• Quality and quantity of fibers:• Stem height and core:bast ratio are variety dependent

• Best for Tainung 2 and Whitten

• Pyrolysis products:• Some clear differences between core and bast

• Less clear differences between varieties

• More mass spectrometry work to do!

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

• Dr. Ken Moore & his team:• Roger Hintz

• Trish Patrick

• Jérémie Bouriot

• Dani Wilson, Pedro Infanteand Zaib Muhammad

• Dr. Robert Brown & his team

• Ryan Smith

• Rajeeva Thilakaratne

• Kwang Kim

• Committee• Dr. Sotirios Archontoulis

• Dr. Andrew Lenssen

• Dr. Douglas Stokke

• Dr. Ben Goff

THANK YOU!

Questions?

Iowa State University

Marie Bourguignon, Department of Agronomy

marieb@iastate.edu