a global perspective on cwr- asa/cssa/sssa tampa 2013
DESCRIPTION
Presentation regarding gap analysis results for crop wild relatives of over 80 of the world's most important crops, for the annual international ASA/CSSA/SSSA conference, 3-6 November 2013, Tampa, FloridaTRANSCRIPT
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Nei
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A global perspective on crop wild relatives: distributions and
conservation ex situ
Project: “Adapting agriculture to climate change: collecting, protecting and preparing crop wild relatives”
ASA, CSSA and SSSA International Annual Meetings, November 6, 2013, Tampa (FL)
Nora P. Castañeda-Álvarez, Colin K. Khoury, Chrystian C. Sosa, Harold A. Achicanoy, Vivian Bernau, Holly Vincent, Andy Jarvis, Paul C. Struik and
Nigel Maxted
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General outline
• Introduction– Definition of crop wild relatives– Uses of crop wild relatives– Pressures on crop wild relatives
• Methods and materials• Results and discussion• Future steps
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What is a Crop Wild Relative?
Wild plant species closely related to crops, including wild ancestors
Wild “cousins” of cultivated plants
Lactuca serriola. Image by: C. Khoury
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“Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) may serve as source of novel traits, as most of them have not experienced strong selective pressures and they share a common ancestry with crops, easing the use of their genes in traditional breeding and biotechnology when required” (Dale 1992).
Dale, P.J., 1992. Spread of Engineered Genes to Wild Relatives. Plant physiology, 100, pp.13-15.
Why Crop Wild Relatives
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Uses of CWR
Grassy stunt virus resistance from Oryza nivara in rice (Brar &Khush, 1997)
Image by: IRRI
Resistance to black Sigatoka and Fusarium wilt from Musa acuminata ssp. burmannica in banana (Escalant et al., 2002)
Image by: www.tropicos.org
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Uses of CWR
Aluminium tolerance from Oryza rufipogon in rice (Nguyen et al., 2003)
Image by: IRRI
Salinity tolerance from Solanum cheesmaniae in tomato (Chetelat, 1995)
Image by: TGRC
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Pressures on CWR
“Two thirds of the world’s plant species are in danger of extinction with pressure from the growing human population, habitat modification and deforestation, over-exploitation, spread of invasive alien species, pollution and the growing impacts of climate change”. (SCDB, 2009)
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2009). The Convention on Biological Diversity Plant Conservation Report: A Review of Progress in implementing the Global Strategy of Plant Conservation (GSPS). 48 pages
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Jarvis, a, Lane, a & Hijmans, R., 2008. The effect of climate change on crop wild relatives. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 126(1-2), pp.13-23. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880908000133 [Accessed March 16, 2011].
Pressures on CWR: Climate change
• ~2055• Extinction predicted for 16-22% (110 species)• High habitat fragmentation
Scenario: unlimited migration
No. of species with area loss
26
31
79
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Materials and Methods
• ~5.000.000 records database– http://www.cwrdiversity.org/data-sources/
• 81 crop gene pools, 1187 taxa analyzed– http://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/ (Vincent et al., 2013)
• Environmental layers: Bioclim dataset (Hijmans et al., 2005)
• Spatial resolution: 2.5min (~5km at equator)
• Gap Analysis methodology (Ramírez-Villegas et al., 2010)
• Results evaluation with experts
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Materials and Methods
Sampling representativeness
Environmental coverage
Geographical extent
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Occurrence data
1187 taxa 370,777 georeferenced records
List of crops analyzed: http://goo.gl/Y19Oum
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Species distribution models (e.g.potato)
Map prepared by: Chrystian Sosa (CIAT, 2013)
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Species richness (e.g.potato)
No. of taxa
Map prepared by: Chrystian Sosa (CIAT, 2013)
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Species richness (81 gene pools)
Global distribution of the CWR of 81 crop gene pools
Map prepared by: Chrystian Sosa (CIAT, 2013)
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Establishing priorities for field collections
High priorit
y taxa
for c
ollecti
on
Mid priorit
y taxa
for c
ollecti
on
Low prio
rity ta
xa fo
r colle
ction
No furth
er colle
ction is
required
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900N
o. o
f CW
R ta
xa
71%
13% 12%5%
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Species collecting gaps (e.g. potato)
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Genepool collecting gaps (e.g.potato)
No. of taxa
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Collecting hotspotsGlobal collecting hotspots for High Priority Taxa, for 76 crop gene pools
Map prepared by: Chrystian Sosa (CIAT, 2013)
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Brazil
ChinaIndia
United St
ates
Turke
y
Mexico Ira
n
Greece
Indonesia
Spain Ita
ly
Malaysi
a
France
Azerbaij
anBoliv
iaNep
al
Bulgaria
Portuga
l
Russia
Afghan
istan
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Top 20 countries with high count of High priority taxa for collec-tion
No. CWR taxa CWR concentration
No.
of C
WR
taxa
CWR
conc
entr
ation
(N
o. ta
xa p
er 1
00 s
q. k
m.)
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A global initiative on crop wild relatives
• Identify, collect, conserve, document use of key CWR for climate change adaptation (in developing countries)
• 10 years funding pledged by Norwegian government, starting 2011
• Target crops:
Avena sativa Oat Malus domestica Apple Secale cereale Rye
Cajanus cajan Pigeonpea Medicago sativa Alfalfa/Lucerne Solanum melongena Eggplant/Aubergine
Cicer arietinum Chickpea Musa acuminata Cavendish banana Solanum tuberosum Potato
Daucus carota Wild carrot Musa balbisiana Guangdong plantain Sorghum bicolor Sorghum
Eleusine coracana Finger millet Oryza glaberrima African rice Triticum aestivum Bread wheat
Helianthus annuus Sunflower Oryza sativa Rice Vicia faba Faba bean
Hordeum vulgare Barley Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet Vicia sativa Common vetch
Ipomoea batatas Sweet potato Phaseolus lunatus Lima bean Vigna subterranea Bambara groundnut
Lathyrus sativus Grass pea/Common chickling Phaseolus vulgaris Garden bean Vigna unguiculata Cowpea
Lens culinaris Lentil Pisum sativum Garden pea
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Take home message
• Urgent conservation actions are needed for more than half of the CWR considered in the analysis
• Opportunities to piggyback on other conservation initiatives (especially for biodiversity hotspots such as: Mediterranean basin, South-Central China, Polynesia/Micronesia and Indonesia + Malaysia)
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¡Gracias!
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Additional referencesEscalant J, Sharrock S, Frison E (2002) The genetic improvement of Musa using conventional breeding, and modern tools of molecular and cell biology, International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain
Farooq, S., Iqbal, N., Asghar, M. and Shah T.M. (1992). Intergeneric hybridization for wheat improvement. VI. Production of salt tolerant germplasm through crossing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with Aegilops cylindrica and its significance in practical agriculture. Journal of Genetics and Breeding, 46: 125–132.
Farooq, S., Asghar, M., Iqbal. N., Asian, E., Arif, M. and Shah T.M. (1995). Production of salt tolerant wheat germplasm through crossing cultivated wheat with Aegilops cylindrica, IL Field evaluation of salt tolerant germplasm. Cereal Research Community, 23: 275–282.
Hajjar, R. and T. Hodgkin. (2007) The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: A survey of developments over the last 20 years. Euphytica 156:1-13. DOI 10.1007/s10681-007-9363-0
Hijmans, R.J. et al., 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25, pp.1965–1978.
King, I.F., Forster, B.P., Law, C.C., Cant, K.Allium, Orford, S., Gorham, J., Reader, S. and T,E. Miller, T.E., (1997a). Introgression of salt tolerance genes from Thinopyrum bessarabicum into wheat. New Phytologist, 137: 75–81.
Lexer, C., Lai, Z. and Rieseberg, L.H. (2004). Candidate gene polymorphisms associated with salt tolerance in wild sunflower hybrids: implications for the origin of Helianthus paradoxus, a diploid hybrid species. New Phytologist, 161:225–233.
Miller, J.F. and G.J. Seiler. Registration of Five Oilseed Maintainer (HA 429–HA 433) Sunflower Germplasm Lines Crop Sci. 2003 43: 2313–2314 DOI 10.2135/cropsci2003.2313
Munoz, L.C., Blair, M.W., Duque, M.C., Tohme, J. and Roca, W., (2004). Introgression in common bean x Tepary bean interspecific congruity‐backcross lines as measured by AFLP marker. Crop Science, 44: 637–645.
Nguyen, B., Brar, D., Bui, B., Nguyen, T., Pham, L. and Nguyen, H. (2003). Identification and mapping of the QTL for aluminium tolerance introgressed from the new source, Oryza rufipogon Griff, into indica rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 106: 583–593.
Rick C, Chetelat R (1995) Utilization of related wild species for tomato improvement, First International Symposium on Solanacea for Fresh Market. Acta Hortic 412:21–38
Suneson, C.Allium, (1967a). Registration of Rapida oats. Crop Science, 7: 168. Suneson, C.Allium, (1967b). Registration of Sierra oats. Crop Science, 7: 168.
Vincent, H. et al., 2013. A prioritized crop wild relative inventory to help underpin global food security. Biological Conservation, 167, pp.265–275. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320713002851 [Accessed September 30, 2013].
Wang, W., Vinocur, B. and Altaian, Allium (2003). Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: Towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta, 218: 1–14.